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Becker AS, Zellweger C, Bacanovic S, Franckenberg S, Nagel HW, Frick L, Schawkat K, Eberhard M, Blüthgen C, Volbracht J, Moos R, Wolfrum C, Burger IA. Brown fat does not cause cachexia in cancer patients: A large retrospective longitudinal FDG-PET/CT cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239990. [PMID: 33031379 PMCID: PMC7544086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized form of adipose tissue, able to increase energy expenditure by heat generation in response to various stimuli. Recently, its pathological activation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. To establish a causal relationship, we retrospectively investigated the longitudinal changes in BAT and cancer in a large FDG-PET/CT cohort. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 13 461 FDG-PET/CT examinations of n = 8 409 patients at our institution from the winter months of 2007–2015. We graded the activation strength of BAT based on the anatomical location of the most caudally activated BAT depot into three tiers, and the stage of the cancer into five general grades. We validated the cancer grading by an interreader analysis and correlation with histopathological stage. Ambient temperature data (seven-day average before the examination) was obtained from a meteorological station close to the hospital. Changes of BAT, cancer, body mass index (BMI) and temperature between the different examinations were examined with Spearman’s test and a mixed linear model for correlation, and with a causal inference algorithm for causality. Results We found n = 283 patients with at least two examinations and active BAT in at least one of them. There was no significant interaction between the changes in BAT activation, cancer burden or BMI. Temperature changes exhibited a strong negative correlation with BAT activity (ϱ = -0.57, p<0.00001). These results were confirmed with the mixed linear model. Causal inference revealed a link of Temperature ➜ BAT in all subjects and also of BMI ➜ BAT in subjects who had lost weight and increased cancer burden, but no role of cancer and no causal links of BAT ➜ BMI. Conclusions Our data did not confirm the hypothesis that BAT plays a major role in cancer-mediated weight loss. Temperature changes are the main driver of incidental BAT activity on FDG-PET scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S. Becker
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Caroline Zellweger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Bacanovic
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Franckenberg
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hannes W. Nagel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Khoschy Schawkat
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Eberhard
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Blüthgen
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörk Volbracht
- Division of Controlling and Data Management, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Moos
- Division of Controlling and Data Management, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology; Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Irene A. Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Linecker M, Frick L, Kron P, Limani P, Kambakamba P, Tschuor C, Langiewicz M, Kachaylo E, Tian Y, Schneider MA, Ungethüm U, Calo N, Foti M, Dufour JF, Graf R, Humar B, Clavien PA. Exercise Improves Outcomes of Surgery on Fatty Liver in Mice: A Novel Effect Mediated by the AMPK Pathway. Ann Surg 2020; 271:347-355. [PMID: 30138163 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether exercise improves outcomes of surgery on fatty liver, and whether pharmacological approaches can substitute exercising programs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Steatosis is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome, and decreases the liver's ability to handle inflammatory stress or to regenerate after tissue loss. Exercise activates adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) and mitigates steatosis; however, its impact on ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration is unknown. METHODS We used a mouse model of simple, diet-induced steatosis and assessed the impact of exercise on metabolic parameters, ischemia-reperfusion injury and regeneration after hepatectomy. The same parameters were evaluated after treatment of mice with the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR). Mice on a control diet served as age-matched controls. RESULTS A 4-week-exercising program reversed steatosis, lowered insulin levels, and improved glucose tolerance. Exercise markedly enhanced the ischemic tolerance and the regenerative capacity of fatty liver. Replacing exercise with AICAR was sufficient to replicate the above benefits. Both exercise and AICAR improved survival after extended hepatectomy in mice challenged with a Western diet, indicating protection from resection-induced liver failure. CONCLUSIONS Exercise efficiently counteracts the metabolic, ischemic, and regenerative deficits of fatty liver. AICAR acts as an exercise mimetic in settings of fatty liver disease, an important finding given the compliance issues associated with exercise. Exercising, or its substitution through AICAR, may provide a feasible strategy to negate the hepatic consequences of energy-rich diet, and has the potential to extend the application of liver surgery if confirmed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Linecker
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frick
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Kron
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Perparim Limani
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Patryk Kambakamba
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Tschuor
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Magda Langiewicz
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterina Kachaylo
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yinghua Tian
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel A Schneider
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Udo Ungethüm
