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Wijesiriwardana UA, Pluske JR, Craig JR, Furness JB, Ringuet M, Fothergill LJ, Dunshea FR, Cottrell JJ. A comparative analysis of gastrointestinal tract barrier function and immune markers in gilt vs. sow progeny at birth and weaning. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae054. [PMID: 38447056 PMCID: PMC10977035 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Progeny born to primiparous sows (gilt progeny; GP) have lower birth, weaning and slaughter weights than sow progeny (SP). GP also have reduced gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, as evidenced by lower organ weights. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to quantify changes in GIT barrier function that occur in birth and weaning, representing two major challenges to the young piglet. The effects of parity (GP vs. SP) in GIT barrier integrity function were quantified at four timepoints: birth (~0 h), 24 h after birth (24 h), 1-d preweaning (PrW), and 1-d postweaning (PoW) in commercially reared piglets. Due to inherent differences between newborn and weanling pigs, the results were analyzed in two cohorts, birth (0 vs. 24 h, n = 31) and weaning (PrW vs. PoW, n = 40). Samples of the stomach, jejunum, ileum, and colon were excised after euthanasia and barrier integrity was quantified by measuring transepithelial resistance (TER), macromolecular permeability, the abundance of inflammatory proteins (IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and tight junction proteins (claudin-2 and -3). Papp was characterized using a dual tracer approach comprising 4 KDa fluorescein isothiocyanate (FD4) and 150 kDa tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (T150)-labeled dextrans. Characteristic effects of the initiation of feeding and weaning were observed on the GIT with the initiation of feeding, such as increasing TER and reducing Papp at 24 h, consistent with mucosal growth (P = 0.058) This was accompanied by increased cytokine abundance as evidenced by elevations in TNF-α and IL-1β. However, GP had increased IL-8 abundance (P = 0.011 and 0.063 for jejunum and ileum respectively) at birth than 24 h overall. In the weaning cohort, jejunal and ileal permeability to FD4 was higher in GP (P = 0.05 and 0.022, respectively) while only higher ileal T150 was observed in GP (P = 0.032). Ileal claudin-2 abundance tended to be higher in SP overall (P = 0.063), but GP ileal claudin-2 expression was upregulated weaning while no change was observed in SP (P = 0.043). Finally, other than a higher jejunal TNF-α abundance observed in SP (P = 0.016), no other effect of parity was observed on inflammatory markers in the weaning cohort. The results from this study indicate that the GIT of GP have poorer adaptation to early life events, with the response to weaning, being more challenging which is likely to contribute to poorer postweaning growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udani A Wijesiriwardana
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John R Pluske
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Australasian Pork Research Institute Ltd, Willaston, SA 5118, Australia
| | - Jessica R Craig
- Research and Innovation, Rivalea (Australia), Pty. Ltd, Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mitchell Ringuet
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Cottrell
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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2
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Song Y, Fothergill LJ, Lee KS, Liu BY, Koo A, Perelis M, Diwakarla S, Callaghan B, Huang J, Wykosky J, Furness JB, Yeo GW. Stratification of enterochromaffin cells by single-cell expression analysis. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.24.554649. [PMID: 37662229 PMCID: PMC10473706 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.24.554649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic interactions between gut mucosal cells and the external environment are essential to maintain gut homeostasis. Enterochromaffin (EC) cells transduce both chemical and mechanical signals and produce 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) to mediate disparate physiological responses. However, the molecular and cellular basis for functional diversity of ECs remains to be adequately defined. Here, we integrated single-cell transcriptomics with spatial image analysis to identify fourteen EC clusters that are topographically organized along the gut. Subtypes predicted to be sensitive to the chemical environment and mechanical forces were identified that express distinct transcription factors and hormones. A Piezo2+ population in the distal colon was endowed with a distinctive neuronal signature. Using a combination of genetic, chemogenetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrated Piezo2+ ECs are required for normal colon motility. Our study constructs a molecular map for ECs and offers a framework for deconvoluting EC cells with pleiotropic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Linda J. Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kari S. Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Brandon Y. Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Ada Koo
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mark Perelis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Shanti Diwakarla
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jie Huang
