1
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Woo JH, Aguirre CG, Bari BA, Tsutsui KI, Grabenhorst F, Cohen JY, Schultz W, Izquierdo A, Soltani A. Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2023; 23:600-619. [PMID: 36823249 PMCID: PMC10444905 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite being unpredictable and uncertain, reward environments often exhibit certain regularities, and animals navigating these environments try to detect and utilize such regularities to adapt their behavior. However, successful learning requires that animals also adjust to uncertainty associated with those regularities. Here, we analyzed choice data from two comparable dynamic foraging tasks in mice and monkeys to investigate mechanisms underlying adjustments to different types of uncertainty. In these tasks, animals selected between two choice options that delivered reward probabilistically, while baseline reward probabilities changed after a variable number (block) of trials without any cues to the animals. To measure adjustments in behavior, we applied multiple metrics based on information theory that quantify consistency in behavior, and fit choice data using reinforcement learning models. We found that in both species, learning and choice were affected by uncertainty about reward outcomes (in terms of determining the better option) and by expectation about when the environment may change. However, these effects were mediated through different mechanisms. First, more uncertainty about the better option resulted in slower learning and forgetting in mice, whereas it had no significant effect in monkeys. Second, expectation of block switches accompanied slower learning, faster forgetting, and increased stochasticity in choice in mice, whereas it only reduced learning rates in monkeys. Overall, while demonstrating the usefulness of metrics based on information theory in examining adaptive behavior, our study provides evidence for multiple types of adjustments in learning and choice behavior according to uncertainty in the reward environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Woo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Claudia G Aguirre
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bilal A Bari
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alicia Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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2
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Soma S, Ohara S, Nonomura S, Suematsu N, Yoshida J, Pastalkova E, Sakai Y, Tsutsui KI, Isomura Y. Rat hippocampal CA1 region represents learning-related action and reward events with shorter latency than the lateral entorhinal cortex. Commun Biol 2023; 6:584. [PMID: 37258700 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are deeply involved in learning and memory. However, little is known how ongoing events are processed in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit. By recording from head-fixed rats during action-reward learning, here we show that the action and reward events are represented differently in the hippocampal CA1 region and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC). Although diverse task-related activities developed after learning in both CA1 and LEC, phasic activities related to action and reward events differed in the timing of behavioral event representation. CA1 represented action and reward events almost instantaneously, whereas the superficial and deep layers of the LEC showed a delayed representation of the same events. Interestingly, we also found that ramping activity towards spontaneous action was correlated with waiting time in both regions and exceeded that in the motor cortex. Such functional activities observed in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuits may play a crucial role for animals in utilizing ongoing information to dynamically optimize their behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nonomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naofumi Suematsu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Junichi Yoshida
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eva Pastalkova
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Pacifica Graduate Institute, Carpinteria, CA, USA
| | - Yutaka Sakai
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Isomura
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Woo JH, Aguirre CG, Bari BA, Tsutsui KI, Grabenhorst F, Cohen JY, Schultz W, Izquierdo A, Soltani A. Correction to: Mechanisms of adjustments to different types of uncertainty in the reward environment across mice and monkeys. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01089-1. [PMID: 36991300 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Woo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Claudia G Aguirre
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bilal A Bari
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremiah Y Cohen
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Allen Institute for Neural Dynamics, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development & Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alicia Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Soltani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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4
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Ohara S, Rannap M, Tsutsui KI, Draguhn A, Egorov AV, Witter MP. Hippocampal-medial entorhinal circuit is differently organized along the dorsoventral axis in rodents. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112001. [PMID: 36680772 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The general understanding of hippocampal circuits is that the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex (EC) are topographically connected through parallel identical circuits along the dorsoventral axis. Our anterograde tracing and in vitro electrophysiology data, however, show a markedly different dorsoventral organization of the hippocampal projection to the medial EC (MEC). While dorsal hippocampal projections are confined to the dorsal MEC, ventral hippocampal projections innervate both dorsal and ventral MEC. Further, whereas the dorsal hippocampus preferentially targets layer Vb (LVb) neurons, the ventral hippocampus mainly targets cells in layer Va (LVa). This connectivity scheme differs from hippocampal projections to the lateral EC, which are topographically organized along the dorsoventral axis. As LVa neurons project to telencephalic structures, our findings indicate that the ventral hippocampus regulates LVa-mediated entorhinal-neocortical output from both dorsal and ventral MEC. Overall, the marked dorsoventral differences in hippocampal-entorhinal connectivity impose important constraints on signal flow in hippocampal-neocortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan; Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Märt Rannap
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Andreas Draguhn
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexei V Egorov
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Center for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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5
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Benali A, Tsutsui KI, Sekino M, Pfeiffer F. Editorial: Brain stimulation: From basic research to clinical use. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1092165. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1092165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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6
