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Hägglöf T, Cipolla M, Loewe M, Chen ST, Kara EE, Mesin L, Hartweger H, ElTanbouly MA, Cho A, Gazumyan A, Ramos V, Stamatatos L, Oliveira TY, Nussenzweig MC, Viant C. Continuous germinal center invasion contributes to the diversity of the immune response. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00399-4. [PMID: 38657600 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
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2
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Schiepers A, van ‘t Wout MFL, Hobbs A, Mesin L, Victora GD. Opposing effects of pre-existing antibody and memory T cell help on the dynamics of recall germinal centers. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.15.571936. [PMID: 38168231 PMCID: PMC10760098 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.15.571936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Re-exposure to an antigen generates serum antibody responses that greatly exceed in magnitude those elicited by primary antigen encounter, while simultaneously driving the formation of recall germinal centers (GCs). Although recall GCs in mice are composed almost entirely of naïve B cells, recall antibody titers derive overwhelmingly from memory B cells, suggesting a division between cellular and serum compartments. Here, we show that this schism is at least partly explained by a marked decrease in the ability of recall GC B cells to detectably bind antigen. Variant priming and plasmablast ablation experiments show that this decrease is largely due to suppression by pre-existing antibody, whereas hapten-carrier experiments reveal a role for memory T cell help in allowing B cells with undetectable antigen binding to access GCs. We propose a model in which antibody-mediated feedback steers recall GC B cells away from previously targeted epitopes, thus enabling specific targeting of variant epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel D. Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Schiepers A, van 't Wout MFL, Greaney AJ, Zang T, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Mesin L, Starr TN, Bieniasz PD, Pardi N, Bloom JD, Victora GD. Molecular fate-mapping of serum antibody responses to repeat immunization. Nature 2023; 615:482-489. [PMID: 36646114 PMCID: PMC10023323 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of serum antibodies results from the interplay of antigen-specific B cell clones of different affinities and specificities. These cellular dynamics underlie serum-level phenomena such as original antigenic sin (OAS)-a proposed propensity of the immune system to rely repeatedly on the first cohort of B cells engaged by an antigenic stimulus when encountering related antigens, in detriment to the induction of de novo responses1-5. OAS-type suppression of new, variant-specific antibodies may pose a barrier to vaccination against rapidly evolving viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-26,7. Precise measurement of OAS-type suppression is challenging because cellular and temporal origins cannot readily be ascribed to antibodies in circulation; its effect on subsequent antibody responses therefore remains unclear5,8. Here we introduce a molecular fate-mapping approach with which serum antibodies derived from specific cohorts of B cells can be differentially detected. We show that serum responses to sequential homologous boosting derive overwhelmingly from primary cohort B cells, while later induction of new antibody responses from naive B cells is strongly suppressed. Such 'primary addiction' decreases sharply as a function of antigenic distance, allowing reimmunization with divergent viral glycoproteins to produce de novo antibody responses targeting epitopes that are absent from the priming variant. Our findings have implications for the understanding of OAS and for the design and testing of vaccines against evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trinity Zang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paulo J C Lin
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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de Carvalho RVH, Ersching J, Barbulescu A, Hobbs A, Castro TBR, Mesin L, Jacobsen JT, Phillips BK, Hoffmann HH, Parsa R, Canesso MCC, Nowosad CR, Feng A, Leist SR, Baric RS, Yang E, Utz PJ, Victora GD. Clonal replacement sustains long-lived germinal centers primed by respiratory viruses. Cell 2023; 186:131-146.e13. [PMID: 36565697 PMCID: PMC9870066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) form in secondary lymphoid organs in response to infection and immunization and are the source of affinity-matured B cells. The duration of GC reactions spans a wide range, and long-lasting GCs (LLGCs) are potentially a source of highly mutated B cells. We show that rather than consisting of continuously evolving B cell clones, LLGCs elicited by influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice are sustained by progressive replacement of founder clones by naive-derived invader B cells that do not detectably bind viral antigens. Rare founder clones that resist replacement for long periods are enriched in clones with heavily mutated immunoglobulins, including some with very high affinity for antigen, that can be recalled by boosting. Our findings reveal underappreciated aspects of the biology of LLGCs generated by respiratory virus infection and identify clonal replacement as a potential constraint on the development of highly mutated antibodies within these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandru Barbulescu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Hobbs
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johanne T Jacobsen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brooke K Phillips
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and Princeton University MD/PhD Program, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Cecilia C Canesso
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carla R Nowosad
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allan Feng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Emily Yang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - P J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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5
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Hägglöf T, Cipolla M, Loewe M, Chen ST, Mesin L, Hartweger H, ElTanbouly MA, Cho A, Gazumyan A, Ramos V, Stamatatos L, Oliveira TY, Nussenzweig MC, Viant C. Continuous germinal center invasion contributes to the diversity of the immune response. Cell 2023; 186:147-161.e15. [PMID: 36565698 PMCID: PMC9825658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses are characterized by increasing affinity and diversity over time. Affinity maturation occurs in germinal centers by a mechanism that involves repeated cycles of somatic mutation and selection. How antibody responses diversify while also undergoing affinity maturation is not as well understood. Here, we examined germinal center (GC) dynamics by tracking B cell entry, division, somatic mutation, and specificity. Our experiments show that naive B cells continuously enter GCs where they compete for T cell help and undergo clonal expansion. Consistent with late entry, invaders carry fewer mutations but can contribute up to 30% or more of the cells in late-stage germinal centers. Notably, cells entering the germinal center at later stages of the reaction diversify the immune response by expressing receptors that show low affinity to the immunogen. Paradoxically, the affinity threshold for late GC entry is lowered in the presence of high-affinity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hägglöf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Melissa Cipolla
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maximilian Loewe
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Spencer T Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Harald Hartweger
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohamed A ElTanbouly
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alice Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Gazumyan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Victor Ramos
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Charlotte Viant
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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6