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - John B. Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gene W. Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Stem Cell Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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Furness JB, Lei E, Hunne B, Adams CD, Burns AJ, Wykosky J, Fazio Coles TE, Fothergill LJ, Molero JC, Pustovit RV, Stamp LA. Development of the aganglionic colon following surgical rescue in a cell therapy model of Hirschsprung disease in rat. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:306264. [PMID: 37021517 PMCID: PMC10163357 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Hirschsprung Disease lack enteric ganglia in the distal colon and propulsion of colorectal content is substantially impaired. Proposed stem cell therapies to replace neurons require surgical bypass of the aganglionic bowel during re-colonisation, but there is inadequate knowledge of the consequences of bypass. We performed bypass surgery in Ednrb-/- Hirschsprung rat pups. Surgically rescued rats failed to thrive, an outcome reversed by supplying electrolyte and glucose enriched drinking water. Histologically, the bypassed colon had normal structure, but grew substantially less in diameter than the functional region proximal to the bypass. Extrinsic sympathetic and spinal afferent neurons projected to their normal targets, including arteries and the circular muscle, in aganglionic regions. However, although axons of intrinsic excitatory and inhibitory neurons grew into the aganglionic region, their normally dense innervation of circular muscle was not restored. Large nerve trunks that contained TH, CGRP, nNOS, VIP and tachykinin immunoreactive axons occurred in the distal aganglionic region. We conclude that the rescued Ednrb-/- rat provides a good model for the development of cell therapies for the treatment of Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Enie Lei
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cameron D Adams
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alan J Burns
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company International Inc, Boston, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company International Inc, Boston, USA
| | - Therese E Fazio Coles
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Juan C Molero
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ruslan V Pustovit
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lincon A Stamp
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Ma JY, Greferath U, Wong JH, Fothergill LJ, Jobling AI, Vessey KA, Fletcher EL. Aging induces cell loss and a decline in phagosome processing in the mouse retinal pigment epithelium. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 128:1-16. [PMID: 37130462 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss and dysfunction in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with age is known to contribute to disease development. The aim of this study was to investigate how the C57BL/6J mouse RPE changes with age. RPE structure was found to change with age and eccentricity, with cell size increasing, nuclei lost, and tight junctions altered in the peripheral retina. Phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by the RPE was investigated using gene expression analysis and histology. RNA-Seq transcriptomic gene profiling of the RPE showed a downregulation of genes involved in phagosome processing and histological analysis showed a decline in phagosome-lysosome association in the aged tissue. In addition, failures in the autophagy pathway that modulates intracellular waste degradation were observed in the aged RPE tissue. These findings highlight that RPE cell loss and slowing of POS processing contribute to RPE dysfunction with age and may predispose the aging eye to AMD development.
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Fothergill LJ, Disney AS, Wilson EE. A qualitative exploration of the psychological impacts of living with the uncertainty of persistent flood risk. Public Health 2021; 198:141-145. [PMID: 34425284 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Flooding is associated with increased psychological morbidity; however, the impact of living with the uncertainty of flood risk has not been explored. The aim of this study was to generate insight into individual experiences of living with persistent flood risk, how it affects psychological well-being, and the forms of support deemed appropriate to mitigate psychological risks. STUDY DESIGN A qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interviews with participants who lived in a persistent flood risk area in Nottinghamshire, UK. METHODS 40 participants were interviewed. The study adopted an interpretivist constructionist position, and the transcripts were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Persistent flood risk was seen as a significant stressor, regardless of previous flood history. Some participants reported anxiety in anticipation of a future flood event and demonstrated low self-efficacy, with subsequent feelings of helplessness in responding to flood risk. Individuals who lacked acceptance of flood risk displayed higher anxiety and lower resilience. Recognition of flood risk as a psychological stressor was requested in future support. CONCLUSIONS Living with the uncertainty of persistent flood risk can have significant psychological impacts. Interventions that facilitate the empowerment of individuals living with persistent flood risk may strengthen psychological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Fothergill
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
| | - A S Disney
- Partnerships and Strategic Overview, Environment Agency (Trentside Offices), Lady Bay Bridge, West Bridgford, Nottingham, NG2 5FA, UK.
| | - E E Wilson
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham City Hospital, Clinical Sciences Building, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK.
