An effective pharmacological hydrogel induces optic nerve repair and improves visual function

Irreversible eye lesions, such as glaucoma and traumatic optic neuropathy, can cause blindness; however, no effective treatments exist. The optic nerve, in particular, lacks the capacity to spontaneously regenerate, requiring the development of an effective approach for optic nerve repair, which has proven challenging. Here, we demonstrate that a combination of the small molecules 3BDO and trichostatin A (TSA)-which regulate mTOR and HDAC, respectively-packaged in thermosensitive hydrogel for 4-week-sustained release after intravitreal injection, effectively induced optic nerve regeneration in a mouse model of optic nerve crush injury. Moreover, this combination of 3BDO and TSA also protected axon projections and improved visual responses in an old mouse model (11 months old) of glaucoma. Taken together, our data provide a new, local small molecule-based treatment for the effective induction of optic nerve repair, which may represent a foundation for the development of pharmacological methods to treat irreversible eye diseases.

Progress in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma by integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) overwhelmingly represents the predominant histological subtype of lung cancer, with lung adenocarcinoma emerging as the most prevalent form. Conventional Western medical treatments encompass a spectrum of modalities, including surgical interventions, cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy. In contrast, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) methodologies encompass traditional Chinese medicine treatments, acupuncture therapies, and tuina treatments. While conventional Western medicine has made remarkable strides in the treatment of lung cancer, it is important to acknowledge the limitations inherent in singular treatment approaches. Consequently, the quest for a more comprehensive and integrative therapeutic paradigm becomes imperative. A deficiency of evaluation criteria specific to lung adenocarcinoma treatment in the realm of TCM represents an outstanding challenge in need of resolution. Nonetheless, in the backdrop of the continuous evolution of lung adenocarcinoma treatment modalities, the amalgamation of Chinese and Western medical approaches for treating this condition has exhibited a promising trajectory. It not only contributes to mitigating toxicity and augmenting efficacy but also serves to reduce a spectrum of postoperative complications, thereby enhancing the quality of patients' survival and extending life expectancy. This article furnishes a comprehensive survey of the research advancements in the integration of Chinese and Western medical approaches for treating lung adenocarcinoma. It elucidates the merits and demerits of individual and combined therapeutic strategies, surmounts current limitations, underscores the virtues of amalgamating Chinese and Western medical paradigms, and offers a more holistic, integrated, and efficacious treatment blueprint.

Radiation Induced Lung Injury in Rats after Pre-Oxygenation Radiotherapy

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Deep inspiratory breath holding (DIBH) has been widely used during the radiotherapy of thoracic tumors. The main disadvantage of voluntary DIBH is the short duration of each breath hold. The hypocapnia induced by hyperoxia (oxygen concentration > 50%) pre-oxygenation (PreO2) combined with mechanical hyperventilation has been reported to prolong the duration of single breath hold, but its safety remains controversial, especially the sensitivity of lung tissue to radiation damage under hyperoxia exposure has not been elucidated. In this study, we aim to investigate the changes of radiation induced lung injury in rats after PreO2 radiation.

MATERIALS/METHODS

We evaluated the lung tissue of rats at different time points (48h, 2w, 4w, 8w, 12w) after thoracic radiation (15Gy single fraction to the right lung), and sequenced the transcriptome of lung tissue at 48 hours after irradiation. Rat cohorts (n = 7/group): 1. Control (Con); 2. Radiation group (RT); 3. Pre-oxygenation (oxygen concentration > 90%) for 8 hours before thoracic radiation (PreO2).

RESULTS

The inflammatory exudation emerged in the pulmonary interstitium at 48 hours, and reached the most serious alveolitis after four weeks of irradiation (the comparison of alveolitis scores in RT4w vs Con4w and PreO2(4w) vs Con4w, P<0.001) on hematoxylin-eosin staining. While the alveolitis scores in RT group and PreO2 group were not statistically different at each time point. Masson staining showed that the pulmonary fibrosis in the RT group and the PreO2 group reached an obvious pathological change at 12 weeks after irradiation, but the difference between the two groups was not significant. Transcriptome sequencing showed that the number of differential genes in PreO2 vs Con was 559 (302 up-regulated genes and 257 down-regulated genes). The GO enrichment analysis indicated that chromosome segregation was the most significant functional item with P value in the comparative analysis, and the KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that cell division was the most significant enrichment pathway of these differential genes. While there was a small quantity of differential genes in PreO2 vs RT group (3 up-regulated genes and 12 down-regulated genes). Pentose and glucuronate conversions were the most significant enrichment pathway of these differential genes.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated that PreO2 radiotherapy did not increase the severity of radiation induced lung injury in rats compared to conventional radiotherapy. Further study should be conducted to confirm these results and to investigate the regulatory mechanism of pneumonia caused by PreO2 radiotherapy.

Digital template-guided genioplasty for patients with jaw deformity resulting from temporomandibular joint ankylosis: A comparison between single- and double-layer genioplasty

The aim of this study was to compare single- and double-layer digital template-assisted genioplasty for the correction of jaw deformity resulting from temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA). Thirteen patients with jaw deformity resulting from TMJA who underwent lateral arthroplasty, costochondral graft, or total joint replacement combined with single- or double-layer digital template-assisted genioplasty were included. Computed tomography data were obtained for the preoperative design. Digital templates were designed and manufactured using three-dimensional printing to assist with the chin osteotomy and repositioning in single- or double-layer genioplasty. Of the 13 patients included, seven underwent single-layer genioplasty and six underwent double-layer genioplasty. The digital templates precisely reflected the osteotomy planes and repositioning of the chin segments intraoperatively. The radiographic evaluation showed that the patients who underwent double-layer genioplasty exhibited more chin advancement (11.95 ± 0.92 mm vs 7.50 ± 0.89 mm; P < 0.001) with a slightly larger mean surface error (1.19 ± 0.14 mm vs 0.75 ± 0.15 mm; P < 0.001) than those who underwent single-layer genioplasty. This indicates that double-layer genioplasty better promoted chin advancement and improved the facial shape, but was accompanied by more surgical error compared with the preoperative design. Furthermore, hardly any nerve damage was observed. Digital templates are useful for assisting in surgical procedures.

