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Bashir T, Achison M, Adamson S, Akpan A, Aspray T, Avenell A, Band MM, Burton LA, Cvoro V, Donnan PT, Duncan GW, George J, Gordon AL, Gregson CL, Hapca A, Hume C, Jackson TA, Kerr S, Kilgour A, Masud T, McKenzie A, McKenzie E, Patel H, Pilvinyte K, Roberts HC, Rossios C, Sayer AA, Smith KT, Soiza RL, Steves CJ, Struthers AD, Tiwari D, Whitney J, Witham MD, Kemp PR. Activin type I receptor polymorphisms and body composition in older individuals with sarcopenia-Analyses from the LACE randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294330. [PMID: 37963137 PMCID: PMC10645316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing is associated with changes in body composition including an overall reduction in muscle mass and a proportionate increase in fat mass. Sarcopenia is characterised by losses in both muscle mass and strength. Body composition and muscle strength are at least in part genetically determined, consequently polymorphisms in pathways important in muscle biology (e.g., the activin/myostatin signalling pathway) are hypothesised to contribute to the development of sarcopenia. METHODS We compared regional body composition measured by DXA with genotypes for two polymorphisms (rs10783486, minor allele frequency (MAF) = 0.26 and rs2854464, MAF = 0.26) in the activin 1B receptor (ACVR1B) determined by PCR in a cross-sectional analysis of DNA from 110 older individuals with sarcopenia from the LACE trial. RESULTS Neither muscle mass nor strength showed any significant associations with either genotype in this cohort. Initial analysis of rs10783486 showed that males with the AA/AG genotype were taller than GG males (174±7cm vs 170±5cm, p = 0.023) and had higher arm fat mass, (median higher by 15%, p = 0.008), and leg fat mass (median higher by 14%, p = 0.042). After correcting for height, arm fat mass remained significantly higher (median higher by 4% padj = 0.024). No associations (adjusted or unadjusted) were seen in females. Similar analysis of the rs2854464 allele showed a similar pattern with the presence of the minor allele (GG/AG) being associated with greater height (GG/AG = 174±7 cm vs AA = 170 ±5cm, p = 0.017) and greater arm fat mass (median higher by 16%, p = 0.023). Again, the difference in arm fat remained after correction for height. No similar associations were seen in females analysed alone. CONCLUSION These data suggest that polymorphic variation in the ACVR1B locus could be associated with body composition in older males. The activin/myostatin pathway might offer a novel potential target to prevent fat accumulation in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tufail Bashir
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Achison
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Adamson
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Asangaedem Akpan
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS FT Trust, Clinical Research Network Northwest Coast, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Aspray
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Avenell
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M. Band
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Burton
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Tayside, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Ageing and Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Cvoro
- Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T. Donnan
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon W. Duncan
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob George
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Dept Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Gordon
- Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medicine for the Elderly, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Older Person’s Unit, Royal United Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Bath, Combe Park, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Hapca
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Hume
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Jackson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kerr
- Department of Older People’s Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alixe Kilgour
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Ageing and Health Research Group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tahir Masud
- Clinical Gerontology Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Emma McKenzie
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Harnish Patel
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHSFT, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Pilvinyte
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C. Roberts
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, Mailpoint 807 Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christos Rossios
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avan A. Sayer
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Karen T. Smith
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Roy L. Soiza
- Ageing & Clinical Experimental Research (ACER) Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J. Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, Department of Clinical Gerontology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan D. Struthers
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Dept Clinical Pharmacology, Ninewells Hospital, University of Dundee Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Bournemouth University and Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Whitney
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King’s College London and King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miles D. Witham
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Kemp
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Rossios C, Bashir T, Achison M, Adamson S, Akpan A, Aspray T, Avenell A, Band MM, Burton LA, Cvoro V, Donnan PT, Duncan GW, George J, Gordon AL, Gregson CL, Hapca A, Hume C, Jackson TA, Kerr S, Kilgour A, Masud T, McKenzie A, McKenzie E, Patel H, Pilvinyte K, Roberts HC, Sayer AA, Smith KT, Soiza RL, Steves CJ, Struthers AD, Tiwari D, Whitney J, Witham MD, Kemp PR. ACE I/D genotype associates with strength in sarcopenic men but not with response to ACE inhibitor therapy in older adults with sarcopenia: Results from the LACE trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292402. [PMID: 37862321 PMCID: PMC10588903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II (AII), has been suggested to promote muscle loss. Reducing AII synthesis, by inhibiting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity has been proposed as a method to inhibit muscle loss. The LACE clinical trial was designed to determine whether ACE inhibition would reduce further muscle loss in individuals with sarcopenia but suffered from low recruitment and returned a negative result. Polymorphic variation in the ACE promoter (I/D alleles) has been associated with differences in ACE activity and muscle physiology in a range of clinical conditions. This aim of this analysis was to determine whether I/D polymorphic variation is associated with muscle mass, strength, in sarcopenia or contributed to the lack of response to treatment in the LACE study. METHODS Sarcopenic individuals were recruited into a 2x2 factorial multicentre double-blind study of the effects of perindopril and/or leucine versus placebo on physical performance and muscle mass. DNA extracted from blood samples (n = 130 72 women and 58 men) was genotyped by PCR for the ACE I/D polymorphism. Genotypes were then compared with body composition measured by DXA, hand grip and quadriceps strength before and after 12 months' treatment with leucine and/or perindopril in a cross-sectional analysis of the influence of genotype on these variables. RESULTS Allele frequencies for the normal UK population were extracted from 13 previous studies (I = 0.473, D = 0.527). In the LACE cohort the D allele was over-represented (I = 0.412, D = 0.588, p = 0.046). This over-representation was present in men (I = 0.353, D = 0.647, p = 0.010) but not women (I = 0.458, D = 0.532, p = 0.708). In men but not women, individuals with the I allele had greater leg strength (II/ID = 18.00 kg (14.50, 21.60) vs DD = 13.20 kg (10.50, 15.90), p = 0.028). Over the 12 months individuals with the DD genotype increased in quadriceps strength but those with the II or ID genotype did not. Perindopril did not increase muscle strength or mass in any polymorphism group relative to placebo. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that although ACE genotype was not associated with response to ACE inhibitor therapy in the LACE trial population, sarcopenic men with the ACE DD genotype may be weaker than those with the ACE I/D or II genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Rossios
