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Braun KM, Haddock III LA, Crooks CM, Barry GL, Lalli J, Neumann G, Watanabe T, Imai M, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Moncla LH, Koelle K, Kawaoka Y, Friedrich TC. Avian H7N9 influenza viruses are evolutionarily constrained by stochastic processes during replication and transmission in mammals. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead004. [PMID: 36814938 PMCID: PMC9939568 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have caused over 1,500 documented human infections since emerging in 2013. Although wild-type H7N9 AIVs can be transmitted by respiratory droplets in ferrets, they have not yet caused widespread outbreaks in humans. Previous studies have revealed molecular determinants of H7N9 AIV host switching, but little is known about potential evolutionary constraints on this process. Here, we compare patterns of sequence evolution for H7N9 AIV and mammalian H1N1 viruses during replication and transmission in ferrets. We show that three main factors-purifying selection, stochasticity, and very narrow transmission bottlenecks-combine to severely constrain the ability of H7N9 AIV to effectively adapt to mammalian hosts in isolated, acute spillover events. We find rare evidence of natural selection favoring new, potentially mammal-adapting mutations within ferrets but no evidence of natural selection acting during transmission. We conclude that human-adapted H7N9 viruses are unlikely to emerge during typical spillover infections. Our findings are instead consistent with a model in which the emergence of a human-transmissible virus would be a rare and unpredictable, though highly consequential, 'jackpot' event. Strategies to control the total number of spillover infections will limit opportunities for the virus to win this evolutionary lottery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chelsea M Crooks
- AIDS Vaccine Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 585 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Gabrielle L Barry
- AIDS Vaccine Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 585 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Joseph Lalli
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 425 Henry Mall Madison, WI 53706, US
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Tokiko Watanabe
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan,Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan,The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1 Chome-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | | | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 575 Science Dr. Madison, WI 53711, USA,Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4 Chome-6-1 Shirokanedai Minato City, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan,The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 1 Chome-21-1 Toyama Shinjuku City, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
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2
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Amjadi MF, Adyniec RR, Gupta S, Bashar SJ, Mergaert AM, Braun KM, Moreno GK, O’Connor DH, Friedrich TC, Safdar N, McCoy SS, Shelef MA. Anti-membrane Antibodies Persist at Least One Year and Discriminate Between Past Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Vaccination. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:1897-1902. [PMID: 35758987 PMCID: PMC9278254 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of past coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection for personal and population health are emerging, but accurately identifying distant infection is a challenge. Anti-spike antibodies rise after both vaccination and infection and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies rapidly decline. METHODS We evaluated anti-membrane antibodies in COVID-19 naive, vaccinated, and convalescent subjects to determine if they persist and accurately detect distant infection. RESULTS We found that anti-membrane antibodies persist for at least 1 year and are a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection. CONCLUSIONS Thus, anti-membrane and anti-spike antibodies together can differentiate between COVID-19 convalescent, vaccinated, and naive states to advance public health and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya F Amjadi
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Ryan R Adyniec
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Srishti Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - S Janna Bashar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Aisha M Mergaert
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - David H O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UW-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | | | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Sara S McCoy
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin (UW)-Madison, Madison, 53705USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, 53705USA
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3
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Halfmann PJ, Minor NR, Haddock III LA, Maddox R, Moreno GK, Braun KM, Baker DA, Riemersa KK, Prasad A, Alman KJ, Lambert MC, Florek K, Bateman A, Westergaard R, Safdar N, Andes DR, Kawaoka Y, Fida M, Yao JD, Friedrich TC, O’Connor DH. Evolution of a globally unique SARS-CoV-2 Spike E484T monoclonal antibody escape mutation in a persistently infected, immunocompromised individual. Virus Evol 2022; 9:veac104. [PMID: 37692895 PMCID: PMC10491860 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged infections in immunocompromised individuals may be a source for novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants, particularly when both the immune system and antiviral therapy fail to clear the infection and enable within-host evolution. Here we describe a 486-day case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in an immunocompromised individual. Following monotherapy with the monoclonal antibody Bamlanivimab, the individual's virus acquired resistance, likely via the earliest known occurrence of Spike amino acid variant E484T. Recently, E484T has arisen again as a derivative of E484A in the Omicron Variant of Concern, supporting the hypothesis that prolonged infections can give rise to novel variants long before they become prevalent in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nicholas R Minor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Luis A Haddock III
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert Maddox
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kasen K Riemersa
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ankur Prasad
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI 53705-2281, USA
| | - Kirsten J Alman
- University of Wisconsin Division of Infectious Disease, Room 5275-07C, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Matthew C Lambert
- University of Wisconsin Division of Infectious Disease, Room 5275-07C, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kelsey Florek
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, PO Box 7996, Madison, WI 53707, USA
| | - Allen Bateman
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, PO Box 7996, Madison, WI 53707, USA
| | - Ryan Westergaard
- Department of Medicine, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David R Andes
- Department of Medicine, 1685 Highland Avenue, 5158 Medical Foundation Centennial Building, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Madiha Fida
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Joseph D Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David H O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building (MFCB), 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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4
