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Vijayan KK, Shyne Anand PS, Balasubramanian CP, Sahaya Rajan J, Ezhil Praveena P, Aravind R, Sudheer NS, Francis B, Panigrahi A, Otta SK. Vertical transmission and prevalence of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the wild spawning population of the Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108058. [PMID: 38182102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
White spot disease, caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), has historically been the most devastating disease in shrimp aquaculture industry across the world. The mode of virus transmission is the most crucial stage in the dynamics and management of virus infection. This study explored the mechanism of vertical transmission of WSSV in Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, potential native species for domestication and genetic improvement, using quantitative real time PCR (q RT PCR), light and electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. Wild brooders of P. indicus (n = 2576) were sampled along the South east coast of India, during 2016 to 2021. Of these ∼ 58 % of the brooders were positive for WSSV, and almost 50 % of infected wild brooders were at the various stages of reproductive maturation. WSSV-PCR positive brooders (n = 200) were analysed for vertical WSSV transmission. The q RT PCR studies of reproductive tissues revealed that 61 % (n = 13) of spermatophore, 54 % (n = 28) of immature ovaries and 48 % (n = 27) of ripe ovaries were infected with WSSV. The lowest level of infection was recorded in females with ripe ovaries (6.84 × 101 ± 9.79 × 100 ng genomic DNA) followed by fertilized eggs (1.59 × 102 ± 3.69 × 101 ng genomic DNA), and larvae (nauplius and zoea). The histology of gravid females with high WSSV copies showed pyknotic and karyorrhectic germinal vesicle with degenerated cortical rods. Conversely, the gravid females with low WSSV copies showed fully developed ovary without characteristic signs of WSSV infection. Transmission electron microscopic studies clearly established the presence of WSSV particles in both ovaries and spermatophores. When subjected to in situ hybridization, WSSV-specific signals were observed in connective tissues of spermatophore, although gravid ovary and fertilized eggs were failed to produce WSSV specific signals. The present study provides the first molecular and histological evidence for trans-ovarian vertical transmission of WSSV. Development of disease-free base population being the cornerstone and first step in establishing the breeding program, the present findings could be a basis for development of such programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vijayan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
| | - P S Shyne Anand
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
| | | | | | - P Ezhil Praveena
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
| | - R Aravind
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
| | - N S Sudheer
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
| | - Biju Francis
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
| | - A Panigrahi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
| | - S K Otta
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 28, India
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2
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Raja RA, Patil PK, Avunje S, Kumaran M, Periyakaruppan A, Kondusamy A, De D, Jithendran KP, Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK. Natural infestation of an anchor worm, Lernaea sp. in cage culture of Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer juveniles and its control using an anti-parasitic drug, emamectin benzoate. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:306-318. [PMID: 37193509 PMCID: PMC10182207 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01571-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infestations and their control programmes are one among the challenges to be considered the most significant in aquaculture. A parasitic infestation was studied elaborately in Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer juveniles with clinical signs, post-mortem findings, morphological and molecular identifications. In addition, those fish were also treated with emamectin benzoate (EMB) @ 50 µg kg-1 of fish body weight (BW) d-1 for 10 consecutive days under the controlled wet lab facility by feeding through the medicated feed at 4% BW. Results showed that the parasitic prevalence, parasitic intensity (PI) and mortality were 45.5%, 8.17 ± 0.15 per fish and 40% over a period of one week in that existing cage culture. The parasite was identified as a crustacean bloodsucker, anchor worm Lernaea sp. and EMB was found to be 100% effective with significant reduction in PI over a period of 10 days with improved survival rate of 90% against the untreated group. Infested but treated group revealed substantial haematological improvement in parameters such as RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes and total lymphocytes (P < 0.01). Similarly, comparative histopathology of vital organs also revealed no discernible lesions between the healthy and treated fish juvenile as compared to that of infested untreated group. Hence, EMB can be used to control the Lernaea sp. infestation in Asian Seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalingam Ananda Raja
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | - Prasanna Kumar Patil
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | - Sathesha Avunje
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | - Mariappan Kumaran
- Social Science Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | - Anand Periyakaruppan
- Social Science Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | - Ambasankar Kondusamy
- Nutrition and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | - Debasis De
- Nutrition and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | | | - Shankar Vinayakarao Alavandi
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
| | - Koyadan Kizhakedath Vijayan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028 India
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Balasubramaniam S, Soman M, Katneni VK, Tomy S, Gopalapillay G, Vijayan KK. Mitochondrial DNA based diversity studies reveal distinct and substructured populations of pearlspot, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790) in Indian waters. J Genet 2022; 101:3. [PMID: 35129136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis) is one of the most commercially important brackish water fish species widely found along the coastal regions of peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Pearlspot is known for its tender flesh, delectable taste, culinary tourism and highyielding market value. Information on the genetic makeup of stocks/populations is extremely vital as it forms the basis for future genetic studies. For this, we utilized ATPase6/8 genes of mtDNA of pearlspot populations collected from nine different locations ranging from Ratnagiri in Maharashtra state on the west coast to Chilika in Odisha on the east coast. Sequence analyses of these genes revealed 33 polymorphic sites, which include 17 singleton and 16 parsimony informative sites. Pair-wise genetic differentiation study (FST = 0.75) indicated significant (P<0.001) differences among all the pairs of stocks except those from Chilika and Nagayalanka. The spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) significantly delineated the population into four groups (FCT = 0.69, P = 0.0001), namely northwest (Ratnagiri and Goa); southwest (Mangalore and lakes at Vembanad, Ashtamudi and Vellayani in Kerala); southeast (Pulicat in Tamil Nadu) and northeast (Chilika in Odisha and Nagayalanka in Andhra Pradesh). The above delineation is supported by clades of the phylogenetic tree and also the clusters of median joining haplotype network. The high haplotype diversity (0.84), low nucleotide diversity (0.003), and negative values of Tajima's D (-1.47) and Fu's Fs statistic (-14.89) are characteristic of populations having recently undergone demographic expansion. Mantel test revealed significant isolation by distance. The study identifies highly delineated structured populations with restricted gene flow. If such a stock is overfished, it is highly unlikely that it would recover through migration. For any future breeding programme in this species, it would be desirable to form a base population which incorporates the genetic material from all the locations so that we get a wide gene pool to select from.