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Hosokawa T, Xu M, Katori Y, Yamada M, Aihara K, Tsutsui KI. Monkey Prefrontal Single-Unit Activity Reflecting Category-Based Logical Thinking Process and Its Neural Network Model. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6380-6391. [PMID: 35803736 PMCID: PMC9398542 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2286-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Category-based thinking is a fundamental form of logical thinking. Here, we aimed to investigate its neural process at the local circuit level in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We recorded single-unit PFC activity while male monkeys (Macaca fuscata) performed a task in which the category and rule were prerequisites of logical thinking and the outcome contingency was its consequence. Different groups of neurons coded a single type of information discretely or multiple types in a transitional form. Results of time-by-time analysis of neuronal activity suggest an information flow from category-coding and rule-coding neurons to transitional intermediate neurons, and then to contingency-coding neurons. Category-coding, rule-coding, and contingency-coding neurons showed stable coding of information, whereas intermediate neurons showed dynamic coding, as if it integrated category and rule to derive contingency. A similar process was confirmed by using a spiking neural network model that consisted of subnetworks coding category and rule on the input layer and those coding contingency on the output layer, with a subnetwork for integration in the intermediate layer. These results suggest that category-based logical thinking is realized in the PFC by separated neural populations organized for working in a feedforward manner.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To elucidate the neural process for logical thinking, we combined an in-depth analysis of single-unit activity data with a biologically plausible computational model. Results of time-by-time analysis of prefrontal neuronal activity suggest an information flow from category-coding and rule-coding neurons to transitional intermediate neurons, and then to contingency-coding neurons. Category-coding, rule-coding, and contingency-coding neurons showed stable coding, whereas intermediate neurons showed dynamic coding, as if they integrated category and rule to derive contingency. A spiking neural network model reproduced similar temporal changes of information as the recorded neuronal data. Our results suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is critically involved in category-based thought process, and this process may be produced by separated neural populations organized for working in a feedforward manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Department of Orthoptics, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama 701-0913, Japan
| | - Muyuan Xu
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Katori
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- The School of Systems Information Science, Future University Hakodate, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8655, Japan
| | - Munekazu Yamada
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Aihara
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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7
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Nakamura S, Kishimoto Y, Sekino M, Nakamura M, Tsutsui KI. Depression induced by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to ventral medial frontal cortex in monkeys. Exp Neurol 2022; 357:114168. [PMID: 35809630 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The medial frontal cortex (MFC), especially its ventral part, has long been of great interest with respect to the pathology of mood disorders. A number of human brain imaging studies have demonstrated the abnormalities of this brain region in patients with mood disorders, however, whether it is critically and causally involved in the pathogenesis of such disorders remains to be fully elucidated. In this study, we examined how the suppression of neural activity in the ventral region of the MFC (vMFC) affects the behavioral and physiological states of monkeys by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). By using low-frequency rTMS (LF-rTMS) as an inhibitory intervention, we found that LF-rTMS targeting the vMFC temporarily induced a depression-like state in monkeys, which was characterized by a reduced movement activity level, impaired sociability, and decreased motivation level, as well as increased plasma cortisol level. On the other hand, no such significant changes in behavioral and physiological states were observed when targeting the other MFC regions, dorsal or posterior. We further found that the administration of an antidepressant agent, ketamine, ameliorated the abnormal behavioral and physiological states induced by the LF-rTMS intervention. These findings causally indicate the involvement of the vMFC in the regulation of mood and the validity of the LF-rTMS-induced dysfunction of the vMFC as a nonhuman primate model of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Nakamura
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yodai Kishimoto
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masaki Sekino
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Motoaki Nakamura
- Medical Institute of Developmental Disabilities Research, Showa University, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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8
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Ohara S, Yoshino R, Kimura K, Kawamura T, Tanabe S, Zheng A, Nakamura S, Inoue KI, Takada M, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP. Laminar Organization of the Entorhinal Cortex in Macaque Monkeys Based on Cell-Type-Specific Markers and Connectivity. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:790116. [PMID: 34949991 PMCID: PMC8688913 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.790116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a major gateway between the hippocampus and telencephalic structures, and plays a critical role in memory and navigation. Through the use of various molecular markers and genetic tools, neuron types constituting EC are well studied in rodents, and their layer-dependent distributions, connections, and functions have also been characterized. In primates, however, such cell-type-specific understandings are lagging. To bridge the gap between rodents and primates, here we provide the first cell-type-based global map of EC in macaque monkeys. The laminar organization of the monkey EC was systematically examined and compared with that of the rodent EC by using immunohistochemistry for molecular markers which have been well characterized in the rodent EC: reelin, calbindin, and Purkinje cell protein 4 (PCP4). We further employed retrograde neuron labeling from the nucleus accumbens and amygdala to identify the EC output layer. This cell-type-based approach enabled us to apply the latest laminar definition of rodent EC to monkeys. Based on the similarity of the laminar organization, the monkey EC can be divided into two subdivisions: rostral and caudal EC. These subdivisions likely correspond to the lateral and medial EC in rodents, respectively. In addition, we found an overall absence of a clear laminar arrangement of layer V neurons in the rostral EC, unlike rodents. The cell-type-based architectural map provided in this study will accelerate the application of genetic tools in monkeys for better understanding of the role of EC in memory and navigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rintaro Yoshino
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Kimura
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Taichi Kawamura
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Soshi Tanabe