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tufail Bashir
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Achison
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Adamson
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Asangaedem Akpan
- University of Liverpool, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS FT Trust, Clinical Research Network Northwest Coast, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Aspray
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Avenell
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret M. Band
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A. Burton
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Tayside, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Ageing and Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Cvoro
- Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T. Donnan
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon W. Duncan
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob George
- Dept Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Gordon
- Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medicine for the Elderly, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Celia L. Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Older Person’s Unit, Royal United Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Hapca
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl Hume
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas A. Jackson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kerr
- Department of Older People’s Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alixe Kilgour
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Ageing and Health Research Group, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tahir Masud
- Clinical Gerontology Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Emma McKenzie
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Harnish Patel
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHSFT, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kristina Pilvinyte
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C. Roberts
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 807 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Avan A. Sayer
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Karen T. Smith
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Roy L. Soiza
- Ageing & Clinical Experimental Research (ACER) Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claire J. Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London & Department of Clinical Gerontology, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan D. Struthers
- Dept Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Bournemouth University and Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Whitney
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King’s College London and King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miles D. Witham
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Kemp
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Achison M, Adamson S, Akpan A, Aspray T, Avenell A, Band MM, Bashir T, Burton LA, Cvoro V, Donnan PT, Duncan GW, George J, Gordon AL, Gregson CL, Hapca A, Henderson E, Hume C, Jackson TA, Kemp P, Kerr S, Kilgour A, Lyell V, Masud T, McKenzie A, McKenzie E, Patel H, Pilvinyte K, Roberts HC, Rossios C, Sayer AA, Smith KT, Soiza RL, Steves CJ, Struthers AD, Sumukadas D, Tiwari D, Whitney J, Witham MD. Effect of perindopril or leucine on physical performance in older people with sarcopenia: the LACE randomized controlled trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:858-871. [PMID: 35174663 PMCID: PMC8977979 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This trial aimed to determine the efficacy of leucine and/or perindopril in improving physical function in older people with sarcopenia. METHODS Placebo-controlled, parallel group, double-blind, randomized two-by-two factorial trial. We recruited adults aged ≥ 70 years with sarcopenia, defined as low gait speed (<0.8 m/s on 4 m walk) and/or low handgrip strength (women < 20 kg, men < 30 kg) plus low muscle mass (using sex and body mass index category-specific thresholds derived from normative UK BioBank data) from 14 UK centres. Eligible participants were randomized to perindopril 4 mg or placebo, and to oral leucine powder 2.5 g or placebo thrice daily. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the short physical performance battery (SPPB) score over 12-month follow-up by repeated-measures mixed models. Results were combined with existing systematic reviews using random-effects meta-analysis to derive summary estimates of treatment efficacy. RESULTS We screened 320 people and randomized 145 participants compared with an original target of 440 participants. For perindopril [n = 73, mean age 79 (SD 6), female sex 39 (53%), mean SPPB 7.1 (SD 2.3)] versus no perindopril [n = 72, mean age 79 (SD 6), female sex 39 (54%), mean SPPB 6.9 (SD 2.4)], median adherence to perindopril was lower (76% vs. 96%; P < 0.001). Perindopril did not improve the primary outcome [adjusted treatment effect -0.1 points (95%CI -1.2 to 1.0), P = 0.89]. No significant treatment benefit was seen for any secondary outcome including muscle mass [adjusted treatment effect -0.4 kg (95%CI -1.1 to 0.3), P = 0.27]. More adverse events occurred in the perindopril group (218 vs. 165), but falls rates were similar. For leucine [n = 72, mean age 78 (SD 6), female sex 38 (53%), mean SPPB 7.0 (SD 2.1)] versus no leucine [n = 72, mean age 79 (SD 6), female sex 40 (55%), mean SPPB 7.0 (SD 2.5)], median adherence was the same in both groups (76% vs. 76%; P = 0.99). Leucine did not improve the primary outcome [adjusted treatment effect 0.1 point (95%CI -1.0 to 1.1), P = 0.90]. No significant treatment benefit was seen for any secondary outcome including muscle mass [adjusted treatment effect -0.3 kg (95%CI -1.0 to 0.4), P = 0.47]. Meta-analysis of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker trials showed no clinically important treatment effect for the SPPB [between-group difference -0.1 points (95%CI -0.4 to 0.2)]. CONCLUSIONS Neither perindopril nor leucine improved physical performance or muscle mass in this trial; meta-analysis did not find evidence of efficacy of either ACE inhibitors or leucine as treatments to improve physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Achison
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Simon Adamson
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Asangaedem Akpan
- Clinical Research Network Northwest Coast, University of Liverpool, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS FT Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Terry Aspray
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle-upon-Tyne NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alison Avenell
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Margaret M Band
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Tufail Bashir
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Louise A Burton
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK and Ageing and Health, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Vera Cvoro
- Victoria Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter T Donnan
- Division of Population Health and Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gordon W Duncan
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK and Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacob George