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Jeyagoby B, Balasubramanian CP, Vijayan KK, Biju IF, Anand PSS, Aravind R, Kumar TS. In vitro fertilization and hybridization potential of the Indian white shrimp (Penaeus indicus). Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 235:106885. [PMID: 34794091 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Managing the reproduction of shrimp farmed in captivity is essential for selective breeding and interspecies hybridization. Procedures have not been developed for conducting in vitro fertilization in penaeid shrimp. In this study, the feasibility of in vitro fertilization (IVF) of the pre-ovulatory oocyte of Penaeus indicus was examined. Additionally, the processes of fertilization and possibility of hybridizing P. indicus with P. monodon with utilization of IVF procedures was also evaluated. The IVF was conducted by dissecting ovaries with fully developed follicles, and mixing these (~0.1 million oocytes) with 1 mL of a sperm suspension. Evaluations for fertilization and embryonic development occurred every l5 min. The eggs collected from the ovaries had the capacity for activation and fertilization. The hatching rate was 5.5 ± 1.1% of the total number of eggs fertilized, and 8.2 ± 4.8% of the nauplii developed to the post-larval stage. Results from the scanning electron micrograph evaluations provided detailed information about the changes occurring as a result of IVF in P. indicus. Interspecific hybridization of P. indicus with P. monodon did not result in hatching of embryos from the eggs, although 1% of eggs were fertilized. A reliable and inexpensive IVF procedure was developed, therefore, IVF could be an efficacious procedure for facilitation of intraspecific cross production in a penaeid breeding program. Furthermore, it was determined that IVF could be a possible procedure for interspecies hybridization between closely related species to circumvent prezygotic barriers in reproductive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Jeyagoby
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028, India
| | | | - Koyadan Kizhakedath Vijayan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028, India
| | - Irumban Francis Biju
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028, India
| | | | - Radhakrishnapillai Aravind
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028, India
| | - Thangaraj Sathish Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, RA Puram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 028, India
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Sathish Kumar T, Radhika K, Joseph Sahaya Rajan J, Makesh M, Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK. Closed-tube field-deployable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay based on spore wall protein (SWP) for the visual detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 183:107624. [PMID: 34077765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatopancreatic microsporidiosis (HPM) is an infectious shrimp disease caused by the microsporidian Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP). In recent years, the widespread occurrence of EHP poses a significant challenge to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Early, rapid and accurate diagnosis of EHP infection is very much essential for the control of HPM crop-related losses. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a robust, sensitive, cost-effective disease diagnostic technique. Here, we demonstrate an improved, simple, closed-tube, colorimetric EHP LAMP diagnostic assay. LAMP assay was illustrated with the specific EHP spore wall protein (SWP) gene primers. Naked eye visual detection of LAMP amplicons was achieved using Hydroxy naphthol blue (HNB) or Phenol red dye without opening the tubes. This LAMP assay is efficient in detecting the EHP pathogen in all clinical samples include shrimp hepatopancreas, FTA card samples, feces, pond water, and soil. Also, the elution of EHP DNA from FTA cards was demonstrated within 17 min using a simple dry bath. In clinical evaluation, the visual LAMP assay established 100% diagnostic sensitivity and 100% diagnostic specificity. The visual LAMP assay is rapid, can detect the EHP pathogen within 40 min using a simple dry bath, and does not require any expensive instruments and technical proficiency. In conclusion, this visual LAMP protocol is a user-friendly, specific assay that can be conceivably operated at the farm-site/ resource-limited settings by the farmer himself with simple equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sathish Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, #75 Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, Chennai, India.
| | - K Radhika
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, #75 Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - J Joseph Sahaya Rajan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, #75 Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - M Makesh
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, #75 Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - S V Alavandi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, #75 Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, Chennai, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, #75 Santhome High Road, MRC Nagar, Chennai, India
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6
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Patil PK, Baskaran V, Vinay TN, Avunje S, Leo-Antony M, Shekhar MS, Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK. Abundance, community structure and diversity of nitrifying bacterial enrichments from low and high saline brackishwater environments. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:96-106. [PMID: 33780023 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study reports diversity in nitrifying microbial enrichments from low (0·5-5‰) and high (18-35‰) saline ecosystems. Microbial community profiling of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) enrichments was analysed by sequencing 16S rRNA and was processed using Mothur pipeline. The α-diversity indices showed the richness of nitrifying bacterial consortia from the high saline environment and were clustering based on the source of the sample. AOB and NOB enrichments from both the environments showed diverse lineages of phyla distributed in both groups with 38 and 34 phyla from low saline and 53 and 40 phyla in high saline sources, respectively. At class level, α- and γ-proteobacteria were found to be more dominant in both the enrichments. AOBs and NOBs in enrichments from low saline environments were dominated by Nitrosomonadaceae, Gallionellaceae (Nitrotoga sp.) and Ectothiorhodospiraceae and Nitrospira, respectively. Though Chromatiaceae were present in both AOB and NOB enrichments, Nitrosoglobus and Nitrosococcus dominated the AOBs while NOBs were dominated by uncultured genera, whereas Rhizobiales were found in both the enrichments. AOBs and NOBs in enrichments from high saline environments were dominated by Nitrospira-like AOBs, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus genera, whereas ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) group included Nitrosopumilus and Nitrososphaera genera comprising and Nitrospirae, respectively. The majority of the genera obtained in both the salinities were found to be either uncultured or unclassified groups. Results of the study suggest that the AOB and NOB consortia have unique and diverse microbes in each of the enrichments, capable of functioning in aquaculture systems practised at different salinities (0-60 ppt).
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Patil
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
| | - V Baskaran
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
| | - T-N Vinay
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
| | - S Avunje
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
| | - M Leo-Antony
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
| | - M S Shekhar
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
| | - S V Alavandi
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, ICAR, Chennai, India
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Swathi A, Shekhar MS, Katneni VK, Vijayan KK. Flow cytometry analysis of apoptotic progression and expression analysis of four apoptosis-related genes in Penaeus vannamei in response to white spot syndrome virus infection. Virusdisease 2021; 32:244-250. [PMID: 34350314 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry analysis was carried out to detect the progression of apoptosis in haemocytes of WSSV infected Penaeus vannamei at different time-points (1.5 hpi, 18 hpi and 56 hpi). Apoptosis in haemocytes was found to increase with time of infectivity from 5.06 to 69.63%. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used for the expression analysis of four apoptosis-related genes such as Death-associated protein 1, caspase-5, translationally controlled tumor protein, and cathepsin D. The evidence of apoptosis in haemocytes of P. vannamei was established as shown by significant increase in the percentage of late apoptotic cells due to WSSV infection in shrimp. The present study gives an insight to the apoptosis rate in a WSSV infected shrimp during the course of infection and the role of apoptosis related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swathi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028 India
| | - M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028 India
| | - Vinaya Kumar Katneni
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028 India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028 India
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8
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Patil PK, Baskaran V, Vinay TN, Avunje S, Leo-Antony M, Shekhar MS, Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK. Abundance, community structure and diversity of nitrifying bacterial enrichments from low and high saline brackishwater environments. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 133:1141. [PMID: 33715259 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study reports diversity in nitrifying microbial enrichments from low (0.5-5‰) and high (18-35‰) saline ecosystems. Microbial community profiling of AOB and NOB enrichments were analysed by sequencing 16S rRNA and were processed using Mothur pipeline. The α-diversity indices showed the richness of nitrifying bacterial consortia from the high saline environment and were clustering based on the source of the sample. AOB and NOB enrichments from both the environments showed diverse lineages of phyla distributed in both groups with 38 and 34 phyla from low saline and 53 and 40 phyla in high saline sources respectively. At class level α and ϒ-Proteobacteria were found to be more dominant in both the enrichments. AOB and NOBs in enrichments from low saline environments were dominated by Nitrosomonadaceae, Gallionellaceae (Nitrotoga spp.) and Ectothiorhodospiraeceae and Nitrospira respectively. Though Chromatiaceae were present in both AOB and NOB enrichments Nitrosoglobus and Nitrosococcus dominated the AOB while NOB was dominated by uncultured genera, while Rhizobiales were found in both the enrichments. AOB and NOBs in enrichments from high saline environments were dominated by Nitrospira-like AOBs, Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus genera; while AOA group included Nitrosopumilus and Nitrososphaeraea genera comprising and Nitrospirae respectively. The majority of the genera obtained in both the salinities were found to be either uncultured or unclassified groups. Results of the study suggest that the AOB and NOB consortia have unique and diverse microbes in each of the enrichments, capable of functioning in aquaculture systems practiced at different salinities (0-60ppt).