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Nakandakari-Higa S, Parsa R, Reis BS, de Carvalho RVH, Mesin L, Hoffmann HH, Bortolatto J, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Bilate AM, Rice CM, Pardi N, Mucida D, Victora GD, Canesso MCC. A minimally-edited mouse model for infection with multiple SARS-CoV-2 strains. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1007080. [PMID: 36451809 PMCID: PMC9703079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1007080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient mouse models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection are critical for the development and assessment of vaccines and therapeutic approaches to mitigate the current pandemic and prevent reemergence of COVID-19. While the first generation of mouse models allowed SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis, they relied on ectopic expression and non-physiological levels of human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Here we generated a mouse model carrying the minimal set of modifications necessary for productive infection with multiple strains of SARS-CoV-2. Substitution of only three amino acids in the otherwise native mouse Ace2 locus (Ace2 TripleMutant or Ace2™), was sufficient to render mice susceptible to both SARS-CoV-2 strains USA-WA1/2020 and B.1.1.529 (Omicron). Infected Ace2™ mice exhibited weight loss and lung damage and inflammation, similar to COVID-19 patients. Previous exposure to USA-WA1/2020 or mRNA vaccination generated memory B cells that participated in plasmablast responses during breakthrough B.1.1.529 infection. Thus, the Ace2™ mouse replicates human disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection and provides a tool to study immune responses to sequential infections in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roham Parsa
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bernardo S. Reis
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hans-Heinrich Hoffmann
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliana Bortolatto
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Angelina M. Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel D. Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Cecilia C. Canesso
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Schiepers A, van 't Wout MFL, Greaney AJ, Zang T, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Mesin L, Starr TN, Bieniasz PD, Pardi N, Bloom JD, Victora GD. Molecular fate-mapping of serum antibodies reveals the effects of antigenic imprinting on repeated immunization. bioRxiv 2022:2022.08.29.505743. [PMID: 36093344 PMCID: PMC9460965 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.29.505743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability of serum antibody to protect against pathogens arises from the interplay of antigen-specific B cell clones of different affinities and fine specificities. These cellular dynamics are ultimately responsible for serum-level phenomena such as antibody imprinting or "Original Antigenic Sin" (OAS), a proposed propensity of the immune system to rely repeatedly on the first cohort of B cells that responded to a stimulus upon exposure to related antigens. Imprinting/OAS is thought to pose a barrier to vaccination against rapidly evolving viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Precise measurement of the extent to which imprinting/OAS inhibits the recruitment of new B cell clones by boosting is challenging because cellular and temporal origins cannot readily be assigned to antibodies in circulation. Thus, the extent to which imprinting/OAS impacts the induction of new responses in various settings remains unclear. To address this, we developed a "molecular fate-mapping" approach in which serum antibodies derived from specific cohorts of B cells can be differentially detected. We show that, upon sequential homologous boosting, the serum antibody response strongly favors reuse of the first cohort of B cell clones over the recruitment of new, naÏve-derived B cells. This "primary addiction" decreases as a function of antigenic distance, allowing secondary immunization with divergent influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2 glycoproteins to overcome imprinting/OAS by targeting novel epitopes absent from the priming variant. Our findings have implications for the understanding of imprinting/OAS, and for the design and testing of vaccines aimed at eliciting antibodies to evolving antigens.
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8
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Cavazzoni CB, Bozza VB, Lucas TC, Conde L, Maia B, Mesin L, Schiepers A, Ersching J, Neris RL, Conde JN, Coelho DR, Lima TM, Alvim RG, Castilho LR, de Paula Neto HA, Mohana-Borges R, Assunção-Miranda I, Nobrega A, Victora GD, Vale AM. The immunodominant antibody response to Zika virus NS1 protein is characterized by cross-reactivity to self. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210580. [PMID: 34292314 PMCID: PMC8302445 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides antigen-specific responses to viral antigens, humoral immune response in virus infection can generate polyreactive and autoreactive antibodies. Dengue and Zika virus infections have been linked to antibody-mediated autoimmune disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. A unique feature of flaviviruses is the secretion of nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) by infected cells. NS1 is highly immunogenic, and antibodies targeting NS1 can have both protective and pathogenic roles. In the present study, we investigated the humoral immune response to Zika virus NS1 and found NS1 to be an immunodominant viral antigen associated with the presence of autoreactive antibodies. Through single B cell cultures, we coupled binding assays and BCR sequencing, confirming the immunodominance of NS1. We demonstrate the presence of self-reactive clones in germinal centers after both infection and immunization, some of which present cross-reactivity with NS1. Sequence analysis of anti-NS1 B cell clones showed sequence features associated with pathogenic autoreactive antibodies. Our findings demonstrate NS1 immunodominance at the cellular level as well as a potential role for NS1 in ZIKV-associated autoimmune manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia B. Cavazzoni
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Vicente B.T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tostes C.V. Lucas
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Conde
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno Maia
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Romulo L.S. Neris
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas N. Conde
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego R. Coelho
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tulio M. Lima
- Programa de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia de Cultivos Celulares, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata G.F. Alvim
- Programa de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia de Cultivos Celulares, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leda R. Castilho
- Programa de Engenharia Química, Laboratório de Engenharia de Cultivos Celulares, Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor A. de Paula Neto
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iranaia Assunção-Miranda
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel D. Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andre M. Vale
- Laboratório de Biologia de Linfócitos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Jacobsen JT, Hu W, R Castro TB, Solem S, Galante A, Lin Z, Allon SJ, Mesin L, Bilate AM, Schiepers A, Shalek AK, Rudensky AY, Victora GD. Expression of Foxp3 by T follicular helper cells in end-stage germinal centers. Science 2021; 373:373/6552/eabe5146. [PMID: 34437125 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe5146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of immunoglobulin somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation, processes essential to an effective antibody response. The formation of GCs has been studied in detail, but less is known about what leads to their regression and eventual termination, factors that ultimately limit the extent to which antibodies mature within a single reaction. We show that contraction of immunization-induced GCs is immediately preceded by an acute surge in GC-resident Foxp3+ T cells, attributed at least partly to up-regulation of the transcription factor Foxp3 by T follicular helper (TFH) cells. Ectopic expression of Foxp3 in TFH cells is sufficient to decrease GC size, implicating the natural up-regulation of Foxp3 by TFH cells as a potential regulator of GC lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne T Jacobsen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wei Hu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sigrid Solem
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alice Galante
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zeran Lin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel J Allon
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Angelina M Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Program in Immunology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Y Rudensky