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee Medical School, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Adam L Gordon
- Unit of Injury, Inflammation and Recovery, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Medicine for the Elderly, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK
| | - Celia L Gregson
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Older Person's Unit, Royal United Hospital NHS Foundation Trust Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Adrian Hapca
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Emily Henderson
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Cheryl Hume
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas A Jackson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Kemp
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Simon Kerr
- Department of Older People's Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alixe Kilgour
- Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronica Lyell
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Tahir Masud
- Clinical Gerontology Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew McKenzie
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Emma McKenzie
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Harnish Patel
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHSFT, Southampton, UK
| | - Kristina Pilvinyte
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Helen C Roberts
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 807 Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Christos Rossios
- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Interface Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Avan A Sayer
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle-upon-Tyne NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karen T Smith
- Tayside Clinical Trials Unit (TCTU), Tayside Medical Science Centre (TASC), University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Roy L Soiza
- Ageing & Clinical Experimental Research (ACER) Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Claire J Steves
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London & Department of Clinical Gerontology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Allan D Struthers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - Deepa Sumukadas
- Department of Medicine for the Elderly, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Bournemouth University and Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Julie Whitney
- School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King's College London and King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Miles D Witham
- AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Translational Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University and Newcastle-upon-Tyne NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Smit E, Moro-Sibilot D, Carpeño JDC, Lesniewski-Kmak K, Aerts J, Villatoro R, Kraaij K, Nacerddine K, Dyachkova Y, Smith KT, Girvan A, Visseren-Grul C, Schnabel PA. Cisplatin and carboplatin-based chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: Analysis from the European FRAME study. Lung Cancer 2015; 92:35-40. [PMID: 26775594 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore patient and disease factors, and reasons behind the physician's choice of platinum backbone for the first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as observed in a European prospective observational study of patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment for advanced or metastatic NSCLC (the FRAME study). Additionally, overall survival (OS) for patients who received cisplatin or carboplatin was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A post-hoc analysis of the prospective study population was conducted. Baseline characteristics of patients receiving cisplatin versus carboplatin were compared and summarized by propensity score. Survival for matched patients was summarized using the Kaplan-Meier approach. RESULTS Of the 1564 patients who were included in the prospective study, 1520 received either cisplatin (54%) or carboplatin (46%) in combination with pemetrexed, gemcitabine, taxanes or vinorelbine. Patients treated with carboplatin were older than patients receiving cisplatin (mean age 67 versus 61 years; p<0.001), had poorer performance status (p<0.001), and more comorbidities (p<0.001). Cisplatin was most frequently combined with pemetrexed (47%), and carboplatin most frequently with taxanes (31%). Unadjusted median OS estimates for patients from the total prospective study sample were 11.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 10.1-12.9) for cisplatin recipients and 9.0 months (95% CI 8.1-10.6) for carboplatin recipients. Median (95% CI) overall survival for the matched cohorts was 10.8 months (8.8-14.3) for cisplatin versus 9.5 months (8.2-11.3) for carboplatin; p=0.086. CONCLUSION This post-hoc analysis illustrated real-life differences in patients with NSCLC prescribed platinum-based first-line treatment, and suggested that baseline patient and disease characteristics were associated with physician's choice of platinum agent, with cisplatin being more frequently prescribed to younger and fitter patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egbert Smit
- Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Denis Moro-Sibilot
- Unité d'Oncologie Thoracique-Pneumologie, CHU de Grenoble, INSERM U823, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Joachim Aerts
- Amphia Hospital Breda, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees Kraaij
- Eli Lilly and Company, Houten, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philipp A Schnabel
- Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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Moro-Sibilot D, Smit E, de Castro Carpeño J, Lesniewski-Kmak K, Aerts JG, Villatoro R, Kraaij K, Nacerddine K, Dyachkova Y, Smith KT, Girvan A, Visseren-Grul C, Schnabel PA. Non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases treated with first-line platinum-doublet chemotherapy: Analysis from the European FRAME study. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:427-32. [PMID: 26791802 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We report on a post-hoc analysis of patients with brain metastases from a large prospective observational study of first-line treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim was to describe baseline characteristics of NSCLC patients with brain metastases, understand their first-line treatment and report outcomes attained in real-world settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS This post-hoc analysis included all patients in the European observational FRAME study who had brain metastases at initiation of first-line treatment. Descriptive statistics were used for continuous and categorical variables and survival outcomes were assessed using the Kaplan-Meier approach. RESULTS Our data showed that 17% of patients (263/1564) had spread of the disease to the brain at initiation of first-line treatment. Patients with brain metastases were slightly younger, and more likely to have NSCLC of non-squamous histology than the overall study sample. 34% had received prior palliative radiotherapy to the brain. Our analysis showed a median overall survival (OS) of 7.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.1-8.2] for all patients with brain metastases treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy, ranging from 5.6 months for those treated with gemcitabine plus platinum up to 9.3 months for those treated with pemetrexed plus platinum. Further analysis showed that patients with brain metastases were more frequently treated with pemetrexed platinum-doublet therapy than with any other regimen. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis provides a unique set of real-world data which adds to current understanding about treatment decisions and outcomes for NSCLC patients with brain metastases for whom there is little clinical trial data available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Moro-Sibilot
- Unité d'Oncologie Thoracique-Pneumologie, CHU de Grenoble, INSERM U823, Grenoble, France.