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Patil
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
| | - V Baskaran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
| | - T N Vinay
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
| | - S Avunje
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
| | - M Leo-Antony
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
| | - M S Shekhar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
| | - S V Alavandi
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
| | - K K Vijayan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai-600028
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Kumaran M, Geetha R, Antony J, Vasagam KPK, Anand PR, Ravisankar T, Angel JRJ, De D, Muralidhar M, Patil PK, Vijayan KK. Prospective impact of Corona virus disease (COVID-19) related lockdown on shrimp aquaculture sector in India - a sectoral assessment. Aquaculture 2021; 531:735922. [PMID: 32939099 PMCID: PMC7484627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The lockdown on account of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adversely impacted the food production sector including aquaculture, globally. Unfortunately, it coincided with the major shrimp farming season in India which contributes 60% of the national annual shrimp production hence the impact was substantial. An on-line survey was carried out among the stakeholders of the shrimp farming sector to evaluate the prospective impact of COVID-19 related lockdown across the shrimp supply chain. The study estimated an economic loss of 1.50 billion USD to the shrimp aquaculture sector during the current year. It is expected that shrimp production and its export performance may be declining by 40% in the current season. The Garret ranking and Rank Based Quotient analyses projected severe constraints in shrimp seed production and supply, disruptions in the supply chain, logistics, farming, processing, marketing and loss of employment and income for the workers due to the pandemic. To mitigate the impact, the Government of India declared fisheries and aquaculture as an essential activity, facilitated the movement of inputs and services. Further, a major Fisheries Development Scheme(PMMSY) with a financial outlay of 267 million USD has been announced to usher in a blue revolution by strengthening the value chain, doubling the fisher/farmer income, employment generation, economic and social security for fishers/fish farmers adhering to the sustainability principles. Short and medium-term technical and policy measures are suggested to tide over the impact of COVID-19 related lockdown and related restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kumaran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - R Geetha
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - Jose Antony
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - K P Kumaraguru Vasagam
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - P R Anand
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - T Ravisankar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - J Raymond Jani Angel
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - Debasis De
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - M Muralidhar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - P K Patil
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, Chennai 600 028, India
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Nair AV, K PN, M LA, Vijayan KK. Antibacterial assay guided isolation of a novel hydroxy-substituted pentacyclo ketonic compound from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MBTDCMFRI Ps04. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:335-347. [PMID: 33237498 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds from the natural source have gained greater relevance because of their wide spectrum of possible applications, especially in the aquaculture industry where pathogenic threat and antibacterial resistance are serious concerns. In this regard, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MBTDCMFRI Ps04 (P. aeruginosa Ps04) strain isolated from the tropical estuarine habitats of Cochin was evaluated for its antibacterial potential against major aquaculture pathogens. The physiological conditions for the maximum production of the active metabolite were also optimized. An activity-guided approach was employed further to isolate and characterize the secondary metabolite responsible for the inhibitory potential. It was found that the cell free supernatant (CFS) of P. aeruginosa Ps04 exhibited strong antibacterial activity against major aquaculture pathogens belonging to the genus Vibrio and Aeromonas and retained its potential even at 30% (v/v) dilution. The highest antibacterial activity was detected from 3rd day culture, grown in glycerol alanine media (1% each) as carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, at 30 °C, pH 7.0 and at a salinity of 20 parts per thousand (ppt). The activity of the antagonistic principle was found to be stable against variations in pH (pH 2-pH 12), temperature (up to 120 °C) and enzymatic treatments. Bioassay-guided purification followed by spectroscopic characterization of active fractions of P. aeruginosa Ps04 revealed that the compound 4-Hydroxy-11-methylpentacyclo [11.8.0.02,3.011, 12.016,17]henicosa-1,3,5,8(9),17-penten-14-one is responsible for its major antibacterial activity. The results of this study indicated that P. aeruginosa Ps04 has beneficial antibacterial properties which could be used in developing novel antimicrobial therapeutics against a variety of aquaculture pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree V Nair
- ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Praveen N K
- Department of Chemistry, NSS College Cherthala, Cherthala, Kerala, India
| | - Leo Antony M
- ICAR - Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- ICAR - Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture, Chennai, India.
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11
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Nair AV, Leo Antony M, Praveen NK, Sayooj P, Raja Swaminathan T, Vijayan KK. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo potential of Bacillus subtilis MBTDCMFRI Ba37 as a candidate probiont in fish health management. Microb Pathog 2020; 152:104610. [PMID: 33212198 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis MBTDCMFRI Ba37 (B. subtilis Ba37), an antibacterial strain isolated from the tropical estuarine habitats of Cochin, was evaluated for in vitro and in vivo potential, and its application as a candidate probiont in fish health management. B. subtilis Ba37 was characterized using their morphological and biochemical properties. It exhibited exoenzymatic activities, tolerance to various physiological conditions and a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against aquaculture pathogens such as Vibrio and Aeromonas. In co-culture assay, B. subtilis Ba37 inhibited Vibrio anguillarum O1 (V. anguillarum O1) even with the initial cell count of 104 CFUmL-1. Cytotoxicity assay performed using the cell free supernatant (CFS) of B. subtilis Ba37 revealed its non toxic nature. A twenty one days of feeding trial was conducted in juveniles of Etroplus suratensis (E.suratensis) by administrating B. subtilis Ba37 to evaluate its efficacy on growth, immune parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities. Overall the supplementation of B. subtilis Ba37 enhanced significantly (P < 0.05) the survival rate, weight gain, specific growth (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and feed efficiency (FE) of the fed animals as compared with the control. The immune parameters and antioxidant activities such as total protein, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were also improved significantly (P < 0.05) while serum alanine aminotransferase (SGOT) and serum aspartate aminotransferase (SGPT) activities were decreased slightly than the control. After fifteen days of challenge test, the fish fed with B. subtilis Ba37 showed higher relative percentage survival (RPS) than the control. Thus the study indicated the advantages of B. subtilis Ba37 to be used as a candidate probiont, which could be effectively utilized in managing diseases in aquaculture systems and to improve the health of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree V Nair
- ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kerala, India
| | - M Leo Antony
- ICAR - Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - N K Praveen
- Department of Chemistry, NSS College Cherthala, Kerala, India
| | - P Sayooj
- ICAR - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kerala, India
| | - T Raja Swaminathan
- PMFGR Centre, ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kerala, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- ICAR - Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture, Chennai, India.