PKD2/polycystin-2 inhibits LPS-induced acute lung injury in vitro and in vivo by activating autophagy

Polycystin-2 (PC2), which is a transmembrane protein encoded by the PKD2 gene, plays an important role in kidney disease, but its role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) is unclear. We overexpressed PKD2 in lung epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo and examined the role of PKD2 in the inflammatory response induced by LPS in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of PKD2 significantly decreased production of the inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in LPS-treated lung epithelial cells. Moreover, pretreatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an autophagy inhibitor, reversed the inhibitory effect of PKD2 overexpression on the secretion of inflammatory factors in LPS-treated lung epithelial cells. We further demonstrated that overexpression of PKD2 could inhibit LPS-induced downregulation of the LC3BII protein levels and upregulation of SQSTM1/P62 protein levels in lung epithelial cells. Moreover, we found that LPS-induced changes in the lung wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio and levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β in the lung tissue were significantly decreased in mice whose alveolar epithelial cells overexpressed PKD2. However, the protective effects of PKD2 overexpression against LPS-induced ALI were reversed by 3-MA pretreatment. Our study suggests that overexpression of PKD2 in the epithelium may alleviate LPS-induced ALI by activating autophagy.

[Clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of pregnant women with left ventricular non-compaction]

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC). Methods: The clinical data of seven pregnant women with LVNC from January 2011 to December 2021 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital,Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed, including age, gestational age of symptom first occured, LVNC history, clinical symptoms, New York Heart Association (NYHA) cardiac function class, echocardiography, blood brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), treatment and the maternal and fetal outcomes. Results: Five cases were diagnosed before pregnancy, of which there were three women with medication; one case diagnosed in the month of pregnancy; one case diagnosed at 36 weeks of gestation. NYHA cardiac function was grade Ⅰ in four cases and grade Ⅱ in three cases before or during the first trimester of pregnancy. Of the five pregnant women who underwent echocardiography, there were one case of left ventricular insufficiency, three cases of mild left ventricular dysfunction and one case of normal left ventricular function before or during the first trimester of pregnancy. Of the five pregnant women to the second and third trimester of pregnancy, there were one case of grade Ⅳ, one case of grade Ⅲ, two cases of grade Ⅱ-Ⅲ and one case of grade Ⅱ in NYHA class ; three cases of left ventricular insufficiency, two cases of normal left ventricular function by echocardiography four cases had cardiac symptoms at 15-24 weeks of gestation and were treated with medication. In four cases, blood BNP increased to 214-1 197 ng/L during pregnancy, and were 89-106 ng/L after termination of pregnancy. There were 4 cases with arrhythmia. Indications for termination of pregnancy: LVNC complicated with heart failure in two cases, LVNC complicated with decreased cardiac function and threatened preterm birth in one case, complicated with pregnancy at full term in two cases, LVNC complicated with severe pulmonary hypertension in one case, and left ventricular dysfunction in one case. Cesarean section in four cases in the third-trimester, in one case in the second-trimester, and forceps curettage in two cases were taken. Two full-term infants,two preterm infants were born without LVNC. Conclusions: Women diagnosed with LVNC and low left ventricular ejection fraction before pregnancy are more prone to decreased cardiac function during pregnancy. Carrying out pregnancy risk assessment and strengthening the multi-disciplinary team management of high risk factors in pregnancy are conducive to achieve good pregnancy outcomes.

Rapid subcutaneous progression after immunotherapy in pretreated patients with metastatic carcinoma: two case reports

There is heterogeneity in cancer patients' responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including hyperprogression, which is very rapid tumor progression following immunotherapy, and pseudoprogression, which is an initial increase followed by a decrease in tumor burden or in the number of tumor lesions. This heterogeneity complicates clinical decisions because either premature withdrawal of the treatment or prolonged ineffective treatment harms patients. We presented two patients treated with ICIs with heterogeneous responses. One patient had Merkel cell carcinoma in the right thigh, and the other had nasopharyngeal squamous carcinoma. The first patient was treated with sintilimab and the second with sintilimab combined with abraxane. In the first patient, subcutaneous lesions grew substantially after the first cycle of treatment with sintilimab. In the second patient, subcutaneous lesions grew gradually after the second cycle of treatment with sintilimab combined with abraxane. In both cases, biopsy examination confirmed that newly emerged lesions were metastases of the primary tumor. These two cases remind clinicians that when subcutaneous nodules appear after treatment with ICIs, pathological biopsy is needed to determine the nature-pseudoprogression or rapid progression-of the disease course.