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Furness JB, Pustovit RV, Syder AJ, Ringuet MT, Yoo EJ, Fanjul A, Wykosky J, Fothergill LJ, Whitfield EA, Furness SGB. Dopamine and ghrelin receptor co-expression and interaction in the spinal defecation centers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14051. [PMID: 33264473 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and ghrelin receptor (GHSR1a) agonists both stimulate defecation by actions at the lumbosacral defecation center. Dopamine is in nerve terminals surrounding autonomic neurons of the defecation center, whereas ghrelin is not present in the spinal cord. Dopamine at D2 receptors generally inhibits neurons, but at the defecation center, its effect is excitatory. METHODS In vivo recording of defecation and colorectal propulsion was used to investigate interaction between DRD2 and GHSR1a. Localization studies were used to determine sites of receptor expression in rat and human spinal cord. KEY RESULTS Dopamine, and the DRD2 agonist, quinpirole, directly applied to the lumbosacral cord, caused defecation. The effect of intrathecal dopamine was inhibited by the GHSR1a antagonist, YIL781, given systemically, but YIL781 was not an antagonist at DRD2. The DRD2 agonist, pramipexole, administered systemically caused colorectal propulsion that was prevented when the pelvic nerves were cut. Drd2 and Ghsr were expressed together in autonomic preganglionic neurons at the level of the defecation centers in rat and human. Behaviorally induced defecation (caused by water avoidance stress) was reduced by the DRD2 antagonist, sulpiride. We had previously shown it is reduced by YIL781. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Our observations imply that dopamine is a transmitter of the defecation pathways whose actions are exerted through interacting dopamine (D2) and ghrelin receptors on lumbosacral autonomic neurons that project to the colorectum. The results explain the excitation by dopamine agonists and the conservation of GHSR1a in the absence of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Ruslan V Pustovit
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew J Syder
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell T Ringuet
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Eun Ji Yoo
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Fanjul
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- Gastroenterology Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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7
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Koo A, Fothergill LJ, Kuramoto H, Furness JB. 5-HT containing enteroendocrine cells characterised by morphologies, patterns of hormone co-expression, and relationships with nerve fibres in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:623-636. [PMID: 33608804 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01972-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
5-HT containing enteroendocrine cells (EEC), the most abundant type of EEC in the gut, regulate many functions including motility, secretion and inflammatory responses. We examined the morphologies of 5-HT cells from stomach to rectum, patterns of hormone co-expression in the stomach and colon, and the relationship of 5-HT cells with nerve fibres. We also reviewed some of the relevant literature. The morphologies of 5-HT cells were distinct, depending on their location in the gut. A noticeable feature of some 5-HT cells in the antrum and colon was their long basal processes, which resembled processes of neurons, whereas 5-HT cells in the small intestinal mucosa lacked basal processes. In the stomach, numerous 5-HT cells, including cells with basal processes, were identified as enterochromaffin-like cells by their expression of histidine decarboxylase. In the colon, we observed a small number of 5-HT cells that were in close contact with, but distinct from, oxyntomodulin (OXM) and PYY immunoreactive EEC. We did not find specific relationships between nerve fibres and the processes of colonic 5-HT cells. We conclude that five major features, i.e., gut region, morphology, hormone content, receptor repertoire and cell lineage, can be used to define 5-HT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Koo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hirofumi Kuramoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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8
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Martins PR, Fakhry J, de Oliveira AJ, Moreira TB, Fothergill LJ, de Oliveira EC, Reis DD, Furness JB. Correction to: The distribution and chemical coding of enteroendocrine cells in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals with chagasic megacolon. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:463. [PMID: 33585988 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rocha Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Débora d'Ávila Reis
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Kuramoto H, Koo A, Fothergill LJ, Hunne B, Yoshimura R, Kadowaki M, Furness JB. Morphologies and distributions of 5-HT containing enteroendocrine cells in the mouse large intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:275-286. [PMID: 33547947 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT)-containing gastrointestinal endocrine cells contribute to regulation of numerous bodily functions, but whether these functions are related to differences in cell shape is not known. The current study identified morphologies and localization of subtypes of 5-HT-containing enteroendocrine cells in the mouse large intestine. 5-HT cells were most frequent in the proximal colon compared with cecum and distal colon. The large intestine harbored both open (O) cells, with apical processes that reached the lumen, and closed (C) cells, not contacting the lumen, classified into O1, O2, and O3 and C1, C2, and C3 cells, by the lengths of their basal processes. O1 and C1 cells, with basal processes sometimes longer that 100 µm, were most common in the distal colon. Their long basal processes ran against the inner surfaces of the mucosal epithelial cells and were strongly immunoreactive for 5-HT; these processes are ideally placed to communicate with the epithelium and to react to mechanical forces. O2 and C2 cells that had similar but shorter basal processes were also most common in the distal colon. O3 and C3 cells had no or very short basal processes. The O3 open type 5-HT cells were abundant in the proximal colon, particularly at the luminal surface, where they could release 5-HT into the lumen to act on luminal 5-HT receptors. Numerous O3 type 5-HT cells occurred in the lower (submucosal) region of the crypts in all segments and might release 5-HT to influence cell renewal in the crypt proliferative zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kuramoto
