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1
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Abstract
Childhood vaccines have been the cornerstone tool of public health over the past century. A major barrier to neonatal vaccination is the “immaturity” of the infant immune system and the inefficiency of conventional vaccine approaches at inducing immunity at birth. While much of the literature on fetal and neonatal immunity has focused on the early life propensity toward immune tolerance, recent studies indicate that the fetus is more immunologically capable than previously thought, and can, in some circumstances, mount adaptive B and T cell responses to perinatal pathogens in utero. Although significant hurdles remain before these findings can be translated into vaccines and other protective strategies, they should lend optimism to the prospect that neonatal and even fetal vaccination is achievable. Next steps toward this goal should include efforts to define the conditions for optimal stimulation of infant immune responses, including antigen timing, dose, and route of delivery, as well as antigen presentation pathways and co-stimulatory requirements. A better understanding of these factors will enable optimal deployment of vaccines against malaria and other pathogens to protect infants during their period of greatest vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perri C Callaway
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lila A Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Farrington LA, Callaway PC, Vance HM, Baskevitch K, Lutz E, Warrier L, McIntyre TI, Budker R, Jagannathan P, Nankya F, Musinguzi K, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Opsonized antigen activates Vδ2+ T cells via CD16/FCγRIIIa in individuals with chronic malaria exposure. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008997. [PMID: 33085728 PMCID: PMC7605717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells rapidly respond to phosphoantigens produced by Plasmodium falciparum in an innate-like manner, without prior antigen exposure or processing. Vδ2 T cells have been shown to inhibit parasite replication in vitro and are associated with protection from P. falciparum parasitemia in vivo. Although a marked expansion of Vδ2 T cells is seen after acute malaria infection in naïve individuals, repeated malaria causes Vδ2 T cells to decline both in frequency and in malaria-responsiveness, and to exhibit numerous transcriptional and phenotypic changes, including upregulation of the Fc receptor CD16. Here we investigate the functional role of CD16 on Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to malaria. We show that CD16+ Vδ2 T cells possess more cytolytic potential than their CD16- counterparts, and bear many of the hallmarks of mature NK cells, including KIR expression. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Vδ2 T cells from heavily malaria-exposed individuals are able to respond to opsonized P.falciparum-infected red blood cells through CD16, representing a second, distinct pathway by which Vδ2 T cells may contribute to anti-parasite effector functions. This response was independent of TCR engagement, as demonstrated by blockade of the phosphoantigen presenting molecule Butyrophilin 3A1. Together these results indicate that Vδ2 T cells in heavily malaria-exposed individuals retain the capacity for antimalarial effector function, and demonstrate their activation by opsonized parasite antigen. This represents a new role both for Vδ2 T cells and for opsonizing antibodies in parasite clearance, emphasizing cooperation between the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila A. Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Perri C. Callaway
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Infectious Disease and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kayla Baskevitch
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emma Lutz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tara I. McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ester Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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3
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Whitman JD, Hiatt J, Mowery CT, Shy BR, Yu R, Yamamoto TN, Rathore U, Goldgof GM, Whitty C, Woo JM, Gallman AE, Miller TE, Levine AG, Nguyen DN, Bapat SP, Balcerek J, Bylsma SA, Lyons AM, Li S, Wong AWY, Gillis-Buck EM, Steinhart ZB, Lee Y, Apathy R, Lipke MJ, Smith JA, Zheng T, Boothby IC, Isaza E, Chan J, Acenas DD, Lee J, Macrae TA, Kyaw TS, Wu D, Ng DL, Gu W, York VA, Eskandarian HA, Callaway PC, Warrier L, Moreno ME, Levan J, Torres L, Farrington LA, Loudermilk RP, Koshal K, Zorn KC, Garcia-Beltran WF, Yang D, Astudillo MG, Bernstein BE, Gelfand JA, Ryan ET, Charles RC, Iafrate AJ, Lennerz JK, Miller S, Chiu CY, Stramer SL, Wilson MR, Manglik A, Ye CJ, Krogan NJ, Anderson MS, Cyster JG, Ernst JD, Wu AHB, Lynch KL, Bern C, Hsu PD, Marson A. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serology assays reveals a range of test performance. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:1174-1183. [PMID: 32855547 PMCID: PMC7740072 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate use and interpretation of serological tests for assessments of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure, infection and potential immunity require accurate data on assay performance. We conducted a head-to-head evaluation of ten point-of-care-style lateral flow assays (LFAs) and two laboratory-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies in 5-d time intervals from symptom onset and studied the specificity of each assay in pre-coronavirus disease 2019 specimens. The percent of seropositive individuals increased with time, peaking in the latest time interval tested (>20 d after symptom onset). Test specificity ranged from 84.3% to 100.0% and was predominantly affected by variability in IgM results. LFA specificity could be increased by considering weak bands as negative, but this decreased detection of antibodies (sensitivity) in a subset of SARS-CoV-2 real-time PCR-positive cases. Our results underline the importance of seropositivity threshold determination and reader training for reliable LFA deployment. Although there was no standout serological assay, four tests achieved more than 80% positivity at later time points tested and more than 95% specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Whitman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cody T Mowery