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12
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De D, Shyne Anand PS, Mukherjee S, Kumar P, Dayal JS, Raja RA, Bera A, Suresh VR, Vijayan KK. Broodstock development and captive maturation of hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) in a brackishwater pond-based system. J Fish Biol 2020; 97:720-733. [PMID: 32515489 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Successful captive broodstock development of clupeid fish, hilsa, is one of the major challenges for the artificial propagation of this economically valued fish. The present study provides novel insights into the pond-reared captive broodstock development of hilsa using artificial feed. In the present study, wild collected hilsa fry (weight 1.35 ± 0.13 g, length 53.84 ± 0.95 mm) were reared in grow-out ponds for 6 months followed by maintaining them as broodstock in other ponds using formulated feed in both cases. After 6 months of pond rearing, the average body weight and length of fish were 66.76 ± 4.53 g and 184.75 ± 3.65 mm, respectively. In broodstock ponds, hilsa subadults fed with formulated feed (crude protein 41.06%) ensured significant advancement in ovarian maturity with gonado somatic index of 9.09%, enhanced secondary yolk stage oocytes of 91.66% and enlargement of oocyte diameters up to 570 μm. The broodstock reached somatic growth such as average body weight and average body length of 383.80 ± 27.38 g and 339.33 ± 9.68 mm, respectively, with a condition factor of 1.06 ± 0.15. Gut content analysis revealed the better acceptability of the artificial feed. Lipid profiling of muscle and ovary during gonadal maturation revealed mobilization of fat from muscle to ovary and selective retention of some fatty acids (i.e., C14:0, C18:0, C20:5, C22:6 and C20:4) in the ovary, which might help in gonadal maturation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Successful rearing of wild-caught hilsa juvenile in captive condition using formulated feed showed its potential as aquaculture species in low saline conditions. Advance stage of maturation in low saline captive conditions showed the possibility for induced breeding of hilsa, a high priced anadromous fish. Mobilization of fat from muscle to ovary and selective retention of some fatty acids in the ovary showed the scope of dietary manipulation for broodstock development of hilsa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis De
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kakdwip Research Centre of ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Kakdwip, India
| | | | - Suchita Mukherjee
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, Kakdwip Research Centre of ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Kakdwip, India
| | - Prem Kumar
- Fish Culture Division, Kakdwip Research Centre of ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Kakdwip, India
| | - Jagabathula Syama Dayal
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Ramalingam Ananda Raja
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Aritra Bera
- Fish Culture Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Vettath Raghavan Suresh
- Riverine Ecology Fisheries Division, ICAR - Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, India
| | - Koyadan Kizhakedath Vijayan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR - Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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13
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Ashok Kumar J, Vinaya Kumar K, Avunje S, Akhil V, Ashok S, Kumar S, Sivamani B, Grover M, Rai A, Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK. Phylogenetic Relationship Among Brackishwater Vibrio Species. Evol Bioinform Online 2020; 16:1176934320903288. [PMID: 32214789 PMCID: PMC7065438 DOI: 10.1177/1176934320903288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibriosis is regarded as an important disease of penaeid shrimps affecting larvae
in hatcheries. Among the Vibrio species, Vibrio
parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio furnissii, Vibrio campbellii,
Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio
anguillarum are often associated with diseases in finfish and
shellfish of brackishwater ecosystem. Accurate species differentiating methods
for the organisms present in an ecosystem are required for precise
classification of the species and to take steps for their management.
Conventional methods like 16s rRNA phylogeny and multilocus sequence typing
(MLST) have often failed to correctly identify Vibrio species.
This has necessitated a comprehensive investigation on methodologies available
to distinguish Vibrio species associated with brackishwater
aquaculture system. To achieve this, 35 whole genomes belonging to 7
Vibrio species were subjected to phylogenetic analysis
based on 16s rRNA gene, MLST genes, single-copy orthologous genes, and
single-nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, genome-based similarity indices
like average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH)
were computed as confirmatory tests to verify the phylogenetic relations. There
were some misclassifications occurred regarding phylogenetic relations based on
16s rRNA genes and MLST genes, while phylogeny with single-copy orthologous
genes produced accurate species-level clustering. Study reveals that the species
identification based on whole genome-based estimates or genome-wide variants are
more precise than the ones done with single or subset of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashok Kumar
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - K Vinaya Kumar
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - S Avunje
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - V Akhil
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - S Ashok
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - B Sivamani
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Monendra Grover
- Center for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Center for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - S V Alavandi
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Nutrition Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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14
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Peruzza L, Thamizhvanan S, Vimal S, Vinaya Kumar K, Shekhar MS, Smith VJ, Hauton C, Vijayan KK, Sahul Hameed AS. A comparative synthesis of transcriptomic analyses reveals major differences between WSSV-susceptible Litopenaeus vannamei and WSSV-refractory Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 104:103564. [PMID: 31816330 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1990s White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) has severely affected shrimp aquaculture worldwide causing a global pandemic of White Spot Disease (WSD) in penaeid culture. However, not all decapod species that can be infected by WSSV show the same susceptibility to the virus, thus raising interesting questions regarding the potential genetic traits that might confer resistance to WSSV. In order to shed light into the genetic markers of WSSV resistance, we employed a dual approach: i) we initially analysed the transcriptomes derived from the hepatopancreas of two species, the susceptible white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the refractory fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, both infected with WSSV. We found a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) belonging to the immune system (mostly anti-microbial peptides and haemolymph clotting components) that were generally up-regulated in M. rosenbergii and down-regulated in L. vannamei. Further, in both species we identified many up-regulated DEGs that were related to metabolism (suggesting a metabolic shift during the infection) and, interestingly, in L. vannamei only, we found several DEGs that were related to moult and suggested an inhibition of the moult cycle in this species following WSSV infection. ii) we then identified a limited number of genetic markers putatively linked with WSD tolerance by employing an ecological genomics approach in which we compared published reports with our own RNA-seq datasets for different decapod species infected with WSSV. Using this second comparative approach, we found nine candidate genes which are consistently down-regulated in susceptible species and up-regulated in refractory species and which have a role in immune response. Together our data offer novel insights into gene expression differences that can be found in susceptible and refractory decapod species infected with WSSV and provide a valuable resource towards our understanding of the potential genetic basis of tolerance to WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peruzza
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - S Thamizhvanan
- C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore Dist, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Vimal
- C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore Dist, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Vinaya Kumar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
| | - M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
| | - V J Smith
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
| | - C Hauton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - K K Vijayan
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
| | - A S Sahul Hameed
- C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam, 632 509, Vellore Dist, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Vinay TN, Ray AK, Avunje S, Thangaraj SK, Krishnappa H, Viswanathan B, Reddy MA, Vijayan KK, Patil PK. Vibrio harveyi biofilm as immunostimulant candidate for high-health pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei farming. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 95:498-505. [PMID: 31698068 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study was to develop Vibrio harveyi biofilm-based novel microbial product and its oral delivery for high health Penaeus vannamei farming. Yield of bacterial biofilm was optimized on chitin substrate (size: <360, 360-850 and 850-1250 μm; concentration: 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9%) in tryptone soy broth (0.15%). The biofilm was characterized by crystal violet assay, SEM and LSCM imaging; protein profiling by SDS-PAGE and LC-ESI-MS/MS. The immune stimulatory effect of the biofilm in yard experiments was evaluated by relative quantification of immune genes using real-time PCR effect on overall improvement on health status under field trials. The highest biofilm yield (6.13 ± 0.2 × 107 cfu/ml) was obtained at 0.6% of <360 μm chitin substrate. The biofilm formation was stabilized by 96 h of incubation at 30 °C. Protein profiling confirmed expression of six additional proteins (SDS-PAGE) and 11 proteins were differentially expressed (LC-ESI-MS/MS) in biofilm cells over free cells of V. harveyi. Oral administration of the biofilm for 48 h confirmed to enhance expression of antimicrobial peptides, penaeidin, crustin and lysozyme in P. vannamei. Further Oral administration of biofilm for two weeks to P. vannamei (1.8 ± 0.13 g) improved the growth (2.66 ± 0.06 g) and survival (84.44 ± 1.82%) compared to control (2.15 ± 0.03 g; 70.94 ± 0.66%) Nursery trials showed a significant reduction in occurrence of anatomical deformities like antenna cut (12.67 ± 0.66%), rostrum cut (4.66 ± 0.87%), and tail rot (3.33 ± 0.88%), compared to animals fed with normal diet which was 24.33 ± 2.72; 14 ± 1.52 and 10.66 ± 1.45% respectively. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest inactivated biofilm cells of V. harveyi on chitin substrate express additional antigenic proteins and when administered orally through feed at regular intervals stimulates immune response and improve growth, survival and health status of shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arvind Kumar Ray