Molecular Mechanism of Biofilm Locator Protein Kinase Dbf2p-related kinase 1 in Regulating Innate Immune Response to Interleukin 17-induced Viral Pneumonia

It focused on the antiviral immune regulation of biofilm-localized protein kinase Dbf2p-related kinase 1 (NDR1) in viral pneumonia. Mouse alveolar monocyte RAW264.7 was used as blank control, and viral pneumonia cell model was prepared by infecting cells with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). NDR1 overexpression vector and siRNA interference sequences were synthesized, and overexpression/silence NDR1 cell model was fabricated. About 50 ng/mL interleukin 17 (IL-17) was given to stimulate. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qRCR), and Western blot were performed to detect cytokines and chemokines, mRNA of inflammatory factors, and signal molecule protein expression. Notably, RSV infection increased RSV-F mRNA in RAW264.7 cells and reduced NDR1 mRNA and protein. Secretion levels of IL-6, interferon β (IFN-β), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL20) increased in the model group versus blank control (P< 0.05). IL-6, IFN-β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) mRNA were up-regulated (P < 0.05). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), p38 protein phosphorylation, human recombinant 1 (TBK1), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) protein levels increased (P < 0.05). After overexpression of NDR1, the secretion levels of cytokines and chemokines, inflammatory factors mRNA, and signal molecule protein increased significantly. After NDR1 was silenced, cytokines and chemokines, inflammatory factors mRNA, and signal molecule protein were not significantly different versus blank control group (P > 0.05). In short, NDR1 regulated innate immune response to viral pneumonia induced by IL-17, which can be used as a new target for the treatment of IL-17-induced inflammatory response and autoimmune diseases.

Pressure sensing with high-finesse monolithic buckled-dome microcavities

We describe the use of on-chip buckled-dome Fabry-Perot microcavities as pressure sensing elements. These cavities, fabricated by a controlled thin-film buckling process, are inherently sealed and support stable optical modes (finesse >10³), which are well-suited to coupling by single-mode fibers. Changes in external pressure deflect the buckled upper mirror, leading to changes in resonance wavelengths. Experimental shifts are shown to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. Sensitivities as large as ∼1nm/kPa, attributable to the low thickness (<2µm) of the buckled mirror, and resolution ∼10Pa are demonstrated. We discuss potential advantages over traditional low-finesse, quasi-planar Fabry-Perot pressure sensors.

MiR-185-5p targets RAB35 gene to regulate tumor cell-derived exosomes-mediated proliferation, migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells

Introduction: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common malignant tumor, and its recurrence and metastasis are the main causes of death. Recently, there is evidence that tumor derived exosomes play an important role in the occurrence and development of NSCLC.

Objective’s methods: First, the expression of miR-185-5p and RAB35 in NSCLC tissues, paracancerous tissues, NSCLC cell lines and normal human bronchial epithelial cell line was detected. Then, a series of gain-and loss-of-function assays were performed to validate the effects of miR-185-5p or RAB35 effects on A549 and H2170 cells proliferation, migration and invasion. Next, online bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter were used to predict and validate the targeting relationship of miR-185-5p and RAB35. Finally, tumor cell-derived exosomes with genetic downregulation of RAB35 or overexpression of miR-185-5p were co cultured with their parental cells to verify the regulatory role of RAB35 on exosome secretion and function.

Results: In NSCLC tissues and cell lines, miR-185-5p was downregulated, while RAB35 was significantly upregulated. Overexpression of miR-185-5p or knockdown of RAB35 expression inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, we elucidated that RAB35 is a direct target of miR-185-5p. Additionally, exosomes derived from tumor cells restored cell proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas exosomes secreted by tumor cells with downregulation of RAB35 expression or overexpression of miR-185-5p lost their ability to restore cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that miR-185-5p inhibits tumor cell-derived exosomes-mediated proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells by downregulating RAB35 expression.

Butorphanol Promotes Macrophage Phenotypic Transition to Inhibit Inflammatory Lung Injury via κ Receptors

Acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by diffuse inflammation of the lung parenchyma and refractory hypoxemia. Butorphanol is commonly used clinically for perioperative pain relief, but whether butorphanol can regulate LPS-induced alveolar macrophage polarization is unclear. In this study, we observed that butorphanol markedly attenuated sepsis-induced lung tissue injury and mortality in mice. Moreover, butorphanol also decreased the expression of M1 phenotype markers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and iNOS) and enhanced the expression of M2 marker (CD206) in alveolar macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of LPS-stimulated mice. Butorphanol administration reduced LPS-induced numbers of proinflammatory (M1) macrophages and increased numbers of anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages in the lungs of mice. Furthermore, we found that butorphanol-mediated suppression of the LPS-induced increases in M1 phenotype marker expression (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and iNOS) in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and this effect was reversed by κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists. Moreover, butorphanol inhibited the interaction of TLR4 with MyD88 and further suppressed NF-κB and MAPKs activation. In addition, butorphanol prevented the Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-mediated IFN signaling pathway. These effects were ameliorated by KOR antagonists. Thus, butorphanol may promote macrophage polarization from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype secondary to the inhibition of NF-κB, MAPKs, and the TRIF-mediated IFN signaling pathway through κ receptors.

miR-195-5p exerts tumor-suppressive functions in human lung cancer cells through targeting TrxR2

miR-195-5p has been widely explored in various cancers and is considered as a tumor-suppressive microRNA. However, its roles in human lung cancer pathogenesis are not fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to explore how miR-195-5p is involved in malignant behaviors of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells. miR-195-5p expression was examined in the tumor tissues of patients with LUAD and human LUAD cell lines including A549 and PC-9. Thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) was predicted to be an mRNA target of miR-195-5p using online tools and validated by the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay. Lentivirus infection was used for gene overexpression, while gene knockdown was achieved by RNA interference. Cell proliferation was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine methods, and cell migration and invasion were assayed with transwell experiments. Cell apoptosis was determined by annexin V staining-based flow cytometry. The antitumor effects of miR-195-5p were also evaluated in nude mice xenografted with A549 cells. We found that miR-195-5p was lowly expressed in human LUAD cells, and its overexpression markedly suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and increased the apoptosis of LUAD cells in vitro. TrxR2 knockdown phenocopied the tumor-suppressive effects of miR-195-5p overexpression, while simultaneous TrxR2 overexpression remarkably reversed the effects of miR-195-5p overexpression on malignant behaviors of A549 and PC-9 cells. Additionally, miR-195-5p overexpression inhibited the growth of xenografted A549 tumor in nude mice. Our work verified that miR-195-5p exerts tumor-suppressive functions in LUAD cells through targeting TrxR2 and suggested that the miR-195-5p/TrxR2 axis is a potential biomarker for LUAD therapy.