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian R Shy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruby Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tori N Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ujjwal Rathore
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Goldgof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Whitty
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonia E Gallman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew G Levine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David N Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sagar P Bapat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna Balcerek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sophia A Bylsma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana M Lyons
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stacy Li
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allison Wai-Yi Wong
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva Mae Gillis-Buck
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary B Steinhart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youjin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Apathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell J Lipke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Anne Smith
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tina Zheng
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ian C Boothby
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin Isaza
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jackie Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dante D Acenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trisha A Macrae
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Than S Kyaw
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Wu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dianna L Ng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa A York
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Haig Alexander Eskandarian
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Perri C Callaway
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary E Moreno
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justine Levan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lila A Farrington
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rita P Loudermilk
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kanishka Koshal
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Gelfand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan L Stramer
- Scientific Affairs, American Red Cross, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Michael R Wilson
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute of Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alan H B Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Patrick D Hsu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Alexander Marson
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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4
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Whitman JD, Hiatt J, Mowery CT, Shy BR, Yu R, Yamamoto TN, Rathore U, Goldgof GM, Whitty C, Woo JM, Gallman AE, Miller TE, Levine AG, Nguyen DN, Bapat SP, Balcerek J, Bylsma SA, Lyons AM, Li S, Wong AWY, Gillis-Buck EM, Steinhart ZB, Lee Y, Apathy R, Lipke MJ, Smith JA, Zheng T, Boothby IC, Isaza E, Chan J, Acenas DD, Lee J, Macrae TA, Kyaw TS, Wu D, Ng DL, Gu W, York VA, Eskandarian HA, Callaway PC, Warrier L, Moreno ME, Levan J, Torres L, Farrington LA, Loudermilk R, Koshal K, Zorn KC, Garcia-Beltran WF, Yang D, Astudillo MG, Bernstein BE, Gelfand JA, Ryan ET, Charles RC, Iafrate AJ, Lennerz JK, Miller S, Chiu CY, Stramer SL, Wilson MR, Manglik A, Ye CJ, Krogan NJ, Anderson MS, Cyster JG, Ernst JD, Wu AHB, Lynch KL, Bern C, Hsu PD, Marson A. Test performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 32511497 PMCID: PMC7273265 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.25.20074856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Serological tests are crucial tools for assessments of SARS-CoV-2 exposure, infection and potential immunity. Their appropriate use and interpretation require accurate assay performance data. Method: We conducted an evaluation of 10 lateral flow assays (LFAs) and two ELISAs to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The specimen set comprised 128 plasma or serum samples from 79 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive individuals; 108 pre-COVID-19 negative controls; and 52 recent samples from individuals who underwent respiratory viral testing but were not diagnosed with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Samples were blinded and LFA results were interpreted by two independent readers, using a standardized intensity scoring system. Results: Among specimens from SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-positive individuals, the percent seropositive increased with time interval, peaking at 81.8–100.0% in samples taken >20 days after symptom onset. Test specificity ranged from 84.3–100.0% in pre-COVID-19 specimens. Specificity was higher when weak LFA bands were considered negative, but this decreased sensitivity. IgM detection was more variable than IgG, and detection was highest when IgM and IgG results were combined. Agreement between ELISAs and LFAs ranged from 75.7–94.8%. No consistent cross-reactivity was observed. Conclusion: Our evaluation showed heterogeneous assay performance. Reader training is key to reliable LFA performance, and can be tailored for survey goals. Informed use of serology will require evaluations covering the full spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infections, from asymptomatic and mild infection to severe disease, and later convalescence. Well-designed studies to elucidate the mechanisms and serological correlates of protective immunity will be crucial to guide rational clinical and public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Whitman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Cody T Mowery