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Andi Zheng
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Department of Neuroscience, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P Witter
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Honda Y, Nakamura S, Ogawa K, Yoshino R, Tobler PN, Nishimura Y, Tsutsui KI. Changes in beta and high-gamma power in resting-state electrocorticogram induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of primary motor cortex in unanesthetized macaque monkeys. Neurosci Res 2021; 171:41-48. [PMID: 33705847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is now widely used as a means of neuromodulation, but the details of the mechanisms by which rTMS works remain unclarified. As a step forward to unveiling the neural phenomena occurring underneath the TMS coil, we conducted an electrophysiological study using awake and unanesthetized monkeys with subdural electrocorticogram (ECoG) electrodes implanted over the primary motor cortex (MI). We evaluated the effects of low-frequency (1 Hz) and high-frequency (10 Hz) rTMS on the resting-state ECoG signals in the stimulated MI, as well as the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the contralateral hand. Following the 1-Hz rTMS application, the ECoG beta band power and the MEP amplitude were significantly decreased. Following the 10-Hz rTMS application, the ECoG high-gamma power and the MEP amplitude significantly increased. Given that beta and high-gamma activities in the ECoG reflect the synchronous firing and the firing frequency of cell assemblies, respectively, in local neural circuits, these results suggest that low-frequency rTMS inhibits neural activity by desynchronizing the firing activity of local circuits, whereas high-frequency rTMS facilitates neural activity by increasing the firing rate of cell assemblies in the local circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Honda
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ogawa
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Rintaro Yoshino
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
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10
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Ohara S, Gianatti M, Itou K, Berndtsson CH, Doan TP, Kitanishi T, Mizuseki K, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP. Entorhinal Layer II Calbindin-Expressing Neurons Originate Widespread Telencephalic and Intrinsic Projections. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 31680885 PMCID: PMC6803526 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we provide the first systematic and quantitative hodological study of the calbindin-expressing (CB+) principal neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex and compared the respective projections of the lateral and medial subdivisions of the entorhinal cortex. Using elaborate quantitative retrograde tracing, complemented by anterograde tracing, we report that the layer II CB+ population comprises neurons with diverse, mainly excitatory projections. At least half of them originate local intrinsic and commissural projections which distribute mainly to layer I and II. We further show that long-range CB+ projections from the two entorhinal subdivisions differ substantially in that MEC projections mainly target field CA1 of the hippocampus, whereas LEC CB+ projections distribute much more widely to a substantial number of known forebrain targets. This connectional difference between the CB+ populations in LEC and MEC is reminiscent of the overall projection pattern of the two entorhinal subdivisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michele Gianatti
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kazuki Itou
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christin H Berndtsson
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thanh P Doan
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Takuma Kitanishi
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Mizuseki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Center for Computational Neuroscience, Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Grabenhorst F, Tsutsui KI, Kobayashi S, Schultz W. Primate prefrontal neurons signal economic risk derived from the statistics of recent reward experience. eLife 2019; 8:e44838. [PMID: 31343407 PMCID: PMC6658165 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk derives from the variation of rewards and governs economic decisions, yet how the brain calculates risk from the frequency of experienced events, rather than from explicit risk-descriptive cues, remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether neurons in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex process risk derived from reward experience. Monkeys performed in a probabilistic choice task in which the statistical variance of experienced rewards evolved continually. During these choices, prefrontal neurons signaled the reward-variance associated with specific objects ('object risk') or actions ('action risk'). Crucially, risk was not derived from explicit, risk-descriptive cues but calculated internally from the variance of recently experienced rewards. Support-vector-machine decoding demonstrated accurate neuronal risk discrimination. Within trials, neuronal signals transitioned from experienced reward to risk (risk updating) and from risk to upcoming choice (choice computation). Thus, prefrontal neurons encode the statistical variance of recently experienced rewards, complying with formal decision variables of object risk and action risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grabenhorst
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shunsuke Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Wolfram Schultz
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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12
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Hosokawa T, Honda Y, Yamada M, Romero MDC, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Behavioral evidence for the use of functional categories during group reversal task performance in monkeys. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15878. [PMID: 30367074 PMCID: PMC6203781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional category is a set of stimuli that are regarded as equivalent independently of their physical properties and elicit the same behavioral responses. Major psychological theories suggest the ability to form and utilize functional categories as a basis of higher cognition that markedly increases behavioral flexibility. Vaughan claimed the category use in pigeons on the basis of partition, a mathematical criterion for equivalence, however, there have been some criticisms that the evidence he showed was insufficient. In this study, by using a group reversal task, a procedure originally used by Vaughan, we aimed to gather further evidence to prove the category use in animals. Macaque monkeys, which served as subjects in our study, could efficiently perform the task not only with familiar stimulus sets as Vaughan demonstrated but also with novel sets, and furthermore the task performance was stable even when the number of stimuli in a set was increased, which we consider as further evidence for the category use in animals. In addition, by varying the timing of the reversal, we found that a category formation takes place soon after encountering new stimuli, i.e. in a few blocks of trial after a novel stimulus set was introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Sensory Science, Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Honda
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Munekazu Yamada
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Toshio Iijima
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan.