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Ludwig Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, New York, NY, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Ledo JH, Zhang R, Mesin L, Mourão-Sá D, Azevedo EP, Silva HM, Troyanskaya OG, Bustos V, Greengard P. Correction: Lack of a site-specific phosphorylation of Presenilin 1 disrupts microglial gene networks and progenitors during development. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247680. [PMID: 33606833 PMCID: PMC7894834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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11
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Pae J, Ersching J, Castro TBR, Schips M, Mesin L, Allon SJ, Ordovas-Montanes J, Mlynarczyk C, Melnick A, Efeyan A, Shalek AK, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD. Cyclin D3 drives inertial cell cycling in dark zone germinal center B cells. J Exp Med 2020; 218:211603. [PMID: 33332554 PMCID: PMC7754672 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During affinity maturation, germinal center (GC) B cells alternate between proliferation and somatic hypermutation in the dark zone (DZ) and affinity-dependent selection in the light zone (LZ). This anatomical segregation imposes that the vigorous proliferation that allows clonal expansion of positively selected GC B cells takes place ostensibly in the absence of the signals that triggered selection in the LZ, as if by “inertia.” We find that such inertial cycles specifically require the cell cycle regulator cyclin D3. Cyclin D3 dose-dependently controls the extent to which B cells proliferate in the DZ and is essential for effective clonal expansion of GC B cells in response to strong T follicular helper (Tfh) cell help. Introduction into the Ccnd3 gene of a Burkitt lymphoma–associated gain-of-function mutation (T283A) leads to larger GCs with increased DZ proliferation and, in older mice, clonal B cell lymphoproliferation, suggesting that the DZ inertial cell cycle program can be coopted by B cells undergoing malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Pae
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marta Schips
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Samuel J Allon
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Jose Ordovas-Montanes
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA.,Program in Immunology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Coraline Mlynarczyk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Ari Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex K Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Program in Immunology Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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12
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Bilate AM, London M, Castro TBR, Mesin L, Bortolatto J, Kongthong S, Harnagel A, Victora GD, Mucida D. T Cell Receptor Is Required for Differentiation, but Not Maintenance, of Intestinal CD4 + Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. Immunity 2020; 53:1001-1014.e20. [PMID: 33022229 PMCID: PMC7677182 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The gut epithelium is populated by intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), a heterogeneous T cell population with cytotoxic and regulatory properties, which can be acquired at the epithelial layer. However, the role of T cell receptor (TCR) in this process remains unclear. Single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct clonal expansions between cell states, with CD4+CD8αα+ IELs being one of the least diverse populations. Conditional deletion of TCR on differentiating CD4+ T cells or of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on intestinal epithelial cells prevented CD4+CD8αα+ IEL differentiation. However, TCR ablation on differentiated CD4+CD8αα+ IELs or long-term cognate antigen withdraw did not affect their maintenance. TCR re-engagement of antigen-specific CD4+CD8αα+ IELs by Listeria monocytogenes did not alter their state but correlated with reduced bacterial invasion. Thus, local antigen recognition is an essential signal for differentiation of CD4+ T cells at the epithelium, yet differentiated IELs are able to preserve an effector program in the absence of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Mariya London
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juliana Bortolatto
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Suppawat Kongthong
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Audrey Harnagel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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13
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Nowosad CR, Mesin L, Castro TBR, Wichmann C, Donaldson GP, Araki T, Schiepers A, Lockhart AAK, Bilate AM, Mucida D, Victora GD. Tunable dynamics of B cell selection in gut germinal centres. Nature 2020; 588:321-326. [PMID: 33116306 PMCID: PMC7726069 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs), structures normally associated with B cell immunoglobulin (Ig) hypermutation and development of high-affinity antibodies upon infection or immunization, are present in gut-associated lymphoid organs of humans and mice under steady state. Gut-associated (ga)GCs can support antibody responses to enteric infections and immunization1. However, whether B cell selection and antibody affinity maturation can take place in face of the chronic and diverse antigenic stimulation characteristic of steady-state gaGCs is less clear2–8. Combining multicolor “Brainbow” fate-mapping and single-cell Ig sequencing, we find that 5–10% of gaGCs from specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice contained highly-dominant “winner” clones at steady state, despite rapid turnover of GC B cells. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) derived from these clones showed increased binding to commensal bacteria compared to their unmutated ancestors, consistent with antigen-driven selection and affinity maturation. Frequency of highly-selected gaGCs was markedly higher in germ-free (GF) than in SPF mice, and winner B cells in GF gaGCs were enriched in public IgH clonotypes found across multiple individuals, indicating strong B cell receptor (BCR)-driven selection in the absence of microbiota. Vertical colonization of GF mice with a defined microbial consortium (Oligo-MM12) did not eliminate GF-associated clonotypes, yet induced a concomitant commensal-specific, affinity-matured B cell response. Thus, positive selection can take place in steady-state gaGCs, at a rate that is tunable over a wide range by the presence and composition of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Nowosad
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago B R Castro
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher Wichmann
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Mucosal Immunology Group, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gregory P Donaldson
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatsuya Araki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Angelina M Bilate
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Albani S, Pinamonti B, De Scordilli M, Fabris E, Perkan A, Geri P, Gregori C, Barbati G, Sinagra G, Mesin L. P892 Accuracy of right atrial pressure estimation using a multi-parameter approach derived from Inferior vena cava semi-automated edge-tracking echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jez319.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In clinical practice, as stated in the ASE guidelines, the echocardiographic estimation of right atrial pressure (RAP) is based on the size of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and its inspiratory collapse. However, this method has proven to have limits of reliability and reproducibility. The use of a recently developed software that with a semi-automatic technique highlight the edges of the IVC could help to standardize the echocardiographic assessment of RAP.
Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess feasibility and accuracy of a new semi-automated approach to estimate the RAP.
Standard acquired echocardiographic images were processed with a semi-automatic technique, indexes related to the collapsibility of the vessel during inspiration (Caval Index, CI), during the whole respiratory cycle (Respiratory Caval Index, RCI) and through the heart cycle transmitted movements’ (Cardiac Caval Index (CCI) were derived (figure 1).
Using these indexes, we developed two models:
a) the Binary Tree Model (BTM), further divided in BTM3 and BTM5 (RAP estimated in 3 and 5 classes, respectively);
b) the Regression Model (RM), further divided in RM linear (continuous model) and RM3 and RM5 (RAP estimated in 3 and 5 classes respectively).
RAP assessed using these innovative techniques were compared with two standard estimation (SE) echocardiographic methods A and B.