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Ada Koo
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ryoichi Yoshimura
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Kadowaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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10
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Martins PR, Fakhry J, de Oliveira AJ, Moreira TB, Fothergill LJ, de Oliveira EC, Reis DD, Furness JB. The distribution and chemical coding of enteroendocrine cells in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected individuals with chagasic megacolon. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 155:451-462. [PMID: 33404704 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi that causes chronic cardiac and digestive dysfunction. Megacolon, an irreversible dilation of the left colon, is the main feature of the gastrointestinal form of Chagas disease. Patients have severe constipation, a consequence of enteric neuron degeneration associated with chronic inflammation. Dysmotility, infection, neuronal loss and a chronic exacerbated inflammation, all observed in Chagas disease, can affect enteroendocrine cells (EEC) expression, which in turn, could influence the inflammatory process. In this study, we investigated the distribution and chemical coding of EEC in the dilated and non-dilated portion of T. cruzi-induced megacolon and in non-infected individuals (control colon). Using immunohistochemistry, EECs were identified by applying antibodies to chromogranin A (CgA), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), peptide YY (PYY) and somatostatin (SST). Greater numbers of EEC expressing GLP-1 and SST occurred in the dilated portion compared to the non-dilated portion of the same patients with Chagas disease and in control colon, but numbers of 5-HT and PYY EEC were not significantly different. However, it was noticeable that EEC in which 5-HT and PYY were co-expressed were common in control colon, but were rare in the non-dilated and absent in the dilated portion of chagasic megacolon. An increase in the number of CgA immunoreactive EEC in chagasic patients reflected the increases in EEC numbers summarised above. Our data suggests that the denervation and associated chronic inflammation are accompanied by changes in the number and coding of EEC that could contribute to disorders of motility and defence in the chagasic megacolon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Rocha Martins
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Thayse Batista Moreira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | | | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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11
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Liu M, Whitfield EA, Fothergill LJ, Furness JB, Wade JD, Furness SGB, Hossain MA. Design, synthesis and characterization of a fluorescently labeled functional analog of full-length human ghrelin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:559-564. [PMID: 32980116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Human ghrelin receptor (GHSR) is a recognized prospective target in the diagnosis and therapy of multiple cancer types. To gain a better understanding of this receptor signaling system, we have synthesized a novel full-length ghrelin analog that is fluorescently labeled at the side-chain of a C-terminal cysteine extension. This analog exhibited nanomolar affinity and potency for the ghrelin receptor. It shows comparable efficacy with that of endogenous ghrelin. The fluorescently-labeled ghrelin analog is a valuable tool for in vitro imaging of cell lines that express ghrelin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Liu
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emily A Whitfield
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sebastian G B Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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12
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Furness JB, Di Natale M, Hunne B, Oparija-Rogenmozere L, Ward SM, Sasse KC, Powley TL, Stebbing MJ, Jaffey D, Fothergill LJ. The identification of neuronal control pathways supplying effector tissues in the stomach. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:433-445. [PMID: 33156383 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The stomach acts as a buffer between the ingestion of food and its processing in the small intestine. It signals to the brain to modulate food intake and it in turn regulates the passage of a nutrient-rich fluid, containing partly digested food, into the duodenum. These processes need to be finely controlled, for example to restrict reflux into the esophagus and to transfer digesta to the duodenum at an appropriate rate. Thus, the efferent pathways that control gastric volume, gastric peristalsis and digestive juice production are critically important. We review these pathways with an emphasis on the identities of the final motor neurons and comparisons between species. The major types of motor neurons arising from gastric enteric ganglia are as follows: immunohistochemically distinguishable excitatory and inhibitory muscle motor neurons; four neuron types innervating mucosal effectors (parietal cells, chief cells, gastrin cells and somatostatin cells); and vasodilator neurons. Sympathetic efferent neurons innervate intramural arteries, myenteric ganglia and gastric muscle. Vagal efferent neurons with cell bodies in the brain stem do not directly innervate gastric effector tissues; they are pre-enteric neurons that innervate each type of gastric enteric motor neuron. The principal transmitters and co-transmitters of gastric motor neurons, as well as key immunohistochemical markers, are the same in rat, pig, human and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Madeleine Di Natale
