Abstract GS6-02: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oxybutynin (Oxy) for hot flashes (HF): ACCRU study SC-1603

Background: HF occur in about 75% of midlife women and are associated with quality of life disruption and premature endocrine therapy discontinuation among breast cancer survivors. Estrogen therapy, effective for HF, is contraindicated in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer (BC). Previous studies have suggested that Oxy could be effective in managing HF.

Methods: This randomized, placebo (P)-controlled trial enrolled women who had experienced HF ≥28 times per week over >30 days and of sufficient severity to seek treatment. Patients (pts) were randomized to receive oral Oxy at two doses: 2.5mg BID for 6 weeks (Oxy2.5), 2.5mg BID for a week with subsequent increase to 5mg BID (Oxy5), or matching P, in equal ratios. Baseline and monthly questionnaires were administered including a HF diary, the HF related daily interference scale (HFRDIS) and a symptom experience questionnaire. The primary endpoint was intra-patient change in weekly HF score and frequency from baseline to end of study compared using Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Results: 150 pts were accrued between 2/23/2017-3/5/2018. 4 pts cancelled before starting treatment and were excluded from analyses. This interim report includes the first 104 pts for which at least one post-baseline evaluation was available. Baseline characteristics were well-balanced between the arms. Sixty-two percent were on tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor for the duration of the study. Pts on both Oxy doses had a significantly greater reduction in HF score and frequency compared to P. Pts on Oxy2.5 had a mean change in HF score of -10 (SD 7.4) vs -5.1 (SD 9.7) with P, p=0.003; and a mean change in average weekly number of HF of -4.6 (SD 3.1) vs -2.3 (SD 3.9), p=0.002. Pts on Oxy5 had a mean change in HF score of -16.2 (SD 5.1) vs -5.1 (SD 9.7) with P, p<0.001; and a mean change in average weekly number of HF of -7.0 (SD 4.0) vs -2.3 (SD 3.9), p<0.001. Repeated measures mixed models confirmed that, after adjusting for baseline values, both Oxy arms had significantly lower HF scores and frequency compared to P (p<0.001). HFRDIS revealed that pts in both Oxy arms experienced improvement in the following HF interference measures: work, social activities, leisure activities, sleep, relations, life enjoyment, and overall quality of life. Pts on Oxy5 also had improvement in HF interference with mood. Pts on Oxy2.5 experienced more stomach pain (p=0.031), diarrhea (p=0.007), nausea (p=0.04), headaches (0.032), episodes of confusion (0.012), dry mouth (p=0.003) and dry eyes (0.027) compared to P. Pts on Oxy5 experienced more constipation (0.004), dry mouth (0.001) and difficulty urinating (0.004) compared to P. There were no differences in study discontinuation due to adverse effects between either Oxy arm and P (Oxy2.5 vs P, p=0.653; Oxy5 vs P, p=0.483).

Conclusions: Oxy is superior to P for management of HF. Oxy2.5 and 5 were both associated with significant improvements in HF scores and frequency as well as improvement in HF interference with several quality of life measures. While pts on Oxy experienced more side effects than pts on P, rates of discontinuation due to adverse events were low.

This study was supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.

Citation Format: Leon-Ferre RA, Novotny PJ, Faubion SS, Ruddy KJ, Flora D, Dakhil C, Rowland KM, Graham ML, Le-Lindqwister N, Loprinzi CL. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oxybutynin (Oxy) for hot flashes (HF): ACCRU study SC-1603 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS6-02.

Practical use of circulating tumor cells for the management of subsets of metastatic breast cancer patients in a community oncology practice

Abstract #5024

Background : An elevated Circulating Tumor Cell Count (CTC) >5 in 7.5 ml of blood predicts worse outcome in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pt). While the FDA has approved use of this test, its systematic use in practices has been uncommon. We have measured CTC's in all MBC pts in our community oncology practice receiving hormonal therapy or chemoRx +/- biologic therapies to determine if a strategy to treat all pts to a sustained CTC count of < 5 could decrease the death rate, and if recognized molecular subsets of breast cancer [ER+, HER2 (H2)-; Triple Negative; H2+] have different patterns of CTC behavior. Methods: Initially serial CTC levels were measured by the CellSearch technology (Veridex, LLC; Warren NJ) using two commerical laboratories in all pts whether beginning a new therapy with initial recurrence or progression, or if already underway with treatment. Pts had CTC's measured from Nov 20, 2006 thr. June 10, 2008, an 18 mo. period Over time, the majority of pts have begun new treatments with progression, or with new diagnoses. If pts with elevated CTC's improved to <5 for a sustained 3-4 month period of time, we sought less morbid hormonal therapies if ER+, or lower toxicity ChemoRx +/- biologic therapy if ER- or hormone refractory. Results: 376 tests for CTC's were carried out in 72 pts for an average of 5.2 tests per pt (range 1-19). The distribution of the 72 pts according to the three molecular subtypes, the frequency of those measuring >5, >10 or >100 CTC's at any time, and the associated death rates for each group, are shown in Table 1.
 
 High numbers of CTC's were seen in each of the three subsets of MBC, and each subtype also had pts with no elevated levels. 2/3 of deaths occurred in pts with 100 or more CTC's at some point in their treatment course. Of pts with these high levels, more than 50% eventually died, while only 3% died over 18 months if serial measurements showed no levels above 5 CTC's. Deaths from MBC in the practice have been reduced from 20 in 2005 and 15 in 2006 to 9 in the 18 mo. during which the CTC's have been uniformly applied in 2007 and 2008. Conclusion: Very high levels of CTC's > 100 constitute an oncologic emergency. The overall death rate in a community oncology practice may be reduced by uniform application of CTC technology.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5024.

Real-time noninvasive assessment of pancreatic ATP levels during cold preservation

31P-NMR spectroscopy was utilized to investigate rat and porcine pancreatic ATP:P(i) ratios to assess the efficacy of existing protocols for cold preservation (CP) in maintaining organ quality. Following sacrifice, rat pancreata were immediately excised or left enclosed in the body for 15 minutes of warm ischemia (WI). After excision, rat pancreata were stored at 6 degrees C to 8 degrees C using histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution (HTK) presaturated with air (S1), HTK presaturated with O2 (S2), or the HTK/perfluorodecalin two-layer method (TLM) with both liquids presaturated with O2 (S3). 31P-NMR spectra were sequentially collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours of CP from pancreata stored with each of the three protocols examined. The ATP:Pi ratio for rat pancreata exposed to 15 minutes of WI and stored with S3 increased during the first 9 hours of CP, approaching values observed for organs procured with no WI. A marked reduction in the ATP:Pi ratio was observed beyond 12 hours of CP with S3. After 6 hours of CP, the ATP:Pi ratio was highest for S3, substantially decreased for S2, and below detection for S1. In sharp contrast to the rat model, ATP was barely detectable in porcine pancreata exposed to minimal warm ischemia (<15 minutes) stored with the TLM regardless of CP time. We conclude that 31P-NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that can be used to (1) noninvasively evaluate pancreata prior to islet isolation, (2) assess the efficacy of different preservation protocols, (3) precisely define the timing of reversible versus irreversible damage, and (4) assess whether intervention will extend this timing.