Direct RAP measurements obtained during a right heart catheterization (RHC), performed within 6 hours, were used as reference.
Results
62 consecutive ‘all-comers’ patients that had a RHC were enrolled; 13 patients were excluded for technical reasons. Therefore 49 patients were included in this study (26 males and 23 females; mean age of 62.2 ± 15.2 years, 75.5% pulmonary hypertension, 34.7% severe left ventricular dysfunction and 51% right ventricular dysfunction). The two SE methods showed poor accuracy for RAP estimation (method A: ME = 51%, R2= 0.22; method B: ME = 69%, R2= 0.26). Instead, the new semi-automatic methods BTM3 and BTM5 based on parameters derived from IVC edge tracking (mean IVC diameter, CI, CCI and RCI) had a misclassification error of only 14% (R2 = 0.47) and 22% (R2 = 0.61), respectively, to classify RAP. The accuracy was lower for RM than BTM (RM3: ME = 61%, R2 = 0.39; RM5: ME = 55%, R2 = 0.39). However, the RM showed the lowest mean bias in estimating RAP: 0.23 [-8.34; 8.81] mmHg.
Conclusions
A multi-parametric approach using the new indexes, such as CCI and RCI, derived from a semi-automated edge tracking of the IVC is a promising tool for a more accurate estimation of RAP. This study proposes an innovative method for the non-invasive estimation of the RAP, which requires confirmation on larger population.
Abstract P892 Figure 1
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albani
- Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - B Pinamonti
- Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - M De Scordilli
- University of Trieste, Department of Medical Science, Surgery and Health (DCSMCS), Trieste, Italy
| | - E Fabris
- Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Perkan
- Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - P Geri
- University of Trieste, Department of Pneumology and Respiratory Intermediate Care Unit, ASUITS, Trieste, Italy
| | - C Gregori
- University of Trieste, Department of Medical Sciences, Biostatistics Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Barbati
- University of Trieste, Department of Medical Sciences, Biostatistics Unit, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Sinagra
- Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Mesin
- Politecnico di Torino, Mathematical Biology and Physiology - Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Turin, Italy
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15
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Mesin L, Schiepers A, Ersching J, Barbulescu A, Cavazzoni CB, Angelini A, Okada T, Kurosaki T, Victora GD. Restricted Clonality and Limited Germinal Center Reentry Characterize Memory B Cell Reactivation by Boosting. Cell 2019; 180:92-106.e11. [PMID: 31866068 PMCID: PMC6958527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to pathogens or their antigens triggers anamnestic antibody responses that are higher in magnitude and affinity than the primary response. These involve reengagement of memory B cell (MBC) clones, the diversity and specificity of which determine the breadth and effectiveness of the ensuing antibody response. Using prime-boost models in mice, we find that secondary responses are characterized by a clonality bottleneck that restricts the engagement of the large diversity of MBC clones generated by priming. Rediversification of mutated MBCs is infrequent within secondary germinal centers (GCs), which instead consist predominantly of B cells without prior GC experience or detectable clonal expansion. Few MBC clones, generally derived from higher-affinity germline precursors, account for the majority of secondary antibody responses, while most primary-derived clonal diversity is not reengaged detectably by boosting. Understanding how to counter this bottleneck may improve our ability to elicit antibodies to non-immunodominant epitopes by vaccination. Memory B cell reentry into germinal centers is rare under typical boost regimens Most (>90%) B cells in secondary GCs have no prior GC experience A clonality bottleneck restricts the diversity of recall antibody-producing cells Most primary diversity is found in an MBC compartment not accessed by boosting
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexandru Barbulescu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecília B Cavazzoni
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy; European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Venice, Italy
| | - Takaharu Okada
- Laboratory for Tissue Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Roco JA, Mesin L, Binder SC, Nefzger C, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, Canete PF, Ellyard J, Shen Q, Robert PA, Cappello J, Vohra H, Zhang Y, Nowosad CR, Schiepers A, Corcoran LM, Toellner KM, Polo JM, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD, Vinuesa CG. Class-Switch Recombination Occurs Infrequently in Germinal Centers. Immunity 2019; 51:337-350.e7. [PMID: 31375460 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Class-switch recombination (CSR) is a DNA recombination process that replaces the immunoglobulin (Ig) constant region for the isotype that can best protect against the pathogen. Dysregulation of CSR can cause self-reactive BCRs and B cell lymphomas; understanding the timing and location of CSR is therefore important. Although CSR commences upon T cell priming, it is generally considered a hallmark of germinal centers (GCs). Here, we have used multiple approaches to show that CSR is triggered prior to differentiation into GC B cells or plasmablasts and is greatly diminished in GCs. Despite finding a small percentage of GC B cells expressing germline transcripts, phylogenetic trees of GC BCRs from secondary lymphoid organs revealed that the vast majority of CSR events occurred prior to the onset of somatic hypermutation. As such, we have demonstrated the existence of IgM-dominated GCs, which are unlikely to occur under the assumption of ongoing switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roco
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paula Gonzalez-Figueroa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Pablo F Canete
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Julia Ellyard
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean Cappello
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Harpreet Vohra
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carla R Nowosad
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Arien Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology Division, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Esterházy D, Canesso MCC, Mesin L, Muller PA, de Castro TBR, Lockhart A, ElJalby M, Faria AMC, Mucida D. Compartmentalized gut lymph node drainage dictates adaptive immune responses. Nature 2019; 569:126-130. [PMID: 30988509 PMCID: PMC6587593 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system has the challenging task of tolerating foreign nutrients and the commensal microbiome, while excluding or eliminating ingested pathogens. Failure of this balance leads to conditions such as inflammatory bowel diseases, food allergies and invasive gastrointestinal infections1. Multiple immune mechanisms are therefore in place to maintain tissue integrity, including balanced generation of effector T (TH) cells and FOXP3+ regulatory T (pTreg) cells, which mediate resistance to pathogens and regulate excessive immune activation, respectively1-4. The gut-draining lymph nodes (gLNs) are key sites for orchestrating adaptive immunity to luminal perturbations5-7. However, it is unclear how they simultaneously support tolerogenic and inflammatory reactions. Here we show that gLNs are immunologically specific to the functional gut segment that they drain. Stromal and dendritic cell gene signatures and polarization of T cells against the same luminal antigen differ between gLNs, with the proximal small intestine-draining gLNs preferentially giving rise to tolerogenic responses and the distal gLNs to pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This segregation permitted the targeting of distal gLNs for vaccination and the maintenance of duodenal pTreg cell induction during colonic infection. Conversely, the compartmentalized dichotomy was perturbed by surgical removal of select distal gLNs and duodenal infection, with effects on both lymphoid organ and tissue immune responses. Our findings reveal that the conflict between tolerogenic and inflammatory intestinal responses is in part resolved by discrete gLN drainage, and encourage antigen targeting to specific gut segments for therapeutic immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Esterházy
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Maria C C Canesso
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul A Muller
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiago B R de Castro
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ainsley Lockhart
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahmoud ElJalby
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana M C Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mucida