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Sean M Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, NV, Reno, USA
| | - Kent C Sasse
- Sasse Surgical Associates, and Renown Regional Medical Center, NV, Reno, USA
| | - Terry L Powley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia
| | - Deborah Jaffey
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, VIC, 3010, Parkville, Australia
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13
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Furness SG, Pustovit RV, Ringuet MT, Molero JC, Fothergill LJ, Furness JB. Evidence that Dopamine is the Physiological Agonist of Spinal Ghrelin Receptors and Acts Through Heteromeric Dopamine D2/ Ghrelin Receptors. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.04678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Diwakarla S, Finkelstein DI, Constable R, Artaiz O, Di Natale M, McQuade RM, Lei E, Chai XY, Ringuet MT, Fothergill LJ, Lawson VA, Ellett LJ, Berger JP, Furness JB. Chronic isolation stress is associated with increased colonic and motor symptoms in the A53T mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13755. [PMID: 31709672 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress exacerbates motor deficits and increases dopaminergic cell loss in several rodent models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, little is known about effects of stress on gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, a common non-motor symptom of PD. We aimed to determine whether chronic stress exacerbates GI dysfunction in the A53T mouse model of PD and whether this relates to changes in α-synuclein distribution. METHODS Chronic isolation stress was induced by single-housing WT and homozygote A53T mice between 5 and 15 months of age. GI and motor function were compared with mice that had been group-housed. KEY RESULTS Chronic isolation stress increased plasma corticosterone and exacerbated deficits in colonic propulsion and whole-gut transit in A53T mice and also increased motor deficits. However, our results indicated that the novel environment-induced defecation response, a common method used to evaluate colorectal function, was not a useful test to measure exacerbation of GI dysfunction, most likely because of the reported reduced level of anxiety in A53T mice. A53T mice had lower corticosterone levels than WT mice under both housing conditions, but single-housing increased levels for both genotypes. Enteric neuropathy was observed in aging A53T mice and A53T mice had a greater accumulation of alpha-synuclein (αsyn) in myenteric ganglia under both housing conditions. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Chronic isolation stress exacerbates PD-associated GI dysfunction, in addition to increasing motor deficits. However, these changes in GI symptoms are not directly related to corticosterone levels, worsened enteric neuropathy, or enteric αsyn accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Diwakarla
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Remy Constable
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Olivia Artaiz
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Madeleine Di Natale
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Enie Lei
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Xin-Yi Chai
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Mitchell T Ringuet
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Victoria A Lawson
- The Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Laura J Ellett
- The Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Joel P Berger
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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15
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Fazio Coles TE, Fothergill LJ, Hunne B, Nikfarjam M, Testro A, Callaghan B, McQuade RM, Furness JB. Quantitation and chemical coding of enteroendocrine cell populations in the human jejunum. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:109-120. [PMID: 31478137 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal substantial species and regional differences in enteroendocrine cell (EEC) populations, including differences in patterns of hormone coexpression, which limit extrapolation between animal models and human. In this study, jejunal samples, with no histologically identifiable pathology, from patients undergoing Whipple's procedure were investigated for the presence of gastrointestinal hormones using double- and triple-labelling immunohistochemistry and high-resolution confocal microscopy. Ten hormones (5-HT, CCK, secretin, proglucagon-derived peptides, PYY, GIP, somatostatin, neurotensin, ghrelin and motilin) were localised in EEC of the human jejunum. If only single staining is considered, the most numerous EEC were those containing 5-HT, CCK, ghrelin, GIP, motilin, secretin and proglucagon-derived peptides. All hormones had some degree of colocalisation with other hormones. This included a population of EEC in which GIP, CCK and proglucagon-derived peptides are costored, and four 5-HT cell populations, 5-HT/GIP, 5-HT/ghrelin, 5-HT/PYY, and 5-HT/secretin cell groups, and a high degree of overlap between motilin and ghrelin. The presence of 5-HT in many secretin cells is consistent across species, whereas lack of 5-HT and CCK colocalisation distinguishes human from mouse. It seems likely that the different subclasses of 5-HT cells subserve different roles. At a subcellular level, we examined the vesicular localisation of secretin and 5-HT, and found these to be separately stored. We conclude that hormone-containing cells in the human jejunum do not comply with a one-cell, one-hormone classification and that colocalisations of hormones are likely to define subtypes of EEC that have different roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese E Fazio Coles
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Adam Testro
- Liver and Intestinal Transplant Unit, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, 3084, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rachel M McQuade
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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16