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
| | - Satheesha Avunje
- ICAR-Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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16
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Shekhar MS, Karthic K, Kumar KV, Kumar JA, Swathi A, Hauton C, Peruzza L, Vijayan KK. Comparative analysis of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) miRNAs expression profiles during WSSV infection under experimental conditions and in pond culture. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 93:288-295. [PMID: 31330255 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the importance of viral and host microRNAs (miRNAs) in mediating viral replication and control of host cellular machinery, has been realised and increasing efforts have been taken in order to understand the interactions of miRNAs from host and pathogen during infection. However, all existing studies has thus far been conducted in controlled experimental conditions and the veracity of these data for field conditions are yet to be established. In this framework, small RNA sequencing was performed to identify the miRNAs involved in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) immune responses under two different WSSV infection conditions of natural infection and experimentally challenged conditions. The expression profiles of miRNAs of shrimp infected with WSSV under two contrasting conditions were compared and as a result, 23365 known miRNAs and 481 novel miRNAs were identified. Amongst the most abundantly expressed miRNAs, the hypoxia related miR-210 and immune pathway related miR-29b were expressed only in infected shrimps of both conditions. miR-8-5p, having a functional role in modulation of chitin biosynthesis was exclusively represented in higher numbers in the WSSV -infected shrimps under natural conditions whilst four of the miRNAs (mja-miR-6493-5p, mja-miR-6492, mmu-miR-3968, tcf-miR-9b-5p) identified from shrimps collected from pond culture targeted chitinase, an important enzyme involved in growth and moulting in shrimps, indicating an interaction between WSSV infection and moult cycle under culture conditions. Some of the miRNAs (tca-miR-87b-3p, cte-miR-277a) and miRNAs belonging to class miR-9, miR-981 that were identified only in WSSV infected shrimps under experimental conditions, are known to respond against WSSV infection in shrimps. Moreover, the miRNA target prediction revealed several immune-related gene targets such as cathepsin, c-type lectin, haemocyanin and ubiquitin protein ligase were commonly identified under both the conditions. However, the miRNAs identified from challenge experiment had wide number of gene targets as compared to the miRNAs of natural infection. The shrimp miRNA mja-miR-6489-3p, was also found to target early virus gene wsv001 of WSSV. Our study, therefore, provides the comparative analysis of miRNA expression from shrimp during WSSV infection in two different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India.
| | - K Karthic
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
| | - K Vinaya Kumar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
| | - J Ashok Kumar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
| | - A Swathi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
| | - Chris Hauton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - L Peruzza
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - K K Vijayan
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A Puram, Chennai, India
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17
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Peruzza L, Shekhar MS, Kumar KV, Swathi A, Karthic K, Hauton C, Vijayan KK. Temporal changes in transcriptome profile provide insights of White Spot Syndrome Virus infection in Litopenaeus vannamei. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13509. [PMID: 31534145 PMCID: PMC6751192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Shrimp aquaculture is severely affected by WSSV. Despite an increasing effort to understand host/virus interaction by characterizing changes in gene expression (GE) following WSSV infection, the majority of published studies have focussed on a single time-point, providing limited insight on the development of host-pathogen interaction over the infection cycle. Using RNA-seq, we contrasted GE in gills of Litopenaeus vannamei at 1.5, 18 and 56 hours-post-infection (hpi), between WSSV-challenged and control shrimps. Time course analysis revealed 5097 differentially expressed genes: 63 DEGs were viral genes and their expression in WSSV group either peaked at 18 hpi (and decreased at 56 hpi) or increased linearly up to 56 hpi, suggesting a different role played by these genes during the course of infection. The remaining DEGs showed that WSSV altered the expression of metabolic, immune, apoptotic and cytoskeletal genes and was able to inhibit NF-κB and JAK/STAT pathways. Interestingly, GE changes were not consistent through the course of infection but were dynamic with time, suggesting the complexity of host-pathogen interaction. These data offer novel insights into the cellular functions that are affected during the course of infection and ultimately provide a valuable resource towards our understanding of the host-pathogen dynamics and its variation with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Peruzza
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom.
| | - M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A. Puram, Chennai, 600004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Vinaya Kumar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A. Puram, Chennai, 600004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Swathi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A. Puram, Chennai, 600004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Karthic
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A. Puram, Chennai, 600004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chris Hauton
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Hampshire, SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - K K Vijayan
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75 Santhome High Road, R.A. Puram, Chennai, 600004, Tamil Nadu, India
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18
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Swathi A, Shekhar MS, Katneni VK, Vijayan KK. Genome size estimation of brackishwater fishes and penaeid shrimps by flow cytometry. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 45:951-960. [PMID: 30008142 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometry was used for estimating the genome size of five brackishwater finfish and four shrimp species. The genome size for Lutjanus argentimaculatus was 0.95 ± 0.10 and 0.79 ± 0.01 pg for Scatophagus argus. The genome sizes for Chanos chanos (0.72 ± 0.01 pg), Etroplus suratensis (1.71 ± 0.16 pg) and Liza macrolepis (0.87 ± 0.02 pg) which are important aquaculture species are reported for the first time in this study. The phylogenetic tree constructed using sixty-seven sequence accessions of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene of Lates calcarifer revealed two separate clades. The Indian Lates calcarifer species with estimated genome size of 0.44 ± 0.02 pg belonged to a clade different than that of South East Asia and Australia reported to have larger genome size. The genome size for the four major species of genus Penaeus (Penaeus monodon, Penaeus indicus, Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus japonicus) were found in similar range. The genome size of female shrimps ranged from 2.91 ± 0.03 pg (P. monodon) to 2.14 ± 0.02 pg (P. japonicus). In male shrimps, the genome size ranged from 2.86 ± 0.06 pg (P. monodon) to 2.19 ± 0.02 pg (P. indicus). Significant difference was observed in the genome size between male and female shrimp of all species except in P. monodon. The highest relative difference of 12.78% was observed in the genome size between the either sex in P. indicus. The interspecific relative difference of 30.59% in genome size was highest between the male shrimps of P. monodon and P. indicus and 35.98% between the female shrimps of P. monodon and P. japonicus. The stored gills and pleopod tissues could be successfully used up to 3 weeks to estimate the genome size in shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Swathi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R. A. Puram, Chennai, India
| | - M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R. A. Puram, Chennai, India.
| | - Vinaya Kumar Katneni
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R. A. Puram, Chennai, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R. A. Puram, Chennai, India
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Shekhar MS, Gomathi A, Dubey NK, Vinaya Kumar K, Vijayan KK. Effect of immune gene silencing in WSSV infected tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 70:252-259. [PMID: 28882801 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus, continues to cause huge economic loss to aquaculture industry. In the absence of effective therapeutics to control WSSV, it is important to understand the host pathogen interaction at the molecular level. Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library was constructed which led to identification of several differentially expressed genes in response to WSSV infection in Penaeus monodon. The genes expressed in SSH cDNA library of shrimp gill and gut tissues belonged to a wide range of biological functions. The three differentially expressed genes, Single von Willebrand factor type C domain protein (pmSVC), P53 protein gene (pmP53) and ADP ribosylation factor (pmArf) were up-regulated against WSSV infection and were further characterized by gene silencing to study the role of these shrimp immune genes on WSSV multiplication. The sequence-specific knock down of pmSVC, pmP53 and pmArf using the dsRNA revealed that in pmSVC-dsRNA inoculated shrimps WSSV replication was more with increased viral copy numbers when compared with pmP53-dsRNA and pmArf -dsRNA inoculated shrimps. The varied response of immune genes to WSSV infection, indicated that host genes may either inhibit virus replication to some extent or might act as a target to facilitate viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Shekhar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India.