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13
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Ohara S, Onodera M, Simonsen ØW, Yoshino R, Hioki H, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP. Intrinsic Projections of Layer Vb Neurons to Layers Va, III, and II in the Lateral and Medial Entorhinal Cortex of the Rat. Cell Rep 2018; 24:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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14
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Ishii H, Onodera M, Ohara S, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Sex Differences in Risk Preference and c-Fos Expression in Paraventricular Thalamic Nucleus of Rats During Gambling Task. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:68. [PMID: 29692713 PMCID: PMC5902494 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different biological requirements between males and females may cause sex differences in decision preference when choosing between taking a risk to get a higher gain or taking a lower but sure gain. Several studies have tested this assumption in rats, however the conclusion remains controversial because the previous real-world like gambling tasks contained a learning component to track a global payoff of probabilistic outcome in addition to risk preference. Therefore, we modified a simple gambling task allowing us to exclude such learning effect, and investigated the sex difference in risk preference of rats and its neural basis. The task required water deprived rats to choose between a risky option which provided four drops of water or no reward at a 50% random chance vs. a sure option which provided predictable amount x (x = 1, 2, 3, 4). The amount and the risk were explicitly instructed so that different choice conditions could be tested trial by trial without re-learning of reward contingency. Although both sexes correctly chose the sure option with the same level of accuracy when the sure option provided the best offer (x = 4), they exhibited different choice performances when two options had the same expected value (x = 2). Males and females both preferred to take risky choices than sure choices (risk seeking), but males were more risk seeking than females. Outcome-history analysis of their choice pattern revealed that females reduced their risk preference after losing risky choices, whereas males did not. Rather, as losses continued, reaction time for subsequent risky choices got shorter in males. Given that significant sex difference features mainly emerged after negative experiences, male and female rats may evaluate an unsuccessful outcome of their decision in different manners. Furthermore, c-Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PV) was higher in the gambling task than for the control task in males while c-fos levels did not differ in females. The present study provides a clear evidence of sex differences in risk preference in rats and suggests that the PV is a candidate region contributing to sex differences in risky decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ishii
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mariko Onodera
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Tsutsui KI, Grabenhorst F, Kobayashi S, Schultz W. Author Correction: A dynamic code for economic object valuation in prefrontal cortex neurons. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16175. [PMID: 29168476 PMCID: PMC5704093 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12554.
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16
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Fujiwara J, Usui N, Eifuku S, Iijima T, Taira M, Tsutsui KI, Tobler PN. Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Updates Chosen Value According to Choice Set Size. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 30:307-318. [PMID: 29131745 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Having chosen an item typically increases the subjective value of the chosen item, and people generally enjoy making choices from larger choice sets. However, having too many items to choose from can reduce the value of chosen items-for example, because of conflict or choice difficulty. In this study, we investigated the effects of choice set size on behavioral and neural value updating (revaluation) of the chosen item. In the scanner, participants selected items from choice sets of various sizes (one, two, four, or eight items). After they chose an item, participants rerated the chosen item, and we quantified revaluation by taking the difference of postchoice minus prechoice ratings. Revaluation of chosen items increased up to choice sets of four alternatives but then decreased again for items chosen from choice sets of eight alternatives, revealing both a linear and a quadratic effect of choice set size. At the time of postchoice rating, activation of the ventrolateral pFC (VLPFC) reflected the influence of choice set size on parametric revaluation, without significant relation to either prechoice or postchoice ratings tested separately. Additional analyses revealed relations of choice set size to anterior cingulate and insula activity during actual choice and increased coupling of both regions to revaluation-related VLPFC during postchoice rating. These data suggest that the VLPFC plays a central role in a network that relates choice set size to updating the value of chosen items and integrates choice overload with value-enhancing effects of larger choice sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Fujiwara
- University of Zurich.,Tohoku University.,Fukushima Medical University.,Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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17
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Ohara S, Sota Y, Sato S, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Increased transgene expression level of rabies virus vector for transsynaptic tracing. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180960. [PMID: 28700657 PMCID: PMC5507306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors that can infect neurons transsynaptically and can strongly express foreign genes are useful for investigating the organization of neural circuits. We previously developed a propagation-competent rabies virus (RV) vector based on a highly attenuated HEP-Flury strain (rHEP5.0-CVSG), which selectively infects neurons and propagates between synaptically connected neurons in a retrograde direction. Its relatively low level of transgene expression, however, makes immunostaining necessary to visualize the morphological features of infected neurons. To increase the transgene expression level of this RV vector, in this study we focused on two viral proteins: the large protein (L) and matrix protein (M). We first attempted to enhance the expression of L, which is a viral RNA polymerase, by deleting the extra transcription unit and shortening the intergenic region between the G and L genes. This viral vector (rHEP5.0-GctL) showed increased transgene expression level with efficient transsynaptic transport. We next constructed an RV vector with a rearranged gene order (rHEP5.0-GML) with the aim to suppress the expression of M, which plays a regulatory role in virus RNA synthesis. Although this vector showed high transgene expression level, the efficiency of transsynaptic transport was low. To further evaluate the usability of rHEP5.0-GctL as a transsynaptic tracer, we inserted a fluorescent timer as a transgene, which changes the color of its fluorescence from blue to red over time. This viral vector enabled us the differentiation of primary infected neurons from secondary infected neurons in terms of the fluorescence wavelength. We expect this propagation-competent RV vector to be useful for elucidating the complex organization of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sota
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sho Sato