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Fothergill LJ, Galiazzo G, Hunne B, Stebbing MJ, Fakhry J, Weissenborn F, Fazio Coles TE, Furness JB. Distribution and co-expression patterns of specific cell markers of enteroendocrine cells in pig gastric epithelium. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:457-469. [PMID: 31309318 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the pig is an accepted model species for human digestive physiology, no previous study of the pig gastric mucosa and gastric enteroendocrine cells has investigated the parallels between pig and human. In this study, we have investigated markers for each of the classes of gastric endocrine cells, gastrin, ghrelin, somatostatin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histidine decarboxylase, and PYY cells in pig stomach. The lining of the proximal stomach consisted of a collar of stratified squamous epithelium surrounded by gastric cardiac glands in the fundus. This differs considerably from human that has only a narrow band of cardiac glands at its entrance, surrounded by a fundic mucosa consisting of oxyntic glands. However, the linings of the corpus and antrum are similar in pig and human. Likewise, the endocrine cell types are similar and similarly distributed in the two species. As in human, gastrin cells were almost exclusively in the antrum, ghrelin cells were most abundant in the oxyntic mucosa and PYY cells were rare. In the pig, 70% of enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the antrum and 95% in the fundus contained 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), higher proportions than in human. Unlike the enteroendocrine of the small intestine, most gastric enteroendocrine cells (EEC) did not contain colocalised hormones. This is similar to human and other species. We conclude that the pig stomach has substantial similarity to human, except that the pig has a protective lining at its entrance that may reflect the difference between a pig diet with hard abrasive components and the soft foods consumed by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Giorgia Galiazzo
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Weissenborn
- Department of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Therese E Fazio Coles
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,Department of Agriculture and Food, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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17
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von Eisenhart-Rothe P, Grubman A, Greferath U, Fothergill LJ, Jobling AI, Phipps JA, White AR, Fletcher EL, Vessey KA. Failure of Autophagy–Lysosomal Pathways in Rod Photoreceptors Causes the Early Retinal Degeneration Phenotype Observed inCln6nclfMice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 59:5082-5097. [DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Grubman
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ursula Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J. Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew I. Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna A. Phipps
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony R. White
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erica L. Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirstan A. Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Fothergill LJ, Furness JB. Diversity of enteroendocrine cells investigated at cellular and subcellular levels: the need for a new classification scheme. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:693-702. [PMID: 30357510 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enteroendocrine cells were historically classified by a letter code, each linked to a single hormone, deduced to be the only hormone produced by the cell. One type, the L cell, was recognised to store and secrete two products, peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-related peptides. Many other exceptions to the one-cell one-hormone classifications have been reported over the last 40 years or so, and yet the one-hormone dogma has persisted. In the last 6 years, a plethora of data has appeared that makes the concept unviable. Here, we describe the evidence that multiple hormone transcripts and their products reside in single cells and evidence that the hormones are often, but not always, processed into separate storage vesicles. It has become clear that most enteroendocrine cells contain multiple hormones. For example, most secretin cells contain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and in mouse many of these also contain cholecystokinin (CCK). Furthermore, CCK cells also commonly store ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), neurotensin, and PYY. Several hormones, for example, secretin and 5-HT, are in separate storage vesicles at a subcellular level. Hormone patterns can differ considerably between species. Another complication is that relative levels of expression vary substantially. This means that data are significantly influenced by the sensitivities of detection techniques. For example, a hormone that can be detected in storage vesicles by super-resolution microscopy may not be above threshold for detection by conventional fluorescence microscopy. New nomenclature for cell clusters with common attributes will need to be devised and old classifications abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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19