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Calo
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Michelangelo Foti
- Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Swiss HPB and Transplant Center, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Borger P, Schneider M, Frick L, Langiewicz M, Sorokin M, Buzdin A, Kachaylo E, Graf R, Humar B, Clavien PA. Exploration of the Transcriptional Landscape of ALPPS Reveals the Pathways of Accelerated Liver Regeneration. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1206. [PMID: 31824837 PMCID: PMC6882302 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: ALPPS (associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy), a novel 2-staged hepatectomy, dramatically accelerates liver regeneration and thus enables extensive liver tumor resection. The signaling networks underlying the ALPPS-induced accelerated regeneration process are largely unknown. Methods: We performed transcriptome profiling (TP) of liver tissue obtained from a mouse model of ALPPS, standard hepatectomy (68% model), and additional control surgeries (sham, PVL and Tx). We also performed TP using human liver biopsies (n = 5) taken from the occluded lobe and the future liver remnant (FLR) during the first step of ALPPS surgery (4–5 h apart). We used Oncofinder computational tools, which covers 378 ISPs, for unsupervised, unbiased quantification of ISP activity. Results: Gene expression cluster analysis revealed an ALPPS specific signature: the IGF1R Signaling Pathway (Cell survival), the ILK Pathway (Induced cell proliferation), and the IL-10 Pathway (Stability determination) were significantly enriched, whereas the activity of the Interferon Pathway (Transcription) was reduced (p < 0.05). Further, the PAK- and ILK-associated ISPs were activated at an earlier time point, reflecting significant acceleration of liver regeneration (p < 0.001). These pathways, which were also recovered in human liver biopsies, control cell growth and proliferation, inflammatory response, and hypoxia-related processes. Conclusions: ALPPS is not a straightforward addition of portal vein ligation (PVL) plus transection—it is more. The early stages of normal and accelerated liver regeneration are clearly discernible by a significantly increased and earlier activation of a small number of signaling pathways. Compounds mimicking these responses may help to improve the ALPPS method and further reduce the hospitalization time of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Borger
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Schneider
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frick
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Magda Langiewicz
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maksim Sorokin
- OmicsWay Corp., Walnut, CA, United States.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Buzdin
- OmicsWay Corp., Walnut, CA, United States.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia.,Oncobox Ltd., Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kachaylo
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Graf
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bostjan Humar
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Laboratory of the Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Friemel J, Frick L, Unger K, Egger M, Parrotta R, Böge YT, Adili A, Karin M, Luedde T, Heikenwalder M, Weber A. Characterization of HCC Mouse Models: Towards an Etiology-Oriented Subtyping Approach. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1493-1502. [PMID: 30967480 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine liver tumors often fail to recapitulate the complexity of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which might explain the difficulty to translate preclinical mouse studies into clinical science. The aim of this study was to evaluate a subtyping approach for murine liver cancer models with regard to etiology-defined categories of human HCC, comparing genomic changes, histomorphology, and IHC profiles. Sequencing and analysis of gene copy-number changes [by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH)] in comparison with etiology-dependent subsets of HCC patients of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were conducted using specimens (75 tumors) of five different HCC mouse models: diethylnitrosamine (DEN) treated wild-type C57BL/6 mice, c-Myc and AlbLTαβ transgenic mice as well as TAK1LPC-KO and Mcl-1Δhep mice. Digital microscopy was used for the assessment of morphology and IHC of liver cell markers (A6-CK7/19, glutamine synthetase) in mouse and n = 61 human liver tumors. Tumor CGH profiles of DEN-treated mice and c-Myc transgenic mice matched alcohol-induced HCC, including morphologic findings (abundant inclusion bodies, fatty change) in the DEN model. Tumors from AlbLTαβ transgenic mice and TAK1LPC-KO models revealed the highest overlap with NASH-HCC CGH profiles. Concordant morphology (steatosis, lymphocyte infiltration, intratumor heterogeneity) was found in AlbLTαβ murine livers. CGH profiles from the Mcl-1Δhep model displayed similarities with hepatitis-induced HCC and characteristic human-like phenotypes (fatty change, intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity). IMPLICATIONS: Our findings demonstrate that stratifying preclinical mouse models along etiology-oriented genotypes and human-like phenotypes is feasible. This closer resemblance of preclinical models is expected to better recapitulate HCC subgroups and thus increase their informative value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Friemel
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Swiss Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Center, Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Unger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics
| | - Michele Egger
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Parrotta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yannick T Böge
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arlind Adili