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Tsutsui KI, Oyama K, Nakamura S, Iijima T. Comparative Overview of Visuospatial Working Memory in Monkeys and Rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:99. [PMID: 28018186 PMCID: PMC5159432 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural mechanisms of working memory, particularly its visuospatial aspect, have long been studied in non-human primates. On the other hand, rodents are becoming more important in systems neuroscience, as many of the innovative research methods have become available for them. There has been a question on whether primates and rodents have similar neural backgrounds for working memory. In this article, we carried out a comparative overview of the neural mechanisms of visuospatial working memory in monkeys and rats. In monkeys, a number of lesion studies indicate that the brain region most responsible for visuospatial working memory is the ventral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (vDLPFC), as the performance in the standard tests for visuospatial working memory, such as delayed response and delayed alternation tasks, are impaired by lesions in this region. Single-unit studies revealed a characteristic firing pattern in neurons in this area, a sustained delay activity. Further studies indicated that the information maintained in the working memory, such as cue location and response direction in a delayed response, is coded in the sustained delay activity. In rats, an area comparable to the monkey vDLPFC was found to be the dorsal part of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), as the delayed alternation in a T-maze is impaired by its lesion. Recently, the sustained delay activity similar to that found in monkeys has been found in the dorsal mPFC of rats performing the delayed response task. Furthermore, anatomical studies indicate that the vDLPFC in monkeys and the dorsal mPFC in rats have much in common, such as that they are both the major targets of parieto-frontal projections. Thus lines of evidence indicate that in both monkeys and rodents, the PFC plays a critical role in working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Nakamura
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai, Japan
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19
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Tateyama Y, Oyama K, Lo CWC, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Neck collar for restraining head and body movements in rats for behavioral task performance and simultaneous neural activity recording. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 263:68-74. [PMID: 26868734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head fixation has been one of the major methods in behavioral neurophysiology because it allows precision in stimulus application and behavioral assessment. Most neural recordings in awake monkeys have been obtained under head fixation, which is nowadays also being used in awake rodents. However, head fixation devices in rats often become unstable within several months, which increases risks for inflammation, infection, and necrosis of the bone and surrounding tissue. NEW METHOD In this study we developed a novel non-invasive "neck collar system" for restraining the head and body movements of behaving rats. RESULTS The attachment of the neck collar for 2-3 months did not affect the animals' health and welfare. Rats under neck-collar fixation could learn a behavioral task (standard delayed licking task) with the same efficiency as those under standard head fixation. They could also learn a more complicated task (delayed pro/anti-licking task) under neck-collar fixation and afterwards transfer their learning to the task under standard head fixation. Furthermore, we were able to record single-unit activity in rats under neck-collar fixation during the performance of the standard delayed licking task. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) This system consists of economical materials and is easily constructed, and it enables head-restraint without surgery, thus eliminating the risk of inflammation or infection. CONCLUSIONS We consider the neck-collar fixation developed in this study would be useful for restraining the head of a behaving rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Tateyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Cheuk Wa Christopher Lo
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan.
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20
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Oyama K, Tateyama Y, Hernádi I, Tobler PN, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error in the dorsal striatum. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2600-15. [PMID: 26378201 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00097.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate how the striatum integrates sensory information with reward information for behavioral guidance, we recorded single-unit activity in the dorsal striatum of head-fixed rats participating in a probabilistic Pavlovian conditioning task with auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) in which reward probability was fixed for each CS but parametrically varied across CSs. We found that the activity of many neurons was linearly correlated with the reward probability indicated by the CSs. The recorded neurons could be classified according to their firing patterns into functional subtypes coding reward probability in different forms such as stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward prediction error. These results suggest that several functional subgroups of dorsal striatal neurons represent different kinds of information formed through extensive prior exposure to CS-reward contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Oyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan; Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukina Tateyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - István Hernádi
- Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; and
| | - Philippe N Tobler
- Laboratory for Social and Neural Systems Research, Department of Economics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan;
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21
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Sato S, Ohara S, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Effects of G-gene Deletion and Replacement on Rabies Virus Vector Gene Expression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128020. [PMID: 26023771 PMCID: PMC4449044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein-gene (G gene) -deleted rabies virus (RV) vector is a powerful tool to examine the function and structure of neural circuits. We previously reported that the deletion of the G gene enhances the transgene expression level of the RV vector. However, the mechanism of this enhancement remains to be clarified. We presume that there are two possible factors for this enhancement. The first factor is the glycoprotein of RV, which shows cytotoxicity; thus, may cause a dysfunction in the translation process of infected cells. The second possible factor is the enhanced expression of the L gene, which encodes viral RNA polymerase. In the RV, it is known that the gene expression level is altered depending on the position of the gene. Since G-gene deletion displaces the L gene in the genome, the expression of the L gene and viral transcription may be enhanced. In this study, we compared the transgene expression level and viral transcription of three recombinant RV vectors. The effect of glycoprotein was examined by comparing the viral gene expression of G-gene-intact RV and G-gene-replaced RV. Despite the fact that the L-gene transcription level of these two RV vectors was similar, the G-gene-replaced RV vector showed higher viral transcription and transgene expression level than the G-gene-intact RV vector. To examine the effect of the position of the L gene, we compared the viral gene expression of the G-gene-deleted RV and G-gene-replaced RV. The G-gene-deleted RV vector showed higher L-gene transcription, viral transcription, and transgene expression level than the G-gene-replaced RV vector. These results indicate that G-gene deletion enhances the transgene expression level through at least two factors, the absence of glycoprotein and enhancement of L-gene expression. These findings enable investigators to design a useful viral vector that shows a controlled desirable transgene expression level in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sato