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Modern biological techniques enable very dense genetic sampling of unfolding evolutionary histories, and thus frequently sample some genotypes multiple times. This motivates strategies to incorporate genotype abundance information in phylogenetic inference. In this article, we synthesize a stochastic process model with standard sequence-based phylogenetic optimality, and show that tree estimation is substantially improved by doing so. Our method is validated with extensive simulations and an experimental single-cell lineage tracing study of germinal center B cell receptor affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S DeWitt
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Frederick A Matsen
- Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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19
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Meyer-Hermann M, Binder SC, Mesin L, Victora GD. Computer Simulation of Multi-Color Brainbow Staining and Clonal Evolution of B Cells in Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2020. [PMID: 30319600 PMCID: PMC6167470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clonal evolution of B cells in germinal centers (GCs) is central to affinity maturation of antibodies in response to pathogens. Permanent or tamoxifen-induced multi-color recombination of B cells based on the brainbow allele allows monitoring the degree of color dominance in the course of the GC reaction. Here, we use computer simulations of GC reactions in order to replicate the evolution of color dominance in silico and to define rules for the interpretation of these data in terms of clonal dominance. We find that a large diversity of clonal dominance is generated in simulated GCs in agreement with experimental results. In the extremes, a GC can be dominated by a single clone or can harbor many co-existing clones. These properties can be directly derived from the measurement of color dominance when all B cells are stained before the GC onset. Upon tamoxifen-induced staining, the correlation between clonal structure and color dominance depends on the timing and duration of the staining procedure as well as on the total number of stained B cells. B cells can be stained with 4 colors if a single brainbow allele is used, using both alleles leads to 10 different colors. The advantage of staining with 10 instead of 4 colors becomes relevant only when the 10 colors are attributed with rather similar probability. Otherwise, 4 colors exhibit a comparable predictive power. These results can serve as a guideline for future experiments based on multi-color staining of evolving systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sebastian C. Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel D. Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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20
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Jacobsen JT, Mesin L, Markoulaki S, Schiepers A, Cavazzoni CB, Bousbaine D, Jaenisch R, Victora GD. One-step generation of monoclonal B cell receptor mice capable of isotype switching and somatic hypermutation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2686-2695. [PMID: 30181412 PMCID: PMC6170169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20172064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Jacobsen et al. describe a method to quickly generate mice carrying monoclonal immunoglobulins using CRISPR–Cas9-based genome editing in zygotes. Both chains are targeted in tandem into the Igh locus, allowing for isotype switching, somatic hypermutation, and affinity maturation. We developed a method for rapid generation of B cell receptor (BCR) monoclonal mice expressing prerearranged Igh and Igk chains monoallelically from the Igh locus by CRISPR-Cas9 injection into fertilized oocytes. B cells from these mice undergo somatic hypermutation (SHM), class switch recombination (CSR), and affinity-based selection in germinal centers. This method combines the practicality of BCR transgenes with the ability to study Ig SHM, CSR, and affinity maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne T Jacobsen
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Center for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Cecília B Cavazzoni
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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21
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Amitai A, Mesin L, Victora GD, Kardar M, Chakraborty AK. A Population Dynamics Model for Clonal Diversity in a Germinal Center. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1693. [PMID: 28955307 PMCID: PMC5600966 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are micro-domains where B cells mature to develop high affinity antibodies. Inside a GC, B cells compete for antigen and T cell help, and the successful ones continue to evolve. New experimental results suggest that, under identical conditions, a wide spectrum of clonal diversity is observed in different GCs, and high affinity B cells are not always the ones selected. We use a birth, death and mutation model to study clonal competition in a GC over time. We find that, like all evolutionary processes, diversity loss is inherently stochastic. We study two selection mechanisms, birth-limited and death limited selection. While death limited selection maintains diversity and allows for slow clonal homogenization as affinity increases, birth limited selection results in more rapid takeover of successful clones. Finally, we qualitatively compare our model to experimental observations of clonal selection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Amitai
- Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridge, MA, United States
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, United States
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, United States
| | - Mehran Kardar
- Physics, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, United States
| | - Arup K Chakraborty
- Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, United States.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and HarvardCambridge, MA, United States.,Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, United States
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22
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Degn SE, van der Poel CE, Firl DJ, Ayoglu B, Al Qureshah FA, Bajic G, Mesin L, Reynaud CA, Weill JC, Utz PJ, Victora GD, Carroll MC. Clonal Evolution of Autoreactive Germinal Centers. Cell 2017; 170:913-926.e19. [PMID: 28841417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the primary sites of clonal B cell expansion and affinity maturation, directing the production of high-affinity antibodies. This response is a central driver of pathogenesis in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the natural history of autoreactive GCs remains unclear. Here, we present a novel mouse model where the presence of a single autoreactive B cell clone drives the TLR7-dependent activation, expansion, and differentiation of other autoreactive B cells in spontaneous GCs. Once tolerance was broken for one self-antigen, autoreactive GCs generated B cells targeting other self-antigens. GCs became independent of the initial clone and evolved toward dominance of individual clonal lineages, indicating affinity maturation. This process produced serum autoantibodies to a breadth of self-antigens, leading to antibody deposition in the kidneys. Our data provide insight into the maturation of the self-reactive B cell response, contextualizing the epitope spreading observed in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren E Degn
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Cees E van der Poel
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Firl
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Burcu Ayoglu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Fahd A Al Qureshah
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Goran Bajic
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMS 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMS 8253, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75993 Paris Cedex 14, France
| | - Paul J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Bialas AR, Presumey J, Das A, van der Poel CE, Lapchak PH, Mesin L, Victora G, Tsokos GC, Mawrin C, Herbst R, Carroll MC. Microglia-dependent synapse loss in type I interferon-mediated lupus. Nature 2017; 546:539-543. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody diversification and affinity maturation and as such are vitally important for humoral immunity. The study of GC biology has undergone a renaissance in the past 10 years, with a succession of findings that have transformed our understanding of the cellular dynamics of affinity maturation. In this review, we discuss recent developments in the field, with special emphasis on how GC cellular and clonal dynamics shape antibody affinity and diversity during the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jonatan Ersching
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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25