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian R Shy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ruby Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tori N Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ujjwal Rathore
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gregory M Goldgof
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Caroline Whitty
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan M Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonia E Gallman
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Tyler E Miller
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew G Levine
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David N Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sagar P Bapat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Joanna Balcerek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophia A Bylsma
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Ana M Lyons
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Stacy Li
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Allison Wai-Yi Wong
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eva Mae Gillis-Buck
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zachary B Steinhart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Youjin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ryan Apathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Mitchell J Lipke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jennifer Anne Smith
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tina Zheng
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ian C Boothby
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Erin Isaza
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Program in Quantitative Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jackie Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dante D Acenas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinwoo Lee
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Trisha A Macrae
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Than S Kyaw
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David Wu
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dianna L Ng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Vanessa A York
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Haig Alexander Eskandarian
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Perri C Callaway
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Warrier
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Mary E Moreno
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Justine Levan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Leonel Torres
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Lila A Farrington
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Rita Loudermilk
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kanishka Koshal
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Diane Yang
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael G Astudillo
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Gelfand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward T Ryan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richelle C Charles
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steve Miller
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Wilson
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aashish Manglik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jason G Cyster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Joel D Ernst
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco CA, USA
| | - Alan H B Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kara L Lynch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick D Hsu
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Boyle MJ, Jagannathan P, Bowen K, McIntyre TI, Vance HM, Farrington LA, Schwartz A, Nankya F, Naluwu K, Wamala S, Sikyomu E, Rek J, Greenhouse B, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. The Development of Plasmodium falciparum-Specific IL10 CD4 T Cells and Protection from Malaria in Children in an Area of High Malaria Transmission. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1329. [PMID: 29097996 PMCID: PMC5653696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-producing CD4 T cells have important roles in immunity against Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria. However, the factors influencing functional differentiation of Pf-specific CD4 T cells in naturally exposed children are not well understood. Moreover, it is not known which CD4 T-cell cytokine-producing subsets are most critical for protection. We measured Pf-specific IFNγ-, IL10-, and TNFα-producing CD4 T-cell responses by multi-parametric flow cytometry in 265 children aged 6 months to 10 years enrolled in a longitudinal observational cohort in a high malaria transmission site in Uganda. We found that both age and parasite burden were independently associated with cytokine production by CD4 T cells. IL10 production by IFNγ+ CD4 T cells was higher in younger children and in those with high-parasite burden during recent infection. To investigate the role of CD4 T cells in