The Msi1-mTOR pathway drives the pathogenesis of mammary and extramammary Paget's disease

Mammary and extramammary Paget's Diseases (PD) are a malignant skin cancer characterized by the appearance of Paget cells. Although easily diagnosed, its pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, single-cell RNA-sequencing identified distinct cellular states, novel biomarkers, and signaling pathways - including mTOR, associated with extramammary PD. Interestingly, we identified MSI1 ectopic overexpression in basal epithelial cells of human PD skin, and show that Msi1 overexpression in the epidermal basal layer of mice phenocopies human PD at histopathological, single-cell and molecular levels. Using this mouse model, we identified novel biomarkers of Paget-like cells that translated to human Paget cells. Furthermore, single-cell trajectory, RNA velocity and lineage-tracing analyses revealed a putative keratinocyte-to-Paget-like cell conversion, supporting the in situ transformation theory of disease pathogenesis. Mechanistically, the Msi1-mTOR pathway drives keratinocyte-Paget-like cell conversion, and suppression of mTOR signaling with Rapamycin significantly rescued the Paget-like phenotype in Msi1-overexpressing transgenic mice. Topical Rapamycin treatment improved extramammary PD-associated symptoms in humans, suggesting mTOR inhibition as a novel therapeutic treatment in PD.

Monolithically integrated membrane-in-the-middle cavity optomechanical systems

We describe curved-mirror Fabry-Perot cavities with embedded silicon nitride membranes, fabricated using a monolithic surface-micromachining process. The presence of the suspended membranes was confirmed by confocal microscopy, and their properties were verified through optical studies and thermomechanical calibration of mechanical/vibrational noise spectra measured at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The cavities exhibit reflectance-limited finesse (F ∼ 10³) and wavelength-scale mode volumes (VM ∼ 10·λ³). The short cavity length (L ∼ 2·λ) results in large optomechanical coupling, which is desirable for numerous applications in sensing and quantum information.

Genetic Dissection of Growth Traits in a Unique Chicken Advanced Intercross Line

The advanced intercross line (AIL) that is created by successive generations of pseudo-random mating after the F₂ generation is a valuable resource, especially in agricultural livestock and poultry species, because it improves the precision of quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping compared with traditional association populations by introducing more recombination events. The growth traits of broilers have significant economic value in the chicken industry, and many QTLs affecting growth traits have been identified, especially on chromosomes 1, 4, and 27, albeit with large confidence intervals that potentially contain dozens of genes. To promote a better understanding of the underlying genetic architecture of growth trait differences, specifically body weight and bone development, in this study, we report a nine-generation AIL derived from two divergent outbred lines: High Quality chicken Line A (HQLA) and Huiyang Bearded (HB) chicken. We evaluate the genetic architecture of the F₀, F₂, F₈, and F₉ generations of AIL and demonstrate that the population of the F₉ generation sufficiently randomized the founder genomes and has the characteristics of rapid linkage disequilibrium decay, limited allele frequency decline, and abundant nucleotide diversity. This AIL yielded a much narrower QTL than the F₂ generations, especially the QTL on chromosome 27, which was reduced to 120 Kb. An ancestral haplotype association analysis showed that most of the dominant haplotypes are inherited from HQLA but with fluctuation of the effects between them. We highlight the important role of four candidate genes (PHOSPHO1, IGF2BP1, ZNF652, and GIP) in bone growth. We also retrieved a missing QTL from AIL on chromosome 4 by identifying the founder selection signatures, which are explained by the loss of association power that results from rare alleles. Our study provides a reasonable resource for detecting quantitative trait genes and tracking ancestor history and will facilitate our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying chicken bone growth.

Widely tunable bandpass filter based on resonant optical tunneling

We describe a tunable bandpass filter and polarizer based on resonant tunneling through an air gap between two hemi-cylindrical prisms coated with 4-layer a-Si/SiO₂ matching stacks. Tuning is achieved by simultaneous variations in the incident angle and the air gap thickness, enabling the pass-band center wavelength to be continuously adjusted over a very wide range (potentially ~1000 - 1800 nm) with an approximately fixed fractional bandwidth (Δλ/λ ~1%). An analytical derivation of the conditions required to produce a flat-top TE pass-band at a desired wavelength is given. The filter provides excellent out-of-band rejection and strong suppression of the orthogonal TM polarization over the entire tuning range. For applications involving collimated light, it could be a useful alternative to existing widely tunable filters based on gratings or liquid crystals.

Selection of Optimal Ancestry Informative Markers for Classification and Ancestry Proportion Estimation in Pigs

Using small sets of ancestry informative markers (AIMs) constitutes a cost-effective method to accurately estimate the ancestry proportions of individuals. This study aimed to generate a small and effective number of AIMs from ∼60 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of porcine and estimate three ancestry proportions [East China pig (ECHP), South China pig (SCHP), and European commercial pig (EUCP)] from Asian breeds and European domestic breeds. A total of 186 samples of 10 pure breeds were divided into three groups: ECHP, SCHP, and EUCP. Using these samples and a one-vs.-rest SVM classifier, we found that using only seven AIMs could completely separate the three groups. Subsequently, we utilized supervised ADMIXTURE to calculate ancestry proportions and found that the 129 AIMs performed well on ancestry estimates when pseudo admixed individuals were used. Furthermore, another 969 samples of 61 populations were applied to evaluate the performance of the 129 AIMs. We also observed that the 129 AIMs were highly correlated with estimates using ∼60 K SNP data for three ancestry components: ECHP (Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.94), SCHP (r = 0.94), and EUCP (r = 0.99). Our results provided an example of using a small number of pig AIMs for classifications and estimating ancestry proportions with high accuracy and in a cost-effective manner.