Risk factors associated with surgical site infection and the development of short-term complications in macaques undergoing indwelling vascular access port placement

BACKGROUND

Risk factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI) and the development of short-term complications in macaques undergoing vascular access port (VAP) placement are evaluated in this study.

METHODS

Records from 80 macaques with VAPs were retrospectively reviewed. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with short-term post-operative complications.

RESULTS

The primary outcome was SSI, which occurred in 21.6% (52.6% in the first 12 months vs. 13% thereafter) of procedures. SSI was associated with major secondary complications including VAP removal (11.4%), wound dehiscence (5.7%), and mechanical catheter occlusion (5.7%). In multivariate modeling, only surgical program progress was a statistically significant predictor of SSI, while animal compliance had a slightly protective effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Vascular access ports have a moderate risk of complications, provided the surgical program optimizes best practices. Under complex experimental conditions, VAPs represent an important refinement, both improving animals' overall well-being and environment and reducing stress.

Organochlorines and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in cancerous and noncancerous breast tissue: do the data support the hypothesis that oxidative DNA damage caused by organochlorines affects breast cancer?

A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that oxidative DNA damage caused by exposure to organochlorines is an important risk factor in breast cancer. This is the first study that evaluates this hypothesis by measuring 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, and isomers of bis (4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) and bis (4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-dichloroethane (DDE) in cancerous and noncancerous tissue. We measured these compounds in 44 primary tumors (cancerous) and 21 benign breast biopsy (noncancerous) tissues. Overall, no significant differences were observed in the level of the organochlorines between the tissues. The median concentration for 8-OHdG was 10.5 fmol/mg DNA (1.7/10(5) deoxyguanosine residues), and 8.5 fmol/mg DNA (1.4/10(5) deoxyguanosine residues) in cancerous and noncancerous tissue, respectively. These values are similar to background levels. No significant differences were observed in 8-OHdG levels in cancerous versus noncancerous tissue, and no correlation was demonstrated between the organochlorines and 8-OHdG. The data thus do not support the hypothesis that oxidative DNA damage caused by exposure to organochlorines is an important risk factor in breast cancer.

In-frame deletions of BRCA1 may define critical functional domains

The identification of genomic rearrangements involving more than 0.5 kb of the BRCA1 gene has confirmed a more complex mutation spectrum than was initially appreciated. Genomic rearrangements in BRCA1 represent 15% of all mutations in a group of French and American breast and ovarian cancer families and 36% of all mutations in a group of Dutch families. The rearrangements described to date range in size from 510 bp to 23.8 kb, are found throughout the gene, and are most frequently attributable to homologous recombination. We describe the identification of rearrangements in two breast and ovarian cancer families that involve 3.4 and 11.5 kb of the BRCA1 gene and span multiple exons but maintain the reading frame. Both gene rearrangements appear to result from Alu-mediated homologous recombination and have been detected by using a combination of protein truncation analysis and Southern blot analysis. These rearrangements result in the loss of amino acids that lie at the carboxy-terminus of the protein and that have previously been shown to have functional significance. Because these rearrangements result in the deletion of exons but maintain the reading frame, they may provide insights into specific regions and amino acids that have functional significance for the BRCA1 protein.

An Alu-mediated 7.1 kb deletion of BRCA1 exons 8 and 9 in breast and ovarian cancer families that results in alternative splicing of exon 10

Constitutive large deletions and duplications of BRCA1 resulting from Alu-mediated recombination account for a significant proportion of disease-causing mutations in breast and/or ovarian cancer families. Using Southern blot analysis and a protein truncation test (PTT), we have identified a 7.1 kb germline deletion in two families with breast and ovarian cancer. This deletion, which includes exons 8 and 9 and leads to a frameshift at the mRNA level, appears to result from homologous recombination between closely related Alu repeats, one in intron 7 and one in intron 9. In addition to the transcript without exons 8 and 9, analysis of RNA by protein truncation test from individuals with the deletion also identified the presence of alternative splicing of exon 10 from the mutant allele, which results in a transcript that lacks exons 8, 9, and 10. Of interest is that the two American families who carry this deletion are of northern European ancestry and share a common haplotype, suggesting that this deletion may represent a founder mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:300-307, 2000.

Use of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in children

PURPOSE

To describe the experience with a new lipid-based amphotericin product (amphotericin B colloidal dispersion or ABCD) in children with fever and neutropenia who are at high risk for fungal infection.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Forty-nine children with febrile neutropenia were treated in a prospective, randomized trial comparing ABCD with amphotericin B. An additional 70 children with presumed or proven fungal infection were treated with 5 different open-label studies of ABCD. Patients were registered into these studies for reasons of: 1) failure to respond to amphotericin B; 2) development of nephrotoxicity or preexisting renal impairment; or 3) willingness to participate in a dose-escalation study. Extensive data detailing response and toxicity were collected from each patient.

RESULTS

In the randomized trial, there was significantly less renal toxicity in the children receiving ABCD than in those receiving amphotericin B (12.0% vs. 52.4% [P = 0.003]). Other adverse symptoms were not significantly different. In the additional open-label studies, although 80% of patients receiving ABCD reported some adverse symptom, the majority of these were infusion related, and nephrotoxicity was reported in only 12% of these patients.

CONCLUSIONS

ABCD was well-tolerated at doses up to 5 times greater then those usually tolerated with amphotericin B. Renal toxicity was markedly less than expected, and there were no other unexpected severe toxicities. Further randomized studies are needed to further define the role of this and other liposomal products in children.

Common occurrence of benign liver lesions in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer investigated by MRI for suspected liver metastases

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of benign liver lesions in patients with breast cancer who are referred to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for suspected breast cancer metastases at initial presentation. The original MR imaging reports of consecutive patients with breast cancer were reviewed; these patients had undergone MR imaging at our institution to investigate for suspected breast cancer liver metastases, at initial presentation between April 1993 and May 1998. Determination of the presence of benign and malignant liver lesions in each patient was made, as well as their relative frequencies. Diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging was evaluated by correlation with histologic specimens (5 patients) and imaging follow-up (27 patients). Thirty-four patients with newly diagnosed breast carcinoma were evaluated with MR imaging. A total of 11 (32%) of these patients had benign lesions only. Of 21 (62%) total patients who had malignant liver lesions, 19 had breast cancer metastases (2 had coexistent benign lesions), 1 had metastatic carcinoid, and 1 had hepatocellular carcinoma. No liver lesions were detected in two patients (6%). In one patient with biopsy-proven subcentimeter breast metastases, no focal lesions were shown on MR imaging. No other diagnostic errors in classification of liver lesions by MR imaging occurred, as shown by clinical correlation and imaging follow-up in all patients. True positive detection of malignant liver lesion was 20/21, true negative was 13/13, false positive was 0/13, and false negative was 1/21, for a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100% for the detection of malignant liver lesions. Benign liver lesions are common in breast cancer patients suspected clinically of having liver metastases. Benign lesions alone were observed in one-third of our patients. The high diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging in the evaluation of hepatic lesions underscores the value of this technique for baseline investigation of breast cancer patients with clinically suspected liver metastases, particularly patients in whom treatment approaches are dramatically affected by the presence of liver metastases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;10:165-169.