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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Gero D, File B, Justiz J, Steinert RE, Frick L, Spector AC, Bueter M. Drinking microstructure in humans: A proof of concept study of a novel drinkometer in healthy adults. Appetite 2019; 133:47-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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6
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Schneider MA, Rickenbacher A, Frick L, Cabalzar-Wondberg D, Käser S, Clavien PA, Turina M. Insurance status does not affect short-term outcomes after oncological colorectal surgery in Europe, but influences the use of minimally invasive techniques: a propensity score-matched analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2018; 403:863-872. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-018-1716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Boege Y, Malehmir M, Healy ME, Bettermann K, Lorentzen A, Vucur M, Ahuja AK, Böhm F, Mertens JC, Shimizu Y, Frick L, Remouchamps C, Mutreja K, Kähne T, Sundaravinayagam D, Wolf MJ, Rehrauer H, Koppe C, Speicher T, Padrissa-Altés S, Maire R, Schattenberg JM, Jeong JS, Liu L, Zwirner S, Boger R, Hüser N, Davis RJ, Müllhaupt B, Moch H, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Clavien PA, Werner S, Borsig L, Luther SA, Jost PJ, Weinlich R, Unger K, Behrens A, Hillert L, Dillon C, Di Virgilio M, Wallach D, Dejardin E, Zender L, Naumann M, Walczak H, Green DR, Lopes M, Lavrik I, Luedde T, Heikenwalder M, Weber A. A Dual Role of Caspase-8 in Triggering and Sensing Proliferation-Associated DNA Damage, a Key Determinant of Liver Cancer Development. Cancer Cell 2017; 32:342-359.e10. [PMID: 28898696 PMCID: PMC5598544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant hepatocyte apoptosis and regeneration is a hallmark of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) predisposing to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we mechanistically link caspase-8-dependent apoptosis to HCC development via proliferation- and replication-associated DNA damage. Proliferation-associated replication stress, DNA damage, and genetic instability are detectable in CLDs before any neoplastic changes occur. Accumulated levels of hepatocyte apoptosis determine and predict subsequent hepatocarcinogenesis. Proliferation-associated DNA damage is sensed by a complex comprising caspase-8, FADD, c-FLIP, and a kinase-dependent function of RIPK1. This platform requires a non-apoptotic function of caspase-8, but no caspase-3 or caspase-8 cleavage. It may represent a DNA damage-sensing mechanism in hepatocytes that can act via JNK and subsequent phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Boege
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Malehmir
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc E Healy
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kira Bettermann
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Lorentzen
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany
| | - Mihael Vucur
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Akshay K Ahuja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Böhm
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim C Mertens
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yutaka Shimizu
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Lukas Frick
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Remouchamps
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-R, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Karun Mutreja
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Devakumar Sundaravinayagam
- DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika J Wolf
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Rehrauer
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, ETH and University Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Koppe
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Speicher
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Renaud Maire
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ju-Seong Jeong
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zwirner
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Regina Boger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Hüser
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Roger J Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Beat Müllhaupt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre-Alain Clavien
- Clinic of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sanjiv A Luther
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Philipp J Jost
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ricardo Weinlich
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laura Hillert
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Dillon
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Michela Di Virgilio
- DNA Repair and Maintenance of Genome Stability, Max-Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-R, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Physiology I, Institute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Translational Gastrointestinal Oncology Group, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation, Department of Cancer Biology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Inna Lavrik
- Department of Translational Inflammation Research, Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tom Luedde
- Department of Medicine III, Division of GI and Hepatobiliary Oncology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Munich, Germany; Institute of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, Deutsches Krebs-Forschungszentrum (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Achim Weber