| | - Egbert Smit
- Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joachim G Aerts
- Amphia Hospital Breda, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees Kraaij
- Eli Lilly and Company, Houten, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Philipp A Schnabel
- Institut für Allgemeine und Spezielle Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
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6
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Moro-Sibilot D, Smit E, de Castro Carpeño J, Lesniewski-Kmak K, Aerts J, Villatoro R, Kraaij K, Nacerddine K, Dyachkova Y, Smith KT, Taipale K, Girvan AC, Visseren-Grul C, Schnabel PA. Outcomes and resource use of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy across Europe: FRAME prospective observational study. Lung Cancer 2015; 88:215-22. [PMID: 25748103 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION FRAME was a prospective observational study that captured real-world data on patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving platinum-based chemotherapies as first-line treatment (FLT) across Europe. As previously reported, most patients observed in the study had initiated FLT with either pemetrexed, gemcitabine, vinorelbine or taxanes in combination with a platinum. Baseline patient and disease characteristics including age, performance status, and histology varied (all p<0.01) across cohorts. METHODS Consenting adult patients initiating FLT for advanced or metastatic NSCLC with platinum-based chemotherapy, with or without a targeted agent, entered the study between April 2009 and February 2011. The choice of FLT was left to physicians' discretion per routine clinical practice. The primary objective was to evaluate overall survival (OS) across platinum-based doublet chemotherapy cohorts and key secondary objectives included the evaluation of OS in patients with different histological subtypes of NSCLC. Survival outcomes were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, and unadjusted estimates are presented. RESULTS Median OS in months was 10.3 across cohorts (n=1524), 10.7 for pemetrexed (n=569), 10.0 for gemcitabine (n=360), 9.1 for taxanes (n=295), and 10.7 for vinorelbine (n=300). For patients with non-squamous NSCLC who received cisplatin (n=616, 40% of total), median OS in months was 10.6 across the cohorts, 11.6 for pemetrexed, 8.4 for gemcitabine, 9.6 for taxanes, and 9.9 for vinorelbine. CONCLUSIONS FRAME describes real-world treatment patterns and survival for patients initiating FLT for advanced or metastatic NSCLC between 2009 and 2011 across Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Moro-Sibilot
- Unité d'Oncologie Thoracique-Pneumologie, CHU de Grenoble, INSERM U823 Grenoble, France.
| | - Egbert Smit
- Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joachim Aerts
- Amphia Hospital Breda, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees Kraaij
- Eli Lilly and Company, Houten, The Netherlands
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7
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Sardiu ME, Smith KT, Groppe BD, Gilmore JM, Saraf A, Egidy R, Peak A, Seidel CW, Florens L, Workman JL, Washburn MP. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)-induced dynamics of a human histone deacetylase protein interaction network. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3114-25. [PMID: 25073741 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.037127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are targets for cancer therapy. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is an HDAC inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. To obtain a better mechanistic understanding of the Sin3/HDAC complex in cancer, we extended its protein-protein interaction network and identified a mutually exclusive pair within the complex. We then assessed the effects of SAHA on the disruption of the complex network through six homologous baits. SAHA perturbs multiple protein interactions and therefore compromises the composition of large parts of the Sin3/HDAC network. A comparison of the effect of SAHA treatment on gene expression in breast cancer cells to a knockdown of the ING2 subunit indicated that a portion of the anticancer effects of SAHA may be attributed to the disruption of ING2's association with the complex. Our dynamic protein interaction network resource provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism of SAHA action and demonstrates the potential for drugs to rewire networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela E Sardiu
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Karen T Smith
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Brad D Groppe
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Joshua M Gilmore
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Anita Saraf
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Rhonda Egidy
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Allison Peak
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Chris W Seidel
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Laurence Florens
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Jerry L Workman
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110
| | - Michael P Washburn
- From the ‡Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110; ¶Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, Kansas 66160
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Khan DH, Gonzalez C, Cooper C, Sun JM, Chen HY, Healy S, Xu W, Smith KT, Workman JL, Leygue E, Davie JR. RNA-dependent dynamic histone acetylation regulates MCL1 alternative splicing. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:1656-70. [PMID: 24234443 PMCID: PMC3919583 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) catalyze dynamic histone acetylation at regulatory and coding regions of transcribed genes. Highly phosphorylated HDAC2 is recruited within corepressor complexes to regulatory regions, while the nonphosphorylated form is associated with the gene body. In this study, we characterized the nonphosphorylated HDAC2 complexes recruited to the transcribed gene body and explored the function of HDAC-complex-mediated dynamic histone acetylation. HDAC1 and 2 were coimmunoprecipitated with several splicing factors, including serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) which has roles in alternative splicing. The co-chromatin immunoprecipitation of HDAC1/2 and SRSF1 to the gene body was RNA-dependent. Inhibition of HDAC activity and knockdown of HDAC1, HDAC2 or SRSF1 showed that these proteins were involved in alternative splicing of MCL1. HDAC1/2 and KAT2B were associated with nascent pre-mRNA in general and with MCL1 pre-mRNA specifically. Inhibition of HDAC activity increased the occupancy of KAT2B and acetylation of H3 and H4 of the H3K4 methylated alternative MCL1 exon 2 nucleosome. Thus, nonphosphorylated HDAC1/2 is recruited to pre-mRNA by splicing factors to act at the RNA level with KAT2B and other KATs to catalyze dynamic histone acetylation of the MCL1 alternative exon and alter the splicing of MCL1 pre-mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilshad H Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4, Canada, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E0V9, Canada and Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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9