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Ishii H, Ohara S, Tobler PN, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of anterior insular and orbitofrontal cortex function in risky decision making. Neurosci Res 2015; 92:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Hosokawa T, Nakamura S, Matsui Y, Yamada M, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. The effect of inactivation of prefrontal cortex on immediate behavioral adaptation in group reversal task by offline repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in monkeys. Brain Stimul 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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24
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Ohara S, Sato S, Oyama K, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Rabies virus vector transgene expression level and cytotoxicity improvement induced by deletion of glycoprotein gene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80245. [PMID: 24244660 PMCID: PMC3820615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus (RV) is required for binding to neuronal receptors and for viral entry. G-deleted RV vector is a powerful tool for investigating the organization and function of the neural circuits. It gives the investigator the ability to genetically target initial infection to particular neurons and to control trans-synaptic propagation. In this study we have quantitatively evaluated the effect of G gene deletion on the cytotoxicity and transgene expression level of the RV vector. We compared the characteristics of the propagation-competent RV vector (rHEP5.0-CVSG-mRFP) and the G-deleted RV vector (rHEP5.0-ΔG-mRFP), both of which are based on the attenuated HEP-Flury strain and express monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) as a transgene. rHEP5.0-ΔG-mRFP showed lower cytotoxicity than rHEP5.0-CVSG-mRFP, and within 16 days of infection we found no change in the basic electrophysiological properties of neurons infected with the rHEP5.0-ΔG-mRFP. The mRFP expression level of rHEP5.0-ΔG-mRFP was much higher than that of rHEP5.0-CVSG-mRFP, and 3 days after infection the retrogradely infected neurons were clearly visualized by the expressed fluorescent protein without any staining. This may be due to the low cytotoxicity and/or the presumed change in the polymerase gene (L) expression level of the G-deleted RV vector. Although the mechanisms remains to be clarified, the results of this study indicate that deletion of the G gene greatly improves the usability of the RV vector for studying the organization and function of the neural circuits by decreasing the cytotoxicity and increasing the transgene expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sho Sato
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
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Ohara S, Sato S, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP, Iijima T. Organization of multisynaptic inputs to the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus: retrograde trans-synaptic tracing with rabies virus vector in the rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78928. [PMID: 24223172 PMCID: PMC3819259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral, anatomical, and gene expression studies have shown functional dissociations between the dorsal and ventral hippocampus with regard to their involvement in spatial cognition, emotion, and stress. In this study we examined the difference of the multisynaptic inputs to the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus (DG) in the rat by using retrograde trans-synaptic tracing of recombinant rabies virus vectors. Three days after the vectors were injected into the dorsal or ventral DG, monosynaptic neuronal labeling was present in the entorhinal cortex, medial septum, diagonal band, and supramammillary nucleus, each of which is known to project to the DG directly. As in previous tracing studies, topographical patterns related to the dorsal and ventral DG were seen in these regions. Five days after infection, more of the neurons in these regions were labeled and labeled neurons were also seen in cortical and subcortical regions, including the piriform and medial prefrontal cortices, the endopiriform nucleus, the claustrum, the cortical amygdala, the medial raphe nucleus, the medial habenular nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus, and the lateral septum. As in the monosynaptically labeled regions, a topographical distribution of labeled neurons was evident in most of these disynaptically labeled regions. These data indicate that the cortical and subcortical inputs to the dorsal and ventral DG are conveyed through parallel disynaptic pathways. This second-order input difference in the dorsal and ventral DG is likely to contribute to the functional differentiation of the hippocampus along the dorsoventral axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Sho Sato
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Menno P. Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Toshio Iijima
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
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Ishii H, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. [Risk taking and the insular cortex]. Brain Nerve 2013; 65:965-972. [PMID: 23917499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Risk taking can lead to ruin, but sometimes, it can also provide great success. How does our brain make a decision on whether to take a risk or to play it safe? Recent studies have revealed the neural basis of risky decision making. In this review, we focus on the role of the anterior insular cortex (AIC) in risky decision making. Although human imaging studies have shown activations of the AIC in various gambling tasks, the causal involvement of the AIC in risky decision making was still unclear. Recently, we demonstrated a causality of the AIC in risky decision making by using a pharmacological approach in behaving rats-temporary inactivation of the AIC decreased the risk preference in gambling tasks, whereas temporary inactivation of the adjacent orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) increased the risk preference. The latter finding is consistent with a previous finding that patients with damage to the OFC take abnormally risky decisions in the Iowa gambling task. On the basis of these observations, we hypothesize that the intact AIC promotes risk-seeking behavior, and that the AIC and OFC are crucial for balancing the opposing motives of whether to take a risk or avoid it. However, the functional relationship between the AIC and OFC remains unclear. Future combinations of inactivation and electrophysiological studies may promote further understanding of risky decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ishii
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences
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Oyama K, Ohara S, Sato S, Karube F, Fujiyama F, Isomura Y, Mushiake H, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Long-lasting single-neuron labeling by in vivo electroporation without microscopic guidance. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 218:139-47. [PMID: 23769867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to make a direct link between the morphological and functional study of the nervous system, we established an experimental protocol for labeling individual neurons persistently without microscopic guidance by injecting a plasmid encoding fluorescent protein electroporatively after recording their activity extracellularly. Using a glass pipette filled with electrolyte solution containing a plasmid encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), single-neuron recording and electroporation were performed on anesthetized rats. When performing the electroporation at the completion of recording, the degree of contact between the target neuron and the electrode tip was adjusted by monitoring the change of the trace of recorded action potentials and the increase of electrode resistance. The expression of GFP and its immunostaining with a polyclonal antibody enabled us to clearly see the basic structural components such as cell bodies, axons, dendrites, and even smaller components such as spines. Identification of the morphological subtypes of neurons was possible with every labeled neuron. The optimum condition for labeling was a 30% increase of the electrode resistance, and the labeling success rate evaluated 3 days after labeling was 40%. The rate evaluated one month after labeling was only slightly lower (33%). We also confirmed experimentally that this recording and labeling procedure can be similarly successful in head-fixed behaving rats. This new experimental protocol will be a breakthrough in systems neuroscience because it makes a direct link between the morphology and behavior-related activity of single neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Oyama
