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Novick KA, Keenan TF, Anderegg WRL, Normile CP, Runkle BRK, Oldfield EE, Shrestha G, Baldocchi DD, Evans MEK, Randerson JT, Sanderman J, Torn MS, Trugman AT, Williams CA. We need a solid scientific basis for nature-based climate solutions in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318505121. [PMID: 38536749 PMCID: PMC10998553 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318505121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Novick
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN47405
| | - Trevor F. Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - William R. L. Anderegg
- Wilkes Center for Climate Science and Policy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT84112
| | | | - Benjamin R. K. Runkle
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR72701
| | | | | | - Dennis D. Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | | | - James T. Randerson
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | | | - Margaret S. Torn
- Climate and Ecosystem Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Energy and Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Anna T. Trugman
- Department of Geography University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
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Beverly DP, Huenupi E, Gandolfo A, Lietzke CJ, Ficklin DL, Barnes ML, Raff JD, Novick KA, Phillips RP. The forest, the cicadas and the holey fluxes: Periodical cicada impacts on soil respiration depends on tree mycorrhizal type. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14349. [PMID: 38178545 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of billions of periodical cicadas affects plant and animal communities profoundly, yet little is known about cicada impacts on soil carbon fluxes. We investigated the effects of Brood X cicadas (Magicicada septendecim, M. cassinii and M. septendeculain) on soil CO2 fluxes (RS ) in three Indiana forests. We hypothesized RS would be sensitive to emergence hole density, with the greatest effects occurring in soils with the lowest ambient fluxes. In support of our hypothesis, RS increased with increasing hole density and greater effects were observed near AM-associating trees (which expressed lower ambient fluxes) than near EcM-associating trees. Additionally, RS from emergence holes increased the temperature sensitivity (Q10 ) of RS by 13%, elevating the Q10 of ecosystem respiration. Brood X cicadas increased annual RS by ca. 2.5%, translating to an additional 717 Gg of CO2 across forested areas. As such, periodical cicadas can have substantial effects on soil processes and biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Beverly
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Biology Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Adrien Gandolfo
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Clara J Lietzke
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Darren L Ficklin
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Mallory L Barnes
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jonathan D Raff
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Keenan TF, Novick KA, Anderegg WRL, Normile CP. Nature-based climate solutions: align policy with science. Nature 2023; 624:42. [PMID: 38052896 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
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Novick KA, Metzger S, Anderegg WRL, Barnes M, Cala DS, Guan K, Hemes KS, Hollinger DY, Kumar J, Litvak M, Lombardozzi D, Normile CP, Oikawa P, Runkle BRK, Torn M, Wiesner S. Informing Nature-based Climate Solutions for the United States with the best-available science. Glob Chang Biol 2022; 28:3778-3794. [PMID: 35253952 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nature-based Climate Solutions (NbCS) are managed alterations to ecosystems designed to increase carbon sequestration or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. While they have growing public and private support, the realizable benefits and unintended consequences of NbCS are not well understood. At regional scales where policy decisions are often made, NbCS benefits are estimated from soil and tree survey data that can miss important carbon sources and sinks within an ecosystem, and do not reveal the biophysical impacts of NbCS for local water and energy cycles. The only direct observations of ecosystem-scale carbon fluxes, for example, by eddy covariance flux towers, have not yet been systematically assessed for what they can tell us about NbCS potentials, and state-of-the-art remote sensing products and land-surface models are not yet being widely used to inform NbCS policymaking or implementation. As a result, there is a critical mismatch between the point- and tree-scale data most often used to assess NbCS benefits and impacts, the ecosystem and landscape scales where NbCS projects are implemented, and the regional to continental scales most relevant to policymaking. Here, we propose a research agenda to confront these gaps using data and tools that have long been used to understand the mechanisms driving ecosystem carbon and energy cycling, but have not yet been widely applied to NbCS. We outline steps for creating robust NbCS assessments at both local to regional scales that are informed by ecosystem-scale observations, and which consider concurrent biophysical impacts, future climate feedbacks, and the need for equitable and inclusive NbCS implementation strategies. We contend that these research goals can largely be accomplished by shifting the scales at which pre-existing tools are applied and blended together, although we also highlight some opportunities for more radical shifts in approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Stefan Metzger
- Battelle, National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Mallory Barnes
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Daniela S Cala
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kyle S Hemes
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Y Hollinger
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marcy Litvak
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | | | | | - Patty Oikawa
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, California State University-East Bay, Hayward, California, USA
| | - Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Margaret Torn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Susanne Wiesner
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Novick KA, Ficklin DL, Baldocchi D, Davis KJ, Ghezzehei TA, Konings AG, MacBean N, Raoult N, Scott RL, Shi Y, Sulman BN, Wood JD. Confronting the water potential information gap. Nat Geosci 2022; 15:158-164. [PMID: 35300262 PMCID: PMC8923290 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-022-00909-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Water potential directly controls the function of leaves, roots, and microbes, and gradients in water potential drive water flows throughout the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Notwithstanding its clear relevance for many ecosystem processes, soil water potential is rarely measured in-situ, and plant water potential observations are generally discrete, sparse, and not yet aggregated into accessible databases. These gaps limit our conceptual understanding of biophysical responses to moisture stress and inject large uncertainty into hydrologic and land surface models. Here, we outline the conceptual and predictive gains that could be made with more continuous and discoverable observations of water potential in soils and plants. We discuss improvements to sensor technologies that facilitate in situ characterization of water potential, as well as strategies for building new networks that aggregate water potential data across sites. We end by highlighting novel opportunities for linking more representative site-level observations of water potential to remotely-sensed proxies. Together, these considerations offer a roadmap for clearer links between ecohydrological processes and the water potential gradients that have the 'potential' to substantially reduce conceptual and modeling uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Novick
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University – Bloomington. Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Darren L. Ficklin
- Department of Geography, Indiana University – Bloomington. Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management. University of California, Berkeley. Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth J. Davis
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Teamrat A. Ghezzehei
- Life and Environmental Sciences Department, University of California – Merced. Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Natasha MacBean
- Department of Geography, Indiana University – Bloomington. Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Nina Raoult
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement. Paris, France
| | - Russell L. Scott
- Southwest Watershed Research Center, USDA – Agricultural Research Service. Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yuning Shi
- Department of Plant Science. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin N. Sulman
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Wood