| | - A Gomathi
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - N K Dubey
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - K Vinaya Kumar
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Genetics and Biotechnology Unit, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, 75, Santhome High Road, R.A.Puram, Chennai, 600028, India
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Sharma SRK, Pradeep MA, Sadu N, Dube PN, Vijayan KK. First report of isolation and characterization of Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae from cage-farmed cobia (Rachycentron canadum). J Fish Dis 2017; 40:953-958. [PMID: 27696450 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S R Krupesha Sharma
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Karwar Research Centre, Karwar, India
| | - M A Pradeep
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, India
| | - N Sadu
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Karwar Research Centre, Karwar, India
| | - Praveen N Dube
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), Karwar Research Centre, Karwar, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Central Institute of Brackish Water Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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21
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Ramesh Kumar D, Elumalai R, Raichur AM, Sanjuktha M, Rajan JJ, Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK, Poornima M, Santiago TC. Development of antiviral gene therapy for Monodon baculovirus using dsRNA loaded chitosan-dextran sulfate nanocapsule delivery system in Penaeus monodon post-larvae. Antiviral Res 2016; 131:124-30. [PMID: 27132538 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a suitable carrier system was developed for the delivery of dsRNA into Penaeus monodon (P. monodon) post larvae to silence the Monodon baculovirus (MBV) structural gene of p74. The carrier system was developed by layer by layer adsorption of oppositely charged chitosan-dextran sulfate, on charged silica nanoparticles. The silica template was removedto produce multilayered hollow nanocapsules (CS-DS) that were utilized for dsRNA loading at an alkaline pH. The capsule's surface was modified by conjugating with shrimp feed for enhanced cellular uptake. In vivo cellular uptake of CS-DS/FITC loaded nanocapsules conjugated with feed was studied after oral administration into post-larvae. The results revealed that the encapsulated FITC was effectively delivered and exhibited a sustained release into the cytoplasm of shrimp post-larvae. The MBV challenge study for structural gene p74was conducted after 3-25 days of post infection (dpi) with respective CS-DS/dsRNA coated with feed. The results showed a significant survival rate of 86.63% and effective gene silencing in P. monodon. Our findings indicated that the delivery of dsRNA using shrimp feed coatedCS-DSnanocapsules could be a novel approach to prevent viral infections in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ramesh Kumar
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - Rajasegaran Elumalai
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Ashok M Raichur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - M Sanjuktha
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - J J Rajan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - S V Alavandi
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - K K Vijayan
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - M Poornima
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India
| | - T C Santiago
- Aquatic Animal Health and Environment Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai 600028, India; Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 034, India.
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22
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Anju A, Jeswin J, Thomas PC, Vijayan KK. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of F-type lectin from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:170-174. [PMID: 23624143 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.03.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
F-type lectin is an important type of pattern recognition receptor that can recognize and bind carbohydrate moieties on the surface of potential pathogens through its carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). This paper reports the cloning of an F-type lectin (designated as pfF-type lectin) from the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA of this pfF-type lectin contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 588 bp coding for196 amino acids. A signal peptide at the N-terminus of the deduced polypeptide was predicted by the signal P program and the cleavage site is located between the positions of Gly(19)and Tyr(20). Conserved domain search at NCBI revealed the pfF-type lectin domain extends from Lys(55)to Val(192). Semi-quantitative analysis in adult tissues showed that the pfF-type lectin mRNA was abundantly expressed in haemocytes and gill and rarely expressed in other tissues tested. After challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), expression of pfF-type lectin mRNA in haemocytes was increased, reaching the highest level at 4 h, then dropping to basal levels at 36 h. These results suggest that F-type lectin play a critical role in the innate immune system of the pearl oyster P. fucata.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anju
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Ernakulam North PO, Kochi, India.
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Anju A, Jeswin J, Thomas PC, Paulton MP, Vijayan KK. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of cytoplasmic Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) from pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 34:946-950. [PMID: 23318997 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Because of its capacity to rapidly convert superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, superoxide dismutase (SOD) is crucial in both intracellular signalling and regulation of oxidative stress. In this paper we report the cloning of a Cu/Zn SOD (designated as pfSOD) from the pearl oyster (Pinctada fucata) using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR. The full-length cDNA of this Cu/Zn SOD contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 471 bp coding for 156 amino acids. No signal peptide was identified at the N-terminal amino acid sequence of Cu/Zn SOD indicating that this pfSOD encodes a cytoplasmic Cu/Zn SOD. This is supported by the presence of conserved amino acids required for binding copper and zinc. Semi-quantitative analysis in adult tissues showed that the pfSOD mRNA was abundantly expressed in haemocytes and gill and scarcely expressed in other tissues tested. After challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), expression of pfSOD mRNA in haemocytes was increased, reaching the highest level at 8 h, then dropping to basal levels at 36 h. These results suggest that Cu/Zn SOD might be used as a bioindicator of the aquatic environmental pollution and cellular stress in pearl oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anju
- Marine Biotechnology Division, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No 1603, Ernakulam North P.O., Kochi 682018, Kerala, India.
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Sanil NK, Suja G, Lijo J, Vijayan KK. First report of Perkinsus beihaiensis in Crassostrea madrasensis from the Indian subcontinent. Dis Aquat Organ 2012; 98:209-220. [PMID: 22535871 DOI: 10.3354/dao02440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites of the genus Perkinsus are considered important pathogens responsible for mass mortalities in many wild and farmed bivalve populations. The present study was initiated to screen populations of the Indian edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis, a promising candidate for aquaculture along the Indian coasts, for the presence of Perkinsus spp. The study reports the presence of P. beihaiensis for the first time in C. madrasensis populations from the Indian subcontinent and south Asia. Samples collected from the east and west coasts of India were subjected to Ray's fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) culture and histology which indicated the presence of Perkinsus spp. PCR screening of the tissues using specific primers amplified the product specific to the genus Perkinsus. The taxonomic affinities of the parasites were determined by sequencing both internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and actin genes followed by basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis. Analysis based on the ITS sequences showed 98 to 100% identity to Perkinsus spp. (P. beihaiensis and Brazilian Perkinsus sp.). The pairwise genetic distance values and phylogenetic analysis confirmed that 2 of the present samples belonged to the P. beihaiensis clade while the other 4 showed close affinities with the Brazilian Perkinsus sp. clade. The genetic divergence data, close affinity with the Brazilian Perkinsus sp., and co-existence with P. beihaiensis in the same host species in the same habitat show that the remaining 4 samples exhibit some degree of variation from P. beihaiensis. As expected, the sequencing of actin genes did not show any divergence among the samples studied. They probably could be intraspecific variants of P. beihaiensis having a separate lineage in the process of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Sanil
- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kerala, India.