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Rapanelli M, Frick L, Pogorelov V, Ohtsu H, Bito H, Pittenger C. Histamine H3R receptor activation in the dorsal striatum triggers stereotypies in a mouse model of tic disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1013. [PMID: 28117842 PMCID: PMC5545743 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tic disorders affect ~5% of the population and are frequently comorbid with obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism, and attention deficit disorder. Histamine dysregulation has been identified as a rare genetic cause of tic disorders; mice with a knockout of the histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) gene represent a promising pathophysiologically grounded model. How alterations in the histamine system lead to tics and other neuropsychiatric pathology, however, remains unclear. We found elevated expression of the histamine H3 receptor in the striatum of Hdc knockout mice. The H3 receptor has significant basal activity even in the absence of ligand and thus may modulate striatal function in this knockout model. We probed H3R function using specific agonists. The H3 agonists R-aminomethylhistamine (RAMH) and immepip produced behavioral stereotypies in KO mice, but not in controls. H3 agonist treatment elevated intra-striatal dopamine in KO mice, but not in controls. This was associated with elevations in phosphorylation of rpS6, a sensitive marker of neural activity, in the dorsal striatum. We used a novel chemogenetic strategy to demonstrate that this dorsal striatal activity is necessary and sufficient for the development of stereotypy: when RAMH-activated cells in the dorsal striatum were chemogenetically activated (in the absence of RAMH), stereotypy was recapitulated in KO animals, and when they were silenced the ability of RAMH to produce stereotypy was blocked. These results identify the H3 receptor in the dorsal striatum as a contributor to repetitive behavioral pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rapanelli
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. E-mail: or
| | - L Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - V Pogorelov
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - H Ohtsu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - H Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Interdepartental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 34 Park Street, W315, New Haven, CT 06519, USA. E-mail: or
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9
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Wilson SF, Marks R, Collins N, Warner B, Frick L. Benefits of multidisciplinary case conferencing using audiovisual compared with telephone communication: a randomized controlled trial. J Telemed Telecare 2016; 10:351-4. [PMID: 15603634 DOI: 10.1258/1357633042602026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multidisciplinary case conferencing using a video-link was compared with multidisciplinary case conferencing by telephone. One hundred patients were randomized to either videoconferencing (intervention group, 50 patients) or audioconferencing (control group, 50 patients). The effectiveness of the intervention compared with the control was evaluated in terms of: the number of conferences per patient, average length of conference, length of treatment, number of occasions of service, degree of multidisciplinary team involvement, recorded level of communication, quality of the management plan (in terms of the number of points contained in it) and staff satisfaction. The intervention and control groups showed significant differences on only two of the outcome measures: the mean number of case conferences per patient was less for the intervention group, and the intervention group had a shorter length of treatment (6 days) than the control group (10 days). The study did not demonstrate any significant differences in occasions of service or time commitment, which might have resulted in lower costs. However, the introduction of case conferencing by video-link was accompanied by a high level of satisfaction on the part of the 14 team members who were interviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Wilson
- Ambulatory Care Continuum, Macarthur Health Service, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia.
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10
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Friemel J, Rechsteiner M, Frick L, Böhm F, Struckmann K, Egger M, Moch H, Heikenwalder M, Weber A. Intratumor heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1951-61. [PMID: 25248380 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Morphologic intratumor heterogeneity is well known to exist in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but very few systematic analyses of this phenomenon have been performed. The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize morphologic intratumor heterogeneity in HCC. Also, taken into account were well-known immunohistochemical markers and molecular changes in liver cells that are considered in proposed classifications of liver cell neoplasms or discussed as molecular therapeutic targets. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In HCC of 23 patients without medical pretreatment, a total of 120 tumor areas were defined. Analyzed were cell and tissue morphology, expression of the liver cell markers cytokeratin (CK)7, CD44, α-fetoprotein (AFP), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and glutamine synthetase (GS) along with mutations of TP53 and CTNNB1, assayed by both Sanger and next-generation sequencing. RESULTS Overall, intratumor heterogeneity was detectable in the majority of HCC cases (20 of 23, 87%). Heterogeneity solely on the level of morphology was found in 6 of 23 cases (26%), morphologic heterogeneity combined with immunohistochemical heterogeneity in 9 of 23 cases (39%), and heterogeneity with respect to morphologic, immunohistochemical, and mutational status of TP53 and CTNNB1 in 5 of 23 cases (22%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that intratumor heterogeneity represents a challenge for the establishment of a robust HCC classification and may contribute to treatment failure and drug resistance in many cases of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Friemel
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Markus Rechsteiner
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Frick
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friederike Böhm
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Struckmann