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Benson MC, Miniat CF, Oishi AC, Denham SO, Domec JC, Johnson DM, Missik JE, Phillips RP, Wood JD, Novick KA. The xylem of anisohydric Quercus alba L. is more vulnerable to embolism than isohydric codominants. Plant Cell Environ 2022; 45:329-346. [PMID: 34902165 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of plant leaf water potential (ΨL ) regulation and xylem vulnerability to embolism is fundamental for understanding the tradeoffs between carbon uptake and risk of hydraulic damage. There is a general consensus that trees with vulnerable xylem more conservatively regulate ΨL than plants with resistant xylem. We evaluated if this paradigm applied to three important eastern US temperate tree species, Quercus alba L., Acer saccharum Marsh. and Liriodendron tulipifera L., by synthesizing 1600 ΨL observations, 122 xylem embolism curves and xylem anatomical measurements across 10 forests spanning pronounced hydroclimatological gradients and ages. We found that, unexpectedly, the species with the most vulnerable xylem (Q. alba) regulated ΨL less strictly than the other species. This relationship was found across all sites, such that coordination among traits was largely unaffected by climate and stand age. Quercus species are perceived to be among the most drought tolerant temperate US forest species; however, our results suggest their relatively loose ΨL regulation in response to hydrologic stress occurs with a substantial hydraulic cost that may expose them to novel risks in a more drought-prone future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Benson
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Chelcy F Miniat
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew C Oishi
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sander O Denham
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA UMR 1391 ISPA, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Justine E Missik
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Wood
- University of Missouri, School of Natural Resources, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
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Konings AG, Saatchi SS, Frankenberg C, Keller M, Leshyk V, Anderegg WRL, Humphrey V, Matheny AM, Trugman A, Sack L, Agee E, Barnes ML, Binks O, Cawse‐Nicholson K, Christoffersen BO, Entekhabi D, Gentine P, Holtzman NM, Katul GG, Liu Y, Longo M, Martinez‐Vilalta J, McDowell N, Meir P, Mencuccini M, Mrad A, Novick KA, Oliveira RS, Siqueira P, Steele‐Dunne SC, Thompson DR, Wang Y, Wehr R, Wood JD, Xu X, Zuidema PA. Detecting forest response to droughts with global observations of vegetation water content. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:6005-6024. [PMID: 34478589 PMCID: PMC9293345 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Droughts in a warming climate have become more common and more extreme, making understanding forest responses to water stress increasingly pressing. Analysis of water stress in trees has long focused on water potential in xylem and leaves, which influences stomatal closure and water flow through the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. At the same time, changes of vegetation water content (VWC) are linked to a range of tree responses, including fluxes of water and carbon, mortality, flammability, and more. Unlike water potential, which requires demanding in situ measurements, VWC can be retrieved from remote sensing measurements, particularly at microwave frequencies using radar and radiometry. Here, we highlight key frontiers through which VWC has the potential to significantly increase our understanding of forest responses to water stress. To validate remote sensing observations of VWC at landscape scale and to better relate them to data assimilation model parameters, we introduce an ecosystem-scale analog of the pressure-volume curve, the non-linear relationship between average leaf or branch water potential and water content commonly used in plant hydraulics. The sources of variability in these ecosystem-scale pressure-volume curves and their relationship to forest response to water stress are discussed. We further show to what extent diel, seasonal, and decadal dynamics of VWC reflect variations in different processes relating the tree response to water stress. VWC can also be used for inferring belowground conditions-which are difficult to impossible to observe directly. Lastly, we discuss how a dedicated geostationary spaceborne observational system for VWC, when combined with existing datasets, can capture diel and seasonal water dynamics to advance the science and applications of global forest vulnerability to future droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sassan S. Saatchi
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Michael Keller
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- United States Forest ServiceWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Trugman
- University of California ‐ Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA
| | - Lawren Sack
- University of California ‐ Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | | | - Oliver Binks
- The Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Longo
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Jordi Martinez‐Vilalta
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF)BarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Nate McDowell
- Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWAUSA
- Washington State UniversityPullmanWAUSA
| | - Patrick Meir
- The Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
- University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF)BarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Assaad Mrad
- University of California ‐ IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | | | | | | | | | - David R. Thompson
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Yujie Wang
- California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
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Kannenberg SA, Guo JS, Novick KA, Anderegg WRL, Feng X, Kennedy D, Konings AG, Martínez‐Vilalta J, Matheny AM. Opportunities, challenges and pitfalls in characterizing plant water‐use strategies. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica S. Guo
- Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
- Arizona Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA
| | - Kimberly A. Novick
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington IN USA
| | | | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo‐Engineering University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
- Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA
| | | | | | - Jordi Martínez‐Vilalta
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès) Catalonia Spain
| | - Ashley M. Matheny
- Department of Geological Sciences Jackson School of Geosciences University of Texas Austin TX USA
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Denham SO, Oishi AC, Miniat CF, Wood JD, Yi K, Benson MC, Novick KA. Eastern US deciduous tree species respond dissimilarly to declining soil moisture but similarly to rising evaporative demand. Tree Physiol 2021; 41:944-959. [PMID: 33185239 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic stress in plants occurs under conditions of low water availability (soil moisture; θ) and/or high atmospheric demand for water (vapor pressure deficit; D). Different species are adapted to respond to hydraulic stress by functioning along a continuum where, on one hand, they close stomata to maintain a constant leaf water potential (ΨL) (isohydric species), and on the other hand, they allow ΨL to decline (anisohydric species). Differences in water-use along this continuum are most notable during hydrologic stress, often characterized by low θ and high D; however, θ and D are often, but not necessarily, coupled at time scales of weeks or longer, and uncertainty remains about the sensitivity of different water-use strategies to these variables. We quantified the effects of both θ and D on canopy conductance (Gc) among widely distributed canopy-dominant species along the isohydric-anisohydric spectrum growing along a hydroclimatological gradient. Tree-level Gc was estimated using hourly sap flow observations from three sites in the eastern United States: a mesic forest in western North Carolina and two xeric forests in southern Indiana and Missouri. Each site experienced at least 1 year of substantial drought conditions. Our results suggest that sensitivity of Gc to θ varies across sites and species, with Gc sensitivity being greater in dry than in wet sites, and greater for isohydric compared with anisohydric species. However, once θ limitations are accounted for, sensitivity of Gc to D remains relatively constant across sites and species. While D limitations to Gc were similar across sites and species, ranging from 16 to 34% reductions, θ limitations to Gc ranged from 0 to 40%. The similarity in species sensitivity to D is encouraging from a modeling perspective, though it implies that substantial reduction to Gc will be experienced by all species in a future characterized by higher D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander O Denham
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, 702 N. Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763, USA
| | - A Christopher Oishi
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763, USA
| | - Chelcy F Miniat
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Wood
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 1111 Rollins St., Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Koong Yi
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, 702 N. Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, 291 McCormick Rd, Charlottesville, VA 29904, USA