immunity to malaria, we measured associations of Pf-specific CD4 cytokine-producing cells with the prospective risk of Pf infection and clinical malaria, adjusting for household exposure to Pf-infected mosquitos. Overall, the prospective risk of infection was not associated with the total frequency of Pf-specific CD4 T cells, nor of any cytokine-producing CD4 subset. However, the frequency of CD4 cells producing IL10 but not inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ and TNFα) was associated with a decreased risk of clinical malaria once infected. These data suggest that functional polarization of the CD4 T-cell response may modulate the clinical manifestations of malaria and play a role in naturally acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Center for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Katherine Bowen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Tara I McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hilary M Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lila A Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Alanna Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Wamala
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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6
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Jagannathan P, Lutwama F, Boyle MJ, Nankya F, Farrington LA, McIntyre TI, Bowen K, Naluwu K, Nalubega M, Musinguzi K, Sikyomu E, Budker R, Katureebe A, Rek J, Greenhouse B, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Vδ2+ T cell response to malaria correlates with protection from infection but is attenuated with repeated exposure. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11487. [PMID: 28904345 PMCID: PMC5597587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vδ2+ γδ T cells are semi-innate T cells that expand markedly following P. falciparum (Pf) infection in naïve adults, but are lost and become dysfunctional among children repeatedly exposed to malaria. The role of these cells in mediating clinical immunity (i.e. protection against symptoms) to malaria remains unclear. We measured Vδ2+ T cell absolute counts at acute and convalescent malaria timepoints (n = 43), and Vδ2+ counts, cellular phenotype, and cytokine production following in vitro stimulation at asymptomatic visits (n = 377), among children aged 6 months to 10 years living in Uganda. Increasing age was associated with diminished in vivo expansion following malaria, and lower Vδ2 absolute counts overall, among children living in a high transmission setting. Microscopic parasitemia and expression of the immunoregulatory markers Tim-3 and CD57 were associated with diminished Vδ2+ T cell pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Higher Vδ2 pro-inflammatory cytokine production was associated with protection from subsequent Pf infection, but also with an increased odds of symptoms once infected. Vδ2+ T cells may play a role in preventing malaria infection in children living in endemic settings; progressive loss and dysfunction of these cells may represent a disease tolerance mechanism that contributes to the development of clinical immunity to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Fredrick Lutwama
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Burnet Institute, Disease Elimination (Malaria), Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Lila A Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tara I McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katherine Bowen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rachel Budker
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Jagannathan P, Bowen K, Nankya F, McIntyre TI, Auma A, Wamala S, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Nalubega M, Boyle MJ, Farrington LA, Bigira V, Kapisi J, Aweeka F, Greenhouse B, Kamya M, Dorsey G, Feeney ME. Effective Antimalarial Chemoprevention in Childhood Enhances the Quality of CD4+ T Cells and Limits Their Production of Immunoregulatory Interleukin 10. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:329-38. [PMID: 27067196 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental inoculation of viable Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites administered with chemoprevention targeting blood-stage parasites results in protective immunity. It is unclear whether chemoprevention similarly enhances immunity following natural exposure to malaria. METHODS We assessed P. falciparum-specific T-cell responses among Ugandan children who were randomly assigned to receive monthly dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP; n = 87) or no chemoprevention (n = 90) from 6 to 24 months of age, with pharmacologic assessments for adherence, and then clinically followed for an additional year. RESULTS During the intervention, monthly DP reduced malaria episodes by 55% overall (P < .001) and by 97% among children who were highly adherent to DP (P < .001). In the year after the cessation of chemoprevention, children who were highly adherent to DP had a 55% reduction in malaria incidence as compared to children given no chemoprevention (P = .004). Children randomly assigned to receive DP had higher frequencies of blood-stage specific CD4(+) T cells coproducing interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor α (P = .003), which were associated with protection from subsequent clinical malaria and parasitemia, and fewer blood-stage specific CD4(+) T cells coproducing interleukin-10 and interferon γ (P = .001), which were associated with increased risk of malaria. CONCLUSIONS In this setting, effective antimalarial chemoprevention fostered the development of CD4(+) T cells that coproduced interleukin 2 and tumor necrosis factor α and were associated with prospective protection, while limiting CD4(+) T-cell production of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ann Auma
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration
| | | | | | | | | | - Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Center for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Moses Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco
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8
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Farrington LA, Jagannathan P, McIntyre TI, Vance HM, Bowen K, Boyle MJ, Nankya F, Wamala S, Auma A, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Bigira V, Kapisi J, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Frequent Malaria Drives Progressive Vδ2 T-Cell Loss, Dysfunction, and CD16 Up-regulation During Early Childhood. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1483-90. [PMID: 26667315 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells expressing Vδ2 may be instrumental in the control of malaria, because they inhibit the replication of blood-stage parasites in vitro and expand during acute malaria infection. However, Vδ2 T-cell frequencies and function are lower among children with heavy prior malaria exposure. It remains unclear whether malaria itself is driving this loss. Here we measure Vδ2 T-cell frequency, cytokine production, and degranulation longitudinally in Ugandan children enrolled in a malaria chemoprevention trial from 6 to 36 months of age. We observed a progressive attenuation of the Vδ2 response only among children incurring high rates of malaria. Unresponsive Vδ2 T cells were marked by expression of CD16, which was elevated in the setting of high malaria transmission. Moreover, chemoprevention during early childhood prevented the development of dysfunctional Vδ2 T cells. These observations provide insight into the role of Vδ2 T cells in the immune response to chronic malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tara I McIntyre
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Hilary M Vance
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Katherine Bowen
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Michelle J Boyle
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Center for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felistas Nankya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Samuel Wamala
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ann Auma
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mayimuna Nalubega
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Victor Bigira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Kapisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Departments of Medicine, University of California San Francisco Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
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9
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Boyle MJ, Jagannathan P, Farrington LA, Eccles-James I, Wamala S, McIntyre TI, Vance HM, Bowen K, Nankya F, Auma A, Nalubega M, Sikyomu E, Naluwu K, Rek J, Katureebe A, Bigira V, Kapisi J, Tappero J, Muhindo MK, Greenhouse B, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Decline of FoxP3+ Regulatory CD4 T Cells in Peripheral Blood of Children Heavily Exposed to Malaria. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005041. [PMID: 26182204 PMCID: PMC4504515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
FoxP3+ regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) help to maintain the delicate balance between pathogen-specific immunity and immune-mediated pathology. Prior studies suggest that Tregs are induced by P. falciparum both in vivo and in vitro; however, the factors influencing Treg homeostasis during acute and chronic infections, and their role in malaria immunopathogenesis, remain unclear. We assessed the frequency and phenotype of Tregs in well-characterized cohorts of children residing in a region of high malaria endemicity in Uganda. We found that both the frequency and absolute numbers of FoxP3+ Tregs in peripheral blood declined markedly with increasing prior malaria incidence. Longitudinal measurements confirmed that this decline occurred only among highly malaria-exposed children. The decline of Tregs from peripheral blood was accompanied by reduced in vitro induction of Tregs by parasite antigen and decreased expression of TNFR2 on Tregs among children who had intense prior exposure to malaria. While Treg frequencies were not associated with protection from malaria, there was a trend toward reduced risk of symptomatic malaria once infected with P. falciparum among children with lower Treg frequencies. These data demonstrate that chronic malaria exposure results in altered Treg homeostasis, which may impact the development of antimalarial immunity in naturally exposed populations. In malaria endemic regions, immunity is slow to develop and does not provide substantial protection against reinfection. Rather, following repeated exposure, older children and adults eventually develop protection from most symptomatic manifestations of the infection. This may be due in part to the induction of immunoregulatory mechanisms by the P. falciparum parasite, such as FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). Prior human studies have shown that Tregs are induced by malaria parasites both in vivo and in vitro, but the role of these cells in immunity in children who are chronically exposed to malaria remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the frequency and features of Tregs among children from areas of high malaria transmission in Uganda. We found that this regulatory T cell population declined markedly with increasing malaria episodes. This loss was associated with decreased expression of TNFR2, which is a protein implicated in stability of Tregs. Additionally, T cells from highly malaria exposed children demonstrated a reduced propensity to differentiate into Tregs following parasite stimulation. Together our data suggest that repeated episodes of malaria alter Treg homeostasis, which may influence the development of immunity to malaria in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Boyle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lila A. Farrington