Inhibition of TrxR2 suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation, metabolism and induced cell apoptosis through decreasing antioxidant activity

AIMS

This study aims to analyze the effect of thioredoxin reductase 2 (TrxR2) on lung cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration in vitro.

MAIN METHODS

Real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of TrxR2 in NSCLC tumor tissues. After pAd-TrxR2 or shRNA-TrxR2 was transfected into A549 or NCI-H1299 cells, the cell proliferation was measured by CCK-8 method; cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry; cell invasion and migration was measured by Transwell method. The production of ROS was measured by DCFH-DA method; the activity of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px was measured by relative ELISA kit.

KEY FINDINGS

The results showed that TrxR2 was up-regulated in NSCLC tumor tissues. Inhibition of TrxR2 suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, and inhibited cell invasion and migration. However, overexpression of TrxR2 showed the opposite effect. Furthermore, when cells were transfected with shRNA-TrxR2, the production of ROS was significantly increased, and SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activity was decreased. Conversely, pAd-TrxR2 transfection showed the opposite effect.

SIGNIFICANCE

Taken together, our results suggest that TrxR2 acts as an oncogenic gene in the context of lung cancer progression. The inhibition of TrxR2 suppressed lung cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induced cell apoptosis by inducing ROS production and decreasing antioxidant activity. TrxR2 may be a potential target for NSCLC treatment.

GSTP1 Ile105Val and XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene polymorphisms contribute to the clinical outcome of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) and X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) genetic variations may in-fluence the efficacy of chemotherapy in various cancers. We investi-gated the possible roles of GSTP1 Ile105Val and XRCC1 Arg194Trp, and Arg399Gln gene polymorphisms in the prognosis of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Between January 2010 and December 2012, this study consecutively recruited 141 patients with advanced NSCLC from the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province. Logistic regression analy-sis showed that individuals carrying the GG genotype were associated with a better response to chemotherapy than those with the wide-type genotype, with an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval, CI) of 4.07 (1.06-25.06). Moreover, we observed that the AA genotype of XRCC1 Arg399Gln was correlated with a greater complete response + partial response to chemotherapy than that with the GG genotype (odds ratio = 2.71, 95%CI = 1.13-10.08). Based on the Cox hazard proportional model, the GG genotype of GSTP1 Ile105Val was found to be associated with a lower risk of death from all causes as compared to that with the AA genotype (hazard ratio = 0.07, 95%CI = 0.01-0.34). In summary, we suggest that GSTP1 Ile105Val and XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphisms could influence the response to chemotherapy and sur-vival of advanced NSCLC.

Serum Irisin Level is Higher and Related with Insulin in Acanthosis Nigricans-related Obesity

OBJECTIVE

Acanthosis nigricans (AN) is proved to be a skin phenotype of hyperinsulinemia especially in obese patients. Irisin is a new myokine which plays an important role in metabolic disorders, such as obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The role of irisin in the development of AN-related obesity is not yet understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between irisin and AN-related obesity. Patients & Measurements: 30 obese patients without AN (OB group), 30 obese patients with AN (AN group), and 20 age-matched healthy volunteers (control group, CON) were included in this study. Weight, BMI, lipid profile, FFA, UA, and CRP were measured in all participants. Oral Glucose Tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed and serum glucose and plasma insulin were measured at 0, 30, 60,120 and 180 min. The AUC (area under curve) of glucose and insulin was calculated. Serum irisin was measured by ELISA.

RESULTS

Hyperinsulinemia is found in both AN and OB groups. The AN group had higher levels of insulin but better blood glucose tolerance and insulin response. The difference in irisin levels between the 3 groups was statistically significant, with the AN group showing the highest serum level of irisin. Serum irisin levels were positively correlated with BMI, and fasting insulin.

CONCLUSION

AN is a state of hyperinsulinmia and has better insulin response and glucose tolerance compared to obese patients without AN. Serum irisin may be a protective factor against impaired beta cell function in obesity with AN.

Use of anchorchip-time-of-flight spectrometry technology to screen tumor biomarker proteins in serum for small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study is to discover potential biomarkers in serum for the detection of small cell lung cancer (SCLC).

METHODS

74 serum samples including 30 from SCLC patients and 44 from healthy controls were analyzed using ClinProt system combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight masss spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). ClinProt software and genetic algorithm analysis selected a panel of serum markers that most efficiently predicted which patients had SCLC.

RESULTS

The diagnostic pattern combined with 5 potential biomarkers could differentiate SCLC patients from healthy persons, with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 97.73%. Remarkably, 88.89% of stage I/II patients were accurately assigned to SCLC.

CONCLUSIONS

Anchorchip-time-of-flight spectrometry technology will provide a highly accurate approach for discovering new biomarkers for the detection of SCLC.