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michèle Egger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München (TUM) and Helmholtz Zentrum München für Gesundheit und Umwelt (HMGU), Germany
| | - Achim Weber
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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Frick L, Mezzadri G, Yzem I, Plotard F, Herzberg G. Luxations carpométacarpiennes fraîches des doigts longs. Étude à propos de 100 cas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 30:333-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Ducharne G, Frick L, Schoofs M. Rupture du tendon du fléchisseur radial du carpe après ostéosynthèse percutanée d’une fracture de scaphoïde. À propos d’un cas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 28:50-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Frick L, Fraisse B, Wavreille G, Fron D, Martinot V. Résultats du traitement chirurgical des syndactylies simples par lambeau commissural dorsal. À propos de 54 commissuroplasties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 27:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.main.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Wavreille G, Frick L, Cassio JB, Soenen M, Chantelot C, Lecomte F. [A secondary bleeding false aneurysm of the superomedial genicular artery after distal femoral epiphysiodesis: a case report]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2008; 94:193-196. [PMID: 18420066 DOI: 10.1016/j.rco.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A 16-year-old male developed a false aneurysm of the superomedial genicular artery five weeks after medial distal femoral epiphysiodesis. The aneurysm was revealed by inexhaustible bleeding from the medial aspect of the knee and the presence of acute hemorrhage which resolved spontaneously. Physical examination disclosed disunion of the surgical wound at the apex of a pulsatory tumefaction over the medial aspect of the knee. AngioCT enabled the diagnosis of a false aneurysm of the superomedial genicular artery. Emergency surgery was undertaken to drain the hematoma and exclude the false aneurysm by ligating the superomedial genicular artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wavreille
- Clinique dorthopédie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHRU de Lille, boulevard Emile-Laine, 59045 Lille cedex, France.
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15
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Chulay J, Biron K, Wang L, Underwood M, Chamberlain S, Frick L, Good S, Davis M, Harvey R, Townsend L, Drach J, Koszalka G. Development of novel benzimidazole riboside compounds for treatment of cytomegalovirus disease. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 458:129-34. [PMID: 10549385 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4743-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzimidazole ribosides are a new class of compounds with novel mechanisms of action against CMV. One compound in this series, BDCRB, inhibits CMV DNA processing by the UL89 gene product (putative terminase), but rapid metabolism to an inactive compound makes it unsuitable for development as a medicine. Another benzimidazole analogue, 1263W94, has many characteristics that make it an attractive candidate for development, including high potency in vitro, selectivity, good oral bioavailability, and lower toxicity than therapies currently available for treatment of CMV disease. Initial clinical trials have provided encouraging results, including good tolerability and linear pharmacokinetics over a wide dose range. Ongoing and planned clinical trials that will study the safety and tolerability of repeated dosing and evaluate the in vivo antiviral activity and ocular penetration of 1263W94, will help to determine the potential of this drug as an improved therapy for CMV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chulay
- GlaxoWellcome Incorporated, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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16
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Mason WS, Cullen J, Moraleda G, Saputelli J, Aldrich CE, Miller DS, Tennant B, Frick L, Averett D, Condreay LD, Jilbert AR. Lamivudine therapy of WHV-infected woodchucks. Virology 1998; 245:18-32. [PMID: 9614864 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B viruses establish a chronic, productive, and noncytopathic infection of hepatocytes. Viral products are produced by transcription from multiple copies (5-50) of covalently closed circular (ccc) viral DNA. This cccDNA does not replicate, but can be replaced by DNA precursors that are synthesized in the cytoplasm. The present study was carried out to determine if long-term treatment with an inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis would lead to loss of virus products, including cccDNA, from the liver of woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus. Viral DNA synthesis was inhibited with the nucleoside analog, lamivudine (2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine). Lamivudine treatment produced a slow but progressive decline in viral titers in serum, to about 0.3% or less of the initial level. However, even after maintenance of drug therapy for 3-12 months, > 95% of the hepatocytes in most animals were still infected. Significant declines in the percentage of infected hepatocytes and of intrahepatic cccDNA levels were observed in only three woodchucks, two in the group receiving lamivudine and one in the placebo control group. Moreover, virus titers eventually rose in woodchucks receiving lamivudine, suggesting that drug-resistant viruses began to spread through the liver starting at least as early as 9-12 months of treatment. Three types of mutation that may be associated with drug resistance were found at this time, in a region upstream of the YMDD motif in the active site of the viral reverse transcriptase. The YMDD motif itself remained unchanged. Not unexpectedly, the lamivudine therapy did not have a impact on development of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S Mason
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA.