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ijeoma Eccles-James
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Samuel Wamala
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tara I McIntyre
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hilary M. Vance
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine Bowen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Ann Auma
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Esther Sikyomu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Kate Naluwu
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Victor Bigira
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Kapisi
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Mary K Muhindo
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Grant Dorsey
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Moses R. Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E. Feeney
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Boyle MJ, Jagannathan P, Bowen K, McIntyre TI, Vance HM, Farrington LA, Greenhouse B, Nankya F, Rek J, Katureebe A, Arinaitwe E, Dorsey G, Kamya MR, Feeney ME. Effector Phenotype of Plasmodium falciparum-Specific CD4+ T Cells Is Influenced by Both Age and Transmission Intensity in Naturally Exposed Populations. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:416-25. [PMID: 25646355 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms mediating immunity to malaria remain unclear, but animal data and experimental human vaccination models suggest a critical role for CD4(+) T cells. Advances in multiparametric flow cytometry have revealed that the functional quality of pathogen-specific CD4(+) T cells determines immune protection in many infectious models. Little is known about the functional characteristics of Plasmodium-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses in immune and nonimmune individuals. METHODS We compared T-cell responses to Plasmodium falciparum among household-matched children and adults residing in settings of high or low malaria transmission in Uganda. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with P. falciparum antigen, and interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 2, interleukin 10, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production was analyzed via multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS We found that the magnitude of the CD4(+) T-cell responses was greater in areas of high transmission but similar between children and adults in each setting type. In the high-transmission setting, most P. falciparum-specific CD4(+) T-cells in children produced interleukin 10, while responses in adults were dominated by IFN-γ and TNF-α. In contrast, in the low-transmission setting, responses in both children and adults were dominated by IFN-γ and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight major differences in the CD4(+) T-cell response of immune adults and nonimmune children that may be relevant for immune protection from malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Boyle
- Department of Medicine Center for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Rek
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration
| | | | | | | | - Moses R Kamya
- Department of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Margaret E Feeney
- Department of Medicine Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Francisco
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11
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Farrington LA, Smith TA, Grey F, Hill AB, Snyder CM. Competition for antigen at the level of the APC is a major determinant of immunodominance during memory inflation in murine cytomegalovirus infection. J Immunol 2013; 190:3410-6. [PMID: 23455500 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The unique ability of CMV to drive the expansion of virus-specific T cell populations during the course of a lifelong, persistent infection has generated interest in the virus as a potential vaccine strategy. When designing CMV-based vaccine vectors to direct immune responses against HIV or tumor Ags, it becomes important to understand how and why certain CMV-specific populations are chosen to inflate over time. To investigate this, we designed recombinant murine CMVs (MCMVs) encoding a SIINFEKL-enhanced GFP fusion protein under the control of endogenous immediate early promoters. When mice were infected with these viruses, T cells specific for the SIINFEKL epitope inflated and profoundly dominated T cells specific for nonrecombinant (i.e., MCMV-derived) Ags. Moreover, when the virus encoded SIINFEKL, T cells specific for nonrecombinant Ags displayed a phenotype indicative of less frequent exposure to Ag. The immunodominance of SIINFEKL-specific T cells could not be altered by decreasing the number of SIINFEKL-specific cells available to respond, or by increasing the number of cells specific for endogenous MCMV Ags. In contrast, coinfection with viruses expressing and lacking SIINFEKL enabled coinflation of T cells specific for both SIINFEKL and nonrecombinant Ags. Because coinfection allows presentation of SIINFEKL and MCMV-derived Ags by different cells within the same animal, these data reveal that competition for, or availability of, Ag at the level of the APC determines the composition of the inflationary response to MCMV. SIINFEKL's strong affinity for H-2K(b), as well as its early and abundant expression, may provide this epitope's competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila A Farrington