| | - Michael C Benson
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, 702 N. Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, 702 N. Walnut Grove Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Hemes KS, Runkle BRK, Novick KA, Baldocchi DD, Field CB. An Ecosystem-Scale Flux Measurement Strategy to Assess Natural Climate Solutions. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:3494-3504. [PMID: 33660506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eddy covariance measurement systems provide direct observation of the exchange of greenhouse gases between ecosystems and the atmosphere, but have only occasionally been intentionally applied to quantify the carbon dynamics associated with specific climate mitigation strategies. Natural climate solutions (NCS) harness the photosynthetic power of ecosystems to avoid emissions and remove atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), sequestering it in biological carbon pools. In this perspective, we aim to determine which kinds of NCS strategies are most suitable for ecosystem-scale flux measurements and how these measurements should be deployed for diverse NCS scales and goals. We find that ecosystem-scale flux measurements bring unique value when assessing NCS strategies characterized by inaccessible and hard-to-observe carbon pool changes, important non-CO2 greenhouse gas fluxes, the potential for biophysical impacts, or dynamic successional changes. We propose three deployment types for ecosystem-scale flux measurements at various NCS scales to constrain wide uncertainties and chart a workable path forward: "pilot", "upscale", and "monitor". Together, the integration of ecosystem-scale flux measurements by the NCS community and the prioritization of NCS measurements by the flux community, have the potential to improve accounting in ways that capture the net impacts, unintended feedbacks, and on-the-ground specifics of a wide range of emerging NCS strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Hemes
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin R K Runkle
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University - Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7000, United States
| | - Dennis D Baldocchi
- Environmental Science, Policy & Management Department, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher B Field
- Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Stoy PC, Trowbridge AM, Siqueira MB, Freire LS, Phillips RP, Jacobs L, Wiesner S, Monson RK, Novick KA. Vapor pressure deficit helps explain biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes from the forest floor and canopy of a temperate deciduous forest. Oecologia 2021; 197:971-988. [PMID: 33677772 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play critical roles in ecological and earth-system processes. Ecosystem BVOC models rarely include soil and litter fluxes and their accuracy is often challenged by BVOC dynamics during periods of rapid ecosystem change like spring leaf out. We measured BVOC concentrations within the air space of a mixed deciduous forest and used a hybrid Lagrangian/Eulerian canopy transport model to estimate BVOC flux from the forest floor, canopy, and whole ecosystem during spring. Canopy flux measurements were dominated by a large methanol source and small isoprene source during the leaf-out period, consistent with past measurements of leaf ontogeny and theory, and indicative of a BVOC flux situation rarely used in emissions model testing. The contribution of the forest floor to whole-ecosystem BVOC flux is conditional on the compound of interest and is often non-trivial. We created linear models of forest floor, canopy, and whole-ecosystem flux for each study compound and used information criteria-based model selection to find the simplest model with the best fit. Most published BVOC flux models do not include vapor pressure deficit (VPD), but it entered the best canopy, forest floor, and whole-ecosystem BVOC flux model more than any other study variable in the present study. Since VPD is predicted to increase in the future, future studies should investigate how it contributes to BVOC flux through biophysical mechanisms like evaporative demand, leaf temperature and stomatal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. .,Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mario B Siqueira
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Livia Souza Freire
- Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas E de Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Luke Jacobs
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Susanne Wiesner
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of WI-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- Paul H. O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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12
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Wu G, Guan K, Li Y, Novick KA, Feng X, McDowell NG, Konings AG, Thompson SE, Kimball JS, De Kauwe MG, Ainsworth EA, Jiang C. Interannual variability of ecosystem iso/anisohydry is regulated by environmental dryness. New Phytol 2021; 229:2562-2575. [PMID: 33118166 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
●Plants are characterized by the iso/anisohydry continuum depending on how they regulate leaf water potential (ΨL ). However, how iso/anisohydry changes over time in response to year-to-year variations in environmental dryness and how such responses vary across different regions remains poorly characterized. ●We investigated how dryness, represented by aridity index, affects the interannual variability of ecosystem iso/anisohydry at the regional scale, estimated using satellite microwave vegetation optical depth (VOD) observations. This ecosystem-level analysis was further complemented with published field observations of species-level ΨL . ●We found different behaviors in the directionality and sensitivity of isohydricity (σ) with respect to the interannual variation of dryness in different ecosystems. These behaviors can largely be differentiated by the average dryness of the ecosystem itself: in mesic ecosystems, σ decreases in drier years with a higher sensitivity to dryness; in xeric ecosystems, σ increases in drier years with a lower sensitivity to dryness. These results were supported by the species-level synthesis. ●Our study suggests that how plants adjust their water use across years - as revealed by their interannual variability in isohydricity - depends on the dryness of plants' living environment. This finding advances our understanding of plant responses to drought at regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genghong Wu
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resources Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Alexandra G Konings
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sally E Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - John S Kimball
- Numerical Terra dynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Australia Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chongya Jiang
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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13
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Lanning M, Wang L, Benson M, Zhang Q, Novick KA. Canopy isotopic investigation reveals different water uptake dynamics of maples and oaks. Phytochemistry 2020; 175:112389. [PMID: 32330693 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Variations in drought responses exhibited by cohabiting tree species such as Acer sacharrum and Quercus alba have often been attributed to differences in rooting depth or water accessibility. A. sacharrum is thought to be a shallow rooted species, and is assumed to not have access to the deep and stable water resources available to Q. alba. As such, A. sacharrum conserves water by minimizing stomatal conductance under drought conditions whereas Q. alba does not. However, detailed records of sufficient temporal resolution which integrate water accessibility, meteorological drivers, and leaf level parameters (e.g., photosynthesis, stomatal conductance) are lacking, making such assumptions-though plausible- largely untested. In this study, we investigated the water accessibility of both maples (A. sacharrum) and oaks (Q. alba) during the late growing season using novel canopy stable isotope measurements. Our results showed that maples can draw from the same water pool as cohabitating oaks, but can also switch to a shallow water source in response to available moisture in the shallow soil profile. We also found that maples tended to use a deep water source under high vapor pressure deficit even when shallow soil water was available. On the other hand, oaks had consistent deep water access during our study period. It is noted that our measurements do not cover the whole growing season and should be extrapolated with caution. Such findings indicate that differences in leaf functions during drought between maples and oaks may be due to both soil water accessibility and atmospheric water demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lanning
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Michael Benson
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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14