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17
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Cullen JM, Smith SL, Davis MG, Dunn SE, Botteron C, Cecchi A, Linsey D, Linzey D, Frick L, Paff MT, Goulding A, Biron K. In vivo antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of (-)-cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2076-82. [PMID: 9333028 PMCID: PMC164073 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.10.2076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The (-) enantiomer of cis-5-fluoro-1l-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]cytosine [(-)-FTC)], a substituted oxathiolane compound with anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro, was assessed for its efficacy in woodchucks with naturally acquired woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection. Pharmacokinetics and in vitro anabolism were also determined. (-)-FTC was anabolized to the 5'-triphosphate in a dose-related fashion, reaching a maximum concentration at about 24 h in cultured woodchuck hepatocytes. Following administration of a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight intraperitoneally (i.p.), the clearance of (-)-FTC from plasma was monoexponential, the terminal half-life was 3.76 +/- 1.4 h, and the systemic clearance was 0.12 +/- 0.06 liters/h/kg. The antiviral efficacy of (-)-FTC in the woodchuck model was assessed by quantitation of serum WHV DNA levels and by WHV particle-associated DNA polymerase activity at two dosages, 30 and 20 mg/kg given i.p. twice daily (b.i.d.), respectively. The level of WHV DNA in serum was reduced 20- to 150-fold (average, 56-fold) in the 30-mg/kg-b.i.d. treatment group and 6- to 49-fold (average, 27-fold) in the 20-mg/kg-b.i.d. treatment group. Viral DNA polymerase levels diminished accordingly. One week after treatment was discontinued, WHV levels returned to pretreatment levels in both studies. These animals were biopsied before and following treatment with 30 mg of (-)-FTC per kg. Their livers were characterized by a mild increase in cytoplasmic lipid levels, but this change was not associated with altered liver enzyme levels. Serum chemistry and hematology results were within the normal ranges for all treated animals. We conclude that (-)-FTC is a potent antihepadnaviral agent and that it has no detectable toxic effects in woodchucks when given for up to 25 days. Further development of (-)-FTC as an anti-hepatitis B virus therapy for patients is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cullen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606, USA
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18
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Peck R, Wiggs R, Callaghan J, Wootton R, Crome P, Fraser I, Frick L, Posner J. Inhibition of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase by 5-propynyluracil, a metabolite of the anti-varicella zoster virus agent netivudine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996; 59:22-31. [PMID: 8549030 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9236(96)90020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effects of the anti-herpetic drug netivudine on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in elderly volunteers and to relate them to concentrations of netivudine and its metabolite 5-propynyluracil. METHODS Three groups of eight elderly volunteers received 400 or 800 mg netivudine or placebo once daily for 8 days. Plasma netivudine, 5-propynyluracil, and uracil, an indirect measure of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity, were assayed before the first dose and on days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 8. Full plasma profiles of netivudine and 5-propynyluracil were determined after the last dose. RESULTS Plasma uracil was unquantifiable in all subjects before the first dose and at all time points in the placebo group. In recipients of netivudine it reached a plateau between days 3 and 5, with mean values of 23.2 and 23.5 mumol/L on day 8 in the subjects who received 400 and 800 mg. Plasma netivudine concentrations were approximately dose proportional, but 5-propynyluracil concentrations were similar in both groups. The half-maximal rise in plasma uracil occurred after a cumulative 5-propynyluracil exposure of 120 mumol/L.hr; such exposures will be achieved even after doses as low as 50 to 100 mg daily. CONCLUSIONS Netivudine dosing produces complete inhibition of plasma dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase. Coadministration with the antimetabolite 5-fluorouracil will require a substantial reduction in 5-fluorouracil dose to avoid toxicity but may also improve the therapeutic index of 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Peck
- Wellcome Research Laboratories, Beckenham, Kent, England
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pineal parenchymal tumors are rare; therefore, only limited clinical data regarding their behavior is available. This study was performed to provide further information regarding the pathologic features, clinical behavior, and response to therapy of these tumors. METHODS This study includes data concerning 30 patients (15 male and 15 female patients) with pineal parenchymal tumors (PPT) diagnosed between 1939 and 1991. Based on gross and microscopic features, tumors were divided into four groups: pineocytomas (9); PPT with intermediate differentiation (4); mixed PPT exhibiting elements of both pineocytoma and pineoblastoma (2); and pineoblastomas (15). At the time of diagnosis, four patients had evidence of spinal seeding (two with pineoblastoma, two with PPT with intermediate differentiation). Twenty-two patients received radiation therapy (RT): 6 were treated to local fields, 7 to the whole brain, and 9 to the craniospinal axis. RESULTS For patients who received RT and had a minimum follow-up of 6 months, local failure occurred in one of four patients with pineocytomas, zero of four patients with PPT with intermediate differentiation, one of two with mixed PPT, and four of nine (44%) with pineoblastomas. In patients receiving > or = 50 Gy to the primary tumor, 0 of 12 had local