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Edrington TS, Harvey RB, Farrington LA, Nisbet DJ. Evaluation of subtherapeutic use of the antibiotics apramycin and carbadox on the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella infection in swine. J Food Prot 2001; 64:2067-70. [PMID: 11770640 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.12.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotics apramycin and carbadox were fed to growing swine, and the prevalence of Salmonella isolates that are resistant to apramycin and related aminoglycoside antibiotics was examined. Three hundred twelve Salmonella-positive pigs raised on one of five farms in an integrated swine operation and slaughtered at a central plant were used. All farms fed carbadox during the grower phase, and two farms administered apramycin during the first 21 days of age. Ileocolic lymph nodes and cecal contents were sampled at slaughter. One hundred of the 312 pigs were randomly selected to examine apramycin- and carbadox-resistant Salmonella infection, while all 312 pigs were used to evaluate the association between apramycin exposure and infection with Salmonella organisms resistant to amikacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using disk diffusion and breakpoint concentrations. Apramycin treatment appeared to have little effect on apramycin- (12.5 versus 20.9%) or streptomycin- (76.4 versus 73.5%) resistant Salmonella isolates when averaged across farms and compared to control animals. Feeding carbadox resulted in carbadox-resistant Salmonella infection in only 5.3% of the isolates on one farm. The prevalence of amikacin-, gentamicin-, and kanamycin-resistant Salmonella isolates on farms feeding apramycin and carbadox were 0, 0, and 1.8%, respectively. Serogroup B was the most prevalent serogroup isolated, followed by C1 and E1. Apramycin and carbadox treatment did not appear to have any effect on the serogroup isolated. Subtherapeutic use of carbadox and apramycin did not appear to increase the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in market-age swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Edrington
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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Farrington LA, Harvey RB, Buckley SA, Droleskey RE, Nisbet DJ, Inskip PD. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonellae isolated from market-age swine. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1496-502. [PMID: 11601696 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance levels were examined for 365 Salmonella isolates recovered from the lymph nodes (n = 224) and cecal contents (n = 141) of market-age swine at slaughter. Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed by disk diffusion using 13 antibiotics common in the treatment of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Although none of the antibiotics tested were used subtherapeutically within the last 5 years on the farms sampled, resistance to chlortetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole was common. Penicillin G resistance was significantly more frequent (P = 0.03) and sulfisoxazole resistance was significantly less frequent (P < 0.01) in lymph node versus cecal isolates. Multidrug resistance was observed among 94.7% of the lymph node isolates and 93.5% of the cecal isolates. The most frequent multidrug resistance pattern included three antibiotics-penicillin G, streptomycin, and chlortetracycline. Isolates in somatic serogroup B, and more specifically, Salmonella Agona and Salmonella Schwarzengrund isolates, were often resistant to a greater number of antibiotics than were isolates in the other serogroups. Streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, ampicillin (lymph node isolates), and nitrofurantoin (cecal isolates) resistance levels differed significantly between somatic serogroups. The prevalence of penicillin G-, streptomycin-, and sulfisoxazole-resistant isolates differed significantly between serovars for both lymph node and cecal isolates. Results of this study suggest that a correlation exists between the somatic serogroup or serovar of a Salmonella isolate and its antimicrobial resistance status, which is specific to the antibiotic of interest and the source of the isolate (lymph node versus cecal contents).
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Farrington
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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Harvey RB, Anderson RC, Young CR, Swindle MM, Genovese KJ, Hume ME, Droleskey RE, Farrington LA, Ziprin RL, Nisbet DJ. Effects of feed withdrawal and transport on cecal environment and Campylobacter concentrations in a swine surgical model. J Food Prot 2001; 64:730-3. [PMID: 11348010 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.5.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate how feed withdrawal and transportation influenced the cecal environment and cecal populations of Campylobacter in swine. Four miniature Yucatan gilts (8.8 kg), naturally infected with Campylobacter jejuni, were surgically implanted with cecal cannulas. The gilts were fasted for 48 h. Samples of cecal contents were collected for 7 days prior to and for 7 days after the fast, and mean values were determined for pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and CFU enumeration of C. jejuni. This was replicated three times. In another trial, gilts (full-fed) were transported in a livestock trailer for 4 h and cecal samples were collected before and after transport and analyzed for pH, VFA, and CFU. Following a 48-h fast, cecal pH increased (P < 0.05) by 1 unit; acetic and propionic acids decreased (P < 0.05) by 61% and 71%, respectively; and there was a twofold log10 increase (P < 0.05) in CFU/g cecal content of C. jejuni. Values of pH, VFA, and CFU of C. jejuni did not change in cecal samples from gilts following transportation. These data are important for food safety considerations because feed withdrawal, commonly associated with shipping and slaughter, can increase Campylobacter concentrations in the pig intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, Texas 77845, USA.