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Amato KA, Haddock LA, Braun KM, Meliopoulos V, Livingston B, Honce R, Schaack GA, Boehm E, Higgins CA, Barry GL, Koelle K, Schultz-Cherry S, Friedrich TC, Mehle A. Influenza A virus undergoes compartmentalized replication in vivo dominated by stochastic bottlenecks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3416. [PMID: 35701424 PMCID: PMC9197827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31147-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of influenza A viruses (IAV) between hosts is subject to numerous physical and biological barriers that impose genetic bottlenecks, constraining viral diversity and adaptation. The bottlenecks within hosts and their potential impacts on evolutionary pathways taken during infection are poorly understood. To address this, we created highly diverse IAV libraries bearing molecular barcodes on two gene segments, enabling high-resolution tracking and quantification of unique virus lineages within hosts. Here we show that IAV infection in lungs is characterized by multiple within-host bottlenecks that result in “islands” of infection in lung lobes, each with genetically distinct populations. We perform site-specific inoculation of barcoded IAV in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets and track viral diversity as infection spreads to the trachea and lungs. We detect extensive compartmentalization of discrete populations within lung lobes. Bottleneck events and localized replication stochastically sample individual viruses from the upper respiratory tract or the trachea that become the dominant genotype in a particular lobe. These populations are shaped strongly by founder effects, with limited evidence for positive selection. The segregated sites of replication highlight the jackpot-style events that contribute to within-host influenza virus evolution and may account for low rates of intrahost adaptation. Transmission of influenza A viruses (IAV) between hosts and replication within host impose genetic bottlenecks, constraining viral diversity and adaptation. Here, Amato et al. perform site-specific inoculation of barcoded IAV of ferrets and track viral diversity as infection spreads to the lower respiratory tract and conclude that narrow population bottlenecks are an important feature of the within-host infection dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Amato
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Luis A Haddock
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Brandi Livingston
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Grace A Schaack
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Emma Boehm
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christina A Higgins
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Gabrielle L Barry
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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5
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Amjadi MF, Adyniec RR, Gupta S, Bashar SJ, Mergaert AM, Braun KM, Moreno GK, O'Connor DH, Friedrich TC, Safdar N, McCoy SS, Shelef MA. Anti-membrane and anti-spike antibodies are long-lasting and together discriminate between past COVID-19 infection and vaccination. medRxiv 2021:2021.11.02.21265750. [PMID: 34790984 PMCID: PMC8597887 DOI: 10.1101/2021.11.02.21265750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of past COVID-19 infection for personal health and long-term population immunity are only starting to be revealed. Unfortunately, detecting past infection is currently a challenge, limiting clinical and research endeavors. Widely available anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests cannot differentiate between past infection and vaccination given vaccine-induced anti-spike antibodies and the rapid loss of infection-induced anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. Anti-membrane antibodies develop after COVID-19, but their long-term persistence is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that anti-membrane IgG is a sensitive and specific marker of past COVID-19 infection and persists at least one year. We also confirm that anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) Ig is a long-lasting, sensitive, and specific marker of past infection and vaccination, while anti-nucleocapsid IgG lacks specificity and quickly declines after COVID-19. Thus, a combination of anti-membrane and anti-RBD antibodies can accurately differentiate between distant COVID-19 infection, vaccination, and naïve states to advance public health, individual healthcare, and research goals.
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6
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Currie DW, Moreno GK, Delahoy MJ, Pray IW, Jovaag A, Braun KM, Cole D, Shechter T, Fajardo GC, Griggs C, Yandell BS, Goldstein S, Bushman D, Segaloff HE, Kelly GP, Pitts C, Lee C, Grande KM, Kita-Yarbro A, Grogan B, Mader S, Baggott J, Bateman AC, Westergaard RP, Tate JE, Friedrich TC, Kirking HL, O'Connor DH, Killerby ME. Interventions to Disrupt Coronavirus Disease Transmission at a University, Wisconsin, USA, August-October 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2776-2785. [PMID: 34586058 PMCID: PMC8544969 DOI: 10.3201/eid2711.211306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
University settings have demonstrated potential for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks; they combine congregate living, substantial social activity, and a young population predisposed to mild illness. Using genomic and epidemiologic data, we describe a COVID-19 outbreak at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. During August-October 2020, a total of 3,485 students, including 856/6,162 students living in dormitories, tested positive. Case counts began rising during move-in week, August 25-31, 2020, then rose rapidly during September 1-11, 2020. The university initiated multiple prevention efforts, including quarantining 2 dormitories; a subsequent decline in cases was observed. Genomic surveillance of cases from Dane County, in which the university is located, did not find evidence of transmission from a large cluster of cases in the 2 quarantined dorms during the outbreak. Coordinated implementation of prevention measures can reduce COVID-19 spread in university settings and may limit spillover to the surrounding community.
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Temte JL, Barlow S, Temte E, Goss M, Florek K, Braun KM, Friedrich TC, Reisdorf E, Bateman AC, Uzicanin A. Evidence of Early Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Involving a School-aged Child. WMJ 2021; 120:233-236. [PMID: 34710308 PMCID: PMC8721881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the role of school-aged children and household transmission at the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. To evaluate for SARS-CoV-2 in school-aged children and assess household transmission, we performed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on 670 archived specimens that were collected between September 1, 2019 and June 30, 2020 as part of a community-based study. CASE PRESENTATION A single SARS-CoV-2 case was detected in an 11-year-old girl on March 18, 2020, resulting in very low prevalence (0.15% [95% CI, 0.03-0.84]) in this population. This case was associated with SARS-CoV-2 detection in all other household members. Symptoms were reported as mild to moderate. Whole genome sequencing supported household transmission of near-identical viruses within the 19B clade. DISCUSSION This case represents the earliest known household cluster of SARS-CoV2 in Wisconsin. CONCLUSION This case suggests that household transmission associated with school-aged children may have contributed to wide seeding across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Temte
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Madison, Wisconsin,
| | - Shari Barlow
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emily Temte
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Maureen Goss
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kelsey Florek
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Katarina M Braun
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Erik Reisdorf
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Amra Uzicanin
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Braun KM, Moreno GK, Buys A, Somsen ED, Bobholz M, Accola MA, Anderson L, Rehrauer WM, Baker DA, Safdar N, Lepak AJ, O’Connor DH, Friedrich TC. Viral Sequencing to Investigate Sources of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in US Healthcare Personnel. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e1329-e1336. [PMID: 33857303 PMCID: PMC8083259 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare personnel (HCP) are at increased risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We posit that current infection control guidelines generally protect HCP from SARS-CoV-2 infection in a healthcare setting. METHODS In this retrospective case series, we used viral genomics to investigate the likely source of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCP at a major academic medical institution in the Upper Midwest of the United States between 25 March and 27 December 2020. We obtained limited epidemiological data through informal interviews and review of the electronic health record and combined this information with healthcare-associated viral sequences and viral sequences collected in the broader community to infer the most likely source of infection in HCP. RESULTS We investigated SARS-CoV-2 infection clusters involving 95 HCP and 137 possible patient contact sequences. The majority of HCP infections could not be linked to a patient or coworker (55 of 95 [57.9%]) and were genetically similar to viruses circulating concurrently in the community. We found that 10.5% of HCP infections (10 of 95) could be traced to a coworker. Strikingly, only 4.2% (4 of 95) could be traced to a patient source. CONCLUSIONS Infections among HCP add further strain to the healthcare system and put patients, HCP, and communities at risk. We found no evidence for healthcare-associated transmission in the majority of HCP infections evaluated. Although we cannot rule out the possibility of cryptic healthcare-associated transmission, it appears that HCP most commonly become infected with SARS-CoV-2 via community exposure. This emphasizes the ongoing importance of mask wearing, physical distancing, robust testing programs, and rapid distribution of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ashley Buys