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Smith KT, Sardiu ME, Martin-Brown SA, Seidel C, Mushegian A, Egidy R, Florens L, Washburn MP, Workman JL. Human family with sequence similarity 60 member A (FAM60A) protein: a new subunit of the Sin3 deacetylase complex. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1815-28. [PMID: 22984288 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we describe the function of a previously uncharacterized protein, named family with sequence similarity 60 member A (FAM60A) that maps to chromosome 12p11 in humans. We use quantitative proteomics to determine that the main biochemical partners of FAM60A are subunits of the Sin3 deacetylase complex and show that FAM60A resides in active HDAC complexes. In addition, we conduct gene expression pathway analysis and find that FAM60A regulates expression of genes that encode components of the TGF-beta signaling pathway. Moreover, our studies reveal that loss of FAM60A or another component of the Sin3 complex, SDS3, leads to a change in cell morphology and an increase in cell migration. These studies reveal the function of a previously uncharacterized protein and implicate the Sin3 complex in suppressing cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA
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10
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Abstract
Environments can be ever-changing and stresses are commonplace. In order for organisms to survive, they need to be able to respond to change and adapt to new conditions. Fortunately, many organisms have systems in place that enable dynamic adaptation to immediate stresses and changes within the environment. Much of this cellular response is coordinated by modulating the structure and accessibility of the genome. In eukaryotic cells, the genome is packaged and rolled up by histone proteins to create a series of DNA/histone core structures known as nucleosomes; these are further condensed into chromatin. The degree and nature of the condensation can in turn determine which genes are transcribed. Histones can be modified chemically by a large number of proteins that are thereby responsible for dynamic changes in gene expression. In this Primer we discuss findings from a study published in this issue of PLoS Biology by Weiner et al. that highlight how chromatin structure and chromatin binding proteins alter transcription in response to environmental changes and stresses. Their study reveals the importance of chromatin in mediating the speed and amplitude of stress responses in cells and suggests that chromatin is a critically important component of the cellular response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T. Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jerry L. Workman
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Smith KT, Martin-Brown SA, Seidel C, Mushegian A, Egidy R, Florens L, Washburn MP, Workman JL. Abstract LB-267: A role for the Sin3 histone deacetylase complex in cell migration. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-lb-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) remove acetyl groups from histones and other proteins, leading to alterations in protein activity and gene expression. Drugs that target these enzymes (HDAC inhibitors or HDACis) are currently approved for the treatment of specific cancers and are under study in numerous additional clinical trials. These drugs work by causing cell cycle arrest, differentiation or apoptosis. However, less is known about their potential effects on cancer cell migration and invasion, processes implicated in metastasis. There are eleven human zinc dependent histone deacetylases and many HDACis target several of these structurally related proteins in cells. Our studies are focused on HDACs1 and 2 which reside in large protein complexes, one of which is the Sin3 complex. This complex is important for promoter-mediated histone deacetylation, transcriptional repression and cell cycle control. We previously found that specific HDACis disrupt the function of the Sin3 complex in distinct ways. Here we describe the function of a novel subunit of the Sin3 complex, a previously uncharacterized protein, named “Family with sequence similarity 60, member A” (FAM60A). We find that FAM60A represses expression of genes linked to cancer cell migration and invasion. Moreover, we show that loss of FAM60A, or a core subunit of the Sin3 complex can increase the migration of lung cancer cells. This suggests that not all HDAC-related functions are cancer promoting, and adds to data suggesting that some HDAC-related functions may act in steps in metastasis suppression pathways. This suggests that some HDACis could increase the potential for metastasis. Current studies are focused on delineating the cancer-promoting functions of the complex from those that are tumor or metastasis suppressive and testing the effects of specific HDACis on cancer cell migration and invasion.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-267. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-267
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T. Smith
- 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Chris Seidel
- 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
| | | | - Rhonda Egidy
- 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO
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12
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Abstract
At the present time, largely because of a breakthrough in radiology called computed tomography, the attenuation of x-ray beams is measured in extremely sensitive quantitative ways, and the information from many x-ray sources is assembled and analyzed on a computer. In this situation mathematics can make significant contributions concerning the nature of the information conveyed by x-rays from many sources, the extent to which this information determines the object x-rayed, suitable configurations of sources, methods for using the data to build a detailed reconstruction of the object, etc. This article announces results on these topics for the divergent x-ray beam. The three-dimensionally divergent beam, or cone beam, presents new problems that do not appear in the two-dimensional, or fan beam, case.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Smith
- Mathematics Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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13
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14
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Smith KT, Martin‐Brown S, Florens L, Washburn MP, Workman JL. Subunit composition of the Sin3 histone deacetylase complex is altered by histone deacetylase inhibitors. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.lb186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) plays a role in the control of local protein synthesis in the dendrites. Loss of its production in fragile X syndrome is associated with transcriptional dysregulation of the gene. Recent work demonstrates that Sp1 and NRF1 transcriptionally control this gene. Other studies reveal how the microRNA pathway and signaling are related to FMRP function through the metabotropic glutamate receptor. These studies provide new insights through which we can better understand the inactivation of the FMR1 gene and, in turn, the consequence of FMRP loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Garber