failure compared with 6 of 7 (86%) patients receiving lesser doses. Leptomeningeal failure occurred in zero of four patients with pineocytomas, zero of four patients with PPT with intermediate differentiation, one of two with mixed PPT, and four of nine with pineoblastomas. All leptomeningeal failures occurred in patients with persistent primary tumor. Of the patients with seeding tumors (PPT other than pineocytomas) one of seven (14%) developed leptomeningeal failure when treated with craniospinal irradiation, compared with four of eight (50%) treated to lesser volumes. The projected 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates of patients with pineocytomas were 100%, 100%, and 67%, and were 88%, 78%, and 58% for those with the other forms of PPT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS RT recommendations are described in detail and include the use of doses of > or = 50 Gy to areas of gross disease and the administration of craniospinal irradiation in patients with tumors prone to seeding. Surgical, chemotherapeutic, and pathologic considerations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Schild
- Section of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Florida
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20
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Frick L, Yang C, Marquez VE, Wolfenden R. Binding of pyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside by cytidine deaminase as the transition-state analogue 3,4-dihydrouridine and the contribution of the 4-hydroxyl group to its binding affinity. Biochemistry 1989; 28:9423-30. [PMID: 2692708 DOI: 10.1021/bi00450a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine deaminase, purified to homogeneity from constitutive mutants of Escherichia coli, was found to bind the competitive inhibitors pyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside (apparent Ki = 3.6 x 10(-7) M) and 5-fluoropyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside (apparent Ki = 3.5 x 10(-8) M). Enzyme binding resulted in a change of the lambda max of pyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside from 303 nm for the free species to 239 nm for the bound species. The value for the bound species was identical with that of an oxygen adduct formed by combination of hydroxide ion with 1,3-dimethyl-2-oxopyrimidinium (239 nm), but lower than that of a sulfur adduct formed by combination of the thiolate anion of N-acetylcysteamine with 1,3-dimethyl-2-oxopyrimidinium (259 nm). The results suggest that pyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside is bound by cytidine deaminase as an oxygen adduct, probably the covalent hydrate 3,4-dihydrouridine, rather than intact or as an adduct involving a thiol group of the enzyme. In dilute solution at 25 degrees C, the equilibrium constant for formation of a single diastereomer of 3,4-dihydrouridine from pyrimidin-2-one ribonucleoside was estimated as approximately 4.7 x 10(-6), from equilibria of dissociation of water, protonation of 1-methylpyrimidin-2-one, and combination of the 1,3-dimethylpyrimidinium cation with the hydroxide ion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Frick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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21
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Betts L, Frick L, Wolfenden R, Carter CW. Incomplete factorial search for conditions leading to high quality crystals of Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase complexed to a transition state analog inhibitor. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:6737-40. [PMID: 2651432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used an incomplete factorial design (Carter, C. W., and Carter, C. W., Jr. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 12219-12223) to find conditions for growing high quality crystals of Escherichia coli cytidine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5). Crystals grow at pH 6.0 in hanging or sitting drops with either 1.6 M ammonium sulfate or 2.4-2.5 M sodium phosphate as precipitant. Both conditions produce crystals with identical morphologies and unit cell constants. The space group is P3(1)21 (or its enantiomorph P3(2)21), and the unit cell constants are a = b = 120.3 A, c = 78.4 A. The asymmetric unit is most reasonably one dimer of 66,000 Mr. The crystal size is very dependent on the supersaturation ratio, S = [initial protein concentration]/[equilibrium protein concentration], exhibiting a maximum at S = 7.7. The largest crystals diffract to at least 2.5 A and have a lifetime of 4 to 5 days in the x-ray beam at room temperature. The enzyme in these crystals is complexed with the transition state analog inhibitor 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-5-fluoropyrimidin-2-one (5-fluoropyrimidin-2-one riboside). We have collected data from parent crystals and from a heavy atom derivative in which the transition state analog is replaced by the active site directed inhibitor 5-(chloromercuri)cytidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Betts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7260
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22
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Kolb S, Sailer D, Barnert J, Gramm HJ, Goecke J, Schauder P, Hammann V, Brenner U, Frick L, Steinhardt HJ. [Ambulatory parenteral nutrition in short bowel syndrome: a retrospective study]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1987; 112:1450-3. [PMID: 3113908 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1068268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parenteral nutrition via an indwelling central venous catheter was undertaken at home over a total period of 24,747 days in 34 patients with the short-bowel syndrome (of various causes). In some of the patients there developed complete adaptation of the residual intestine so that parenteral nutrition could be terminated. Complications were: infection, thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and metabolic problems. But the method proved to be suitable for improving the quality of life of these patients.