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Somsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Max Bobholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Molly A Accola
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Laura Anderson
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William M Rehrauer
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Alexander J Lepak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David H O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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9
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Braun KM, Moreno GK, Wagner C, Accola MA, Rehrauer WM, Baker DA, Koelle K, O’Connor DH, Bedford T, Friedrich TC, Moncla LH. Acute SARS-CoV-2 infections harbor limited within-host diversity and transmit via tight transmission bottlenecks. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009849. [PMID: 34424945 PMCID: PMC8412271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of divergent SARS-CoV-2 lineages has raised concern that novel variants eliciting immune escape or the ability to displace circulating lineages could emerge within individual hosts. Though growing evidence suggests that novel variants arise during prolonged infections, most infections are acute. Understanding how efficiently variants emerge and transmit among acutely-infected hosts is therefore critical for predicting the pace of long-term SARS-CoV-2 evolution. To characterize how within-host diversity is generated and propagated, we combine extensive laboratory and bioinformatic controls with metrics of within- and between-host diversity to 133 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from acutely-infected individuals. We find that within-host diversity is low and transmission bottlenecks are narrow, with very few viruses founding most infections. Within-host variants are rarely transmitted, even among individuals within the same household, and are rarely detected along phylogenetically linked infections in the broader community. These findings suggest that most variation generated within-host is lost during transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M. Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gage K. Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cassia Wagner
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Molly A. Accola
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - William M. Rehrauer
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Louise H. Moncla
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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10
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Moreno GK, Braun KM, Pray IW, Segaloff HE, Lim A, Poulsen K, Meiman J, Borcher J, Westergaard RP, Moll MK, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission in Intercollegiate Athletics Not Fully Mitigated With Daily Antigen Testing. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S45-S53. [PMID: 33977295 PMCID: PMC8136076 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-frequency, rapid-turnaround severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing continues to be proposed as a way of efficiently identifying and mitigating transmission in congregate settings. However, 2 SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks occurred among intercollegiate university athletic programs during the fall 2020 semester, despite mandatory directly observed daily antigen testing. Methods During the fall 2020 semester, athletes and staff in both programs were tested daily using Quidel’s Sofia SARS Antigen Fluorescent Immunoassay, with positive antigen results requiring confirmatory testing with real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We used genomic sequencing to investigate transmission dynamics in these 2 outbreaks. Results In the first outbreak, 32 confirmed cases occurred within a university athletics program after the index patient attended a meeting while infectious, despite a negative antigen test on the day of the meeting. Among isolates sequenced from that outbreak, 24 (92%) of 26 were closely related, suggesting sustained transmission following an initial introduction event. In the second outbreak, 12 confirmed cases occurred among athletes from 2 university programs that faced each other in an athletic competition, despite receipt of negative antigen test results on the day of the competition. Sequences from both teams were closely related and distinct from viruses circulating in the community for team 1, suggesting transmission during intercollegiate competition in the community for team 2. Conclusions These findings suggest that antigen testing alone, even when mandated and directly observed, may not be sufficient as an intervention to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in congregate settings, and they highlight the importance of vaccination to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in congregate settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ian W Pray
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah E Segaloff
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Keith Poulsen
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jonathan Meiman
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James Borcher
- Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan P Westergaard
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael K Moll
- Athletic Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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11
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Crooks CM, Weiler AM, Rybarczyk SL, Bliss MI, Jaeger AS, Murphy ME, Simmons HA, Mejia A, Fritsch MK, Hayes JM, Eickhoff JC, Mitzey AM, Razo E, Braun KM, Brown EA, Yamamoto K, Shepherd PM, Possell A, Weaver K, Antony KM, Morgan TK, Newman CM, Dudley DM, Schultz-Darken N, Peterson E, Katzelnick LC, Balmaseda A, Harris E, O’Connor DH, Mohr EL, Golos TG, Friedrich TC, Aliota MT. Previous exposure to dengue virus is associated with increased Zika virus burden at the maternal-fetal interface in rhesus macaques. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009641. [PMID: 34329306 PMCID: PMC8357128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns have arisen that pre-existing immunity to dengue virus (DENV) could enhance Zika virus (ZIKV) disease, due to the homology between ZIKV and DENV and the observation of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) among DENV serotypes. To date, no study has examined the impact of pre-existing DENV immunity on ZIKV pathogenesis during pregnancy in a translational non-human primate model. Here we show that macaques with a prior DENV-2 exposure had a higher burden of ZIKV vRNA in maternal-fetal interface tissues as compared to DENV-naive macaques. However, pre-existing DENV immunity had no detectable impact on ZIKV replication kinetics in maternal plasma, and all pregnancies progressed to term without adverse outcomes or gross fetal abnormalities detectable at delivery. Understanding the risks of ADE to pregnant women worldwide is critical as vaccines against DENV and ZIKV are developed and licensed and as DENV and ZIKV continue to circulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M. Crooks
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sierra L. Rybarczyk
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mason I. Bliss
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Jaeger
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Murphy
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Heather A. Simmons
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andres Mejia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Fritsch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Hayes
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jens C. Eickhoff
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Mitzey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elaina Razo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katarina M. Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Brown
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Keisuke Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Phoenix M. Shepherd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amber Possell
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kara Weaver
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Antony
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Terry K. Morgan