- Department of Human Genetics, 615 Michael Street, Room 300, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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16
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Smith KT, Nicholls RD, Reines D. The gene encoding the fragile X RNA-binding protein is controlled by nuclear respiratory factor 2 and the CREB family of transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:1205-15. [PMID: 16500891 PMCID: PMC1383620 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkj521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FMR1 encodes an RNA-binding protein whose absence results in fragile X mental retardation. In most patients, the FMR1 gene is cytosine-methylated and transcriptionally inactive. NRF-1 and Sp1 are known to bind and stimulate the active, but not the methylated/silenced, FMR1 promoter. Prior analysis has implicated a CRE site in regulation of FMR1 in neural cells but the role of this site is controversial. We now show that a phospho-CREB/ATF family member is bound to this site in vivo. We also find that the histone acetyltransferases CBP and p300 are associated with active FMR1 but are lost at the hypoacetylated fragile X allele. Surprisingly, FMR1 is not cAMP-inducible and resides in a newly recognized subclass of CREB-regulated genes. We have also elucidated a role for NRF-2 as a regulator of FMR1 in vivo through a previously unrecognized and highly conserved recognition site in FMR1. NRF-1 and NRF-2 act additively while NRF-2 synergizes with CREB/ATF at FMR1's promoter. These data add FMR1 to the collection of genes controlled by both NRF-1 and NRF-2 and disfavor its membership in the immediate early response group of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert D. Nicholls
- Birth Defects Laboratories and Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Daniel Reines
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 404 727 3361; Fax: +1 404 727 3452;
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17
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Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is due to mutation of the FMR1 gene. The most common mutation is an expansion of a CGG repeat in the 5' UTR that triggers dense DNA methylation and formation of a heterochromatin-like structure which lead to transcriptional silencing. In vitro experiments have identified several transcription factors, including Sp1, Nrf-1 and USF1/2, as potential regulators of normal FMR1 promoter activity. Using CpG methylation-deficient Drosophila cells, we demonstrate in vivo that Nrf-1 and Sp1 are strong, synergistic activators of an unmethylated human FMR1-driven reporter, while USF1/2 and Max repress this activation. In addition, analyses of transcription factor activity upon DNA methylation of the reporter show that Sp1 activity was largely intact when the promoter was densely methylated, but Nrf-1 transactivation was very sensitive to dense methylation. Notably, Nrf-1 transactivation was relatively insensitive to methylation of cytosines only at its binding site. FMR1 reporter activity is also reduced in HeLa cells after expression of a short interfering RNA directed against endogenous Nrf-1. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate directly that Sp1 and Nrf-1 occupy the human FMR1 promoter in vivo and these interactions are disrupted in fragile X patient cells. In addition, we discover that Max resides at the FMR1 promoter and show that USF1/2 but not c-Myc are present at endogenous FMR1. These findings provide the first direct in vivo evidence identifying the specific transcription factors that regulate FMR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen T Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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18
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Abstract
Rodent cells are used widely to manufacture recombinant proteins for pharmaceutical use in humans and animals. However, all rodent cell lines express endogenous retroviruses that require appropriate testing regimes for identification and characterisation. In this communication we report the results of transmission electron microscopy, reverse transcriptase assay and infectious virus assays for retrovirus in 185 manufacturer cell banks of mouse, rat or hamster origin. The results indicated considerable variability of retroviral expression levels by transmission electron microscopy and reverse transcriptase assay, but nevertheless characteristic features of each cell type were observed. Infectious retrovirus was detected in mouse myeloma and hybridoma cell lines, but not in cell lines of hamster or rat origin. There was no evidence of contamination of cell banks with exogenous retrovirus. The results of retroviral characterisation of the parental mouse cell lines NS0, NS-1 and Sp2/0Ag14 by the above assays were consistent with the results of the survey. Co-cultivation of the above parental mouse cell lines with mouse and human cell lines suggested that the ability to infect human cells was related to threshold susceptibility of cell types and the levels of expression of infectious xenotropic retrovirus by mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Shepherd
- Q-One Biotech Ltd, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow, G20 0XA, UK
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19
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Brown JR, McAuliffe DD, Smith KT, Beavers GM, Presley SM. A constant flow valve for hand-compression hydraulic sprayers. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2003; 19:91-93. [PMID: 12674545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A commercial inline constant flow valve for hand-compression hydraulic sprayers was tested to evaluate its capability to maintain constant pressure to the nozzle down to a preset cut-out pressure. The flow-control valve provided consistent flow rates when used with the H.D. Hudson X-Pert 9.5-liter hand-compression sprayers. This flow valve may have potential for use in vector control operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Brown
- Navy Disease Vector Ecology and Control Center, PO Box 43, Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, FL 32212-0043, USA
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20
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Reid GG, Milne EW, Coggins LW, Wilson NJ, Smith KT, Shepherd AJ. Comparison of electron microscopic techniques for enumeration of endogenous retrovirus in mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines used for production of biologics. J Virol Methods 2003; 108:91-6. [PMID: 12565158 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(02)00263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Murine myeloma and Chinese hamster ovary cells are used widely in the manufacture of recombinant proteins for biopharmaceuticals. However, rodent cell lines express endogenous retrovirus, which necessitates appropriate design of purification processes to remove virus in excess of the calculated maximum retroviral load. Currently, electron microscopy is the method of choice for determination of retroviral titre in bulk harvest. In this study we compared three electron microscopy techniques to determine retroviral titre in bulk harvest. These were direct negative stain, negative stain after sucrose-density purification and thin section electron microscopy of pelleted supernatant. The study demonstrated that the level of C-type retrovirus associated with cells was predictive of the viral load in cell culture supernatants. The most accurate method for quantifying viral load was direct counting, followed by thin section of pelleted supernatant and negative stain after sucrose concentration. The most practical method was thin section of resuspended pelleted supernatant, which gave improved detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Reid