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Bilate AM, Bousbaine D, Mesin L, Agudelo M, Leube J, Kratzert A, Dougan SK, Victora GD, Ploegh HL. Tissue-specific emergence of regulatory and intraepithelial T cells from a clonal T cell precursor. Sci Immunol 2016; 1:eaaf7471. [PMID: 28783695 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaf7471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (pTregs) maintain immune homeostasis by controlling potentially harmful effector T cell responses toward dietary and microbial antigens. Although the identity of the T cell receptor (TCR) can impose commitment and functional specialization of T cells, less is known about how TCR identity governs pTreg development from conventional CD4+ T cells. To investigate the extent to which TCR identity dictates pTreg fate, we used somatic cell nuclear transfer to generate a transnuclear (TN) mouse carrying a monoclonal TCR from a pTreg (pTreg TN mice). We found that the pTreg TCR did not inevitably predispose T cells to become pTreg but instead allowed for differentiation of noninflammatory CD4+CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (CD4IELs) in the small intestine. Only when we limited the number of T cell precursors that carried the TN pTreg TCR did we observe substantial pTreg development in the mesenteric lymph nodes and small intestine lamina propria of mixed bone marrow chimeras. Small clonal sizes and therefore decreased intraclonal competition were required for pTreg development. Despite bearing the same TCR, small intestine CD4IEL developed independently of precursor frequency. Both pTreg and CD4IEL development strictly depended on the resident microbiota. A single clonal CD4+ T cell precursor can thus give rise to two functionally distinct and anatomically segregated T cell subsets in a microbiota-dependent manner. Therefore, plasticity of the CD4 T cell compartment depends not only on the microbiota but also on specialized environmental cues provided by different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina M Bilate
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Djenet Bousbaine
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Microbiology Graduate Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marianna Agudelo
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Justin Leube
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Andreas Kratzert
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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26
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Tas JMJ, Mesin L, Pasqual G, Targ S, Jacobsen JT, Mano YM, Chen CS, Weill JC, Reynaud CA, Browne EP, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD. Visualizing antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers. Science 2016; 351:1048-54. [PMID: 26912368 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies somatically mutate to attain high affinity in germinal centers (GCs). There, competition between B cell clones and among somatic mutants of each clone drives an increase in average affinity across the population. The extent to which higher-affinity cells eliminating competitors restricts clonal diversity is unknown. By combining multiphoton microscopy and sequencing, we show that tens to hundreds of distinct B cell clones seed each GC and that GCs lose clonal diversity at widely disparate rates. Furthermore, efficient affinity maturation can occur in the absence of homogenizing selection, ensuring that many clones can mature in parallel within the same GC. Our findings have implications for development of vaccines in which antibodies with nonimmunodominant specificities must be elicited, as is the case for HIV-1 and influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen M J Tas
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luka Mesin
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Giulia Pasqual
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sasha Targ
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Johanne T Jacobsen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yasuko M Mano
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Casie S Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Edward P Browne
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraβe7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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27
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Snir O, Mesin L, Gidoni M, Lundin KEA, Yaari G, Sollid LM. Analysis of celiac disease autoreactive gut plasma cells and their corresponding memory compartment in peripheral blood using high-throughput sequencing. J Immunol 2015; 194:5703-12. [PMID: 25972486 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive IgA plasma cells (PCs) specific for the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) are abundant in the small intestine of patients with active celiac disease (CD), and their number drops in patients treated by dietary gluten elimination. Little is known about their characteristics and their role in the disease. In this study, using high-throughput sequencing of the IgH V region (IGHV) genes, we have studied features of TG2-specific PCs and their related B cell clones in peripheral blood. We found that TG2-specific PCs from both untreated and treated patients have acquired lower number of somatic hypermutation and used focused IGHV repertoire with overrepresentation of the IGHV3-48, IGHV4-59, IGHV5-10-1, and IGHV5-51 gene segments. Furthermore, these PCs were clonally expanded and showed signs of affinity maturation. Lineage trees demonstrated shared clones between gut PCs and blood memory B cells, primarily IgAs. Some trees also involved IgG cells, suggesting that anti-TG2 IgA and IgG responses are related. Similarly to TG2-specific PCs, clonally related memory IgA B cells of blood showed lower mutation rates with biased usage of IGHV3-48 and IGHV5-51. Such memory cells were rare in peripheral blood, yet detectable in most patients assessed by production of anti-TG2 Abs in vitro following stimulation of cells from patients who had been on a long-term gluten-free diet. Thus, the Ab response to TG2 in CD, while maintaining its IGHV gene usage, is dynamically regulated in response to gluten exposure with a low degree of maintenance at both PC and memory B cell levels in patients in remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omri Snir
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Luka Mesin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Moriah Gidoni
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramt Gan 52900, Israel; and
| | - Knut E A Lundin
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gur Yaari
- Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramt Gan 52900, Israel; and
| | - Ludvig M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
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28
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Abstract
The function of intestinal immunity is to provide protection toward pathogens while preserving the composition of the microflora and tolerance to orally fed nutrients. This is achieved via a number of tightly regulated mechanisms including production of IgA antibodies by intestinal plasma cells. Celiac disease is a common gut disorder caused by a dysfunctional immune regulation as signified, among other features, by a massive intestinal IgA autoantibody response. Here we review the current knowledge of this B-cell response and how it is induced, and we discuss key questions to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesin
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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29
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Mesin L, Scalerandi M. Effects of transducer size on impedance spectroscopy measurements. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 85:051505. [PMID: 23004765 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.85.051505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The response to an electric field of electrolytic solutions, gels, liquid crystals, and other soft materials is described by the drift-diffusion and Poisson equations. Existing models, used for the interpretation of experimental data, usually consider the system as one dimensional (1D), which is valid only for an infinite electrode size. Here we solve numerically the model equations in 2D, considering a circular electrode with a finite radius, and discuss the limit of validity of the 1D approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mesin
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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30
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Di Niro R, Mesin L, Zheng NY, Stamnaes J, Morrissey M, Lee JH, Huang M, Iversen R, du Pré MF, Qiao SW, Lundin KEA, Wilson PC, Sollid LM. High abundance of plasma cells secreting transglutaminase 2-specific IgA autoantibodies with limited somatic hypermutation in celiac disease intestinal lesions. Nat Med 2012; 18:441-5. [PMID: 22366952 PMCID: PMC4533878 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease is an immune-mediated disorder in which mucosal autoantibodies to the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) are generated in response to the exogenous antigen gluten in individuals who express human leukocyte antigen HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 (ref. 3). We assessed in a comprehensive and nonbiased manner the IgA anti-TG2 response by expression cloning of the antibody repertoire of ex vivo-isolated intestinal antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). We found that TG2-specific plasma cells are markedly expanded within the duodenal mucosa in individuals with active celiac disease. TG2-specific antibodies were of high affinity yet showed little adaptation by somatic mutations. Unlike infection-induced peripheral blood plasmablasts, the TG2-specific ASCs had not recently proliferated and were not short-lived ex vivo. Altogether, these observations demonstrate that there is a germline repertoire with high affinity for TG2 that may favor massive generation of autoreactive B cells. TG2-specific antibodies did not block enzymatic activity and served as substrates for TG2-mediated crosslinking when expressed as IgD or IgM but not as IgA1 or IgG1. This could result in preferential recruitment of plasma cells from naive IgD- and IgM-expressing B cells, thus possibly explaining why the antibody response to TG2 bears signs of a primary immune response despite the disease chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Niro