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Harvey RB, Anderson RC, Farrington LA, Droleskey RE, Genovese KJ, Ziprin RL, Nisbet DJ. Comparison of GN Hajna and tetrathionate as initial enrichment for salmonellae recovery from swine lymph nodes and cecal contents collected at slaughter. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001; 13:258-60. [PMID: 11482607 DOI: 10.1177/104063870101300314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiologic survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of salmonellae in swine from 5 farms of an integrated swine operation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the recovery efficiencies for salmonellae from swine lymph nodes and cecal contents when GN Hajna and tetrathionate were compared as initial enrichments. Salmonellae were isolated from 61% of 645 pigs at slaughter; 324 positive cultures were from lymph nodes, and 224 were from cecal contents. Frequently, pigs had salmonellae isolated from both the lymph nodes and cecal contents. Total isolations, regardless of source, were similar for GN Hajna (247) and tetrathionate (301). There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the number of isolations from lymph nodes when GN Hajna enrichment was compared with tetrathionate enrichment (174 vs. 150). However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) advantage of utilizing tetrathionate when compared with GN Hajna for isolations from cecal contents (151 vs. 73).
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Harvey RB, Anderson RC, Young CR, Hume ME, Genovese KJ, Ziprin RL, Farrington LA, Stanker LH, Nisbet DJ. Prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species at slaughter in market age pigs. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 473:237-9. [PMID: 10659364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species in market age pigs from an integrated swine operation in Texas. Our findings indicate that farms from this commercial operation were heavily contaminated with Campylobacter and Salmonella, that the isolation rates of C. jejuni were higher than predicted, and that there was a low prevalence of Arcobacter.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Harvey
- Food Animal Protection Research Laboratory, USDA, ARS, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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Farrington LA, Harvey RB, Buckley SA, Stanker LH, Inskip PD. A preliminary survey of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in market-age swine. Adv Exp Med Biol 2000; 473:291-7. [PMID: 10659370 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4143-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an epidemiological survey of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella recovered from market-age swine at five different Texas farms. These farms, which were visited between October 1997 and June 1998, were completely integrated, farrow-to-finish operations. Samples were taken from the lymph nodes and cecal contents at the time of slaughter. The Salmonella samples that were recovered were sent to the National Veterinary Services Laboratory for serotyping. Antibiotic resistance was determined using the Dispens-O-Disc Susceptibility Test System using 13 different antimicrobial agents that have been utilized in either veterinary medicine, human medicine, or both. Preliminary analysis of the first 183 samples out of approximately 400 Salmonella samples recovered indicated that 183 (100%) of the Salmonella samples were resistant to penicillin G, and 122 (66.7%) were resistent to chlortetracycline. Six (3.3%) were resistant to four antibiotics (chlortetracycline, penicillin G, streptomycin, and sulfisoxazole), and 25 (13.7%) were resistant to three antibiotics (chlortetracycline, penicillin G, and either streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, or ampicillin). Variation was seen between serotypes, with four out of five S. agona samples (80.0%) and two out of eight S. derby samples (25.0%) resistant to four antibiotics. Variation in antibiotic resistance also was seen between farms. There is an increasing concern about the prevalent usage of antibiotics in medicine and agriculture and the relationship this may have on emerging microbial resistance patterns; therefore, continued surveillance on antibiotic resistance in animal production is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Farrington
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA
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