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Newman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dawn M. Dudley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric Peterson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Leah C. Katzelnick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | | | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma L. Mohr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thaddeus G. Golos
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matthew T. Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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12
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Moreno GK, Braun KM, Pray IW, Segaloff HE, Lim A, Poulson K, Meiman J, Borcher J, Westergaard RP, Moll MK, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in intercollegiate athletics not fully mitigated with daily antigen testing. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33688665 PMCID: PMC7941640 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.03.21252838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background High frequency, rapid turnaround SARS-CoV-2 testing continues to be proposed as a way of efficiently identifying and mitigating transmission in congregate settings. However, two SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks occurred among intercollegiate university athletic programs during the fall 2020 semester despite mandatory directly observed daily antigen testing. Methods During the fall 2020 semester, athletes and staff in both programs were tested daily using Quidel's Sofia SARS Antigen Fluorescent Immunoassay (FIA), with positive antigen results requiring confirmatory testing with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We used genomic sequencing to investigate transmission dynamics in these two outbreaks. Results In Outbreak 1, 32 confirmed cases occurred within a university athletics program after the index patient attended a meeting while infectious despite a negative antigen test on the day of the meeting. Among isolates sequenced from Outbreak 1, 24 (92%) of 26 were closely related, suggesting sustained transmission following an initial introduction event. In Outbreak 2, 12 confirmed cases occurred among athletes from two university programs that faced each other in an athletic competition despite receiving negative antigen test results on the day of the competition. Sequences from both teams were closely related and unique from strains circulating in the community, suggesting transmission during intercollegiate competition. Conclusions These findings suggest that antigen testing alone, even when mandated and directly observed, may not be sufficient as an intervention to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in congregate settings, and highlights the importance of supplementing serial antigen testing with appropriate mitigation strategies to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in congregate settings. Summary High frequency, rapid turnaround SARS-CoV-2 testing continues to be proposed as a way of efficiently identifying and mitigating transmission in congregate settings. However, here we describe two SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks occurred among intercollegiate university athletic programs during the fall 2020 semester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison USA 53711
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison USA 53711
| | - Ian W Pray
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, USA 53703.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USA 30333
| | - Hannah E Segaloff
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, USA 53703.,Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention USA 30333
| | - Ailam Lim
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison USA 53711
| | - Keith Poulson
- Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison USA 53711
| | | | - James Borcher
- Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, Ohio State University USA 43210
| | - Ryan P Westergaard
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, USA 53703.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA 53711
| | - Michael K Moll
- Athletic Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison USA 53711
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison USA 53711
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison USA 53711
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13
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Braun KM, Moreno GK, Halfmann PJ, Hodcroft EB, Baker DA, Boehm EC, Weiler AM, Haj AK, Hatta M, Chiba S, Maemura T, Kawaoka Y, Koelle K, O’Connor DH, Friedrich TC. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats imposes a narrow bottleneck. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009373. [PMID: 33635912 PMCID: PMC7946358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 viruses adapt to mammalian hosts and, potentially, undergo antigenic evolution depend on the ways genetic variation is generated and selected within and between individual hosts. Using domestic cats as a model, we show that SARS-CoV-2 consensus sequences remain largely unchanged over time within hosts, while dynamic sub-consensus diversity reveals processes of genetic drift and weak purifying selection. We further identify a notable variant at amino acid position 655 in Spike (H655Y), which was previously shown to confer escape from human monoclonal antibodies. This variant arises rapidly and persists at intermediate frequencies in index cats. It also becomes fixed following transmission in two of three pairs. These dynamics suggest this site may be under positive selection in this system and illustrate how a variant can quickly arise and become fixed in parallel across multiple transmission pairs. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in cats involved a narrow bottleneck, with new infections founded by fewer than ten viruses. In RNA virus evolution, stochastic processes like narrow transmission bottlenecks and genetic drift typically act to constrain the overall pace of adaptive evolution. Our data suggest that here, positive selection in index cats followed by a narrow transmission bottleneck may have instead accelerated the fixation of S H655Y, a potentially beneficial SARS-CoV-2 variant. Overall, our study suggests species- and context-specific adaptations are likely to continue to emerge. This underscores the importance of continued genomic surveillance for new SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as heightened scrutiny for signatures of SARS-CoV-2 positive selection in humans and mammalian model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M. Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Gage K. Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma B. Hodcroft
- Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Emma C. Boehm
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Amelia K. Haj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Masato Hatta
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Shiho Chiba
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Katia Koelle
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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14
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Braun KM, Moreno GK, Halfmann PJ, Hodcroft EB, Baker DA, Boehm EC, Weiler AM, Haj AK, Hatta M, Chiba S, Maemura T, Kawaoka Y, Koelle K, O'Connor DH, Friedrich TC. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic cats imposes a narrow bottleneck. bioRxiv 2021:2020.11.16.384917. [PMID: 33236011 PMCID: PMC7685321 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.16.384917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 viruses adapt to mammalian hosts and, potentially, undergo antigenic evolution depend on the ways genetic variation is generated and selected within and between individual hosts. Using domestic cats as a model, we show that SARS-CoV-2 consensus sequences remain largely unchanged over time within hosts, while dynamic sub-consensus diversity reveals processes of genetic drift and weak purifying selection. We further identify a notable variant at amino acid position 655 in Spike (H655Y), which was previously shown to confer escape from human monoclonal antibodies. This variant arises rapidly and persists at intermediate frequencies in index cats. It also becomes fixed following transmission in two of three pairs. These dynamics suggest this site may be under positive selection in this system and illustrate how a variant can quickly arise and become fixed in parallel across multiple transmission pairs. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in cats involved a narrow bottleneck, with new infections founded by fewer than ten viruses. In RNA virus evolution, stochastic processes like narrow transmission bottlenecks and genetic drift typically act to constrain the overall pace of adaptive evolution. Our data suggest that here, positive selection in index cats followed by a narrow transmission bottleneck may have instead accelerated the fixation of S H655Y, a potentially beneficial SARS-CoV-2 variant. Overall, our study suggests species- and context-specific adaptations are likely to continue to emerge. This underscores the importance of continued genomic surveillance for new SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as heightened scrutiny for signatures of SARS-CoV-2 positive selection in humans and mammalian model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Emma B Hodcroft
