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Ghosh S, Sharma G, Travers J, Kumar S, Choi J, Jun HT, Kehry M, Ramaswamy S, Jenkins D. TSR-033, a Novel Therapeutic Antibody Targeting LAG-3, Enhances T-Cell Function and the Activity of PD-1 Blockade In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:632-641. [PMID: 30587557 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Progressive upregulation of checkpoints on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes promotes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, severely compromising tumor immunity. Lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) is a coinhibitory receptor associated with impaired T-cell function and is frequently coexpressed with programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) in the context of human cancers. Targeting LAG-3 in conjunction with PD-1 thus represents a strategy to amplify and broaden the therapeutic impact of PD-1 blockade alone. We have generated a high affinity and selective humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody, TSR-033, which binds human LAG-3 and serves as a functional antagonist, enhancing in vitro T-cell activation both in mixed lymphocyte reactions and staphylococcal enterotoxin B-driven stimulation assays. In a humanized mouse non-small cell lung carcinoma model, TSR-033 boosted the antitumor efficacy of PD-1 monotherapy, with a concomitant increase in immune activation. Analogous studies in a murine syngeneic tumor model using surrogate antibodies demonstrated significant synergy between LAG-3 and PD-1 blockade-combination treatment led to a marked improvement in therapeutic efficacy, increased T-cell proliferation, IFNγ production, and elicited durable immunologic memory upon tumor rechallenge. Taken together, the pharmacologic activity of TSR-033 demonstrates that it is a potent anti-LAG-3 therapeutic antibody and supports its clinical investigation in cancer patients.
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Kehry M, Horlick R, Bowers P, Jun T, da Silva Correia J, Graves J, Wang Y, Laken H, King DJ. Abstract 271: Targeting PD-1, TIM-3 and LAG-3 in combination for improved immunotherapy combinations. Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ling L, Roy S, Meador J, Kehry M, Mekala D, Tyler S, Bulik D, Choudhury A, Markowitz L, Schultes B, Avery W, Parge V, Cochran E, King D, Kaundinya G, Manning A. THU0057 Targeting the Neonatal FC Receptor (FCRN) to Mediate Autoantibody Clearance in IgG-Driven Autoimmune Disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.5290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Dhirapong A, Lleo A, Yang GX, Tsuneyama K, Dunn R, Kehry M, Packard TA, Cambier JC, Liu FT, Lindor K, Coppel RL, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME. B cell depletion therapy exacerbates murine primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2011; 53:527-35. [PMID: 21274873 PMCID: PMC3058242 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is considered a model autoimmune disease due to the clinical homogeneity of patients and the classic hallmark of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs). Indeed, the presence of AMAs represents the most highly directed and specific autoantibody in autoimmune diseases. However, the contribution of B cells to the pathogenesis of PBC is unclear. Therefore, although AMAs appear to interact with the biliary cell apotope and contribute to biliary pathology, there is no correlation of disease severity and titer of AMAs. The recent development of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies specific for the B cell populations, anti-CD20 and anti-CD79, and the development of a well-defined xenobiotic-induced model of autoimmune cholangitis prompted us to use these reagents and the model to address the contribution of B cells in the pathogenesis of murine PBC. Prior to the induction of autoimmune cholangitis, mice were treated with either anti-CD20, anti-CD79, or isotype-matched control monoclonal antibody and followed for B cell development, the appearance of AMAs, liver pathology, and cytokine production. Results of the studies reported herein show that the in vivo depletion of B cells using either anti-CD20 or anti-CD79 led to the development of a more severe form of cholangitis than observed in control mice, which is in contrast with results from several other autoimmune models that have documented an important therapeutic role of B cell-specific depletion. Anti-CD20/CD79-treated mice had increased liver T cell infiltrates and higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Our results reflect a novel disease-protective role of B cells in PBC and suggest that B cell depletion therapy in humans with PBC should be approached with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Dhirapong
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ana Lleo
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Unit, IRCCS-Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Thomas A. Packard
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO
| | - John C. Cambier