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Fothergill LJ, Ringuet MT, Sioras E, Hunne B, Fazio Coles TE, Martins PR, Furness JB. Cellular and sub-cellular localisation of oxyntomodulin-like immunoreactivity in enteroendocrine cells of human, mouse, pig and rat. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:359-369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Fothergill LJ, Callaghan B, Hunne B, Bravo DM, Furness JB. Costorage of Enteroendocrine Hormones Evaluated at the Cell and Subcellular Levels in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:2113-2123. [PMID: 28430903 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reveal complex patterns of hormone coexpression within enteroendocrine cells (EECs), contrary to the traditional view that gut hormones are expressed individually in EECs. Moreover, different hormones have been found in separate subcellular vesicles. However, detailed analysis of relative expression of multiple hormones has not been made. Subcellular studies have been confined to peptide hormones, and have not included the indolamine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) or the neuroendocrine protein chromogranin A (CgA). In the present work, coexpression of 5-HT, CgA, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, and glucagonlike peptide (GLP)-1 in mouse duodenum was quantified at a cellular and subcellular level by semiautomated cell counting and quantitative vesicle measurements. We investigated whether relative numbers of cells with colocalized hormones analyzed at a cell level matched the numbers revealed by examination of individual storage vesicles within cells. CgA and 5-HT were frequently expressed in EECs that contained combinations of GLP-1, ghrelin, secretin, and CCK. Separate subcellular stores of 5-HT, CgA, secretin, CCK, ghrelin, and GLP-1 were identified. In some cases, high-resolution analysis revealed small numbers of immunoreactive vesicles in cells dominated by a different hormone. Thus the observed incidence of cells with colocalized hormones is greater when analyzed at a subcellular, compared with a cellular, level. Subcellular analysis also showed that relative numbers of vesicles differ considerably between cells. Thus separate packaging of hormones that are colocalized is a general feature of EECs, and EECs exhibit substantial heterogeneity, including the colocalization of hormones that were formerly thought to be in cells of different lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Diwakarla S, Fothergill LJ, Fakhry J, Callaghan B, Furness JB. Heterogeneity of enterochromaffin cells within the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:10.1111/nmo.13101. [PMID: 28485065 PMCID: PMC5475263 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterochromaffin cells were the first endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract to be chemically distinguished, almost 150 years ago. It is now known that the chromaffin reaction of these cells was due to their content of the reactive aromatic amine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, also known as serotonin). They have commonly been thought to be a special class of gut endocrine cells (enteroendocrine cells) that are distinct from the enteroendocrine cells that contain peptide hormones. The study by Martin et al. in the current issue of this journal reveals that the patterns of expression of nutrient receptors and transporters differ considerably between chromaffin cells of the mouse duodenum and colon. However, even within regions, chromaffin cells differ; in the duodenum there are chromaffin cells that contain both secretin and 5-HT, cholecystokinin and 5-HT, and all three of secretin, cholecystokinin, and 5-HT. Moreover, the ratios of these different cell types differ substantially between species. And, in terms of function, 5-HT has many roles, including in appetite, motility, fluid secretion, release of digestive enzymes and bone metabolism. The paper thus emphasizes the need to define the many different classes of enterochromaffin cells and relate this to their roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Diwakarla
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Josiane Fakhry
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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22
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Fakhry J, Wang J, Martins P, Fothergill LJ, Hunne B, Prieur P, Shulkes A, Rehfeld JF, Callaghan B, Furness JB. Distribution and characterisation of CCK containing enteroendocrine cells of the mouse small and large intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:245-253. [PMID: 28413860 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is general consensus that enteroendocrine cells, EEC, containing the enteric hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) are confined to the small intestine and predominate in the duodenum and jejunum. Contrary to this, EEC that express the gene for CCK have been isolated from the large intestine of the mouse and there is evidence for EEC that contain CCK-like immunoreactivity in the mouse colon. However, the human and rat colons do not contain CCK cells. In the current study, we use immunohistochemistry to investigate CCK peptide presence in endocrine cells, PCR to identify cck transcripts and chromatography to identify CCK peptide forms in the mouse small and large intestine. The colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT, hormones that have been hypothesised to derive from cells of different lineages, was also investigated. CCK immunoreactivity was found in EEC throughout the mouse small and large intestine but positive cells were rare in the rectum. Immunoreactive EEC were as common in the caecum and proximal colon as they were in the duodenum and jejunum. CCK gene transcripts were found in the mucosa throughout the intestine but mRNA for gastrin, a hormone that can bind some anti-CCK antibodies, was only found in the stomach and duodenum. Characterisation of CCK peptides of the colon by extraction, chromatographic separation and radioimmunoassay revealed bioactive amidated and sulphated forms, including CCK-8 and CCK-33. Moreover, CCK-containing EEC in the large intestine bound antibodies that target the biologically active sulfated form. Colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT occurred in a proportion of EEC throughout the small intestine and in the caecum but these hormones were not colocalised in the colon, where there was CCK and PYY colocalisation. It is concluded that authentic, biologically active, CCK occurs in EEC of the mouse large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joyce Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Patricia Martins
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Pierre Prieur
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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23