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Grossiord C, Buckley TN, Cernusak LA, Novick KA, Poulter B, Siegwolf RTW, Sperry JS, McDowell NG. Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit. New Phytol 2020; 226:1550-1566. [PMID: 32064613 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have been characterized by increasing temperatures worldwide, resulting in an exponential climb in vapor pressure deficit (VPD). VPD has been identified as an increasingly important driver of plant functioning in terrestrial biomes and has been established as a major contributor in recent drought-induced plant mortality independent of other drivers associated with climate change. Despite this, few studies have isolated the physiological response of plant functioning to high VPD, thus limiting our understanding and ability to predict future impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. An abundance of evidence suggests that stomatal conductance declines under high VPD and transpiration increases in most species up until a given VPD threshold, leading to a cascade of subsequent impacts including reduced photosynthesis and growth, and higher risks of carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. Incorporation of photosynthetic and hydraulic traits in 'next-generation' land-surface models has the greatest potential for improved prediction of VPD responses at the plant- and global-scale, and will yield more mechanistic simulations of plant responses to a changing climate. By providing a fully integrated framework and evaluation of the impacts of high VPD on plant function, improvements in forecasting and long-term projections of climate impacts can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Grossiord
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENAC, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas N Buckley
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4814, Australia
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA
| | - Rolf T W Siegwolf
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Nate G McDowell
- Earth Systems Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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15
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Zhang Q, Barnes M, Benson M, Burakowski E, Oishi AC, Ouimette A, Sanders-DeMott R, Stoy PC, Wenzel M, Xiong L, Yi K, Novick KA. Reforestation and surface cooling in temperate zones: Mechanisms and implications. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:3384-3401. [PMID: 32145125 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Land-use/cover change (LUCC) is an important driver of environmental change, occurring at the same time as, and often interacting with, global climate change. Reforestation and deforestation have been critical aspects of LUCC over the past two centuries and are widely studied for their potential to perturb the global carbon cycle. More recently, there has been keen interest in understanding the extent to which reforestation affects terrestrial energy cycling and thus surface temperature directly by altering surface physical properties (e.g., albedo and emissivity) and land-atmosphere energy exchange. The impacts of reforestation on land surface temperature and their mechanisms are relatively well understood in tropical and boreal climates, but the effects of reforestation on warming and/or cooling in temperate zones are less certain. This study is designed to elucidate the biophysical mechanisms that link land cover and surface temperature in temperate ecosystems. To achieve this goal, we used data from six paired eddy-covariance towers over co-located forests and grasslands in the temperate eastern United States, where radiation components, latent and sensible heat fluxes, and meteorological conditions were measured. The results show that, at the annual time scale, the surface of the forests is 1-2°C cooler than grasslands, indicating a substantial cooling effect of reforestation. The enhanced latent and sensible heat fluxes of forests have an average cooling effect of -2.5°C, which offsets the net warming effect (+1.5°C) of albedo warming (+2.3°C) and emissivity cooling effect (-0.8°C) associated with surface properties. Additional daytime cooling over forests is driven by local feedbacks to incoming radiation. We further show that the forest cooling effect is most pronounced when land surface temperature is higher, often exceeding -5°C. Our results contribute important observational evidence that reforestation in the temperate zone offers opportunities for local climate mitigation and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Mallory Barnes
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michael Benson
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Burakowski
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - A Christopher Oishi
- Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Otto, NC, USA
| | - Andrew Ouimette
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Rebecca Sanders-DeMott
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Paul C Stoy
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Matt Wenzel
- National Ecological Observatory Network, Battelle, Jamestown, ND, USA
| | - Lihua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Koong Yi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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16
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Lanning M, Wang L, Novick KA. The importance of cuticular permeance in assessing plant water-use strategies. Tree Physiol 2020; 40:425-432. [PMID: 32091105 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate understanding of plant responses to water stress is increasingly important for quantification of ecosystem carbon and water cycling under future climates. Plant water-use strategies can be characterized across a spectrum of water stress responses, from tight stomatal control (isohydric) to distinctly less stomatal control (anisohydric). A recent and popular classification method of plant water-use strategies utilizes the regression slope of predawn and midday leaf water potentials, σ, to reflect the coupling of soil water availability (predawn leaf water potential) and stomatal dynamics (daily decline in leaf water potential). This type of classification is important in predicting ecosystem drought response and resiliency. However, it fails to explain the relative stomatal responses to drought of Acer sacharrum and Quercus alba, improperly ranking them on the spectrum of isohydricity. We argue this inconsistency may be in part due to the cuticular conductance of different species. We used empirical and modeling evidence to show that plants with more permeable cuticles are more often classified as anisohydric; the σ values of those species were very well correlated with measured cuticular permeance. Furthermore, we found that midday leaf water potential in species with more permeable cuticles would continue to decrease as soils become drier, but not in those with less permeable cuticles. We devised a diagnostic parameter, Γ, to identify circumstances where the impact of cuticular conductance could cause species misclassification. The results suggest that cuticular conductance needs to be considered to better understand plant water-use strategies and to accurately predict forest responses to water stress under future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lanning
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Science, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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17
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Kannenberg SA, Novick KA, Alexander MR, Maxwell JT, Moore DJP, Phillips RP, Anderegg WRL. Linking drought legacy effects across scales: From leaves to tree rings to ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:2978-2992. [PMID: 31132225 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought can cause lagged effects on tree physiology that negatively impact forest functioning for years. These "drought legacy effects" have been widely documented in tree-ring records and could have important implications for our understanding of broader scale forest carbon cycling. However, legacy effects in tree-ring increments may be decoupled from ecosystem fluxes due to (a) postdrought alterations in carbon allocation patterns; (b) temporal asynchrony between radial growth and carbon uptake; and (c) dendrochronological sampling biases. In order to link legacy effects from tree rings to whole forests, we leveraged a rich dataset from a Midwestern US forest that was severely impacted by a drought in 2012. At this site, we compiled tree-ring records, leaf-level gas exchange, eddy flux measurements, dendrometer band data, and satellite remote sensing estimates of greenness and leaf area before, during, and after the 2012 drought. After accounting for the relative abundance of tree species in the stand, we estimate that legacy effects led to ~10% reductions in tree-ring width increments in the year following the severe drought. Despite this stand-scale reduction in radial growth, we found that leaf-level photosynthesis, gross primary productivity (GPP), and vegetation greenness were not suppressed in the year following the 2012 drought. Neither temporal asynchrony between radial growth and carbon uptake nor sampling biases could explain our observations of legacy effects in tree rings but not in GPP. Instead, elevated leaf-level photosynthesis co-occurred with reduced leaf area in early 2013, indicating that resources may have been allocated away from radial growth in conjunction with postdrought upregulation of photosynthesis and repair of canopy damage. Collectively, our results indicate that tree-ring legacy effects were not observed in other canopy processes, and that postdrought canopy allocation could be an important mechanism that decouples tree-ring signals from GPP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Justin T Maxwell