Analysis of the expression protein profiles of lung squamous carcinoma cell using shot-gun proteomics strategy

The aim of this study is to globally screen and identify the expression protein profiles of lung squamous carcinoma cell (SqCC) using shot-gun proteomics strategy and to further analyze function of individual proteins by bioinformatics, which may likely result in the identification of new biomarkers and provide helpful clues for pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and progression of lung SqCC. The specific tumor cells were isolated and collected from the tissues of six patients with lung SqCC by laser capture microdissection (LCM). Total proteins from the LCM cells were extracted, digested with trypsin. The sequence information of resulting peptides was acquired by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (TMS). The global protein profiles of lung SqCC cell were identified with BioworksTM software in IPI human protein database. Cellular component, molecular function, and biological process of the all proteins were analyzed using gene ontology (GO). About 720,000 tumor cells were satisfactorily collected from tissues of six patients with lung SqCC by LCM and the homogeneities of cell population were estimated to be over 95% as determined by microscopic visualization. The high resolution profiles including HPLC, full mass spectrum, and tandem mass spectrum were successfully obtained. Database searching of the resulting bimolecular sequence information identified 1982 proteins in all samples. The bioinformatics of these proteins, including amino acids sequence, fraction of coverage, molecular weight, isoelectric point, etc., were analyzed in detail. Among them, the function of most proteins was recognized by using GO. Five candidate proteins, Prohibitin (PHB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Heat shock protein27 (HSP27), Annexin A1(ANXA1), and High mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), might play an important role in SqCC genesis, progression, recurrence, and metastasis according to relative literatures. We have successfully isolated the interesting cells and effectively solved the heterogeneous problem of lung SqCC using LCM. The globally expressional proteins of lung SqCC cell were identified by shot-gun proteomics strategy. The five proteins might be hopefully used as markers of lung SqCC.

Study of distinct protein profiles for early diagnosis of NSCLC using LCM and SELDI-TOF-MS

No biomarker has been available to detect early lung cancer so far. The aim of this study is to screen biomarker patterns for early diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using laser capture microdissection (LCM) and surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). The 3 groups of the interested cells from 13 NSCLC tissues, 11 normal lung tissues (out of the 13 NSCLC patients), and 6 benign lung diseased tissues (BLD) were successfully separated by LCM, respectively, and the homogeneities of each type of the cell populations in the three groups were estimated to be over 95%. One-hundred- and twenty-three M/Z peaks were found in the NSCLCs and normal lungs, and between the two groups the relative intensity of 98 M/Z peaks was significantly different (P < 0.05) using SELDI-TOF-MS. The diagnostic pattern constructed using support vector machine (SVM) including three proteins, M/Z 4282, 3201, and 4252 Da, respectively, showed maximum Youden Index (YI). The pattern was validated by leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) and the results showed that the sensitivity was 100.0%, specificity 90.9%, and positive predictive value (PPV) 92.9%. In the NSCLCs and BLDs 188 M/Z peaks were determined and 54 showed statistically difference (P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, and PPV of the diagnostic pattern consisting of two proteins, M/Z 3204 and 3701 Da, were all 100.0%. So, by using LCM we have successfully purified the interested cells and solved the problem of heterogeneity of lung cancer tissue. SELDI protein chip coupled with SVM could effectively screen the differentially expressional protein profiles and eventually establish biomarker patterns with high sensitivity and specificity.

Scd1ab-Xyk: a new asebia allele characterized by a CCC trinucleotide insertion in exon 5 of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene in mouse

We describe here a spontaneous, autosomal recessive mutant mouse suffering from skin and hair defects, which arose in the outbred Kunming strain. By haplotype analysis and direct sequencing of PCR products, we show that this mutation is a new allele of the asebia locus with a naturally occurring mutation in the Scd1 gene (a CCC insertion at nucleotide position 835 in exon 5), which codes for stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. This mutation introduces an extra proline residue at position 279 in the Scd1 protein. The mutant mice, originally designated km/km but now assigned the name Scd1ab-Xyk (hereafter abbreviated as abXyk/abXyk), have a similar gross and histological phenotype to that reported for previously characterized allelic asebia mutations (Scd1ab, Scd1abJ, Scd1ab2J, and Scd1tm1Ntam). Histological analysis showed they were also characterized by hypoplasic sebaceous glands and abnormal hair follicles. In a cross between Kunming- abXyk/abXyk and ABJ/Le-abJ/abJ mice, all the progeny showed the same phenotype, indicating that the two mutations were non-complementing and therefore allelic. Comparisons with the other four allelic mutants indicate that the Scd1ab-Xyk mutation causes the mildest change in Scd1 function. This new mouse mutant is a good model not only for the study of scarring alopecias in humans, which are characterized by hypoplasic sebaceous glands, but also for studying the structure and function of the Scd1 protein.

Germline mutational analysis of CDH1 and pathologic features in familial cancer syndrome with diffuse gastric cancer/breast cancer proband in a Chinese family

AIMS

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, thyroid medullary carcinoma, breast/ovarian cancer and gastric cancer/breast cancer syndrome are encountered in surgery. Some gastric cancer/breast cancer syndrome may be the result of a CDH1 germline mutation. This is the first report of CDH1 germline mutations gastric cancer/breast cancer syndrome in Chinese patients.

METHODS

Peripheral blood from the proband, as well as, her first and second degree relatives was collected and CDH1 gene exon 1-16 mutations were screened. E-cadherin/beta-catenin proteins expression and histopathologic features were examined on gastric cancer/breast cancer tissues from the proband.

RESULTS

A C-->T nucleotide substitution at exon 13 (mRNA 2200 locus, Accession number NM-004360) was found. This was a transition from GCC-->GCT in DNA sequence (Ala154Ala). Diffuse-type gastric cancer and infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma were present. Both tumours preserved E-cadherin/beta-catenin expression immunohistochemically.

CONCLUSIONS

Familial cancer syndrome with diffuse-type gastric cancer/breast cancer proband in Chinese has a propensity of early onset during lifespan. No truncating or splice-site CDH1 mutations had been identified in this family. A silent nucleotide variation in exon 13 of the CDH1 gene may contribute to some forms of cancer susceptibility.