- University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Keith Lindor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Bekar KW, Owen T, Dunn R, Ichikawa T, Wang W, Wang R, Barnard J, Brady S, Nevarez S, Goldman BI, Kehry M, Anolik JH. Prolonged effects of short-term anti-CD20 B cell depletion therapy in murine systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:2443-57. [PMID: 20506300 DOI: 10.1002/art.27515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although B cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus, the role of B cell depletion (BCD) as a treatment is controversial, given the variable benefit in human disease. This study was undertaken to test the effects of BCD therapy in a murine lupus model to better understand the mechanisms, heterogeneity, and effects on disease outcomes. METHODS (NZB x NZW)F(1) female mice with varying degrees of disease severity were treated with an anti-mouse CD20 (anti-mCD20) antibody (IgG2a), BR3-Fc fusion protein (for BAFF blockade), or control anti-human CD20 monoclonal antibody (approximately 10 mg/kg each). Tissue samples were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry. The development and extent of nephritis were assessed by monitoring proteinuria (using a urine dipstick) and by immunohistochemical analysis of the kidneys. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS After a single injection of anti-mCD20, BCD was more efficient in the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and spleen compared with the bone marrow and peritoneum of normal mice as well as younger mice with lupus. Since depletion of the marginal zone and peritoneal B cells was incomplete and variable, particularly in older mice with established nephritis, a strategy of sequential weekly dosing was subsequently used, which improved the extent of depletion. BAFF blockade further enhanced depletion in the spleen and lymph nodes. Early BCD therapy delayed disease onset, whereas BCD therapy in mice with advanced disease reduced the progression of nephritis. These effects were long-lasting, even after B cell reconstitution occurred, and were associated with a reduction in T cell activation but no significant change in autoantibody production. CONCLUSION The lasting benefit of a short course of BCD therapy in lupus-prone mice with an intact immune system and established disease highlights the validity of this treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai W Bekar
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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Moritoki Y, Lian ZX, Lindor K, Tuscano J, Tsuneyama K, Zhang W, Ueno Y, Dunn R, Kehry M, Coppel RL, Mackay IR, Gershwin ME. B-cell depletion with anti-CD20 ameliorates autoimmune cholangitis but exacerbates colitis in transforming growth factor-beta receptor II dominant negative mice. Hepatology 2009; 50:1893-903. [PMID: 19877182 PMCID: PMC4130556 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) with conventional immunosuppressive drugs has been relatively disappointing and there have been few efforts in defining a role for the newer biological agents useful in rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic autoimmune diseases. In this study we took advantage of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor II dominant negative (dnTGF-betaRII) mice, a mouse model of autoimmune cholangitis, to address the therapeutic efficacy of B-cell depletion using anti-CD20. Mice were treated at either 4-6 weeks of age or beginning at 20-22 weeks of age with intraperitoneal injections of anti-CD20 every 2 weeks. We quantitated B-cell levels in all mice as well as antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA), serum and hepatic levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and histopathology of liver and colon. In mice whose treatment was initiated at 4-6 weeks of age, anti-CD20 therapy demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of liver inflammation associated with reduced numbers of activated hepatic CD8(+) T cells. However, colon inflammation was exacerbated. In contrast, in mice treated at 20-22 weeks of age, anti-CD20 therapy had relatively little effect on either liver or colon disease. As expected, all treated animals had reduced levels of B cells, absence of AMA, and increased levels in sera of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL2) (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 [MCP-1]). CONCLUSION These data suggest potential usage of anti-CD20 in early PBC resistant to other modalities, but raise a cautionary note regarding the use of anti-CD20 in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Moritoki
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Keith Lindor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Foundation, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Joseph Tuscano
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yoshiyuki Ueno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | | | | | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Ian R. Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hamel KM, Doodes P, Cao Y, Wang Y, Dunn R, Kehry M, Finnegan A. Suppression of Proteoglycan‐Induced Arthritis by Anti‐CD20 mAb Inhibits Autoantibody and T‐cell Perpetuation of Disease. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.1074.