- Institute of Social and Preventative Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David A Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Emma C Boehm
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Amelia K Haj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Masato Hatta
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shiho Chiba
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tadashi Maemura
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Katia Koelle
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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15
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Moreno GK, Braun KM, Riemersma KK, Martin MA, Halfmann PJ, Crooks CM, Prall T, Baker D, Baczenas JJ, Heffron AS, Ramuta M, Khubbar M, Weiler AM, Accola MA, Rehrauer WM, O'Connor SL, Safdar N, Pepperell CS, Dasu T, Bhattacharyya S, Kawaoka Y, Koelle K, O'Connor DH, Friedrich TC. Revealing fine-scale spatiotemporal differences in SARS-CoV-2 introduction and spread. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5558. [PMID: 33144575 PMCID: PMC7609670 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19346-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence-based public health approaches that minimize the introduction and spread of new SARS-CoV-2 transmission clusters are urgently needed in the United States and other countries struggling with expanding epidemics. Here we analyze 247 full-genome SARS-CoV-2 sequences from two nearby communities in Wisconsin, USA, and find surprisingly distinct patterns of viral spread. Dane County had the 12th known introduction of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, but this did not lead to descendant community spread. Instead, the Dane County outbreak was seeded by multiple later introductions, followed by limited community spread. In contrast, relatively few introductions in Milwaukee County led to extensive community spread. We present evidence for reduced viral spread in both counties following the statewide "Safer at Home" order, which went into effect 25 March 2020. Our results suggest patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission may vary substantially even in nearby communities. Understanding these local patterns will enable better targeting of public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kasen K Riemersma
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael A Martin
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chelsea M Crooks
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Trent Prall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - John J Baczenas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Anna S Heffron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mitchell Ramuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Manjeet Khubbar
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Molly A Accola
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William M Rehrauer
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- The William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin S Pepperell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Trivikram Dasu
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Katia Koelle
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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16
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Safdar N, Moreno GK, Braun KM, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH. Using Virus Sequencing to Determine Source of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission for Healthcare Worker. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2489-2491. [PMID: 32758345 PMCID: PMC7510721 DOI: 10.3201/eid2610.202322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether a healthcare worker's severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is community or hospital acquired affects prevention practices. We used virus sequencing to determine that infection of a healthcare worker who cared for 2 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients was probably community acquired. Appropriate personal protective equipment may have protected against hospital-acquired infection.
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17
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Moreno GK, Braun KM, Riemersma KK, Martin MA, Halfmann PJ, Crooks CM, Prall T, Baker D, Baczenas JJ, Heffron AS, Ramuta M, Khubbar M, Weiler AM, Accola MA, Rehrauer WM, O'Connor SL, Safdar N, Pepperell CS, Dasu T, Bhattacharyya S, Kawaoka Y, Koelle K, O'Connor DH, Friedrich TC. Distinct patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in two nearby communities in Wisconsin, USA. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.09.20149104. [PMID: 32676620 PMCID: PMC7359545 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.09.20149104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Evidence-based public health approaches that minimize the introduction and spread of new SARS-CoV-2 transmission clusters are urgently needed in the United States and other countries struggling with expanding epidemics. Here we analyze 247 full-genome SARS-CoV-2 sequences from two nearby communities in Wisconsin, USA, and find surprisingly distinct patterns of viral spread. Dane County had the 12th known introduction of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States, but this did not lead to descendant community spread. Instead, the Dane County outbreak was seeded by multiple later introductions, followed by limited community spread. In contrast, relatively few introductions in Milwaukee County led to extensive community spread. We present evidence for reduced viral spread in both counties, and limited viral transmission between counties, following the statewide Safer-at-Home public health order, which went into effect 25 March 2020. Our results suggest that early containment efforts suppressed the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within Wisconsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage K Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Kasen K Riemersma
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Michael A Martin
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chelsea M Crooks
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Trent Prall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - David Baker
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - John J Baczenas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Anna S Heffron
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Mitchell Ramuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Manjeet Khubbar
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Molly A Accola
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of 26 America and the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital
| | - William M Rehrauer
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States of 26 America and the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Nasia Safdar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of 28 Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Caitlin S Pepperell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Wisconsin School of 28 Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 30 Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Trivikram Dasu
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Sanjib Bhattacharyya
- City of Milwaukee Health Department Laboratory, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Influenza Research Institute, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Katia Koelle