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Ranjith C, Vijayan KK, Praveen VK, Kumar NSS. Photophysical investigation of 3-substituted 4-alkyl and/or 7-acetoxy coumarin derivatives--a study of the effect of substituents on fluorescence. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2010; 75:1610-1616. [PMID: 20236856 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2010.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present work an array of novel substituted 2H-chromen-2-one (coumarin) derivatives has been subjected to photophysical analysis. Though the influence of the electron-donating groups such as amino, substituted amino, hydroxyl, alkoxy groups, etc. at position 7 of the coumarin ring system has been extensively studied, the luminescent properties of the coumarin moieties with an acetoxy substituent have not been explored. Herein it is attempted to study the variation of fluorescence behavior of substituted coumarin derivatives with change of nature and position of the substituents on the 2H-chromen-2-one skeleton. Effect of a methyl substituent at position 4 which imposes abnormal photophysical behavior to the chromenone unit has also been briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choorikkat Ranjith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calicut, Calicut University (PO), Tenjipalam Malappuram, Calicut, Kerala 673635, India.
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Alavandi SV, Babu TD, Abhilash KS, Vijayan KK, Kalaimani N, Santiago TC. Loose shell syndrome of farmed Penaeus monodon in India is caused by a filterable agent. Dis Aquat Organ 2008; 81:163-171. [PMID: 18924381 DOI: 10.3354/dao01955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Loose shell syndrome (LSS) of farmed black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon has been reported from Indian shrimp farms since 1998 and is recognized as a major disease problem causing significant economic loss to the shrimp aquaculture sector. Unlike the rapid mortalities associated with viral pathogens such as white spot syndrome virus and yellow head virus, progression of LSS is gradual, leading to low-level progressive mortalities. The signs of LSS include a flaccid spongy abdomen due to muscular dystrophy, space between the exoskeleton and muscle, and a shrunken hepatopancreas. The feed conversion efficiency is reduced, and shrimp have poor meat quality, caused by impairment of the hepatopancreatic functions such as digestion and absorption as evidenced by the atrophy of the hepatopancreas. Histopathological investigations on LSS-affected shrimp showed shrinkage of extensor and flexor muscles with occasional hemocytic infiltration. The hepatopancreas showed inflammation of hepatopancreatic tubules with enlargement of intertubular spaces, hemocytic infiltration, and low levels of lipid reserves in the R cells. In advanced stages of LSS, many tubules were in highly necrotic condition with a sloughed epithelium, reflecting the dysfunction of the digestive gland. LSS could be induced in healthy tiger shrimp by challenge studies using membrane-filtered LSS-affected shrimp tissues, suggesting involvement of a filterable infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Alavandi
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), 75 Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalai Puram, Chennai 600 028, India.
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Sekar VT, Santiago TC, Vijayan KK, Alavandi SV, Raj VS, Rajan JJS, Sanjuktha M, Kalaimani N. Involvement of Enterobacter cloacae in the mortality of the fish, Mugil cephalus. Lett Appl Microbiol 2008; 46:667-72. [PMID: 18422941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify the causative agent of the mortality in the fish, Mugil cephalus, in Muttukadu lagoon. METHODS AND RESULTS An enteric bacterium from the kidneys of moribund fish M. cephalus, was isolated and identified as Enterobacter cloacae (MK). Mugil cephalus was experimentally infected by this isolate and was re-isolated from the kidneys of the moribund fish. Enterobacter cloacae isolates from the lagoon water (MW1, MW2 and reference strain ATCC 13047) and the reference strain were not able to induce similar pathogenesis. The putative factor imparting pathogenicity to the MK isolate was identified as a cationic molecule, which migrated towards the cathode on agarose gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSIONS The Ent. cloacae (MK) isolate harbouring a cationic factor was the causative agent for the mortality of M. cephalus, found in Muttukadu lagoon. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reveals that human enteric bacteria MK which is considered as nonpathogenic to fish, may become pathogenic to fish when it harbours this cationic factor. This cationic factor is found to be pathogenic to the fish M. cephalus leading to mortality. It was also found to be pathogenic to mice. Therefore, the shuttling of Ent. cloacae, harbouring cationic factor, between human and fish may be of human health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Thillai Sekar
- Aquatic Animal Health Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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Alavandi SV, Manoranjita V, Vijayan KK, Kalaimani N, Santiago TC. Phenotypic and molecular typing of Vibrio harveyi isolates and their pathogenicity to tiger shrimp larvae. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:566-70. [PMID: 17032233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of the present study was to identify the biotype(s) and molecular type(s) of Vibrio harveyi associated with pathogenicity in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. METHODS AND RESULTS Five luminescent and four nonluminescent V. harveyi isolates were subjected to phenotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting, and pathogenicity testing to P. monodon mysis. Four isolates induced 34-41% mortality of P. monodon mysis when challenged at the rate of 10(6) CFU ml(-1) within 60 h. Sucrose-fermenting biotypes of V. harveyi appeared to be associated with pathogenicity to larval shrimp. Higher temperature and salinity appeared to play a role on the onset of vibriosis and mortality in the challenged larval shrimp. Pathogenic isolates of V. harveyi could be demarcated as revealed by their clustering in the dendrogram constructed based on the RAPD fingerprints. CONCLUSIONS Nonluminescent V. harveyi also appear to be important aetiological agents of vibriosis of shrimp larvae. Sucrose-fermenting biotypes are likely to be pathogenic. High temperature may trigger onset of vibriosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Biotyping of V. harveyi isolates and looking for traits, such as ability to ferment sucrose may be helpful in identifying the pathogenic forms, and such approach requires to be investigated further with larger number of isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Alavandi
- Aquatic Animal Health Division, Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Vijayan KK, Stalin Raj V, Balasubramanian CP, Alavandi SV, Thillai Sekhar V, Santiago TC. Polychaete worms--a vector for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Dis Aquat Organ 2005; 63:107-111. [PMID: 15819425 DOI: 10.3354/dao063107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present work provides the first evidence of polychaete worms as passive vectors of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in the transmission of white spot disease to Penaeus monodon broodstocks. The study was based on live polychaete worms, Marphysa spp., obtained from worm suppliers/worm fishers as well as samples collected from 8 stations on the northern coast of Tamilnadu (India). Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon broodstock with undeveloped ovaries were experimentally infected with WSSV by feeding with polychaete worms exposed to WSSV. Fifty percent of polychaete worms obtained from worm suppliers were found to be WSSV positive by 2-step PCR, indicating high prevalence of WSSV in the live polychaetes used as broodstock feed by hatcheries in this area. Of 8 stations surveyed, 5 had WSSV positive worms with prevalence ranging from 16.7 to 75%. Polychaetes collected from areas near shrimp farms showed a higher level of contamination. Laboratory challenge experiments confirmed the field observations, and > 60% of worms exposed to WSSV inoculum were proved to be WSSV positive after a 7 d exposure. It was also confirmed that P. monodon broodstock could be infected with WSSV by feeding on WSSV contaminated polychaete worms. Though the present study indicates only a low level infectivity in wild polychaetes, laboratory experiments clearly indicated the possibility of WSSV transfer from the live feed to shrimp broodstock, suggesting that polychaete worms could play a role in the epizootiology of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vijayan
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture (CIBA-ICAR), 75 Santhome High Road, Chennai-600 028, India.