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Azimzadeh AM, Pfeiffer S, Wu G, Schröder C, Zorn GL, Kelishadi SS, Ozkaynak E, Kehry M, Atkinson JB, Miller GG, Pierson RN. Alloimmunity in primate heart recipients with CD154 blockade: evidence for alternative costimulation mechanisms. Transplantation 2006; 81:255-64. [PMID: 16436970 DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000190099.62847.e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD154 mediates key facets of humoral and cellular immunity to alloantigens, and is tolerogenic to influenza antigens in primates. Barriers to CD154-based tolerance induction for primate cardiac allografts have not previously been defined. METHODS Heterotopic cardiac allograft outcomes in cynomolgus monkeys treated with a CD154 inhibitor, IDEC-131 (n=27), were compared to no treatment (n=4) or cyclosporine A (n=6). RESULTS CD154 blockade significantly prolonged median allograft survival, from 6.2 (range 6, 7, n=4) days in untreated controls, to 39 (8,112, n=16) days with intensive monotherapy and 93 (>25, 386; n=3) days with added antithymocyte globulin (ATG), but did not yield tolerance. Alloantibody production was delayed but not prevented by IDEC-131 alone or with ATG, and was exacerbated by infusion of donor bone marrow (n=8). Expression of ICOS was prominent in graft infiltrating lymphocytes, and preceded elaboration of antidonor antibody and vasculopathy. CONCLUSION CD154 monotherapy modulates primate cardiac alloimmunity, but does not readily induce tolerance. Targeting alternative costimulation pathways, including ICOS, may facilitate tolerance induction based on CD154 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Azimzadeh AM, Pfeiffer S, Wu GS, Schröder C, Zhou H, Zorn GL, Kehry M, Miller GG, Rose ML, Pierson RN. Humoral immunity to vimentin is associated with cardiac allograft injury in nonhuman primates. Am J Transplant 2005; 5:2349-59. [PMID: 16162182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunity to autologous protein has not previously been described following nonhuman primate cardiac transplant. Native hearts and cardiac allografts from cynomolgus monkeys were assessed by immunohistology for vimentin, a highly conserved intermediate filament protein. IgM and IgG to vimentin were measured in serial sera from untreated (n = 4) or cyclosporine (CsA)-treated (n = 8, 2 with ATG) cardiac allograft recipients, and in groups treated with anti-CD154 antibody with (n = 6) or without ATG (n = 28). IgM or IgG reactive with vimentin was elaborated within 30 days with unmodified acute rejection (3/4) or in CsA-treated animals (5/6). CD154 blockade did not prevent anti-vimentin IgM (14/28) but tended to delay the IgG response during therapy (anti-CD154: 8/28, p = 0.10 vs. CsA; anti-CD154+ATG: 2/6). CAV and alloantibody were seen in 25 of 26 animals with grafts surviving over 30 days, including seven animals without increasing anti-vimentin antibody. Anti-vimentin antibodies and vascular complement deposition were found in rejected hearts. Acute and chronic alloimmunity disrupt modulation of autoreactivity to vimentin through pathways, which are resistant to CsA, but may be partially regulated by CD154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M Azimzadeh
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland and Baltimore VAMC, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Engagement of CD40 by its ligand induces IKK and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and transcriptional activation, leading to activation and differentiation of B cells. These events are most likely transduced by adaptor molecules that are recruited to the CD40 cytoplasmic domain, called TNF receptor-associated factors (TRAF). We have engineered a chimeric CD40 molecule using the human extracellular sequence and the murine cytoplasmic domain to assess the contribution that specific TRAF binding domains provide to the cytoplasmic signaling functions of CD40. The data presented here show that the shared binding site for TRAF2 and TRAF3 accounts for receptor internalization, and the majority of signaling through CD40, but is redundant with the TRAF6 binding site for activation of p38 and NFkappaB signaling pathways. Disruption of the TRAF2/3 binding site results in a delayed and diminished kinase pathway induction, but complete preclusion of all signals requires the disruption of more than the two known TRAF binding sites. The specific TRAF dependency of CD40-induced growth arrest, TNF-alpha production, and phosphorylation of signaling molecules are shown, while p38 MAPK activation and cell surface antigen modulation suggest TRAF independent CD40 signaling in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Manning
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Ballantyne J, Henry DL, Muller JR, Briere F, Snapper CM, Kehry M, Marcu KB. Efficient Recombination of a Switch Substrate Retrovector in CD40-Activated B Lymphocytes: Implications for the Control of CH Gene Switch Recombination. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.3.