- Population Biology, Ecology, and Evolution Graduate Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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Finch CL, Crozier I, Lee JH, Byrum R, Cooper TK, Liang J, Sharer K, Solomon J, Sayre PJ, Kocher G, Bartos C, Aiosa NM, Castro M, Larson PA, Adams R, Beitzel B, Di Paola N, Kugelman JR, Kurtz JR, Burdette T, Nason MC, Feuerstein IM, Palacios G, St. Claire MC, Lackemeyer MG, Johnson RF, Braun KM, Ramuta MD, Wada J, Schmaljohn CS, Friedrich TC, O’Connor DH, Kuhn JH. Characteristic and quantifiable COVID-19-like abnormalities in CT- and PET/CT-imaged lungs of SARS-CoV-2-infected crab-eating macaques ( Macaca fascicularis). bioRxiv 2020:2020.05.14.096727. [PMID: 32511338 PMCID: PMC7241101 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.14.096727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing an exponentially increasing number of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) cases globally. Prioritization of medical countermeasures for evaluation in randomized clinical trials is critically hindered by the lack of COVID-19 animal models that enable accurate, quantifiable, and reproducible measurement of COVID-19 pulmonary disease free from observer bias. We first used serial computed tomography (CT) to demonstrate that bilateral intrabronchial instillation of SARS-CoV-2 into crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) results in mild-to-moderate lung abnormalities qualitatively characteristic of subclinical or mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (e.g., ground-glass opacities with or without reticulation, paving, or alveolar consolidation, peri-bronchial thickening, linear opacities) at typical locations (peripheral>central, posterior and dependent, bilateral, multi-lobar). We then used positron emission tomography (PET) analysis to demonstrate increased FDG uptake in the CT-defined lung abnormalities and regional lymph nodes. PET/CT imaging findings appeared in all macaques as early as 2 days post-exposure, variably progressed, and subsequently resolved by 6-12 days post-exposure. Finally, we applied operator-independent, semi-automatic quantification of the volume and radiodensity of CT abnormalities as a possible primary endpoint for immediate and objective efficacy testing of candidate medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. Finch
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Russ Byrum
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Timothy K. Cooper
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Janie Liang
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Kaleb Sharer
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research supported by the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Philip J. Sayre
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gregory Kocher
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher Bartos
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nina M. Aiosa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Marcelo Castro
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter A. Larson
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Ricky Adams
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brett Beitzel
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Kugelman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Jonathan R. Kurtz
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tracey Burdette
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Martha C. Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Irwin M. Feuerstein
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Marisa C. St. Claire
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew G. Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Reed F. Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Katarina M. Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mitchell D. Ramuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Connie S. Schmaljohn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David H. O’Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Safdar N, Moreno GK, Braun KM, Friedrich TC, O'Connor DH. Determining the source of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a healthcare worker. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32511618 PMCID: PMC7276045 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.27.20077016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic and are at risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection from their interactions with patients and in the community. Limited availability of recommended personal protective equipment (PPE), in particular N95 respirators, has fueled concerns about whether HCWs are adequately protected from exposure while caring for patients. Understanding the source of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a HCW - the community or the healthcare system - is critical for understanding the effectiveness of hospital infection control and PPE practices. In Dane County, Wisconsin, community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is relatively low (cumulative prevalence of ~0.06% - positive cases / total population in Dane county as of April 17). Although SARS-CoV-2 infections in HCWs are often presumed to be acquired during the course of patient care, there are few reports unambiguously identifying the source of acquisition. The objective of this brief report was to determine the source of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a healthcare worker.
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20
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Heffron AS, Braun KM, Allen-Savietta C, Filut A, Hanewall C, Huttenlocher A, Handelsman J, Carnes M. Gender Can Influence Student Experiences in MD-PhD Training. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 30:90-102. [PMID: 32349608 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2019.8094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Female physician-scientists have led major advances in medicine broadly and particularly in women's health. Women remain underrepresented in dual MD-PhD degree programs that train many physician-scientists despite gender parity among medical and biomedical research students. Materials and Methods: To explore how the training environment might be experienced differently for male and female students in one MD-PhD program, the authors analyzed gender differences in annual symposium speakers with exact binomial tests, student participation as question-askers at a weekly seminar with logistic regression, and number of publications with quasi-Poisson generalized linear models. They compared male and female students' perceptions of gender-based discrimination using a survey, including qualitative analysis of free text responses. The program consisted of 71 total students in the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 academic years. Female students comprised 42.0% (81/191) of program matriculants from 1997 to 2019. Results: Male and female students were equally likely to present at the annual program symposium, but faculty (p = 0.001) and keynote (p = 0.012) presenters were more likely to be male. Compared with male counterparts, female students asked fewer seminar questions (p < 0.005) and female speakers received more questions (p = 0.03). Female students perceived less support and differed from men in reasons for asking or not asking seminar questions. Free text responses described repeated small acts of discrimination toward women with cumulative impact. Positive program changes followed presentation of findings to program leaders and students. Conclusions: The authors identified several aspects of one MD-PhD program that could discourage career or training persistence of female students. Increasing awareness of these issues was temporally related to positive programmatic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Heffron
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, and University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cora Allen-Savietta
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amarette Filut
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chelsea Hanewall
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anna Huttenlocher
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology and Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jo Handelsman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Molly Carnes
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, and University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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21
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Braun KM, Friedrich TC. Influenza evolution with little host selection. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:159-160. [PMID: 30617345 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-018-0782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, USA. .,Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI, USA.
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22