Interfraction interval does not affect survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy and/or hyperfractionated radiotherapy: a multivariate analysis of 1076 RTOG patients

PURPOSE

It was observed by Jeremic et al. that a shorter interfraction interval (IFI) was associated with an improved survival in patients (pts) with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with hyperfractionated radiation therapy (HFX-RT), with or without chemotherapy (CT). Our analysis was undertaken to verify this hypothesis.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Records of patients treated on 5 Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) studies were reviewed, and an actual IFI, defined as a mean of all daily IFIs, was calculated. RT dose was 1.2 Gy BID to 69.6 Gy. The relationship between the length of IFI and the median survival time and incidence of esophagitis was investigated.

RESULTS

In 682 pts eligible for this analysis, a full dose of RT was delivered and at least 90% of all daily IFIs were available. The actual mean IFI was as follows: 4-4.9 h in 51% of pts; 5-5.9 h in 17%; 6-6.9 h in 28% and 7-8 h in 4%. In multivariate analysis, only lack of weight loss, use of CT, low nodal stage and good KPS, but not IFI (4-6 h vs. 6-8 h) were associated with an improved survival for all pts (p values: <0.0001; <0.0001; 0.006; 0.006, and 0.73, respectively), as well as for HFX-RT only pts. For the CT-HFX-RT pts, not enough data points are available for a meaningful analysis. Length of IFI did not influence the incidence of Grade 3 or higher esophagitis (p = 0.82), but use of CT was associated with a 12-fold greater risk of developing severe esophagitis (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Length of IFI (4-6 h vs. 6-8 h) did not influence survival and acute complications incidence in pts with NSCLC treated in RTOG studies with HFX-RT to 69.6 Gy. Previously identified factors, such as use of CT, minimal weight loss, good KPS and low nodal stage, were confirmed again to be associated with a favorable prognosis in a multivariate analysis. Use of CT was associated with a 12-fold greater risk of developing severe esophagitis than HFX-RT alone. It appears that an IFI of 4-8 hr is acceptable in clinical practice for pts with NSCLC, treated with HFX-RT.

Randomized, double-blind clinical trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion vs. amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of fever and neutropenia

We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind study comparing amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) with amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of fever and neutropenia. Patients with neutropenia and unresolved fever after > or = 3 days of empirical antibiotic therapy were stratified by age and concomitant use of cyclosporine or tacrolimus. Patients were then randomized to receive therapy with ABCD (4 mg/[kg.d]) or amphotericin B (0.8 mg/[kg.d]) for < or = 14 days. A total of 213 patients were enrolled, of whom 196 were evaluable for efficacy. Fifty percent of ABCD-treated patients and 43.2% of amphotericin B-treated patients had a therapeutic response (P = .31). Renal dysfunction was less likely to develop and occurred later in ABCD recipients than in amphotericin B recipients (P < .001 for both parameters). Infusion-related hypoxia and chills were more common in ABCD recipients than in amphotericin B recipients (P = .013 and P = .018, respectively). ABCD appeared comparable in efficacy with amphotericin B, and renal dysfunction associated with ABCD was significantly less than that associated with amphotericin B. However, infusion-related events were more common with ABCD treatment than with amphotericin B treatment.

Toxicity, pharmacology and feasibility of administration of PEG-L-asparaginase as consolidation therapy in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We attempted to administer PEG-L-asparaginase (PEG-L-A) following hematologic recovery to 38 patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Twenty-four patients (12 of 22 receiving allogeneic and 12 of 16 receiving autologous transplants) received between one and 12 doses of PEG-L-A, including nine who completed the planned 12 doses of therapy. The toxicities encountered were similar to those observed in non-transplanted patients undergoing therapy with PEG-L-A and included allergic reactions, pancreatitis, weight loss, hypoalbuminemia, and low levels of anti-thrombin III. Of the 24 who received the drug, eight remain in remission. Of 12 patients in second remission at the time of transplantation who received PEG-L-A, five of seven who received allogeneic and two of five who received autologous transplants remain in remission, 16+ to 46+ months from transplant. While PEG-L-A could be administered to most of the patients undergoing marrow transplantation for ALL, most patients either relapsed while receiving the drug or developed toxicities which resulted in abbreviated courses. At this time, we cannot recommend PEG-L-A as single agent, post-BMT chemotherapy.

Breast cancer survival and the timing of tumor removal during the menstrual cycle

In a retrospective cohort study of 262 premenopausal breast cancer patients treated at the Mayo Clinic between 1965 and 1985, we investigated whether survival was associated with the timing of tumor removal during the menstrual cycle. Participants were women < or = 50 years old who had not used exogenous hormones, been pregnant, been lactating, or given birth within 6 months of diagnosis. The menstrual cycle day at surgery was used to assign women to group 1 (cycle days 0-7), group 2 (cycle days 8-15), or group 3 (after cycle day 15). Cox proportional hazards analysis adjusting for age at diagnosis, stage, tumor size, grade, and node involvement showed a nonsignificantly worse survival for group 2 than for group 3 [hazard ratio (HR), 1.41; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89-2.23]. Stratification revealed that the association between survival and timing of tumor removal during the menstrual cycle was slightly stronger among patients with stage II disease (adjusted HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 0.92-2.63). The association was the same among patients with stage II disease and node involvement (adjusted HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.82-3.03). Prospective studies using hormone measurements to define menstrual cycle status more accurately than the reported day of the menstrual cycle could provide further insight about the postulated association.

The impact of policy standardization on the Medigap market

This study examines the impact of policy standardization on the market for Medicare supplemental, or "Medigap," policies. Prior to 1992, insurance carriers could sell any benefits they chose, so long as minimum benefit requirements were met. In July 1992, federal legislation was implemented that required all new Medigap policies to conform exactly to one of 10 standardized sets of benefits. Using pre- and post-standardized policy information from six states, this study analyzes the impact of this legislation. Overall, standardization has affected the market positively, and as a result, consumers are better able to make informed choices about the benefits they are purchasing.