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Abstract
Abrupt onsets of visual cues capture an observer's attention, even when the cues do not reach the observer's visual awareness. In the present study, we investigated the effects of subthreshold cues on the performance of a useful field of view task. Participants localized a target stimulus presented in the peripheral visual field while identifying a character presented at the fovea. Before the presentation of central and peripheral targets, a suprathreshold or subthreshold cue indicating a likely location of the peripheral target was presented. We found that the suprathreshold cue led to both a benefit in the valid trials and cost in the invalid trials, while the subthreshold cue produced only a benefit in the valid trials without a cost in the invalid trials. Similar patterns of results were also observed when the cue preceded the targets by 10–200 ms, although a small cost was observed for the 12 deg eccentricity at the stimulus onset asynchronies of 50 ms and 100 ms in the subthreshold condition. These results indicate that attentional capture occurs without awareness of the cue and suggest that the effect of the cue on the spatial shift of attention would be different between the suprathreshold and subthreshold conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kimura
- Human Factors, Vehicle Engineering Development Division, Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan
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Ishii H, Ohara S, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Risk preference was affected by inactivation of rat anterior insular cortex and orbitofrontal cortex in the amount and delay gambling tasks. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Oyama K, Hernadi I, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Reward- and conditioned stimulus-related activity of rat striatal neurons are affected by time discounting. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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31
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Shimizu A, Wang J, Ohara S, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Odorant concentration sensitive neurons and spatial distribution of the neurons in the guinea pig anterior piriform cortex. Neurosci Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.07.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Yamada M, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Neural correlates of category-based prediction of outcome in the prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shimizu A, Wang J, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Odor concentration dependent neuronal activities in the anterior piriform cortex. Neurosci Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shinomoto S, Kim H, Shimokawa T, Matsuno N, Funahashi S, Shima K, Fujita I, Tamura H, Doi T, Kawano K, Inaba N, Fukushima K, Kurkin S, Kurata K, Taira M, Tsutsui KI, Komatsu H, Ogawa T, Koida K, Tanji J, Toyama K. Relating neuronal firing patterns to functional differentiation of cerebral cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2009; 5:e1000433. [PMID: 19593378 PMCID: PMC2701610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been empirically established that the cerebral cortical areas defined by Brodmann one hundred years ago solely on the basis of cellular organization are closely correlated to their function, such as sensation, association, and motion. Cytoarchitectonically distinct cortical areas have different densities and types of neurons. Thus, signaling patterns may also vary among cytoarchitectonically unique cortical areas. To examine how neuronal signaling patterns are related to innate cortical functions, we detected intrinsic features of cortical firing by devising a metric that efficiently isolates non-Poisson irregular characteristics, independent of spike rate fluctuations that are caused extrinsically by ever-changing behavioral conditions. Using the new metric, we analyzed spike trains from over 1,000 neurons in 15 cortical areas sampled by eight independent neurophysiological laboratories. Analysis of firing-pattern dissimilarities across cortical areas revealed a gradient of firing regularity that corresponded closely to the functional category of the cortical area; neuronal spiking patterns are regular in motor areas, random in the visual areas, and bursty in the prefrontal area. Thus, signaling patterns may play an important role in function-specific cerebral cortical computation. Neurons, or nerve cells in the brain, communicate with each other using stereotyped electric pulses, called spikes. It is believed that neurons convey information mainly through the frequency of the transmitted spikes, called the firing rate. In addition, neurons may communicate some information through the finer temporal patterns of the spikes. Neuronal firing patterns may depend on cellular organization, which varies among the regions of the brain, according to the roles they play, such as sensation, association, and motion. In order to examine the relationship among signals, structure, and function, we devised a metric to detect firing irregularity intrinsic and specific to individual neurons and analyzed spike sequences from over 1,000 neurons in 15 different cortical areas. Here we report two results of this study. First, we found that neurons exhibit stable firing patterns that can be characterized as “regular”, “random”, and “bursty”. Second, we observed a strong correlation between the type of signaling pattern exhibited by neurons in a given area and the function of that area. This suggests that, in addition to reflecting the cellular organization of the brain, neuronal signaling patterns may also play a role in specific types of neuronal computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shinomoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Fujiwara J, Tobler PN, Taira M, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Segregated and integrated coding of reward and punishment in the cingulate cortex. J Neurophysiol 2009; 101:3284-93. [PMID: 19339460 DOI: 10.1152/jn.90909.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward and punishment have opposite affective value but are both processed by the cingulate cortex. However, it is unclear whether the positive and negative affective values of monetary reward and punishment are processed by separate or common subregions of the cingulate cortex. We performed a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a free-choice task and compared cingulate activations for different levels of monetary gain and loss. Gain-specific activation (increasing activation for increasing gain, but no activation change in relation to loss) occurred mainly in the anterior part of the anterior cingulate and in the posterior cingulate cortex. Conversely, loss-specific activation (increasing activation for increasing loss, but no activation change in relation to gain) occurred between these areas, in the middle and posterior part of the anterior cingulate. Integrated coding of gain and loss (increasing activation throughout the full range, from biggest loss to biggest gain) occurred in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate, at the border with the medial prefrontal cortex. Finally, unspecific activation increases to both gains and losses (increasing activation to increasing gains and increasing losses, possibly reflecting attention) occurred in dorsal and middle regions of the cingulate cortex. Together, these results suggest separate and common coding of monetary reward and punishment in distinct subregions of the cingulate cortex. Further meta-analysis suggested that the presently found reward- and punishment-specific areas overlapped with those processing positive and negative emotions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Fujiwara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Ohara S, Inoue KI, Yamada M, Yamawaki T, Koganezawa N, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP, Iijima T. Dual transneuronal tracing in the rat entorhinal-hippocampal circuit by intracerebral injection of recombinant rabies virus vectors. Front Neuroanat 2009; 3:1. [PMID: 19169410 PMCID: PMC2629710 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.05.001.