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Jones CA, Duffy MK, Hoffman SA, Schultz-Darken NJ, Braun KM, Ciucci MR, Emborg ME. Vocalization development in common marmosets for neurodegenerative translational modeling. Neurol Res 2018; 40:303-311. [PMID: 29457539 PMCID: PMC6083835 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2018.1438226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In order to facilitate the study of vocalizations in emerging genetic common marmoset models of neurodegenerative disorders, we aimed to analyze call-type changes across age in a translational research environment. We hypothesized that acoustic parameters of vocalizations would change with age, reflecting growth of the vocal apparatus and a maturation of control needed to make adult-like calls. Methods Nineteen developing common marmosets were longitudinally video- and audio-recorded between the ages of 1-149 days in a naturalistic setting without any vocalization elicitation protocol. Vocalizations were coded for call type (cry, tsik, trill, phee, and trill-phee) and analyzed for duration (sec), minimum and maximum frequency (Hz), and bandwidth (Hz). Mixed model linear regressions were performed to assess the effects of age on call parameters listed above for each call type. Results Cries decreased in duration (P = 0.038), maximum frequency (P = 0.047), and bandwidth (P = 0.023) with age. Tsik calls decreased in duration (P = 0.002) and increased in minimum frequency (P = 0.004) and maximum frequency (P = 0.005) with age. Trill calls increased in duration (P = 0.003), and trillphee bandwidth (P = 0.031) decreased with age. Discussion Our results demonstrate that development of common marmoset vocalizations is call type dependent and that changes in acoustic parameters can be detected without complex vocalization elicitation paradigms or specialized audio recording equipment. Thus, we demonstrate the feasibility of a naturalistic protocol to collect and objectively analyze marmoset vocalizations longitudinally. This approach may be useful for studying vocal communication deficits in genetic models of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A. Jones
- Neuroscience Training Program, (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
- Wisconsin National Primate Center (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders (1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Surgery (600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792)
| | - Mary K. Duffy
- Wisconsin National Primate Center (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
| | - Sarah A. Hoffman
- Wisconsin National Primate Center (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
| | | | - Katarina M. Braun
- Wisconsin National Primate Center (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
| | - Michelle R. Ciucci
- Neuroscience Training Program, (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders (1975 Willow Drive, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Surgery (600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53792)
| | - Marina E. Emborg
- Neuroscience Training Program, (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
- Wisconsin National Primate Center (1220 Capitol Court, Madison, WI 53715)
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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23
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Florek NW, Campos LM, Braun KM, McLean HQ, King JP, Flannery B, Belongia EA, Friedrich TC. An updated influenza A(H3N2) vaccine generates limited antibody responses to previously encountered antigens in children. Vaccine 2017; 36:758-764. [PMID: 29249543 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccination may provide a "back-boost" to antibodies against previously encountered strains. If the back-boost effect is common, this could allow more aggressive vaccine updates, as emerging variants would be expected to both elicit de-novo responses and boost pre-existing responses against recently circulating strains. Here we used the emergence of an antigenically novel A(H3N2) strain to determine whether an antigenically updated vaccine boosted antibodies against historical strains. METHODS We performed hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays on pre- and post-vaccination sera from 124 children 5-17 years old who received 2015-2016 inactivated influenza vaccine, containing an antigenically updated A(H3N2) strain. We evaluated the mean fold increase in HI titer against both the 2015-2016 vaccine strain and representative strains from two prior antigenic clusters. Factors associated with post-vaccination titers against historical strains were evaluated using linear regression, adjusting for baseline titer. RESULTS Geometric mean titers against each antigen examined increased significantly after vaccination (P < .0001). Mean fold increase was 3.29 against the vaccine strain and 1.22-1.46 against historical strains. Response to vaccine strain was associated with increased post-vaccination titers against historical strains. CONCLUSIONS A vaccine containing an antigenically novel A(H3N2) strain modestly boosted antibody responses against historical influenza strains in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Florek
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Luiza M Campos
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Huong Q McLean
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Ave, Marshfield 54449, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer P King
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Ave, Marshfield 54449, WI, USA
| | - Brendan Flannery
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta 30333, GA, USA
| | - Edward A Belongia
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Population Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 1000 North Oak Ave, Marshfield 54449, WI, USA.
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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24
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Braun KM, Sanders B, Sheridan ML, Thiel JA. Gaining Proficiency with New Technology: Ten Surgeons’ Early Experience with Laparoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Volumetric Thermal Ablation of Uterine Myomas (RFVTA, the Acessa™ Procedure). J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmig.2016.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Schultz-Darken N, Braun KM, Emborg ME. Neurobehavioral development of common marmoset monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 2015; 58:141-58. [PMID: 26502294 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) monkeys are a resource for biomedical research and their use is predicted to increase due to the suitability of this species for transgenic approaches. Identification of abnormal neurodevelopment due to genetic modification relies upon the comparison with validated patterns of normal behavior defined by unbiased methods. As scientists unfamiliar with nonhuman primate development are interested to apply genomic editing techniques in marmosets, it would be beneficial to the field that the investigators use validated methods of postnatal evaluation that are age and species appropriate. This review aims to analyze current available data on marmoset physical and behavioral postnatal development, describe the methods used and discuss next steps to better understand and evaluate marmoset normal and abnormal postnatal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Katarina M Braun
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Marina E Emborg
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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26
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Abstract
Several treatments in rodents, including administration of the alkylating agent dipin, followed by two-thirds partial hepatectomy in mice combine destruction of liver parenchyma with hepatocyte mitoinhibition. These treatments induce proliferation of bile epithelial-like cells (termed oval cells), development of foci composed of small hepatocytes, and eventual replacement of damaged parenchyma by healthy hepatocytes. It has been proposed that these oval cells represent transitional cells in a nonhepatocytic liver facultative stem cell lineage that can give rise to the small hepatocyte foci, and that these foci eventually become confluent and replace liver parenchyma. In this study, we used in vivo cell lineage marking in genetically chimeric livers to test the hypothesis that hepatocytes can serve as the precursor cell type to the small hepatocyte foci that develop in mouse liver after treatment with dipin plus partial hepatectomy. Although we do not exclude the possibility that some small hepatocyte foci may be stem cell-derived, we demonstrate that hepatocyte-derived foci are present after dipin-induced liver damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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27
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Braun KM, Degen JL, Sandgren EP. Hepatocyte transplantation in a model of toxin-induced liver disease: variable therapeutic effect during replacement of damaged parenchyma by donor cells. Nat Med 2000; 6:320-6. [PMID: 10700235 DOI: 10.1038/73179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To provide long-term therapy in patients with severe toxin-induced hepatic parenchymal damage, donor hepatocytes would need to replicate and replace a large portion of the damaged parenchyma. Using a mouse model developed to reproduce this type of hepatic injury, we found that hepatocyte transplantation only slightly improved survival after transplantation despite the fact that many non-survivors showed moderate liver repopulation by donor cells. Perhaps accounting for this outcome, donor parenchyma in non-survivors did not have typical lobular organization. These results indicate that the re-creation of functional parenchyma by transplanted hepatocytes requires time, during which donor cells proliferate and then establish normal parenchymal architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Braun