Identification of a locus for porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata to a 6.9-cM region at chromosome 12q24.1-24.2

BACKGROUND

Porokeratosis palmaris et plantaris disseminata (PPPD) is a rare autosomal dominant dyskeratotic disorder characterized by a cornoid lamella with parakeratosis, hyperkeratosis and loss of granular layers. The genetic basis of this disease is still unknown. Two loci for disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) were found to be located on 12q23.2-24.1 and 15q25.1-26.1. Both PPPD and DSAP are disseminated types of porokeratosis.

OBJECTIVES

To locate the locus for PPPD, thereby facilitating the identification of this disease gene and leading to an understanding of the pathogenesis of porokeratosis.

METHODS

Genotyping was performed in a Chinese family with PPPD using polymorphic microsatellite markers on 12q and 15q.

RESULTS

The locus for PPPD is located within a 6.9-cM region between markers D12S1613 and D12S1341, with a maximum two-point LOD score of 8.14 (theta = 0.00) at D12S1335.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides a map location for isolation of a gene causing PPPD.

[Cloning and biological regulating effects of human WAF1 gene]

OBJECTIVE

To clone human WAF1 gene and construct WAF1-pcDNA3 recombinant plasmid, and to explore the biological regulating effects of WAF1 gene.

METHODS

Human WAF1 gene was amplified and cloned into pcDNA3 vector by RT-PCR and DNA direct sequencing from Hela cells. By immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining, the identify the expression of the inserted WAF1 gene and its biological regulating effects on Rb, cyclin D1 gene.

RESULTS

Human WAF1-pcDNA3 recombinant plasmid was correctly constructed and transfected into Hct-8 cells. P21WAFI/Clip was successfully expressed. The functional characterization of the inserting WAF1 gene implied that P21WAF1/Cip1 expression could upregulate Rb gene and downregulate cyclin D1 gene at protein level.

CONCLUSION

Human WAF1-pcDNA3 can modulate the protein expression of the downstream gene.

A new locus for hereditary gingival fibromatosis (GINGF2) maps to 5q13-q22

Gingival fibromatosis (GINGF) is an oral disorder characterized by enlargement of the gingiva. It occurs either as the sole phenotype or combined with other symptoms. Thus far, one GINGF locus has been mapped on chromosome 2, at 2p21, and a second possible locus has been mapped to 2p13. However, the genes responsible for this disorder have not been elucidated. We identified a four-generation Chinese GINGF family in which the disease manifests within 1 year after birth. After exclusion of the two known GINGF loci in this family, we performed a genome-wide search to map the chromosome location of the responsible gene. We identified a new locus, GINGF2, on chromosome 5q13-q22 with a maximum two-point lod score of 4.31 at D5S1721 (theta = 0.00). Haplotype analysis placed the critical region in the interval defined by D5S1491 and D5S1453. Within this region, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4) is a strong candidate.

Improved orthopaedic bone cement formulations based on rubber toughening

Poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) bone cements have been used for the fixation of hip and knee implants since the early 1960s. Aseptic loosening, related to fracture of the PMMA, continues to be the primary mode of failure for these prostheses. Failed prostheses must be replaced causing additional expense and patient trauma. Furthermore, the average lifetime of the revised prosthesis is significantly lower than that of a primary prosthesis. Recent work by Moseley and co-workers led to the development of a promising new rubber toughened cement. It is comprised of a matrix of the traditional PMMA with dispersed rubber particles to modify mechanical properties and, in particular, improve fracture toughness. The fracture toughness of the experimental material was 167% greater than the toughness of a nontoughened control; however, the elastic modulus and compressive strength were reduced. The reductions in properties should not pose a clinical problem based on results of the implant model reported by Moseley. More serious concerns were mixing and delivery problems and high residual monomer concentrations. The formulation and chemical/mechanical characterization of new toughened acrylic formulations that have residual monomer levels equivalent to Simplex and better mixing properties are reported.

Dentinogenesis imperfecta 1 with or without progressive hearing loss is associated with distinct mutations in DSPP

Dentinogenesis imperfecta 1 (DGI1, MIM 125490) is an autosomal dominant dental disease characterized by abnormal dentin production and mineralization. The DGI1 locus was recently refined to a 2-Mb interval on 4q21 (ref. 1). Here we study three Chinese families carrying DGI1. We find that the affected individuals of two families also presented with progressive sensorineural high-frequency hearing loss (gene DFNA39). We identified three disease-specific mutations within the dentin sialophosphoprotein gene (DSPP) in these three families. We detected a G-->A transition at the donor-splicing site of intron 3 in one family without DFNA39, a mutation predicted to result in the skipping of exon 3. In two other families affected with both DGI1 and DFNA39, however, we identified two independent nucleotide transversions in exons 2 and 3 of DSPP, respectively, that cause missense mutations of two adjacent amino-acid residues in the predicted transmembrane region of the protein. Moreover, transcripts of DSPP previously reported to be expressed specifically in teeth are also detected in the inner ear of mice. We have thus demonstrated for the first time that distinct mutations in DSPP are responsible for the clinical manifestations of DGI1 with or without DFNA39.

Refinement of the locus for autosomal dominant hereditary gingival fibromatosis (GINGF) to a 3.8-cM region on 2p21

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF, MIM 135300; approved gene symbol GINGF) is an oral disease characterized by enlargement of gingiva. Recently, a locus for autosomal dominant HGF has been mapped to an 11-cM region on chromosome 2p21. In the current investigation, we genotyped four Chinese HGF families using polymorphic microsatellite markers on 2p21. The HOMOG test provided evidence for genetic homogeneity, with evidence for linkage in four families (heterogeneity versus homogeneity test HOMOG, chi(2) = 0. 00). A cumulative maximum two-point lod score of 5.04 was produced with marker D2S390 at a recombination frequency of &theta; = 0 in the four linked families. Haplotype analysis localized the hereditary gingival fibromatosis locus within the region defined by D2S352 and D2S2163. This region overlaps by 3.8 cM with the previously reported HGF region. Single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequence analysis of the coding region of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) excluded it as a likely candidate gene.