- Q-One Biotech Ltd, Todd Campus, West of Scotland Science Park, G20 0XA, Glasgow, UK
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Smith PF, DenDanto D, Smith KT, Palman D, Kornfield I. Allele frequencies for three STR loci RT24, RT09, and BM1225 in northern New England white-tailed deer. J Forensic Sci 2002; 47:673-5. [PMID: 12051363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences and Molecular Forensics Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono 04469-5751, USA
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Smith KT. A look at legislation with an impact on renal nursing. Nephrol News Issues 2001; 15:49-50. [PMID: 12099238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Shaw RJ, Wilson JL, Smith KT, Reines D. Regulation of an IMP dehydrogenase gene and its overexpression in drug-sensitive transcription elongation mutants of yeast. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32905-16. [PMID: 11441018 PMCID: PMC3371605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105075200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IMP dehydrogenase is a rate-limiting enzyme involved in the synthesis of GTP. In mammalian cells it is regulated with respect to growth rate and is the target of numerous therapeutic agents. Mutations in the RNA polymerase II elongation machinery render yeast sensitive to inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase and defective in inducing transcription of one of the IMP dehydrogenase-encoding genes, IMD2. Here we show that loss of IMD2, but not IMD1, IMD3, or IMD4, conferred upon yeast the same drug sensitivity found in elongation mutants. We tested whether the drug sensitivity of elongation mutants is due to their inability to induce IMD2 by providing them with exogenous copies of the gene. In some elongation mutants, overexpression reversed drug sensitivity and a transcriptional defect. Overexpression in mutants with a more severe phenotype partially suppressed drug sensitivity but was inconsequential in reversing a defect in transcription. These findings suggest that the drug sensitivity of elongation mutants is largely but not solely attributable to defects in the ability to induce IMD2, because transcription is compromised even when IMD2 mRNA levels are adequate. We describe two DNA sequence elements in the promoter of the gene that regulate it. We also found that IMD2 mRNA abundance is coupled to cell growth rate. These findings show that yeast possess a conserved system that gauges nucleotide pools and cell growth rate and responds through a uniquely regulated member of the IMD gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal J. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Judith L. Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Karen T. Smith
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Daniel Reines
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Galbraith DN, Kelly HT, Dyke A, Reid G, Haworth C, Beekman J, Shepherd A, Smith KT. Design and validation of immunological tests for the detection of Porcine endogenous retrovirus in biological materials. J Virol Methods 2000; 90:115-24. [PMID: 11064112 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(00)00200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study details the design and demonstrates function for a series of reagents and methods to allow the detection of exposure to antigens specific for Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV). The detection of PERV is carried out by the means of a variety of immunological screening methods including, indirect immunofluorescence, Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies in serum specific for PERV gag and env antigens. Alternatively, PERV-specific antisera for gag and env can be used to detect viral antigen in serum or other samples. PERV env peptides with potential specificity for the known PERV types are also described. Antisera against the peptides can be used to detect PERV antigens directly or to characterise viral type. Using electron microscopy coupled with labelled PERV-gag-specific antisera it was possible to visualise PERV virions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Endogenous Retroviruses/genetics
- Endogenous Retroviruses/isolation & purification
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Products, env/chemistry
- Gene Products, gag/chemistry
- Humans
- Immune Sera/biosynthesis
- Immunologic Tests/methods
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Sequence Alignment
- Serologic Tests
- Swine
- Viral Proteins/analysis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virology/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Galbraith
- Q-One Biotech Ltd, West of Scotland Science Park, G20 0XA, Glasgow, UK
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Lovatt A, Black J, Galbraith D, Doherty I, Moran MW, Shepherd AJ, Griffen A, Bailey A, Wilson N, Smith KT. High throughput detection of retrovirus-associated reverse transcriptase using an improved fluorescent product enhanced reverse transcriptase assay and its comparison to conventional detection methods. J Virol Methods 1999; 82:185-200. [PMID: 10894635 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and application of a novel, sensitive TaqMan fluorescent probe-based product enhanced RT test (F-PERT) for the detection of retrovirus are described. The assay allows discrimination between the amplification signals generated by genuine positive signals that result from retroviral RT activity and the RT-like activity from DNA polymerases. The RT-like activity from DNA polymerases was suppressed by the addition of activated calf-thymus DNA with no reduction in the RT activity. A linear relationship between threshold cycle (C(T)) and the number of virus particles was demonstrated, allowing quantification of retroviruses in unknown samples. The F-PERT assay was able to detect a wide range of retroviral RT activities, including that from porcine endogenous retrovirus (PoERV), murine leukaemia virus (MLV), simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac) and squirrel monkey retrovirus (SMRV). The detection limit of SMRV, MLV and PoERV was approximately 100 virion particles and the test was able to detect at least 10(2) molecules of purified RT enzyme. RT activity was not detected in cellular lysates and supernatants from MRC-5, BT, VERO, or Raji cells, whereas RT activity was detected in C1271, Mus dunni, K-Balb, BHK-21, CHO-K1, SP2/0-Ag14 and NSO cell supernatants. RT activity was also detected in the Spodoptera cell line Sf9.