High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue in patients with recurrent and high-risk pediatric brain tumors

PURPOSE

We treated 49 patients with recurrent or poor-prognosis CNS malignancies with high-dose chemotherapy regimens followed by autologous marrow rescue with or without peripheral-blood stem-cell augmentation to determine the toxicity of and event-free survival after these regimens.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Nineteen patients had medulloblastomas, 12 had glial tumors, seven had pineoblastomas, five had ependymomas, three had primitive neuroectodermal tumors, two had germ cell tumors, and one had fibrosarcoma. Thirty-seven received chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide 1.5 g/m2 daily x 4 and melphalan 25 to 60 mg/m2 daily x 3. Nine received busulfan 37.5 mg/m2 every 6 hours x 16 and melphalan 180 mg/m2 (n = 7) or 140 mg/m2 (n = 2). Three received carboplatin 700 mg/m2/d on days -7, -5, and -3 and etoposide 500 mg/m2/d on days -6, -4, and -2. All patients received standard supportive care.

RESULTS

Eighteen of 49 patients survive event-free 22+ to 55+ months (median, 33+) after transplantation, including nine of 16 treated before recurrence and nine of 33 treated after recurrence. There was one transplant-related death from pulmonary aspergillosis. Of five patients assessable for disease response, one had a partial remission (2 months), one has had stable disease (55+ months), and three showed progression 2, 5, and 8 months after transplantation.

CONCLUSION

The toxicity of these regimens was tolerable. Certain patients with high-risk CNS malignancies may benefit from such a treatment approach. Subsequent trials should attempt to determine which patients are most likely to benefit from high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell rescue.

Ex vivo protocol for testing virus survival on human skin: experiments with herpesvirus 2

We report an ex vivo method, which uses pieces of human skin excised during routine plastic surgery, for testing survival of hazardous pathogens. Using this procedure, we compared the survival of human herpesvirus 2 on human skin and on metal disks. At the physiological skin temperature of 32 degrees C, the half-life of the virus on skin was 1.44 h while on metal disks it was 0.36 h. Even at ambient temperature (22 degrees C), the virus lost infectivity faster (half-life = 0.96 h) on metal disks than on the skin at 32 degrees C. The method described could be used to assess the survival of other human pathogens on skin and to evaluate the germicidal activity of handwashing agents and other topicals.

Reversible leukoencephalopathy associated with graft-versus-host disease: MR findings

Ten weeks after undergoing bone marrow transplantation for metastatic lymphoma of the parotid gland, a 9-year-old girl became disoriented and had tremor and myoclonus in the context of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). MR images showed abnormal signal primarily within the brain stem and deep white matter, which resolved almost completely after treatment. The findings are consistent with brain involvement by GVHD.

Placental blood as a source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation into unrelated recipients

BACKGROUND

Transplantation of bone marrow from unrelated donors is limited by a lack of HLA-matched donors and the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Placental blood from sibling donors can reconstitute hematopoiesis. We report preliminary results of transplantation using partially HLA-mismatched placental blood from unrelated donors.

METHODS

Twenty-five consecutive patients, primarily children, with a variety of malignant and non-malignant conditions received placental blood from unrelated donors and were evaluated for hematologic and immunologic reconstitution and GVHD. HLA matching was performed before transplantation by serologic typing for class I HLA antigens and low-resolution molecular typing for class II HLA alleles. In donor-recipient pairs who differed by no more than one HLA antigen or allele, high-resolution class II HLA typing was done retrospectively. Fordonor-recipient pairs who were mismatched for two HLA antigens or alleles, high-resolution typing was used prospectively to select the best match for HLA-DRB1.

RESULTS

Twenty-four of the 25 donor-recipient pairs were discordant for one to three HLA antigens. In 23 of the 25 transplant recipients, the infused hematopoletic stem cells engrafted. Acute grade III GVHD occurred in 2 of the 21 patients who could be evaluated, and 2 patients had chronic GVHD. In vitro proliferative responses of T cells and B cells to plant mitogens were detected 60 days after transplantation. With a median follow-up of 12 1/2 months and a minimal follow-up of 100 days, the overall 100-day survival rate among these patients was 64 percent, and the overall event-free survival was 48 percent.

CONCLUSIONS

HLA-mismatched placental blood from unrelated donors is an alternative source of stem cells for hematopoietic reconstitution in children.

Successful treatment of childhood pilocytic astrocytomas metastatic to the leptomeninges with high-dose cyclophosphamide

Leptomeningeal dissemination of childhood pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) is a rare event with little information available regarding therapy. We report here four children with disseminated PA whom we treated with high doses of cyclophosphamide with clinical benefit. The patients were aged 2.5 to 8 years. Three patients presented with PA localized in the posterior fossa, initially treated with surgical resection (n = 3) and radiotherapy (n = 1). Leptomeningeal dissemination occurred at 32, 44, and 8 months from diagnosis, respectively. The fourth patient presented with an optic pathway tumor with leptomeningeal dissemination at diagnosis. At commencement of cyclophosphamide therapy, disease was present in the subarachnoid space (intracranial, n = 2; spinal, n = 4), cerebral ventricles (n = 2), and primary site (n = 3). Histology was identical at diagnosis and recurrence in the two biopsied cases and cerebrospinal fluid was negative in all cases. Treatment was with cyclophosphamide 4-5 g/m2/cycle given every 4 weeks for a total of two cycles (n = 1) and four cycles (n = 3). One patient achieved disease stabilization (duration 27 months at the time of publication) and three patients experienced significant reductions in tumor burden. Subsequent intrathecal therapy was administered to two patients. Two patients developed disease progression at 10 and 9 months from cessation of chemotherapy. The one re-treated patient responded to further, lower dose, cyclophosphamide. This is the first report of the use of high dose cyclophosphamide for disseminated PA. The recurrence of disease in two cases with a further response to lower dose cyclophosphamide has implications for the optimal duration of therapy for these low grade, aggressive tumors.

Treatment of patients with pineoblastoma with high dose cyclophosphamide

The outcome for patients with pineoblastoma has historically been very poor, with most patients dying of disseminated disease despite irradiation. Furthermore, the low incidence of this tumor has hindered progress toward defining better treatment strategies. Here we report the activity and toxicity of cyclophosphamide administered as a single agent at a dose schedule of 2 g/m2/day for 2 successive days at monthly intervals for a maximum of four courses. Eight patients were evaluated, six newly diagnosed and two recurrent. Amongst the six newly diagnosed patients, there were three patients demonstrating partial responses, and three had stable disease throughout the cyclophosphamide treatment period. All six patients are alive and disease free after further therapy. One patient with recurrent disease demonstrated tumor progression on cyclophosphamide, and the other had stable disease throughout the cyclophosphamide treatment period. Both patients subsequently died of progressive disease. The major toxicity of high dose cyclophosphamide was hematopoietic, with one patient requiring a dose reduction after three courses due to prolonged thrombocytopenia. One patient was also withdrawn from treatment with cyclophosphamide due to impaired pulmonary function. This study demonstrates the activity of high dose cyclophosphamide in the treatment of pineoblastoma and may serve as basis for the design of future studies of this tumor.