[The diagnostic value of computed tomography and ultrasonography for detecting hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography for detecting hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and to evaluate their clinical implications.

METHODS

94 neonates were examined with CT and ultrasonography, respectively, for detecting HIE and the results were compared to clinical investigation.

RESULTS

Significant difference (P < 0.01) was found for diagnosis of mild and moderate HIE by CT and ultrasonography. Compared with clinical diagnosis, the agreement rates of ultrasonography and CT were 83% and 39% (P < 0.01) for mild HIE, and 100% and 43% (P < 0.01) for moderate HIE respectively. There was no difference for detecting severe HIE among clinical diagnosis, CT and ultrasonography. Additionally, 9 cases with intracranial hemorrhage were detected by CT in which only 3 cases were found by ultrasonography.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with clinical finding for diagnosis of mild and moderate HIE, the agreement rate of ultrasonography is higher than that of CT. However, CT is more sensitive to detect intracranial hemorrhage than ultrasonography.

Bromine-, chlorine-, and mixed halogen-substituted 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanones: synthesis and mutagenic effects of halogen and hydroxyl group replacements

The versatility of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-2(5H)-furanone as a starting point for the synthesis of several bromine and mixed halogen analogues of the potent water mutagen 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) has been demonstrated. However, in some preparations the yields of desired products were lower for bromine- than chlorine-substituted counterparts. A total of 12 bromine-, chlorine-, and mixed halogen-substituted 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanones were tested repeatedly in 10 independent experiments for levels of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) mutagenicities. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the mutagenic response to changing halogen content, type, and position as well as to learn the measure of these responses in the presence and absence of the C-5 OH group. Mutagenicities reached levels of 10(3) and 10(2) rev/nmol for all trihalo- and dihalo-4-methyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones, respectively, notwithstanding substitutions by bromine or chlorine. Trihalides lacking the C-5 hydroxyl group possessed mutagenicities of the order of 10(2) rev/nmol, while hydroxyl group absence in the dihalides resulted in potency levels of slightly less than 10 rev/ nmol. Pairwise comparisons of compound mutagenicities showed that overall the C-5 H-by-OH replacement and, next in importance, increasing the number of C-6 halogens from one to two resulted in the greatest enhancements of mutagenicities. However, in comparing compound pairs within two different sets of four di- and trihalides, it was observed that replacement of a C-5 H by OH enhanced mutagenicity more for the dihalides than the trihalides indicating that increasing the C-6 halogen number simultaneously with replacing C-5 H by OH results in a nonlinear, additive enhancement. For fewer than half of the compound pairs compared, changing the C-6 halogen from chlorine to bromine resulted in small increases in mutagenicity, and for the remaining compound pairs, no increase could be discerned. This result points to the relative unimportance of only C-6 halogen type as a determinant of mutagenicity. Similarly, no impact on mutagenicity was observed for changing only the halogen type attached to C-3.

Test of chiral recognition in the Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) mutagenicity of mucochloric acid-cysteine adducts

A difference in biological response to enantiomers is not an uncommon observation and is, therefore, to be expected in various manifestations of genotoxicity. The bacterial mutagen mucochloric acid (2,3-dichloro-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone) has one chiral center, at C-5, but this mutagen exists in racemic form because of the facile stereoisomerization occurring by the mechanism of ring-chain tautomerism. Two readily synthesized enantiomeric analogs of mucochloric acid, as well as the racemic form of the two, were prepared from mucochloric acid and (R)-(+)-, (S)-(-)-, and (R,S)-(+/-)-cysteine. Using Salmonella typhimurium (TA100), the enantiomeric compounds were assayed together in four dose/response assays along with mucochloric acid, the reference mutagen. In three of the same four assays, the racemic form was also assayed. Neither statistically significant differences in mutagenicity, as determined in slope responses, nor distinctions from the plotted curves were observed among the two enantiomers and their racemic form. Therefore, no enantiospecific interaction between enantiomers and chiral DNA or enzymes involved in repair or replication could be concluded.

Structure-activity relationships of bacterial mutagens related to 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone: an emphasis on the effect of stepwise removal of chlorine from the dichloromethyl group

The Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) mutagenicities of six structural analogues of 3-chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX) were determined and compared. These were also compared to previously determined mutagenicities for another four analogues. This study was conducted for the primary purpose of ascertaining the effect of C-6 chlorine-by-hydrogen replacement on mutagenicity. The compounds assayed were 3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (3), 3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-2(5H)-furanone (4), 3-chloro-4-methyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (7), 3-chloro-4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (8), 4-methyl-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (9), and 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone (10). Compounds 3, 4, and 7 were mutagenic whereas 8-10 were not. All six compounds were stable under assay conditions. Mutagenicity data for the three active compounds were combined with data of another four active compounds studied previously to obtain an expanded data set. Mutagenicities of the seven compounds were compared, pairwise, in 21 comparisons and then by multiple regression analysis. On the average, chlorine-by-hydrogen replacement of a single chlorine located at a chloromethyl group (C-6) had a markedly greater effect in reducing mutagenicity than a similar replacement at C-3 or a hydroxyl-by-hydrogen replacement at C-5. The chlorine-by-hydrogen replacement at C-6 of compound 3 resulted in the greatest mutagenicity reduction of any single replacement and amounted to a 10(3)-fold diminished mutagenicity.