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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18
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Kannenberg SA, Novick KA, Phillips RP. Anisohydric behavior linked to persistent hydraulic damage and delayed drought recovery across seven North American tree species. New Phytol 2019; 222:1862-1872. [PMID: 30664253 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The isohydry-anisohydry spectrum has become a popular way to characterize plant drought responses and recovery processes. Despite the proven utility of this framework for understanding the interconnected physiological changes plants undergo in response to water stress, new challenges have arisen pertaining to the traits and tradeoffs that underlie this concept. To test the utility of this framework for understanding hydraulic traits, drought physiology and recovery, we applied a 6 wk experimental soil moisture reduction to seven tree species followed by a 6 wk recovery period. Throughout, we measured hydraulic traits and monitored changes in gas exchange, leaf water potential, and hydraulic conductivity. Species' hydraulic traits were not coordinated, as some anisohydric species had surprisingly low resistance to embolism (P50 ) and negative safety margins. In addition to widespread hydraulic damage, these species also experienced reductions in photosynthesis and stem water potential during water stress, and delayed recovery time. Given that we observed no benefit of being anisohydric either during or after drought, our results indicate the need to reconsider the traits and tradeoffs that underlie anisohydric behavior, and to consider the environmental, biological and edaphic processes that could allow this strategy to flourish in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Kannenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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19
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Novick KA, Konings AG, Gentine P. Beyond soil water potential: An expanded view on isohydricity including land-atmosphere interactions and phenology. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:1802-1815. [PMID: 30632172 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the concept of isohydry or anisohydry, which describes the link between soil water potential (ΨS ), leaf water potential (ΨL ), and stomatal conductance (gs ), has soared in popularity. However, its utility has recently been questioned, and a surprising lack of coordination between the dynamics of ΨL and gs across biomes has been reported. Here, we offer a more expanded view of the isohydricity concept that considers effects of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and leaf area index (AL ) on the apparent sensitivities of ΨL and gs to drought. After validating the model with tree- and ecosystem-scale data, we find that within a site, isohydricity is a strong predictor of limitations to stomatal function, though variation in VPD and leaf area, among other factors, can challenge its diagnosis. Across sites, the theory predicts that the degree of isohydricity is a good predictor of the sensitivity of gs to declining soil water in the absence of confounding effects from other drivers. However, if VPD effects are significant, they alone are sufficient to decouple the dynamics of ΨL and gs entirely. We conclude with a set of practical recommendations for future applications of the isohydricity framework within and across sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Alexandra G Konings
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
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20
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Yi K, Maxwell JT, Wenzel MK, Roman DT, Sauer PE, Phillips RP, Novick KA. Linking variation in intrinsic water-use efficiency to isohydricity: a comparison at multiple spatiotemporal scales. New Phytol 2019; 221:195-208. [PMID: 30117538 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific responses of plant intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) to multiple environmental drivers associated with climate change, including soil moisture (θ), vapor pressure deficit (D), and atmospheric CO2 concentration (ca ), are poorly understood. We assessed how the iWUE and growth of several species of deciduous trees that span a gradient of isohydric to anisohydric water-use strategies respond to key environmental drivers (θ, D and ca ). iWUE was calculated for individual tree species using leaf-level gas exchange and tree-ring δ13 C in wood measurements, and for the whole forest using the eddy covariance method. The iWUE of the isohydric species was generally more sensitive to environmental change than the anisohydric species was, and increased significantly with rising D during the periods of water stress. At longer timescales, the influence of ca was pronounced for isohydric tulip poplar but not for others. Trees' physiological responses to changing environmental drivers can be interpreted differently depending on the observational scale. Care should be also taken in interpreting observed or modeled trends in iWUE that do not explicitly account for the influence of D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koong Yi
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Justin T Maxwell
- Department of Geography, Indiana University Bloomington, 701 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Matthew K Wenzel
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - D Tyler Roman
- US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1831 Highway 169 East, Grand Rapids, MN, 55744, USA
| | - Peter E Sauer
- Department of Geological Science, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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21
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Asbjornsen H, Campbell JL, Jennings KA, Vadeboncoeur MA, McIntire C, Templer PH, Phillips RP, Bauerle TL, Dietze MC, Frey SD, Groffman PM, Guerrieri R, Hanson PJ, Kelsey EP, Knapp AK, McDowell NG, Meir P, Novick KA, Ollinger SV, Pockman WT, Schaberg PG, Wullschleger SD, Smith MD, Rustad LE. Guidelines and considerations for designing field experiments simulating precipitation extremes in forest ecosystems. Methods Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Asbjornsen
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - John L. Campbell
- Northern Research StationUSDA Forest Service Durham New Hampshire
| | - Katie A. Jennings
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Matthew A. Vadeboncoeur
- Earth Systems Research CenterInstitute for Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Cameron McIntire
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | | | | | - Taryn L. Bauerle
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell University Ithaca New York
| | - Michael C. Dietze
- Department of Earth and EnvironmentBoston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesAdvanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and Brooklyn College New York New York
| | - Rosella Guerrieri
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications (CREAF)Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Paul J. Hanson
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Eric P. Kelsey
- Department of Atmospheric Science and ChemistryPlymouth State University Plymouth New Hampshire
- Mount Washington Observatory North Conway New Hampshire
| | - Alan K. Knapp
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | | | - Patrick Meir
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- School of GeosciencesUniversity of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Kimberly A. Novick
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana University Bloomington Indiana
| | - Scott V. Ollinger
- Department of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire
| | - Will T. Pockman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico
| | | | - Stan D. Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of Biology and Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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Kannenberg SA, Novick KA, Phillips RP. Coarse roots prevent declines in whole-tree non-structural carbohydrate pools during drought in an isohydric and an anisohydric species. Tree Physiol 2018; 38:582-590. [PMID: 29036648 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Predicted increases in the frequency and severity of droughts have led to a renewed focus on how plants physiologically adjust to low water availability. A popular framework for understanding plant responses to drought characterizes species along a spectrum from isohydry to anisohydry based on their regulation of gas exchange and leaf water potential under drying conditions. One prediction that arises from this theory is that plant drought responses may hinge, in part, on their usage of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) pools. For example, trees that respond to drought by closing stomates (i.e., isohydric) are predicted to deplete NSC reserves to maintain metabolism, whereas plants that keep stomata open during water stress (i.e., anisohydric), may show little change or even increases in NSC concentration. However, empirical tests of this theory largely rely on aboveground measurements of NSC, ignoring the potentially conflicting responses of root NSC pools. We sought to test these predictions by subjecting potted saplings of Quercus alba L. (an anisohydric species) and Liriodendron tulipifera L. (an isohydric species) to a 6 week experimental drought. We found that stem NSC concentrations were depleted in the isohydric L. tulipifera but maintained in the anisohydric Q. alba-as predicted. However, when scaled to whole-plant NSC content, the drought-induced decreases in stem NSCs in L. tulipifera were offset by increases in root NSCs (especially soluble sugars), resulting in no net change to whole-plant NSC content. Similarly, root sugars increased in Q. alba in response to drought. This increase was concurrent with declines in growth, suggesting a potential trade-off between allocation of photoassimilates to root sugars vs biomass during drought. Collectively, our results suggest that the responses of NSC in coarse roots can differ from stems, and indicate a prominent role of coarse roots in mitigating drought-induced declines in whole-tree NSC pools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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ChristopherOishi A, Miniat CF, Novick KA, Brantley ST, Vose JM, Walker JT. Warmer temperatures reduce net carbon uptake, but do not affect water use, in a mature southern Appalachian forest. Agric For Meteorol 2018; 252:269-282. [PMID: 32280152 PMCID: PMC7147817 DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing air temperature is expected to extend growing season length in temperate, broadleaf forests, leading to potential increases in evapotranspiration and net carbon uptake. However, other key processes affecting water and carbon cycles are also highly temperature-dependent. Warmer temperatures may result in higher ecosystem carbon loss through respiration and higher potential evapotranspiration through increased atmospheric demand for water. Thus, the net effects of a warming planet are uncertain and highly dependent on local climate and vegetation. We analyzed five years of data from the Coweeta eddy covariance tower in the southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina, USA, a highly productive region that has historically been underrepresented in flux observation networks. We examined how leaf phenology and climate affect water and carbon cycling in a mature forest in one of the wettest biomes in North America. Warm temperatures in early 2012 caused leaf-out to occur two weeks earlier than in cooler years and led to higher seasonal carbon uptake. However, these warmer temperatures also drove higher winter ecosystem respiration, offsetting much of the springtime carbon gain. Interannual variability in net carbon uptake was high (147 to 364 g C m-2 y-1), but unrelated to growing season length. Instead, years with warmer growing seasons had 10% higher respiration and sequestered ~40% less carbon than cooler years. In contrast, annual evapotranspiration was relatively consistent among years (coefficient of variation = 4%) despite large differences in precipitation (17%, range = 800 mm). Transpiration by the evergreen understory likely helped to compensate for phenologically-driven differences in canopy transpiration. The increasing frequency of high summer temperatures is expected to have a greater effect on respiration than growing season length, reducing forest carbon storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A ChristopherOishi
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, NC 28763, USA
| | - Chelcy F Miniat
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, NC 28763, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University - Bloomington, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Steven T Brantley
- Joseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, 3988 Jones Center Drive, Newton, GA 39870, USA
| | - James M Vose
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Center for Integrated Forest Science, 5223 Jordan Hall, Box 8008, College of Natural Resources, Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John T Walker
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 T.W. Alexander Dr., Durham, NC 27711, USA
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Yi K, Dragoni D, Phillips RP, Roman DT, Novick KA. Dynamics of stem water uptake among isohydric and anisohydric species experiencing a severe drought. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:1379-1392. [PMID: 28062727 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the impact of drought on forest ecosystem processes requires an understanding of trees' species-specific responses to drought, especially in the Eastern USA, where species composition is highly dynamic due to historical changes in land use and fire regime. Here, we adapted a framework that classifies trees' water-use strategy along the spectrum of isohydric to anisohydric behavior to determine the responses of three canopy-dominant species to drought. We used a collection of leaf-level gas exchange, tree-level sap flux and stand-level eddy covariance data collected in south-central Indiana from 2011 to 2013, which included an unusually severe drought in the summer of 2012. Our goal was to assess how patterns in the radial profile of sap flux and reliance on hydraulic capacitance differed among species of contrasting water-use strategies. In isohydric species, which included sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), we found that the sap flux in the outer xylem experienced dramatic declines during drought, but sap flux at inner xylem was buffered from reductions in water availability. In contrast, for anisohydric oak species (Quercus alba L. and Quercus rubra L.), we observed relatively smaller variations in sap flux during drought in both inner and outer xylem, and higher nighttime refilling when compared with isohydric species. This reliance on nocturnal refilling, which occurred coincident with a decoupling between leaf- and tree-level water-use dynamics, suggests that anisohydric species may benefit from a reliance on hydraulic capacitance to mitigate the risk of hydraulic failure associated with maintaining high transpiration rates during drought. In the case of both isohydric and anisohydric species, our work demonstrates that failure to account for shifts in the radial profile of sap flux during drought could introduce substantial bias in estimates of tree water use during both drought and non-drought periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koong Yi
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Danilo Dragoni
- Department of Geography, Indiana University Bloomington, 701 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - D Tyler Roman
- US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1831 Highway 169 East , Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Yi K, Dragoni D, Phillips RP, Roman DT, Novick KA. Dynamics of stem water uptake among isohydric and anisohydric species experiencing a severe drought. Tree Physiol 2017; 37:1393. [PMID: 28199714 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koong Yi
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Danilo Dragoni
- Department of Geography, Indiana University Bloomington, 701 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Richard P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - D Tyler Roman
- US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 1831 Highway 169 East, Grand Rapids, MN 55744, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, 1315 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Novick KA, Oishi AC, Miniat CF. Cold air drainage flows subsidize montane valley ecosystem productivity. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:4014-4027. [PMID: 27081931 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In mountainous areas, cold air drainage from high to low elevations has pronounced effects on local temperature, which is a critical driver of many ecosystem processes, including carbon uptake and storage. Here, we leverage new approaches for interpreting ecosystem carbon flux observations in complex terrain to quantify the links between macro-climate condition, drainage flows, local microclimate, and ecosystem carbon cycling in a southern Appalachian valley. Data from multiple long-running climate stations and multiple eddy covariance flux towers are combined with simple models for ecosystem carbon fluxes. We show that cold air drainage into the valley suppresses local temperature by several degrees at night and for several hours before and after sunset, leading to reductions in growing season respiration on the order of ~8%. As a result, we estimate that drainage flows increase growing season and annual net carbon uptake in the valley by >10% and >15%, respectively, via effects on microclimate that are not be adequately represented in regional- and global-scale terrestrial ecosystem models. Analyses driven by chamber-based estimates of soil and plant respiration reveal cold air drainage effects on ecosystem respiration are dominated by reductions to the respiration of aboveground biomass. We further show that cold air drainage proceeds more readily when cloud cover and humidity are low, resulting in the greatest enhancements to net carbon uptake in the valley under clear, cloud-free (i.e., drought-like) conditions. This is a counterintuitive result that is neither observed nor predicted outside of the valley, where nocturnal temperature and respiration increase during dry periods. This result should motivate efforts to explore how topographic flows may buffer eco-physiological processes from macroscale climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University - Bloomington, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - A Christopher Oishi