Correction of purine nucleoside phosphorylase deficiency by transplantation of allogeneic bone marrow from a sibling

Deficiency of the purine salvage pathway enzyme purine nucleoside phosphorylase causes a combined immunodeficiency and neurologic abnormalities and is usually fatal in childhood. We report the first successful transplantation of bone marrow from a sibling with identical class II human leukocyte antigens in this condition, demonstrating correction of both lymphocyte metabolic and functional abnormalities.

Resolution of Budd-Chiari syndrome following bone marrow transplantation for paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria

Thrombosis of the hepatic veins (Budd-Chiari syndrome) is a life-threatening thrombotic complication which can occur in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Despite aggressive medical and surgical therapy, mortality from Budd-Chiari syndrome remains high. We report a boy with PNH who developed Budd-Chiari syndrome and underwent syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Now, 3 years following BMT, he has had dramatic clinical and radiographic evidence of resolution of the thrombosis. We suggest that BMT for PNH can successfully correct life-threatening thrombosis in patients with PNH.

Changes in red blood cell methotrexate pharmacology and their impact on outcome when cytarabine is infused with methotrexate in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children: a pediatric oncology group study

Since it is unclear whether methotrexate and cytarabine are synergistic or antagonistic in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the Pediatric Oncology Group studied the prognostic significance of a potential interaction between these agents. RBC methotrexate concentrations were compared from 140 patients at lower risk of relapse randomized to two treatment groups: one receiving six methotrexate infusions with overlapping cytarabine; the other, six methotrexate infusions alone. Samples from 248 patients from all risk groups were studied to determine whether patients with extremely low RBC methotrexate concentrations had inferior outcomes. Among low-risk patients studied 3 weeks after the sixth infusion, median RBC methotrexate concentrations were 0.13 nmol/ml RBCs (n = 71) for the methotrexate-only group and 0.02 nmol/ml RBCs (n = 69) for the methotrexate/cytarabine-treated low-risk patients, P < 0.001 by the two-sided Wilcoxon test. For low- and high-risk patients receiving methotrexate/cytarabine infusions, event-free survival at 1 and 3 years after RBC sampling was 97 +/- 2% and 90 +/- 3% for patients with concentrations greater than the median, and 88 +/- 3% and 78 +/- 4% for those with concentrations at or below the median. Log rank comparisons of event-free survival in the first year and overall yielded P = 0.005 and P = 0.04, respectively. Cytarabine altered methotrexate pharmacology when the drugs were infused together. Patients whose levels were extremely low had an adverse prognosis. Although this study could not assess efficacy of the methotrexate/cytarabine combination, it appears that concurrent administration is not optimal.

Medigap reform legislation of 1990: have the objectives been met?

The 1990 medigap reform legislation had multiple objectives: To simplify the insurance market in order to facilitate policy comparison, provide consumer choice, provide market stability, promote competition, and avoid adverse selection. Based on case study interviews with a cross-section of individuals and organizations, we report that most of these objectives have been achieved. Consumers of medigap plans are able to make more informed choices, largely because they can adequately compare policies based on standard benefits. Marketing abuses have apparently declined, as evidenced by a decrease in the number of consumer complaints. Finally, no major detrimental impact on the insurance industry was detected. Beneficiaries still face some confusion in this market, however, such as understanding the rating methodologies used to set premiums and how this may affect their choices. Confusion could increase with the growth of managed care options.

Dose escalation trial of cyclophosphamide with Sargramostim in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms

We conducted a dose escalation trial of cyclophosphamide plus Sargramostim in the therapy of patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent central nervous system tumors. Cyclophosphamide was administered at doses ranging between 1.0 and 2.5 g/m2 daily for two doses. Sargramostim was administered at a fixed dose of 250 micrograms/m2 subcutaneously twice a day beginning 24 hours after the second cyclophosphamide dose and continuing through the leukocyte nadir until the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) was > 1,000 cells/microliters for two consecutive days. The MTD for patients who had not received any prior chemotherapy and who had received either no radiotherapy or radiotherapy confined to the cranium was 2.0 g/m2 daily for two doses. The MTD for patients previously treated with chemotherapy or neuraxis radiotherapy was also 2.0 g/m2 daily for two doses. Responses were seen in patients with medulloblastoma (8/9), glioblastoma multiforme (2/13), germinoma (1/1), and pineoblastoma (1/2).

epsilon-Aminocaproic acid-associated myopathy in a child

PURPOSE

A 12-year-old girl developed severe autoimmune thrombocytopenia after a bone marrow transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

RESULTS

Although epsilon-aminocaproic acid helped to control her bleeding, it eventually caused a rare myopathy previously undescribed in a pediatric patient.

CONCLUSION

The myopathy resolved when the drug was discontinued and a different antifibrinolytic agent was used.

Design of a fully integrated three-dimensional computed tomography simulator and preliminary clinical evaluation

PURPOSE

We describe the conceptual structure and process of a fully integrated three-dimensional (3-D) computed tomography (CT) simulator and present a preliminary clinical and financial evaluation of our current system.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This is a preliminary report on 117 patients treated with external beam radiation therapy alone on whom a 3-D simulation and treatment plan and delivery were carried out from July 1, 1992, through June 30, 1993. The elements of a fully integrated 3-D CT simulator were identified: (a) volumetric definition of tumor volume and patient anatomy obtained with a CT scanner, (b) virtual simulation for beam setup and digitally reconstructed radiographs, (c) 3-D treatment planning for volumetric dose computation and plan evaluation, (d) patient-marking device to outline portal on patient's skin, and (e) verification (physical) simulation to verify portal placement on the patient. Actual time-motion (time and effort) recording was made by each professional involved in the various steps of the 3-D simulation and treatment planning on computer-compatible forms. Data were correlated with the anatomic site of the primary tumor being planned. Cost accounting of revenues and operation of the CT simulator and the 3-D planning was carried out, and projected costs per examination, depending on case load, were generated.

RESULTS

Average time for CT volumetric simulation was 74 min without or 84 min with contrast material. Average times were 36 min for contouring of tumor/target volume and 44 min for normal anatomy, 78 min for treatment planning, 53 min for plan evaluation/optimization, and 58 min for verification simulation. There were significant variations in time and effort according to the specific anatomic location of the tumor. Portal marking of patient on the CT simulator was not consistently satisfactory, and this procedure was usually carried out on the physical simulator. Based on actual budgetary information, the cost of a volumetric CT simulation (separate from the 3-D treatment planning) showed that 1500 examinations per year (six per day in 250 working days) must be performed to make the operation of the device cost effective. The same financial projections for the entire 3-D planning process and verification yielded five plans per day. Some features were identified that will improve the use of the 3-D simulator, and solutions are offered to incorporate them in existing devices.