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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31
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Mesin L, Di Niro R, Thompson KM, Lundin KEA, Sollid LM. Long-lived plasma cells from human small intestine biopsies secrete immunoglobulins for many weeks in vitro. J Immunol 2011; 187:2867-74. [PMID: 21841131 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To understand the biology of Ab-secreting cells in the human small intestine, we examined Ab production of intestinal biopsies kept in culture. We found sustained IgA and IgM secretion as well as viable IgA- or IgM-secreting cells after >4 wk of culture. The Ab-secreting cells were nonproliferating and expressing CD27 and CD138, thus having a typical plasma cell phenotype. Culturing of biopsies without tissue disruption gave the highest Ab production and plasma cell survival suggesting that the environment regulates plasma cell longevity. Cytokine profiling of the biopsy cultures demonstrated a sustained presence of IL-6 and APRIL. Blocking of the activity of endogenous APRIL and IL-6 with BCMA-Fc and anti-human IL-6 Ab demonstrated that both these factors were essential for plasma cell survival and Ab secretion in the biopsy cultures. This study demonstrates that the human small intestine harbors a population of nonproliferating plasma cells that are instructed by the microenvironment for prolonged survival and Ab secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Mesin
- Center for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Q3 N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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32
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Di Niro R, Mesin L, Raki M, Zheng NY, Lund-Johansen F, Lundin KEA, Charpilienne A, Poncet D, Wilson PC, Sollid LM. Rapid generation of rotavirus-specific human monoclonal antibodies from small-intestinal mucosa. J Immunol 2010; 185:5377-83. [PMID: 20935207 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut mucosal surface is efficiently protected by Abs, and this site represents one of the richest compartments of Ab-secreting cells in the body. A simple and effective method to generate Ag-specific human monoclonal Abs (hmAbs) from such cells is lacking. In this paper, we describe a method to generate hmAbs from single Ag-specific IgA- or IgM-secreting cells of the intestinal mucosa. We found that CD138-positive plasma cells from the duodenum expressed surface IgA or IgM. Using eGFP-labeled virus-like particles, we harnessed the surface Ig expression to detect rotavirus-specific plasma cells at low frequency (0.03-0.35%) in 9 of 10 adult subjects. Single cells were isolated by FACS, and as they were viable, further testing of secreted Abs by ELISPOT and ELISA indicated a highly specific selection procedure. Ab genes from single cells of three donors were cloned, sequenced, and expressed as recombinant hmAbs. Of 26 cloned H chain Ab genes, 22 were IgA and 4 were IgM. The genes were highly mutated, and there was an overrepresentation of the VH4 family. Of 10 expressed hmAbs, 8 were rotavirus-reactive (6 with K(d) < 1 × 10(-10)). Importantly, our method allows generation of hmAbs from cells implicated in the protection of mucosal surfaces, and it can potentially be used in passive vaccination efforts and for discovery of epitopes directly relevant to human immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Niro
- Center for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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33
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Mesin L, Merlo E, Merletti R, Orizio C. Investigation of motor unit recruitment during stimulated contractions of tibialis anterior muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 20:580-9. [PMID: 20044273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigated motor unit (MU) recruitment during transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, using experimental and simulated data. Surface electromyogram (EMG) and torque were measured during electrically-elicited contractions at different current intensities, on eight healthy subjects. EMG detected during stimulation (M-wave) was simulated selecting the elicited MUs on the basis of: (a) the simulated current density distribution in the territory of each MU and (b) the excitation threshold characteristic of the MU. Exerted force was simulated by adding the contribution of each of the elicited MUs. The effects of different fat layer thickness (between 2 and 8mm), different distributions of excitation thresholds (random excitation threshold, higher threshold for larger MUs or smaller MUs), and different MU distributions within the muscle (random distribution, larger MU deeper in the muscle, smaller MU deeper) on EMG variables and torque were tested. Increase of the current intensity led to a first rapid increase of experimental M-wave amplitude, followed by a plateau. Further increases of the stimulation current determined an increase of the exerted force, without relevant changes of the M-wave. Similar results were obtained in simulations. Rate of change of conduction velocity (CV) and leading coefficient of the second order polynomial interpolating the force vs. stimulation level curve were estimated as a function of increasing current amplitudes. Experimental data showed an increase of estimated CV with increasing levels of the stimulation current (for all subjects) and a positive leading coefficient of force vs. stimulation current curve (for five of eight subjects). Simulations matched the experimental results only when larger MUs were preferably located deeper in the TA muscle (in line with a histochemical study). Marginal effect of MU excitation thresholds was observed, suggesting that MUs closer to the stimulation electrode are recruited first during TES regardless of their excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mesin
- Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare e della Riabilitazione Motoria (LISiN), Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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Mesin L, Merletti R, Rainoldi A. Surface EMG: The issue of electrode location. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 19:719-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Farina D, Mesin L. Sensitivity of surface EMG-based conduction velocity estimates to local tissue in-homogeneities – influence of the number of channels and inter-channel distance. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 142:83-9. [PMID: 15652620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2004] [Revised: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this simulation study was to investigate the influence of local tissue in-homogeneities on the estimates of muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) from surface EMG signals. A recently developed analytical surface EMG model was used to generate simulated surface EMG signals from a planar layered volume conductor, comprised of the muscle tissue and fat layer, with spheres (1 mm radius) in the fat layer of conductivity different from the surrounding tissue. CV was estimated with a maximum likelihood multi-channel approach, varying the number of channels and the inter-channel distance used for the estimate. The action potentials detected along the muscle fiber direction changed shape due to the presence of the in-homogeneities, thus affecting CV estimates. CV estimates were influenced by the location of the in-homogeneities with respect to the fiber and detection electrodes. The maximum percent variation of CV estimates due to the presence of in-homogeneities decreased with increasing number of channels and inter-channel distance: 19.6% (2 channels), 12.1% (3 channels), 6.4% (4 channels), for 5 mm inter-channel distance, and 12.0% (2 channels), 5.2% (3 channels), 2.4% (4 channels), for 10 mm inter-channel distance (for double differential detection). The results were in agreement and explained previous experimental findings. It was concluded that multi-channel methods for CV estimation significantly reduce the sensitivity of CV estimates to tissue in-homogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Farina
- Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare (LISiN), Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy.