- USDA Forest Service - Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, NC, 28763, USA
| | - Chelcy Ford Miniat
- USDA Forest Service - Southern Research Station, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, 3160 Coweeta Lab Road, Otto, NC, 28763, USA
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Tian C, Wang L, Novick KA. Water vapor δ(2) H, δ(18) O and δ(17) O measurements using an off-axis integrated cavity output spectrometer - sensitivity to water vapor concentration, delta value and averaging-time. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2016; 30:2077-2086. [PMID: 27502731 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-precision analysis of atmospheric water vapor isotope compositions, especially δ(17) O values, can be used to improve our understanding of multiple hydrological and meteorological processes (e.g., differentiate equilibrium or kinetic fractionation). This study focused on assessing, for the first time, how the accuracy and precision of vapor δ(17) O laser spectroscopy measurements depend on vapor concentration, delta range, and averaging-time. METHODS A Triple Water Vapor Isotope Analyzer (T-WVIA) was used to evaluate the accuracy and precision of δ(2) H, δ(18) O and δ(17) O measurements. The sensitivity of accuracy and precision to water vapor concentration was evaluated using two international standards (GISP and SLAP2). The sensitivity of precision to delta value was evaluated using four working standards spanning a large delta range. The sensitivity of precision to averaging-time was assessed by measuring one standard continuously for 24 hours. RESULTS Overall, the accuracy and precision of the δ(2) H, δ(18) O and δ(17) O measurements were high. Across all vapor concentrations, the accuracy of δ(2) H, δ(18) O and δ(17) O observations ranged from 0.10‰ to 1.84‰, 0.08‰ to 0.86‰ and 0.06‰ to 0.62‰, respectively, and the precision ranged from 0.099‰ to 0.430‰, 0.009‰ to 0.080‰ and 0.022‰ to 0.054‰, respectively. The accuracy and precision of all isotope measurements were sensitive to concentration, with the higher accuracy and precision generally observed under moderate vapor concentrations (i.e., 10000-15000 ppm) for all isotopes. The precision was also sensitive to the range of delta values, although the effect was not as large compared with the sensitivity to concentration. The precision was much less sensitive to averaging-time than the concentration and delta range effects. CONCLUSIONS The accuracy and precision performance of the T-WVIA depend on concentration but depend less on the delta value and averaging-time. The instrument can simultaneously and continuously measure δ(2) H, δ(18) O and δ(17) O values in water vapor, opening a new window to better understand ecological, hydrological and meteorological processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Zscheischler J, Fatichi S, Wolf S, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Clark K, Desai AR, Hollinger D, Keenan T, Novick KA, Seneviratne SI. Short-term favorable weather conditions are an important control of interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes. J Geophys Res Biogeosci 2016; 121:2186-2198. [PMID: 27774367 PMCID: PMC5054815 DOI: 10.1002/2016jg003503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem models often perform poorly in reproducing interannual variability in carbon and water fluxes, resulting in considerable uncertainty when estimating the land-carbon sink. While many aggregated variables (growing season length, seasonal precipitation, or temperature) have been suggested as predictors for interannual variability in carbon fluxes, their explanatory power is limited and uncertainties remain as to their relative contributions. Recent results show that the annual count of hours where evapotranspiration (ET) is larger than its 95th percentile is strongly correlated with the annual variability of ET and gross primary production (GPP) in an ecosystem model. This suggests that the occurrence of favorable conditions has a strong influence on the annual carbon budget. Here we analyzed data from eight forest sites of the AmeriFlux network with at least 7 years of continuous measurements. We show that for ET and the carbon fluxes GPP, ecosystem respiration (RE), and net ecosystem production, counting the "most active hours/days" (i.e., hours/days when the flux exceeds a high percentile) correlates well with the respective annual sums, with correlation coefficients generally larger than 0.8. Phenological transitions have much weaker explanatory power. By exploiting the relationship between most active hours and interannual variability, we classify hours as most active or less active and largely explain interannual variability in ecosystem fluxes, particularly for GPP and RE. Our results suggest that a better understanding and modeling of the occurrence of large values in high-frequency ecosystem fluxes will result in a better understanding of interannual variability of these fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Zscheischler
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Institute of Environmental EngineeringETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Peter D. Blanken
- Department of GeographyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Gil Bohrer
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic EngineeringOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Kenneth Clark
- USDA Forest ServiceNorthern Research StationNew LisbonNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - David Hollinger
- USDA Forest ServiceNorthern Research StationDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | | | - Kimberly A. Novick
- School of Public and Environmental AffairsIndiana University, BloomingtonBloomingtonIndianaUSA
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Novick KA, Miniat CF, Vose JM. Drought limitations to leaf-level gas exchange: results from a model linking stomatal optimization and cohesion-tension theory. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:583-96. [PMID: 26466749 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We merge concepts from stomatal optimization theory and cohesion-tension theory to examine the dynamics of three mechanisms that are potentially limiting to leaf-level gas exchange in trees during drought: (1) a 'demand limitation' driven by an assumption of optimal stomatal functioning; (2) 'hydraulic limitation' of water movement from the roots to the leaves; and (3) 'non-stomatal' limitations imposed by declining leaf water status within the leaf. Model results suggest that species-specific 'economics' of stomatal behaviour may play an important role in differentiating species along the continuum of isohydric to anisohydric behaviour; specifically, we show that non-stomatal and demand limitations may reduce stomatal conductance and increase leaf water potential, promoting wide safety margins characteristic of isohydric species. We used model results to develop a diagnostic framework to identify the most likely limiting mechanism to stomatal functioning during drought and showed that many of those features were commonly observed in field observations of tree water use dynamics. Direct comparisons of modelled and measured stomatal conductance further indicated that non-stomatal and demand limitations reproduced observed patterns of tree water use well for an isohydric species but that a hydraulic limitation likely applies in the case of an anisohydric species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Chelcy F Miniat
- USDA Forest Service, Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, Otto, NC, 28734, USA
| | - James M Vose
- USDA Forest Service - Southern Research Station - Center for Integrated Forest Science. North Carolina State University, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8008, USA
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Roman DT, Novick KA, Brzostek ER, Dragoni D, Rahman F, Phillips RP. The role of isohydric and anisohydric species in determining ecosystem-scale response to severe drought. Oecologia 2015; 179:641-54. [PMID: 26130023 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing shifts in the species composition of Eastern US forests necessitate the development of frameworks to explore how species-specific water-use strategies influence ecosystem-scale carbon (C) cycling during drought. Here, we develop a diagnostic framework to classify plant drought-response strategies along a continuum of isohydric to anisohydric regulation of leaf water potential (Ψ(L)). The framework is applied to a 3-year record of weekly leaf-level gas exchange and Ψ measurements collected in the Morgan-Monroe State Forest (Indiana, USA), where continuous observations of the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) have been ongoing since 1999. A severe drought that occurred in the middle of the study period reduced the absolute magnitude of NEE by 55%, though species-specific responses to drought conditions varied. Oak species were characterized by anisohydric regulation of Ψ(L) that promoted static gas exchange throughout the study period. In contrast, Ψ(L) of the other canopy dominant species was more isohydric, which limited gas exchange during the drought. Ecosystem-scale estimates of NEE and gross ecosystem productivity derived by upscaling the leaf-level data agreed well with tower-based observations, and highlight how the fraction of isohydric and anisohydric species in forests can mediate net ecosystem C balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Roman