CONCLUSIONS

Commercially available CT simulators lack some elements that we believe are critical in a fully integrated 3-D CT simulator. Sophisticated 3-D simulation and treatment planning can be carried out in a significant number of patients at a reasonable cost. Time and effort and therefore cost vary according to the anatomic site of the tumor being planned and the number of procedures performed. Further efforts are necessary, with collaboration of radiation oncologists, physicists, and manufacturers, to develop more versatile and efficient 3-D CT simulators, and additional clinical experience is required to make this technology cost effective in standard radiation therapy of patients with cancer.

Management of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast. I. Noninflammatory

BACKGROUND

The treatment of patients with locally advanced noninflammatory breast cancer has evolved substantially over the past 30 years. From 1968 to 1989, 281 women were treated at Mallinckrodt Radiation Oncology Center with four different treatment methods. Median follow-up was 6.2 years (range 3-22 years); no patient was lost to follow-up.

METHODS

Retrospective review of records and analysis of data on a computer file were carried out. Thirty-five patients were treated with irradiation alone, 33 with irradiation and adjuvant chemotherapy, 81 with mastectomy and irradiation, and 132 with mastectomy, irradiation, and chemotherapy (triple-modality).

RESULTS

Actuarial 5- and 10-year disease free survival (DFS) rates were 45% and 36%, respectively, with triple-modality therapy, 31% and 10% with irradiation and chemotherapy, 32% and 19% with irradiation and mastectomy, and 19% and 11% with irradiation alone. Cause specific survival (CSS) paralleled DFS in the four groups. Locoregional tumor control at 5 years was 91% for irradiation, mastectomy, and chemotherapy, 80% for irradiation and mastectomy, 54% for irradiation and chemotherapy, and 31% for irradiation alone. Systemic therapy and/or irradiation given before mastectomy yielded better locoregional tumor control, DFS, and CSS (not statistically significant). No difference in results was noted with radical, modified radical, or total mastectomy. In the triple-modality group, no chest wall failures occurred with chest wall doses greater than 5040 cGy. Grade 2 or higher treatment sequelae were noted in 10-42% of patients, depending on treatment modality.

CONCLUSIONS

Triple-modality therapy yielded improved locoregional tumor control, DFS, and CSS compared with other modalities. Patients treated with surgery had better locoregional tumor control than those who received irradiation alone or in combination with chemotherapy, but the impact on DFS and CSS was less impressive. Additional clinical trials are needed to define further the role and optimal use of the various therapeutic modalities in the management of locally advanced breast cancer.

A human chimera for von Willebrand disease following bone marrow transplantation

PURPOSE

von Willebrand disease (vWD) is a common bleeding disorder characterized by quantitative or qualitative defects in von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein important for coagulation and platelet adhesion. There are two forms of vWF currently recognized: plasma vWF synthesized by endothelial cells and platelet vWF produced within megakaryocytes. Although both plasma and platelet vWF play important roles in overall hemostasis, the relative contribution of each form is not clear.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We report the results of bone marrow transplantation from a donor with Type I vWD into a hemostatically normal recipient.

RESULTS

Following engraftment, the recipient appears to be a human chimera for vWD, with normal amounts of plasma vWF from endogenous endothelial cells, but low levels of platelet vWF derived from donor megakaryocytes.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the vWD chimerism has not been associated with any clinical manifestations, the bleeding time has become prolonged, suggesting that platelet vWF is important for normalization of the bleeding time.

Is breast preservation possible in women with large, locally advanced breast cancers?

Breast conservation therapy is an accepted treatment option for early stage breast carcinoma, but is rarely considered appropriate for locally advanced nonmetastatic lesions. Mastectomy specimens of 46/50 patients treated at the Ochsner Clinic and the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to mastectomy +/- irradiation were evaluated by a single pathologist to assess tumor response to chemotherapy. Forty percent of this group would potentially have been eligible for breast conservation therapy, using a residual tumor size of < or = 4 cm with negative surgical margins as the criteria. Patients most likely to qualify for breast conservation therapy were those with T3N0-1 lesions (67%). Least likely were patients with skin involvement at diagnosis 4/33 (12%). Tumors with an extensive intraductal component at biopsy often had residual islands of intraductal carcinoma occupying the original tumor volume, even when the invasive component was absent or much reduced. A prospective trial will be required to determine whether or not acceptable local control rates can be obtained after breast conservation therapy for that subset of patients with a favorable response to induction chemotherapy.

Treatment of recurrent and refractory pediatric solid tumors with high-dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide followed by autologous bone marrow rescue

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to determine the toxicities of and responses to high-dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide with autologous bone marrow transplant (ABMT) in patients with recurrent or refractory pediatric solid tumors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We treated 18 patients (ages, 2 to 38 years; median, 14) who had tumors that were resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy with busulfan 16 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg. Seventeen patients received bone marrow purged with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide; one received unpurged marrow.

RESULTS

Despite extensive prior treatment, including radiotherapy in 16 patients, toxicity generally was acceptable. For seven patients with measurable disease, there were three partial responses of 2, 10, and 20 months' duration, three patients with stable disease (SD), and one early, toxic death. Of the 11 patients with no measurable disease at the time of transplantation, one patient with osteosarcoma continues in remission at 57+ months and one third of the patients survived for at least 16 months. Mucositis was the predominant nonhematopoietic toxicity.

CONCLUSION

Although the high-dose busulfan and cyclophosphamide combination showed modest activity, changes in the preparative regimen should be considered to improve the response rate in refractory tumors.

Optimization of busulfan dosage in children undergoing bone marrow transplantation: a pharmacokinetic study of dose escalation

Busulfan (BU) is a widely used myeloablative and antineoplastic agent in clinical bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The lower incidence of BU-associated toxicities and lower therapeutic effectiveness in young children given BU doses based on body weight (ie, 16 mg/kg) is associated with altered pharmacokinetics of BU; the area under the curve (AUC) of BU concentration versus time is significantly less in these patients than those observed in older children and adults. To optimize BU dosage in young BMT recipients, we developed a dosage regimen based on body surface area (BSA) and determined BU pharmacokinetics and BU-associated toxicities. Seven children (median age, 3.9 years, range, 1.1 to 5.7) undergoing allogeneic or autologous BMT for leukemia received 40 mg/m2/dose BU every 6 hours for 16 doses; BU concentrations were measured in the plasma, and AUCs were determined for each patient after the first and 13th doses. Expressed as a function of body weight, the median BU dosage was 26.4 mg/kg (range, 24.3 to 28.2), a 60% increase over the BU dosage based on body weight. Four patients developed mucositis, and one of them also developed nonfatal hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD). No patients receiving 40 mg/m2 BU developed neurotoxicity (eg, seizures) or interstitial pneumonitis. Prompt and sustained engraftment was observed in the allogeneic BMT recipients, and late graft failure was not seen. The mean BU AUCs were 1,105 mumol/L.min (range, 790 to 2,080) after the first dose and 1,022 mumol/L.min (range, 632 to 1,860) after the 13th dose of BU, comparable to the AUCs in adults given 16 mg/kg of BU. These studies suggest that, in young children, BSA-based dosing of BU (40 mg/m2) provides drug exposures (AUCs) closer to adult values with acceptable toxicities and may improve therapeutic effects.