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Merletti R, Bottin A, Cescon C, Farina D, Gazzoni M, Martina S, Mesin L, Pozzo M, Rainoldi A, Enck P. Multichannel surface EMG for the non-invasive assessment of the anal sphincter muscle. Digestion 2004; 69:112-22. [PMID: 15087578 DOI: 10.1159/000077877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This work focuses on recording, processing and interpretation of multichannel surface EMG detected from the external anal sphincter muscle. The aim is to describe the information that can be extracted from signals recorded with such a technique. METHODS The recording of many signals from different locations on a muscle allows the extraction of additional information on muscle physiology and anatomy with respect to that obtained by classic bipolar recordings. Multichannel EMG methods have been recently developed for the assessment of the external anal sphincter. An anal probe was used in this study to record signals at different depths within the anal canal during contractions at different effort levels. The plug is 150 mm in length and 14 mm in diameter, holding a circumferential array of 16 equally spaced silver bar electrodes, located at a distance of 20 mm from the probe tip and aligned with the probe axis. RESULTS Information about localization of the innervation zone, fiber length, EMG amplitude, muscle fiber conduction velocity and single motor unit analysis can be obtained from the signals recorded with the circumferential array by means of innovative signal processing techniques. CONCLUSIONS The type of information extracted from multichannel surface EMG signals cannot be obtained with other currently available techniques. The technological innovation described in this work is promising for a further insight into the investigation of pelvic floor pathologies and rehabilitation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Merletti
- Department of Electronics, Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
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Farina D, Mesin L, Martina S. Advances in surface electromyographic signal simulation with analytical and numerical descriptions of the volume conductor. Med Biol Eng Comput 2004; 42:467-76. [PMID: 15320455 DOI: 10.1007/bf02350987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface electromyographic (EMG) signal modelling is important for signal interpretation, testing of processing algorithms, detection system design and didactic purposes. Various surface EMG signal models have been proposed in the literature. This study focuses on the proposal of a method for modelling surface EMG signals, using either analytical or numerical descriptions of the volume conductor for space-invariant systems, and on the development of advanced models of the volume conductor by numerical approaches, accurately describing the volume conductor geometry and the conductivity, as mainly done in the past, but also the conductivity tensor of the muscle tissue. For volume conductors that are space-invariant in the direction of source propagation, the surface potentials generated by any source can be computed by one-dimensional convolutions, once the volume conductor transfer function has been derived (analytically or numerically). Conversely, more complex volume conductors require a complete numerical approach. In a numerical approach, the conductivity tensor of the muscle tissue should be matched with the fibre orientation. In some cases (e.g. multi-pinnate muscles), accurate description of the conductivity tensor can be very complex. A method for relating the conductivity tensor of the muscle tissue, to be used in a numerical approach, to the curve describing the muscle fibres is presented and applied to investigate representatively a bi-pinnate muscle with rectilinear and curvilinear fibres. The study thus proposes an approach for surface EMG signal simulation in space invariant systems, as well as new models of the volume conductor using numerical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Farina
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Farina D, Mesin L, Martina S, Merletti R. Comparison of spatial filter selectivity in surface myoelectric signal detection: Influence of the volume conductor model. Med Biol Eng Comput 2004; 42:114-20. [PMID: 14977232 DOI: 10.1007/bf02351020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Spatial filters are used for increasing selectivity in surface EMG signal detection. The study investigated the importance of the description of the volume conductor to the inference of conclusions on comparing filter selectivity from simulation analyses. A cylindrical multi-layer description of the volume conductor was used for the simulation analysis. Different anatomies were analysed with this model, and results on filter selectivity were compared. The longitudinal single (LSD), double (LDD) and normal double differential (Laplacian, NDD) filters were investigated. Largely different conclusions could be drawn when comparing filter selectivity resulting from simulations with different volume conductor models. A filter that performed best with a particular anatomy could be the poorest with another anatomy. With a bone-muscle model and superficial fibres, the ratio between peak-to-peak values of the propagating and non-propagating signal components was approximately 220% for LDD and LSD and lower than for NDD (approximately 290%). With a bone-muscle-fat-skin model, LSD performed significantly worse (150%) than both LDD and NDD, which showed similar performances (approximately 300%). Similarly, if the lateral distance of the recording was increased by 10 degrees, the signal amplitude was reduced to 2% with LSD and LDD and to 4% with NDD. With another anatomy, LSD and LDD reduced signal amplitude to 20-25%, and NDD reduced it to 4%. Similar considerations could be drawn for other selectivity indexes. Thus, modelling should be used carefully to infer conclusions on spatial selectivity and to indicate particular choices of spatial filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Farina
- Centro di Bioingegneria, Dip. di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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