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, 702 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - K A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University-Bloomington, 702 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - E R Brzostek
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, 53 Campus Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - D Dragoni
- Department of Geography, Indiana University-Bloomington, 702 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - F Rahman
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX, 78539, USA
| | - R P Phillips
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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Novick KA, Oishi AC, Ward EJ, Siqueira MBS, Juang JY, Stoy PC. On the difference in the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 between deciduous and evergreen forests in the southeastern United States. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:827-842. [PMID: 25168968 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The southeastern United States is experiencing a rapid regional increase in the ratio of pine to deciduous forest ecosystems at the same time it is experiencing changes in climate. This study is focused on exploring how these shifts will affect the carbon sink capacity of southeastern US forests, which we show here are among the strongest carbon sinks in the continental United States. Using eight-year-long eddy covariance records collected above a hardwood deciduous forest (HW) and a pine plantation (PP) co-located in North Carolina, USA, we show that the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) was more variable in PP, contributing to variability in the difference in NEE between the two sites (ΔNEE) at a range of timescales, including the interannual timescale. Because the variability in evapotranspiration (ET) was nearly identical across the two sites over a range of timescales, the factors that determined the variability in ΔNEE were dominated by those that tend to decouple NEE from ET. One such factor was water use efficiency, which changed dramatically in response to drought and also tended to increase monotonically in nondrought years (P < 0.001 in PP). Factors that vary over seasonal timescales were strong determinants of the NEE in the HW site; however, seasonality was less important in the PP site, where significant amounts of carbon were assimilated outside of the active season, representing an important advantage of evergreen trees in warm, temperate climates. Additional variability in the fluxes at long-time scales may be attributable to slowly evolving factors, including canopy structure and increases in dormant season air temperature. Taken together, study results suggest that the carbon sink in the southeastern United States may become more variable in the future, owing to a predicted increase in drought frequency and an increase in the fractional cover of southern pines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University - Bloomington, 702 N. Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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Novick KA, Katul GG, McCarthy HR, Oren R. Increased resin flow in mature pine trees growing under elevated CO2 and moderate soil fertility. Tree Physiol 2012; 32:752-763. [PMID: 22228817 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpr133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Warmer climates induced by elevated atmospheric CO(2) (eCO(2)) are expected to increase damaging bark beetle activity in pine forests, yet the effect of eCO(2) on resin production--the tree's primary defense against beetle attack--remains largely unknown. Following growth-differentiation balance theory, if extra carbohydrates produced under eCO(2) are not consumed by respiration or growth, resin production could increase. Here, the effect of eCO(2) on resin production of mature pines is assessed. As predicted, eCO(2) enhanced resin flow by an average of 140% (P=0.03) in canopy dominants growing in low-nitrogen soils, but did not affect resin flow in faster-growing fertilized canopy dominants or in carbohydrate-limited suppressed individuals. Thus, pine trees may become increasingly protected from bark beetle attacks in an eCO(2) climate, except where they are fertilized or are allowed to become overcrowded.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Novick
- Nicholas School of Environment and Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Oishi AC, Oren R, Novick KA, Palmroth S, Katul GG. Interannual Invariability of Forest Evapotranspiration and Its Consequence to Water Flow Downstream. Ecosystems 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-010-9328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stoy PC, Palmroth S, Oishi AC, Siqueira MBS, Juang JY, Novick KA, Ward EJ, Katul GG, Oren R. Are ecosystem carbon inputs and outputs coupled at short time scales? A case study from adjacent pine and hardwood forests using impulse-response analysis. Plant Cell Environ 2007; 30:700-10. [PMID: 17470146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A number of recent studies have attributed a large proportion of soil respiration (R(soil)) to recently photoassimilated carbon (C). Time lags (tau(PR)) associated with these pulses of photosynthesis and responses of R(soil) have been found on time scales of hours to weeks for different ecosystems, but most studies find evidence for tau(PR) on the order of 1-5 d. We showed that such time scales are commensurate with CO(2) diffusion time scales from the roots to the soil surface, and may thus be independent from photosynthetic pulses. To further quantify the role of physical (i.e. edaphic) and biological (i.e. vegetative) controls on such lags, we investigated tau(PR) at adjacent planted pine (PP) and hardwood (HW) forest ecosystems over six and four measurement years, respectively, using both autocorrelation analysis on automated soil surface flux measurements and their lagged cross-correlations with drivers for and surrogates of photosynthesis. Evidence for tau(PR) on the order of 1-3 d was identified in both ecosystems and using both analyses, but this lag could not be attributed to recently photoassimilated C because the same analysis yielded comparable lags at HW during leaf-off periods. Future efforts to model ecosystem C inputs and outputs in a pulse-response framework must combine measurements of transport in the physical and biological components of terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Stoy
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Novick KA, Stoy PC, Katul GG, Ellsworth DS, Siqueira MBS, Juang J, Oren R. Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in a warm temperate grassland. Oecologia 2004; 138:259-74. [PMID: 14628214 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-003-1388-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2003] [Accepted: 08/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Grasslands cover about 40% of the ice-free global terrestrial surface, but their contribution to local and regional water and carbon fluxes and sensitivity to climatic perturbations such as drought remains uncertain. Here, we assess the direction and magnitude of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) and its components, ecosystem carbon assimilation ( A(c)) and ecosystem respiration ( R(E)), in a southeastern United States grassland ecosystem subject to periodic drought and harvest using a combination of eddy-covariance measurements and model calculations. We modeled A(c) and evapotranspiration (ET) using a big-leaf canopy scheme in conjunction with ecophysiological and radiative transfer principles, and applied the model to assess the sensitivity of NEE and ET to soil moisture dynamics and rapid excursions in leaf area index (LAI) following grass harvesting. Model results closely match eddy-covariance flux estimations on daily, and longer, time steps. Both model calculations and eddy-covariance estimates suggest that the grassland became a net source of carbon to the atmosphere immediately following the harvest, but a rapid recovery in LAI maintained a marginal carbon sink during summer. However, when integrated over the year, this grassland ecosystem was a net C source (97 g C m(-2) a(-1)) due to a minor imbalance between large A(c) (-1,202 g C m(-2) a(-1)) and R(E) (1,299 g C m(-2) a(-1)) fluxes. Mild drought conditions during the measurement period resulted in many instances of low soil moisture (theta<0.2 m(3)m(-3)), which influenced A(c) and thereby NEE by decreasing stomatal conductance. For this experiment, low theta had minor impact on R(E). Thus, stomatal limitations to A(c) were the primary reason that this grassland was a net C source. In the absence of soil moisture limitations, model calculations suggest a net C sink of -65 g C m(-2) a(-1) assuming the LAI dynamics and physiological properties are unaltered. These results, and the results of other studies, suggest that perturbations to the hydrologic cycle are key determinants of C cycling in grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Novick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Box 90329, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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