Vitamin E in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis

PURPOSE

To determine the efficacy of vitamin E in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced mucositis in patients with malignancy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of topical vitamin E in the treatment of oral mucositis in patients receiving chemotherapy for various types of malignancy. A total of 18 patients, 17 of whom had solid tumors and one with acute leukemia, were included in this study. Lesions were observed daily prior to and 5 days after topical application of either vitamin E or placebo oil.

RESULTS

Six of nine patients receiving vitamin E had complete resolution of their oral lesions. In eight of nine patients who received placebo, complete resolution of their oral lesions was not observed. This difference is statistically significant (p = 0.025 by Fisher's exact test). No toxicity was observed in this study.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that vitamin E may be an effective therapy in patients with chemotherapy-induced mucositis.

Heterogeneity of progesterone receptor content and remodeling by tamoxifen characterize subpopulations of cultured human breast cancer cells: analysis by quantitative dual parameter flow cytometry

Breast cancers treated with the antiestrogen tamoxifen invariably become resistant. To analyze the behavior of cell subpopulations within a tumor following tamoxifen treatment, we have used a new flow cytometry-based immunoassay and software that simultaneously quantitate PR levels and the DNA indices of ploidy and cell cycle stage in total cell populations or any subset thereof. The human breast cancer cell line T47D and its clonal derivatives were used as models of stage IV breast cancer, and growth and PR were measured as markers of antiestrogen responsiveness. We demonstrate and quantitate a remarkable heterogeneity in PR content and show the existence of distinct subpopulations with large differences in their PR levels and DNA indices, even among T47D sublines that are clonally derived. Following chronic tamoxifen treatment, an overall decrease in PR levels and growth masks an extensive heterogeneity in the response of cell subpopulations. PR levels decrease in some cells but increase in others; populations having a growth advantage expand while others contract. We find little evidence that cells, unaffected by the hormone, gain a growth advantage. Rather than exhibiting autonomy, we propose that under the influence of tamoxifen, tumors become remodeled as selected subpopulations emerge that are stimulated by the hormone, explaining the paradoxical recurrence of disease in patients undergoing endocrine therapy.

Red blood cell methotrexate and folate levels in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing therapy: a Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study

We enrolled children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) pilot study to monitor erythrocyte (RBC) methotrexate (MTX) and folate (F) levels before and during treatment. The mean value for RBCF at diagnosis was 0.86 +/- 0.46 nmol/ml RBC in the 214 patients who achieved remission and 1.21 +/- 0.74 nmol/ml RBC in the 10 patients who did not (P = 0.020). Folate levels tended to increase during remission induction, but they dropped following an intensive consolidation with methotrexate to levels that were sustained throughout chemotherapy treatment. Methotrexate levels reached mean values of approximately 0.15 nmol/ml RBC at the end of an intensive methotrexate consolidation, then fell to levels that were sustained throughout maintenance therapy. There was a weak correlation between improved event-free survival and higher RBCMTX levels after consolidation, but no correlation was found between improved survival and the level of RBCMTX or RBCF during maintenance therapy. A larger study with more complete data is needed to determine whether RBCMTX or RBCF might be useful in predicting event-free survival in patients with ALL.

Phase II trial of mitoxantrone in acute lymphocytic leukemia of childhood. A Pediatric Oncology Group study

Thirty children with refractory acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with mitoxantrone, 8 mg/m2/day, for 5 days. Three children received a second course of the drug 3 to 4 weeks later. All but two patients had received prior anthracycline therapy. There were 2 complete responses, 4 early deaths, and 24 patients with persistent leukemia. Of the 21 patients with circulating blasts at the start of mitoxantrone who did not achieve remission, 16 (76%) had complete clearance of their peripheral blood blasts. Although all patients developed profound neutropenia (less than 100 per mm-3), mucosal and hepatic toxicities were uncommon and mild. Mitoxantrone has moderate activity in childhood ALL and should be considered for further trials in less heavily pretreated patients.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Biologic classification and implication for therapy

The non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a group of diseases for which substantial progress has been made in understanding tumor biology and effectiveness of treatment during the last decade. These advances may provide insight into the development of neoplasms because of recognized association of lymphomas with viral infections and immunodeficiency. The prognosis for patients with NHL continues to improve. As a result, current studies on treatment of lymphomas in certain favorable stages have concentrated on reducing the intensity of therapy. For patients with advanced disease, further improvements in treatment are still being sought.

A method to analyze 2-dimensional daily radiotherapy portal images from an on-line fiber-optic imaging system

On-line radiotherapy imaging systems allow convenient treatment verification and generate a wealth of data. Quantitative analysis of data will provide important information about the nature of treatment variations. Using an inhouse fiber-optic imaging system to acquire daily portal images for five patients, we have developed a method to analyze the cumulative positional variation of blocks in the 2-dimensional images. For each beam arrangement used to treat a particular patient, a reference portal image was established. All other images for that patient were registered with respect to the anatomical landmarks visible on the reference image. Two-dimensional frequency distributions describing the overlap of the blocks during the course of treatment were then calculated and superimposed on the reference image. Results of the analysis show positional and quantitative information about the daily variation in block placement, and appeared to be site-dependent. Long term verification studies using on-line imaging systems will be important in the understanding of treatment uncertainties.

T47DCO cells, genetically unstable and containing estrogen receptor mutations, are a model for the progression of breast cancers to hormone resistance

We postulate that one mechanism for the progression of breast cancers to hormone resistance involves the acquisition of mutant estrogen receptors (ER)4 by genetically unstable cell subpopulations. The T47D human breast cancer cell line may be a model for such progression, having sublines that are ER positive and estrogen responsive, ER positive and estrogen resistant, or ER negative. Also, T47D cells can be either hyperdiploid (HD) or hypertetraploid (HT) or persistently alternate between these states. T47DCO cells are a HD and ER-positive, but estrogen-resistant, subline of T47D cells that undergoes spontaneous tetraploidization. Such a stable variant, designated T47Dv, is 85% HT (Cancer Res., 49: 3943, 1989). We now show that single-cell clones derived from the mixed HD/HT T47Dv can be either HD or HT, and can be either estrogen responsive or estrogen resistant, for growth and for progesterone receptor regulation. To begin the study of ER in this model system of T47DCO and their derivatives, we have generated complementary DNA libraries from the parental HD T47DCO cells and have isolated three ER complementary DNA mutants. These include two frame-shift/termination mutants that would encode ERs truncated in the DNA-binding domain and in the hormone-binding domain and a third mutant with a large in-frame deletion spanning the hinge region and a part of the hormone-binding domain. If expressed, these mutant ERs would lack hormone-binding capacity and would be undetected by the anti-ER antibodies currently in clinical use. Genetic instability, when associated with mutant ERs in subpopulations of breast tumor cells, may provide the selective pressure leading to hormone resistance. T47DCO cells and their clonal derivatives provide a model for the systematic study of ER mutations and other mechanisms of hormone resistance in Stage IV breast cancer.