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual transneuronal tracing is a novel viral tracing methodology which employs two recombinant viruses, each expressing a different reporter protein. Peripheral injection of recombinant pseudorabies viruses has been used as a powerful method to define neurons that coordinate outputs to various peripheral targets of motor and autonomic systems. Here, we assessed the feasibility of recombinants of rabies virus (RV) vector for dual transneuronal tracing in the central nervous system. First, we examined whether two different RV-vectors can double label cells in vitro, and showed that efficient double labeling can be realized by infecting targeted cells with the two RV-vectors within a short time interval. The potential of dual transneuronal tracing was then examined in vivo in the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit, using the chain of projections from CA3 pyramidal cells to CA1 pyramidal cells and subsequently to entorhinal cortex. Six days after the injection of two RV-vectors into the left and right entorhinal cortex respectively, double-labeled neurons were observed in CA3 bilaterally. Some double-labeled neurons showed a Golgi-like labeling. Dual transneuronal tracing potentially provides a powerful and sensitive method to study issues such as the amount of convergence and divergence within and between circuits in the central nervous system. Using this sensitive technique, we established that single neurons in CA3 are connected to the entorhinal cortex bilaterally with only one synaptic relay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ohara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences Tohoku, Japan
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Nakamura S, Narumi T, Yoshizato SI, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Involvement of the lemniscal and paralemniscal pathways in the perception of direction and neuronal activity in the barrel cortex in rodent single-whisker stimulation. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Yamada M, Sato Y, Pita MDCR, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Categorical coding of stimulus-outcome association in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Shimizu A, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Learning-based modulation of odor-induced oscillatory activities in the anterior piriform cortex. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Ohara S, Yamawaki T, Koganezawa N, Tsutsui KI, Witter MP. Organization of multisynaptic inputs to the dentate gyrus: Retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus vector in the rat. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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41
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Oyama K, Matsumura Y, Hernadi I, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. The effects of dopamine receptor antagonists on the activity of striatal neurons in rats during a probabilistic Pavlovian conditioning task. Neurosci Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.09.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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42
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Fujiwara J, Tobler PN, Taira M, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. A parametric relief signal in human ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 2008; 44:1163-70. [PMID: 18992349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
People experience relief whenever outcomes are better than they would have been, had an alternative course of action been chosen. Here we investigated the neuronal basis of relief with functional resonance imaging in a choice task in which the outcome of the chosen option and that of the unchosen option were revealed sequentially. We found parametric activation increases in anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex with increasing relief (chosen outcomes better than unchosen outcomes). Conversely, anterior ventrolateral prefrontal activation was unrelated to the opposite of relief, increasing regret (chosen outcomes worse than unchosen outcomes). Furthermore, the anterior ventrolateral prefrontal activation was unrelated to primary gains and increased with relief irrespective of whether the chosen outcome was a loss or a gain. These results suggest that the anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex encodes a higher-order reward signal that lies at the core of current theories of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Fujiwara
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
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Fujiwara J, Tobler PN, Taira M, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Personality-dependent dissociation of absolute and relative loss processing in orbitofrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 27:1547-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Narumi T, Nakamura S, Takashima I, Kakei S, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Impairment of the discrimination of the direction of single-whisker stimulation induced by the lemniscal pathway lesion. Neurosci Res 2007; 57:579-86. [PMID: 17313984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 12/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the rodent somatosensory system, stimulus information received by the whiskers is relayed to the barrel cortex via two parallel pathways, the lemniscal pathway and the paralemniscal pathway. The lemniscal pathway includes the principal trigeminal nucleus (Pr5) and the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPm). The paralemniscal pathway includes the spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris (Sp5i) and the medial division of posterior thalamic nucleus (POm). The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of those pathways in perceptions of the direction of the single-whisker stimulation in the rat. Rats were trained to perform a go/no-go task that required the discrimination of forward or backward stimulation applied to their single whisker. When a selective lesion was made in VPm or Pr5, error rate for the task performance increased significantly. In contrast, when a selective lesion was made in POm or Sp5i, we found no significant change in performance. These results suggest that the lemniscal pathway plays more important roles in a discrimination of stimulus direction applied to the single whisker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Narumi
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Nakamura S, Narumi T, Yoshizato SI, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. A role of the lemniscal pathway in the single-whisker directional discrimination in rats. Neurosci Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Yamada M, Sato Y, Iijima T, Tsutsui KI. Performance of monkeys in a repeated group-reversal task requiring inductive reasoning. Neurosci Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Shimizu A, Ishikawa T, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Odor representation in the anterior piriform cortex of an in vitro isolated whole brain with the olfactory epithelium. Neurosci Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Ohara S, Inoue KI, Yamada M, Tsutsui KI, Iijima T. Dual viral transneuronal tracing using recombinant rabies virus vectors. Neurosci Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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50
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Hirose H, Choi K, Tsutsui KI, Sakurai Y, Koike Y, Iijima T. A brain–machine interface for predicting both arm-reaching movements and postures. Neurosci Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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