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Edwards K, Braun KM, Evans G, Sureka AO, Fan S. Mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke condensates suppress macrophage responsiveness to interferon gamma. Hum Exp Toxicol 1999; 18:233-40. [PMID: 10333308 DOI: 10.1191/096032799678839978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sidestream smoke evolves from the smoldering end of a cigarette while the smoker is not puffing, and contributes substantially to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In contrast, main stream smoke emerges from the butt end of the cigarette and is mainly inhaled by the smoker. This study was performed to compare the effects of short-term exposure to cigarette smoke condensates prepared from sidestream (CSC-SS) and mainstream cigarette smoke (CSC-MS) on macrophage basal metabolism and responsiveness to two different stimuli, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon gamma (IFNgamma). Despite their generation at different temperatures and their different chemical composition, CSC - SS and CSC - MS had similar effects on macrophages. Both enhanced macrophage basal metabolism and responsiveness to LPS. Macrophage responsiveness to IFNgamma, assessed by their expression of four functional capacities, was suppressed by both CSC-SS and CSC-MS. The four assessed IFNgamma-inducible functional capacities were: enhanced phagocytosis of immuoglobulin-opsonized sheep red blood cells, TPA-induced peroxide production, class II major histocompatibility complex expression, and nitric oxide synthesis with LPS co-stimulation. The effects of CSC - SS and CSC - MS were similar qualitatively; they differ quantitatively in some cases, with CSC-MS generally effective at lower concentrations (expressed as cigarette-equivalents) than CSC-SS. Considering dilution of sidestream smoke in room air and loss during passage through the respiratory system, we expect to deliver the maximal dose to lung macrophages in situ only in rooms dense with smokers. However, only a fraction of the maximal dose can partially suppress induction of some functions, such as nitric oxide production and MHC expression. Macrophages play critical roles in tissue modeling during development. Of particular concern are neonates, whose organs are still undergoing growth and development, and are therefore susceptible to impaired development. If involuntary exposure to ETS hinders induction of macrophage functional capacities by cytokines, then development of the lungs and perhaps other organs would be impaired. In general, since macrophages are potent effectors and regulators of immunity, impairment of their responsiveness to cytokine must disrupt the proper functioning of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Edwards
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625, USA
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Braun KM, Sandgren EP. Liver disease and compensatory growth: unexpected lessons from genetically altered mice. Int J Dev Biol 1998; 42:935-42. [PMID: 9853824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, several animal models have been established that permit exploration of liver biology and disease. Although these models have been developed using diverse strategies, including transgene targeting, homozygous gene disruption and administration of hepatotoxic chemicals, each approach creates an animal with hepatocyte damage, resulting in an hepatic microenvironment that supports proliferation of healthy hepatocytes. These models have been used to demonstrate: (1) the remarkable ability of adult hepatocytes to clonally proliferate in response to liver growth signals, (2) the effectiveness of transplanted donor hepatocytes in repopulating damaged liver parenchyma, and (3) the feasibility of reconstituting liver with xenogeneic hepatocytes. This paper reviews the development and use of these models, and outlines their potential future application to the study of hepatic stem cells, therapy of liver disease and hepatic toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Braun
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, 53706, USA
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Braun KM, Cornish T, Valm A, Cundiff J, Pauly JL, Fan S. Immunotoxicology of cigarette smoke condensates: suppression of macrophage responsiveness to interferon gamma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1998; 149:136-43. [PMID: 9571981 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated systematically the effects of short-term exposure to main stream cigarette smoke condensates (CSC-MS) on basal and inducible functional capacities of murine peritoneal exudate macrophages. Macrophages treated with CSC-MS form granules that fluoresce orange under blue excitation, consistent with the speculation that they are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). CSC-MS selectively suppressed interferon gamma (IFN gamma) induction of four macrophage functional capacities: enhanced phagocytosis of immunoglobulin-opsonized sheep red blood cells, TPA-induced H2O2 production, class II major histocompatibility complex expression, and nitric oxide synthesis. In contrast, two macrophage functions that are not induced by IFN gamma, basal electron transport and LPS-induced TNF alpha production, were enhanced by treatment with CSC-MS. These results suggest that the suppressive effects of CSC-MS on macrophage responsiveness were selective and were not due to nonspecific inhibition of general functions such as RNA or protein synthesis. Since macrophage responsiveness to IFN gamma can result in induction of functional capacities that are fundamental to immunity, the data suggest that CSC-MS maybe deleterious to the general health of the smoker.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Braun
- Department of Biology, Bradley University, Peoria, Illinois 61625, USA
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Streck RJ, Jezewski HM, Rodriguez MI, Hurley EL, Rich GA, Braun KM, Pauly JL. A method for isolating human lung macrophages and observations of fluorescent phagocytes from the lungs of habitual cigarette smokers. J Immunol Methods 1994; 174:67-82. [PMID: 8083540 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a simple, efficient, expedient, and inexpensive procedure for isolating a large and relatively pure population of macrophages (Mphi) from residual (i.e., non-tumor) lung tissue obtained from lung cancer patients undergoing either a lobectomy or pneumonectomy. The proposed technique was founded on observations by fluorescent microscopy of fresh, non-fixed, and non-stained human lung tissue. Examinations of 74 specimens from different patients revealed that most of the Mphi reside as non-adherent cells within the sponge-like lung stroma. Very few Mphi were observed in the lungs of nonsmokers. In contrast, many Mphi were visible in the lungs of habitual smokers. For most specimens from smokers, a few of the Mphi were present as randomly distributed single cells; the majority of the Mphi, however, were in clusters that ranged from a dozen to several hundred cells. The Mphi could be released readily by different mechanical techniques. In the procedure reported herein, pulmonary leukocytes (> 75% Mphi) were dislodged easily from lung tissue with the use of an inexpensive, hand-operated, tissue grinder. The grinder consisted of a glass mortar and Teflon pestle that provided sufficient clearance between the mortar and pestle so as to avert damaging the displaced leukocytes. The leukocytes were then segregated by centrifugation on a density gradient. Further purification was achieved by harvesting Mphi that had been allowed to adhere to serum-coated polystyrene culture dishes (> 90% Mphi). In most experiments, the Mphi yield (approximately 5 x 10(6) Mphi /gr of lung) and Mphi viability (> 85%) were good. A significant advantage of this technique is that it avoids jeopardizing the cells to the hazards associated with enzymes that have been used in techniques employed previously for isolating Mphi from the lung and other organs. Thus, the proposed method provides numerous lung Mphi for detailed studies of their morphology, phenotype, and function. Moreover, lung Mphi were cultured as non-adherent, single cells in a serum- and cytokine-free tissue culture medium for more than 6 weeks. Lung Mphi from habitual smokers displayed a high level of fluorescence that was readily apparent when viewed with a fluorescence microscope that had been configured with either a fluorescein or rhodamine filter. Serial sections of single, living Mphi obtained with the use of a confocal laser scanning microscope revealed that the fluorescence originated from cytoplasmic inclusions. Relative fluorescence intensity was measured by cytometry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Streck
- Department of Molecular Immunology, New York State Department of Health, Buffalo 14263
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