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Smith KT. 1997 Balanced Budget Act advances NP independence. ONS News 1998; 13:16. [PMID: 10076406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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27
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Smith KT. Action alert: nursing bills need attention in house and senate. ONS News 1998; 13:8. [PMID: 10569051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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28
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Smith KT. Medicare hospice program puts a federal focus on caring for people at the end of life. ONS News 1998; 13:9. [PMID: 10569034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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29
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Smith KT. Action picks up on clinical trials legislation. ONS News 1998; 13:9. [PMID: 10569047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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30
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Smith KT. The time for tobacco legislation is now! ONS News 1998; 13:17. [PMID: 10569045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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31
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Smith KT. Vice President Gore announces historic initiative in the battle against cancer. ONS News 1998; 13:9. [PMID: 9582809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Smith KT. Immediate call to action: proposed regulation threatens cancer care delivery. ONS News 1998; 13:9-10. [PMID: 9555432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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33
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Smith KT. Breast cancer legislation: a review of federal and state initiatives. Imprint 1997; 44:28, 30, 32. [PMID: 9407799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K T Smith
- Legislative Services, Division of Nursing Economic, Washington, DC, USA
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Smith KT. Balanced Budget Act of 1997 becomes a reality: brings major changes to health care. Nurs Econ 1997; 15:271-4. [PMID: 9362873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K T Smith
- Nursing Economics, Washington, DC, USA
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Smith KT. Children's health legislation introduced; linked to tobacco tax. ONS News 1997; 12:5. [PMID: 9305137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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36
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Smith KT. Patient safety act reintroduced in 105th congress. Nurs Econ 1997; 15:163. [PMID: 9305120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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37
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Smith KT. Hopes for a bipartisan budget in the 105th Congress. Nurs Econ 1997; 15:56. [PMID: 9087047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Smith KT. Stark II and its effect on orthopaedic practice. Orthop Nurs 1997; 16:17-20. [PMID: 9110815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1989, "Stark I," and OBRA 1993, "Stark II," contain provisions introduced by Rep. Fortney "Pete" Stark of California that limit certain referral and compensation arrangements for physicians. Since some of these restrictions affect the practice of orthopaedic surgeons and the nurses employed in these practice settings, this article provides general information related to the Stark self-referral legislation.
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Smith KT. The real truth about taxes and health care spending. Nurs Econ 1996; 14:308, 298. [PMID: 8998027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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40
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Smith KT. One moment in time or a moment for all time? Nurs Econ 1996; 14:184, 182. [PMID: 8788805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K T Smith
- Nursing Economics, Washington, DC, USA
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Smith KT, Shepherd AJ, Boyd JE, Lees GM. Gene delivery systems for use in gene therapy: an overview of quality assurance and safety issues. Gene Ther 1996; 3:190-200. [PMID: 8646549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of safe and effective agents for gene therapy is founded on three main principles; careful choice and design of vectors, assessment of vector safety under GLP and production of the vector stocks under GMP. The first ensures the safe and appropriate contained delivery and expression of the required gene to the recipient of the therapy. GLP provides fully documented studies of potency, efficacy and safety of the product while the production of clinical grade agents under GMP is essential.
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Smith KT. Medicaid to Medigrant: states prepare for change. Nurs Econ 1996; 14:51, 58. [PMID: 8700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Smith KT. Managed care safeguards sought by states. Nurs Econ 1995; 13:312-3. [PMID: 7566213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Challoner PB, Smith KT, Parker JD, MacLeod DL, Coulter SN, Rose TM, Schultz ER, Bennett JL, Garber RL, Chang M. Plaque-associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:7440-4. [PMID: 7638210 PMCID: PMC41355 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.16.7440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Representational difference analysis was used to search for pathogens in multiple sclerosis brains. We detected a 341-nucleotide fragment that was 99.4% identical to the major DNA binding protein gene of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Examination of 86 brain specimens by PCR demonstrated that HHV-6 was present in > 70% of MS cases and controls and is thus a commensal virus of the human brain. By DNA sequencing, 36/37 viruses from MS cases and controls were typed as HHV-6 variant B group 2. Other herpesviruses, retroviruses, and measles virus were detected infrequently or not at all. HHV-6 expression was examined by immunocytochemistry with monoclonal antibodies against HHV-6 virion protein 101K and DNA binding protein p41. Nuclear staining of oligodendrocytes was observed in MS cases but not in controls, and in MS cases it was observed around plaques more frequently than in uninvolved white matter. MS cases showed prominent cytoplasmic staining of neurons in gray matter adjacent to plaques, although neurons expressing HHV-6 were also found in certain controls. Since destruction of oligodendrocytes is a hallmark of MS, these studies suggest an association of HHV-6 with the etiology or pathogenesis of MS.
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Smith KT. Medicare at risk: to whose benefit? Nurs Econ 1995; 13:186-7. [PMID: 7783796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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46
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Smith KT. The FY '96 Clinton budget: a blueprint for battle. Nurs Econ 1995; 13:116-7. [PMID: 7760958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Smith KT. Continuing down the road much traveled: health care and the Republican-dominated 104th Congress. Medsurg Nurs 1995; 4:82-3. [PMID: 7874230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Smith KT. Continuing down the road much traveled: health care and the Republican-dominated 104th Congress. Nurs Econ 1995; 13:52-3. [PMID: 7760949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Smith KT. Health care reform and the 103rd Congress: the final chapter. Nurs Econ 1994; 12:342-3. [PMID: 7885492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Abstract
Molecular investigations on 18 naturally occurring sarcoid tumors removed from donkeys identified papillomaviral DNA homologous to bovine papillomavirus (BPV)-2 DNA under stringent conditions, in all the samples. Restriction endonuclease analysis of 15 of the tumours demonstrated papillomaviral DNA similar to BPV-1 and BPV-2. The type of DNA was not specific to either the site or the type of lesion. The analysis of the nucleotide base sequence of a cloned papillomaviral element from a sarcoid showed that the isolate was 96 and 98 per cent homologous to BPV-1 in the L1 and E5 open reading frames, respectively. It was concluded that the disease in the donkey is similar to that in the horse and that the E5 open reading frame may be involved in oncogenesis in the sarcoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Reid
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow Veterinary School, Bearsden
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