Invasive fungal disease in pediatric acute leukemia patients with fever and neutropenia during induction chemotherapy: a multivariate analysis of risk factors

We evaluated the courses of 115 consecutive cases of pediatric acute leukemia treated with induction chemotherapy. Seventy-two patients developed fever associated with neutropenia; 15 developed systemic fungal infections. We reviewed multiple demographic and treatment characteristics of these patients in an attempt to identify potential risk factors for the development of invasive fungal disease (IFD). Risk factors identified in a univariate analysis included duration of neutropenia after first fever (P less than .0001), diagnosis of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) (P = .003), onset of fever and neutropenia within 5 days of starting induction chemotherapy (P = .009), and multiple (greater than one) surveillance culture sites positive for fungal organisms (P = .02). In a multiple logistic regression analysis, duration of neutropenia (P less than .001) remained a significant risk factor. The study group of patients had a significantly higher risk of fungal infections than a matched group of leukemia patients developing fever with neutropenia due to postremission consolidation chemotherapy (P = .003). In the first 48 patients, 14 (29%) developed IFD. In the subsequent patients (n = 24), intravenous miconazole (5 mg/kg every 8 hours) was begun at the time of the first fever. One of the 24 patients (4%) given miconazole developed IFD. The use of miconazole was a negative risk factor for the development of IFD in univariate (P = .01) and multivariate (P = .05) analysis. We conclude that pediatric leukemia patients who develop fever associated with neutropenia during induction chemotherapy are at high risk for developing IFD. The role of intravenous miconazole at the time of the first fever in this group deserves further study.

Identification of putative nonfunctional steroid receptors in breast and endometrial cancer

A nuclear binding assay was developed for the purpose of having available a more predictive assay for hormone responsiveness in human cancers. The BNB assay identified specific and saturable steroid nuclear binding in human target tissues and human carcinomas. When the BNB assay was applied to a large set of breast and endometrial carcinomas, we speculate that nonfunctional receptors were detected in 20%-50% of the patients who were receptor-positive by the DCC assay. Lastly, as responsiveness to hormonal therapy in these cancer patients becomes known, the predictive value of the BNB assay can be established.

Estrogen and progesterone receptors in meningiomas: comparison of nuclear binding, dextran-coated charcoal, and immunoperoxidase staining assays

We studied the status of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in meningiomas removed from 52 patients, comparing dextran-coated charcoal (DCC), nuclear binding (NB), and immunoperoxidase (IP) assays. Each of the assays was performed independently by investigators well-experienced with these assays. The NB assay is a new assay that measures functional steroid receptors--that is, the activation of the receptor and its binding to the nucleus. The assay is very sensitive and requires a relatively small amount of tissue as compared with the DCC assay. In agreement with data from other studies. PR were detected in most meningiomas by all 3 methods: in 69% of the cases by NB, in 76% by DCC, and in 89% by IP. ER were detected in only a few cases: in 33% by NB, in 2% by DCC, and in none by the IP assay. The agreement for PR sites was 62% for all 3 assays; it was 66% between the NB and DCC assays, 67% between the NB and IP assays, and 86% between the DCC and IP assays. Of 26 cases that were positive by the DCC assay, 6 (23%) were negative by NB. The overall agreement for all three ER assays was 65%. The data suggest that the majority of meningiomas contain high-affinity receptors for progesterone, that estrogen receptors are present in only a few meningiomas, and that some of these estrogen and progesterone receptors appear to be functional.

Simultaneous measurement of progesterone receptors and DNA indices by flow cytometry: analysis of breast cancer cell mixtures and genetic instability of the T47D line

A flow cytometry assay that can simultaneously measure progesterone receptors (PR) and DNA indices in breast cancers would be a valuable clinical tool. We have developed a prototype assay that has proven useful in studies of the cell biology of breast cancer cell lines. The assay uses PR-specific monoclonal primary antibodies and fluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies to measure PR, and propidium iodide to measure DNA. We find that the specific PR fluorescence generated by labeling PR-rich T47D human breast cancer cells is located predominantly in nuclei. The flow cytometry assay can quantitatively measure large fluctuations in intracellular PR levels: an apparent increase in PR following acute progestin treatment that cannot be documented by ligand binding assays; and the receptor down-regulation that follows chronic progestin treatment. The assay can identify fewer than 10% PR-positive cells in a population of PR-negative cells having the same DNA content, and it can sort PR-positive and PR-negative cells from cell mixtures having different DNA indices. Gating allows quantitative analysis of these mixed cell populations by ploidy, cell-cycle phase, and PR content. Finally, the assay has allowed us to monitor the gradual emergence of a stable hypertetraploid cell population, designated T47Dv, from the wild-type hyperdiploid T47Dco stocks. The new cells have unchanged estrogen receptors but even higher PR levels than the parental cells. They have five to ten copies of chromosome 11, site of the PR gene and other genes of interest in breast cancer.

Simultaneous measurement of progesterone receptors and DNA indices by flow cytometry: characterization of an assay in breast cancer cell lines

Progesterone receptors (PR) are the strongest predictors of response to hormone therapy in metastatic breast cancer, while PR and the DNA indices of cell ploidy and percentage of S phase are useful prognostic indicators in early stage breast cancer. We have developed a flow cytometry method to measure PR and DNA indices simultaneously using two aneuploid breast cancer cell lines--PR-positive T47D cells and PR-negative MDA-231 cells. Cells were pretreated with the progestin 17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-4,9-pregnadiene-3,20-dione, harvested, counted, fixed with paraformaldehyde, and permeabilized with Triton X-100. To measure total PR, cells were first exposed to a mixture of the mouse anti-PR monoclonal antibody AB-52, which binds both Protein A and Protein B of human PR, and to monoclonal antibody B-30 or B-64, which bind only Protein B. Then the cells were treated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-mouse second antibody to produce a green fluorescence signal corresponding to PR. To measure nonspecific binding, cells were treated with mouse IgG1 as the first antibody in a parallel incubation. Specific immunoassayable PR is the difference between total and nonspecific binding. Following the antibodies, the cells were treated with RNase A and propidium iodide to give a red fluorescence signal corresponding to DNA content. Red and green fluorescence per cell was then quantified by flow cytometry. This method gives a strong specific signal for PR in several T47D cell sublines but no specific binding in MDA-231 cells. Progestin treatment led to apparent increases in PR. The proportion of cells in the G0-G1, S, and G2-M phases of the cell cycle was determined from DNA histograms and showed that both cell lines were hyperdiploid. The simultaneous flow cytometry method allowed assignment of relative PR levels in subsets of cells segregated by their DNA content. In T47D cells, PR were present throughout the cell cycle, and levels doubled in G2 and mitosis.