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23
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Frick L, Wolfenden R, Smal E, Baker DC. Transition-state stabilization by adenosine deaminase: structural studies of its inhibitory complex with deoxycoformycin. Biochemistry 1986; 25:1616-21. [PMID: 3486673 DOI: 10.1021/bi00355a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Experiments with radioactive deoxycoformycin indicate that the inhibitor is released from calf intestinal adenosine deaminase after the enzyme-inhibitor complex is disrupted by denaturation. Experiments with 2H2O and H218O indicate that the enzyme does not catalyze elimination-addition reactions that could have led to reversible covalent derivatization of the enzyme. Ultraviolet difference spectra and the influence of pH on inhibitor binding indicate that deoxycoformycin is bound intact as the neutral species, at a binding site that is less polar than solvent water. The enzyme-inhibitor complex appears to be held together by hydrogen bonds of extraordinary stability (ca. 10 kcal/mol). These results suggest that deamination proceeds by direct water attack, the enzyme acting as a general-base catalyst.
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24
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Abstract
alpha-Amino aldehydes and bestatin are found to be effective inhibitors of a cytosolic dipeptidase (rat testicular peptidase C), and a cytosolic tripeptidase (rat kidney peptidase B, EC 3.4.11.4), as well as cytosolic leucine aminopeptidase (pig kidney peptidase S, EC 3.4.11.1). Aldehyde hydrates and bestatin share a resemblance to intermediates that might be formed during direct attack by water on peptide substrates, affording a possible explanation for their tight binding. Alternatively, inhibitors of both kinds might form derivatives of an active site nucleophile, resembling intermediates in a double-displacement mechanism. Exchange experiments with H218O suggest that bestatin is bound intact by leucine aminopeptidase, lending support to the first of these two mechanisms.
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25
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Frick L. An electrophoretic and immunological reinvestigation of the cytosolic di- and tripeptidases of the guinea pig. J Exp Zool 1983; 226:379-83. [PMID: 6350532 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402260307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic and immunological techniques have been used to analyze the cytosolic di- and tripeptidases of guinea pigs. In contrast to previous reports utilizing intestinal mucosa extracts, cavian peptidases were found to be similar to peptidases described in other mammals and in fishes. Earlier papers are in error owing to coelectrophoresis of enzymes and to impure enzyme preparations. Guinea pigs are unusual in that they appear to lack peptidase C.
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26
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Frick L. An electrophoretic investigation of the cytosolic di- and tripeptidases of fish: molecular weights, substrate specificities, and tissue and phylogenetic distributions. Biochem Genet 1983; 21:309-22. [PMID: 6344861 DOI: 10.1007/bf00499141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytosolic di- and tripeptidases of fish were studied in an electrophoretic phylogenetic survey that included elasmobranchs, a holostean, and teleosts. Antisera against four of the peptidases from tuna were raised in rabbits and used to establish homologies between the peptidases of tuna and other fish and between piscine PEP A, B, and S and corresponding enzymes of the higher vertebrates. Substrate specificities, tissue distributions, and electrophoretic mobilities were conserved during the evolution of the fish. The nomenclature for mammalian peptidases was extended to the piscine enzymes, but with reservations in the case of PEP C and E. Using this nomenclature, the six major, genetically independent peptidases are PEP A, B, C, D, E, and S. Within the fish substrate specificity was a reliable indicator of identity. The peptidases of vertebrates thus consist of a widely distributed group of enzymes with constant characteristics. Much of the confusion in the field is probably due to variable and poorly defined species-specific enzymes.
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