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Alavandi SV, Vijayan KK, Santiago TC, Poornima M, Jithendran KP, Ali SA, Rajan JJS. Evaluation of Pseudomonas sp. PM 11 and Vibrio fluvialis PM 17 on immune indices of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2004; 17:115-120. [PMID: 15212731 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2003.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Revised: 11/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence of widespread epizootics among cultured stock of shrimp has put research programmes on preventive approaches such as application of probiotics on a high priority in aquaculture. In the present study two bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. PM 11 and Vibrio fluvialis PM 17 were selected as candidate probionts from a pool of bacteria isolated from gut of farm reared sub-adult shrimp and tested for their effect on the immunity indicators of tiger shrimp. Sub-adult shrimp, weighing 14 to 22 g were treated in separate experiments with Pseudomonas sp. PM 11 and V. fluvialis PM 17 at 10(3) bacterial cells ml(-1) in the experimental shrimp culture tanks. One set of experimental animals was treated every 3 days and another set of animals every 7 days with each of the candidate probionts. Estimation of immunological indicators such as haemocyte counts, phenol oxidase and antibacterial activity showed declining trends. The haemocyte counts dropped from 31 x 10(3) to 65 x 10(3) ml(-1) on the first day to 4-16 x 10(3) ml(-1) on the 45th day. Similarly, the phenol oxidase activity declined from 12-32 units on the first day to 11-14 units on 45th day of the experiment. Antibacterial activity of haemolymph reduced to 46-67 percent on the 45th day of the experiment. The results of the study suggest that, the criteria used for the selection of putative probiotic strains in the present study, such as predominant growth on primary isolation media, ability to produce extracellular enzymes and siderophores, did not bring about the desired effect in vivo and improve the immune system in shrimp. Hence, new protocols have to be evolved for selection of microbe(s) as putative probiotics and that, detailed understanding of proven probiotics, employed presently on empirical basis may provide a clue on the selection procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Alavandi
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, (Indian Council of Agricultural Research), 75, Santhome High Road, Raja Annamalai Puram, Chennai 600 028, India.
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Kuriakose S, Vijayan KK, Shaji S, Eappen SM, Nair KPR, Rasheed TMA. CH overtone spectrum of nitromethane: a C3V coupled oscillator analysis using local mode parameters. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2004; 60:2283-2286. [PMID: 15249017 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2003] [Accepted: 12/01/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The near infrared overtone absorption spectrum of liquid phase nitromethane in the spectral region deltaV = 2-5 is reported. The observed spectrum is analysed using local mode model. It is shown that the observed CH local mode overtones and local-local combinations are well predicted by a C(3V) coupled oscillator Hamiltonian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kuriakose
- Laser and Spectroscopy Lab, Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin 682022, India.
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Rajendran KV, Mukherjee SC, Vijayan KK, Jung SJ, Kim YJ, Oh MJ. A comparative study of white spot syndrome virus infection in shrimp from India and Korea. J Invertebr Pathol 2003; 84:173-6. [PMID: 14726240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K V Rajendran
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, India.
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Rajendran KV, Vijayan KK, Alavandi SV. Cardiac myxosporiosis of pearl-spot, Etroplus suratensis (Bloch), due to Myxobolus etropli sp. nov. J Fish Dis 1998; 21:169-176. [PMID: 21361971 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.1998.00090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new myxosporean, Myxobolus etropli sp. nov., was found to infect the bulbus arteriosus of Etroplus suratensis (Bloch) from brackishwater lagoons of Muttukkadu, Chennai coast, India. A survey from May 1993 to October 1994 revealed a prevalence rate of 33.7% of this parasite. Macroscopic discoloured foci/cysts were seen in the bulbus arteriosus of the fish. The parasite showed strict host and site specificity. Histopathology showed that the infection was restricted to the bulbus. This is the first report of a myxosporean from E. suratensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Rajendran
- Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai, India
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Abstract
A polysaccharide isolated and purified from Tamarindus indica shows immunomodulatory activities such as phagocytic enhancement, leukocyte migration inhibition and inhibition of cell proliferation. These properties suggest that this polysaccharide from T. indica may have some biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Sreelekha
- Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Remani P, Augustine J, Vijayan KK, Ankathil R, Vasudevan DM, Nair MK, Vijayakumar T. Jack fruit lectin binding pattern in benign and malignant lesions of the breast. In Vivo 1989; 3:275-8. [PMID: 2519866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyl D-galactosamine specific lectin was isolated from Jack fruit (Artocarpus integrifolia) and conjugated to horse radish peroxidase type VI. The purified conjugate was used for the study of tissue binding properties on benign and malignant lesions of the breast using diaminobenzidine as substrate on dewaxed tissue sections. Forty mammary carcinomas, 10 cystic hyperplasias of the breast and 10 normal breast tissues were used for the study. Neoplastic cells showed increased affinity to the lectin. The lectin binding was focally strong in neoplastic cells compared to the normal as well as the hyperplastic tissues. The stroma of the cancer tissues showed an intense strong binding where elastosis was present. The use of the lectin as a histochemical reagent is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Remani
- Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
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Remani P, Ankathil R, Vijayan KK, Haseena Beevi VM, Rajendran R, Vijayakumar T. Circulating immune complexes as an immunological marker in premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity. Cancer Lett 1988; 40:185-91. [PMID: 3383176 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(88)90009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating immune complexes and their immunoglobulin contents were estimated in the sera of 50 patients with oral leukoplakia, 50 patients with oral submucous fibrosis and 50 oral cancer patients. The values were compared with that of 50 normal controls. The circulating immune complexes and their immunoglobulin contents were found to be elevated significantly both in oral submucous fibrosis and oral cancer. This study seems to be of help in monitoring the malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis to oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Remani
- Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
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Vijayakumar T, Ankathil R, Remani P, Beevi VM, Vijayan KK, Panicker CK. Total hemolytic complement (CH50) and its fractions (C3 and C4) in the sera of patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity, uterine cervix, and breast. J Clin Immunol 1987; 7:300-3. [PMID: 3611297 DOI: 10.1007/bf00915551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The total hemolytic complement activity of CH50 and its fractions C3 and C4 was determined in the sera of 196 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity, 172 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix, and 166 patients with breast cancer. The values were compared with those of 18 patients with mammary dysplasia, 32 patients with mild to moderate dysplasia of the cervix, and 100 healthy, normal age- and sex-matched controls. No alterations in CH50, C3, and C4 were observed in the sera of patients with benign lesions, whereas a significant rise in the three factors was observed in all the cancer patients studied. The complement activity increased significantly with the progression of the disease up to stage III and remained persistently elevated thereafter. Patients who had a clinical cure had normal levels of CH50, C3, and C4, whereas the values remained elevated in patients who were still undergoing treatment for residual lesions.
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Vijayakumar T, Ankathil R, Remani P, Sasidharan VK, Vijayan KK, Vasudevan DM. Serum immunoglobulins in patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity, uterine cervix and breast. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1986; 22:76-9. [PMID: 3708632 PMCID: PMC11039004 DOI: 10.1007/bf00205721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/1985] [Accepted: 11/19/1985] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Serum immunoglobulin levels (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE) were estimated in 196 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity, 172 patients with cervical cancer and 166 patients with breast cancer. The values were compared with those of 50 patients with benign lesions of the breast and cervix and 100 healthy adult controls. Only the serum IgE levels were found to be elevated in the benign group. Serum IgA, IgD and IgE levels were found to be elevated in all the three types of cancers and the levels were found to increase with clinical stage. In carcinoma of uterine cervix IgG levels were also found to be elevated. Immunoglobulins A and D returned to normal after clinical cure whereas IgE remained slightly elevated. IgD and IgE remained high in patients who had residual cancer.
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