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Martins P, Fakhry J, de Oliveira EC, Hunne B, Fothergill LJ, Ringuet M, Reis DD, Rehfeld JF, Callaghan B, Furness JB. Analysis of enteroendocrine cell populations in the human colon. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:161-168. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Fothergill LJ, Callaghan B, Rivera LR, Lieu T, Poole DP, Cho HJ, Bravo DM, Furness JB. Effects of Food Components That Activate TRPA1 Receptors on Mucosal Ion Transport in the Mouse Intestine. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8100623. [PMID: 27735854 PMCID: PMC5084011 DOI: 10.3390/nu8100623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPA1 is a ligand-activated cation channel found in the intestine and other tissues. Components of food that stimulate TRPA1 receptors (phytonutrients) include allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde and linalool, but these may also act at other receptors. Cells lining the intestinal mucosa are immunoreactive for TRPA1 and Trpa1 mRNA occurs in mucosal extracts, suggesting that the TRPA1 receptor is the target for these agonists. However, in situ hybridisation reveals Trpa1 expression in 5-HT containing enteroendocrine cells, not enterocytes. TRPA1 agonists evoke mucosal secretion, which may be indirect (through release of 5-HT) or direct by activation of enterocytes. We investigated effects of the phytonutrients on transmucosal ion currents in mouse duodenum and colon, and the specificity of the phytonutrients in cells transfected with Trpa1, and in Trpa1-deficient mice. The phytonutrients increased currents in the duodenum with the relative potencies: allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) > cinnamaldehyde > linalool (0.1 to 300 μM). The rank order was similar in the colon, but linalool was ineffective. Responses to AITC were reduced by the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 (100 μM), and were greatly diminished in Trpa1−/− duodenum and colon. Responses were not reduced by tetrodotoxin, 5-HT receptor antagonists, or atropine, but inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis reduced responses. Thus, functional TRPA1 channels are expressed by enterocytes of the duodenum and colon. Activation of enterocyte TRPA1 by food components has the potential to facilitate nutrient absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Leni R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3216, Australia.
| | - TinaMarie Lieu
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Hyun-Jung Cho
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - David M Bravo
- In Vivo Animal Nutrition & Health, Talhouët, Saint-Nolff 56250, France.
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia.
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25
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Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Furness JB, Rivera LR, Kelly FW, Wijesiriwardana U, Pustovit RV, Fothergill LJ, Bravo DM, Celi P, Leury BJ, Gabler NK, Dunshea FR. Selenium and vitamin E together improve intestinal epithelial barrier function and alleviate oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:801-10. [PMID: 27064134 DOI: 10.1113/ep085746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
What is the central question of this study? Oxidative stress may play a role in compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in pigs subjected to heat stress, but it is unknown whether an increase of dietary antioxidants (selenium and vitamin E) could alleviate gut leakiness in heat-stressed pigs. What is the main finding and its importance? Levels of dietary selenium (1.0 p.p.m.) and vitamin E (200 IU kg(-1) ) greater than those usually recommended for pigs reduced intestinal leakiness caused by heat stress. This finding suggests that oxidative stress plays a role in compromising intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in heat-stressed pigs and also provides a nutritional strategy for mitigating these effects. Heat stress compromises the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity of mammals through mechanisms that may include oxidative stress. Our objective was to test whether dietary supplementation with antioxidants, selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE), protects intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in heat-stressed pigs. Female growing pigs (n = 48) were randomly assigned to four diets containing from 0.2 p.p.m. Se and 17 IU kg(-1) VE (control, National Research Council recommended) to 1.0 p.p.m. Se and 200 IU kg(-1) VE for 14 days. Six pigs from each dietary treatment were then exposed to either thermoneutral (20°C) or heat-stress conditions (35°C 09.00-17.00 h and 28°C overnight) for 2 days. Transepithelial electrical resistance and fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (4 kDa; FD4) permeability were measured in isolated jejunum and ileum using Ussing chambers. Rectal temperature, respiratory rate and intestinal HSP70 mRNA abundance increased (all P < 0.001), and respiratory alkalosis occurred, suggesting that pigs were heat stressed. Heat stress also increased FD4 permeability and decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (both P < 0.01). These changes were associated with changes indicative of oxidative stress, a decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and an increased glutathione disulfide (GSSG)-to-glutathione (GSH) ratio (both P < 0.05). With increasing dosage of Se and VE, GPX-2 mRNA (P = 0.003) and GPX activity (P = 0.049) increased linearly, the GSSG:GSH ratio decreased linearly (P = 0.037), and the impacts of heat stress on intestinal barrier function were reduced (P < 0.05 for both transepithelial electrical resistance and FD4 permeability). In conclusion, in pigs an increase of dietary Se and VE mitigated the impacts of heat stress on intestinal barrier integrity, associated with a reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremy J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leni R Rivera
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fletcher W Kelly
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Udani Wijesiriwardana
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ruslan V Pustovit
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Bravo
- InVivo Animal Nutrition & Health, Talhouët, Saint-Nolff, France
| | - Pietro Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Frank R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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