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Maturing B lymphocytes possess a recombination activity that switches the class of heavy chain Ig. The nature of the recombination activity, its molecular requirements and regulation remain elusive questions about B lymphocyte biology and development. Class switch recombination is controlled by cytokine response elements that are required to differentially activate CH gene transcription before their subsequent recombination. Here, we show that cultures of purified murine and human B cells, stimulated only by CD40 receptor engagement, possess a potent switch recombination activity. CD40 ligand-stimulated murine and human B lymphocytes were infected with recombinant retroviruses containing Sμ and Sγ2b sequences. Chromosomally integrated switch substrate retrovectors (SSRs), harboring constitutively transcribed S sequences, underwent extensive recombinations restricted to their S sequences with structural features akin to endogenous switching. SSR recombination commenced 4 days postinfection (5 days poststimulation) with extensive switch sequence recombination over the next 2 to 3 days. In contrast, endogenous Sγ2b and Sγ1 sequences did not undergo appreciable switch recombination upon CD40 signaling alone. As expected, IL-4 induced endogenous Sμ to Sγ1 switching, while endogenous Sμ to Sγ2b fusions remained undetectable. Surprisingly, IL-4 enhanced the onset of SSR recombination in CD40-stimulated murine B cells, with S-S products appearing only 2 days postinfection and reaching a maximum within 2 to 3 days. The efficiency of switch recombination with SSRs ressembles that seen for endogenous CH class switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ballantyne
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Diane L. Henry
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Jurgen R. Muller
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Francine Briere
- †Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough, Dardilly, France
| | - Clifford M. Snapper
- ‡Department of Pathology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; and
| | - Marilyn Kehry
- §Department of Immunological Diseases, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877
| | - Kenneth B. Marcu
- *Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
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Ballantyne J, Henry DL, Muller JR, Briere F, Snapper CM, Kehry M, Marcu KB. Efficient recombination of a switch substrate retrovector in CD40-activated B lymphocytes: implications for the control of CH gene switch recombination. J Immunol 1998; 161:1336-47. [PMID: 9686596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Maturing B lymphocytes possess a recombination activity that switches the class of heavy chain Ig. The nature of the recombination activity, its molecular requirements and regulation remain elusive questions about B lymphocyte biology and development. Class switch recombination is controlled by cytokine response elements that are required to differentially activate CH gene transcription before their subsequent recombination. Here, we show that cultures of purified murine and human B cells, stimulated only by CD40 receptor engagement, possess a potent switch recombination activity. CD40 ligand-stimulated murine and human B lymphocytes were infected with recombinant retroviruses containing Smu and S gamma 2b sequences. Chromosomally integrated switch substrate retrovectors (SSRs), harboring constitutively transcribed S sequences, underwent extensive recombinations restricted to their S sequences with structural features akin to endogenous switching. SSR recombination commenced 4 days postinfection (5 days poststimulation) with extensive switch sequence recombination over the next 2 to 3 days. In contrast, endogenous S gamma 2b and S gamma 1 sequences did not undergo appreciable switch recombination upon CD40 signaling alone. As expected, IL-4 induced endogenous Smu to S gamma 1 switching, while endogenous Smu to S gamma 2b fusions remained undetectable. Surprisingly, IL-4 enhanced the onset of SSR recombination in CD40-stimulated murine B cells, with S-S products appearing only 2 days postinfection and reaching a maximum within 2 to 3 days. The efficiency of switch recombination with SSRs resembles that seen for endogenous C(H) class switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ballantyne
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Developmental Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-5215, USA
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Roy M, Aruffo A, Ledbetter J, Linsley P, Kehry M, Noelle R. Studies on the interdependence of gp39 and B7 expression and function during antigen-specific immune responses. Eur J Immunol 1995; 25:596-603. [PMID: 7533092 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830250243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between T and B cells are dynamic and regulated by interacting receptor: co-receptors. Interactions between CD40 and its ligand, gp39, and the CD28/CTLA-4 and B7 family members play a decisive role in regulating the progression of cognate interactions. The interdependence of gp39-CD40 and CD28/CTLA-B7 expression and function was studied in vitro during an antigen-induced immune response using T cells from mice expressing a transgenic T cell receptor (TCR). gp39 was induced on pigeon cytochrome c (PCC)-transgenic T cells in the presence of antigen and antigen-presenting cells. The antigen-induced expression of gp39 on transgenic T cells was inhibited by antibodies to class II major histocompatibility complex, CD4 and LFA-1, but not by CTLA-4 Ig, anti-B7-1 or anti-B7-2. These data established that the antigen-induced expression of gp39 was not dependent on co-stimulation via CD28/CTLA-4. The addition of PCC also resulted in the modest expression of B7-1 and a more robust expression of B7-2 on the cognate B cells. The addition of anti-gp39 blocked the up-regulated expression of B7-1 and partially blocked the up-regulated expression of B7-2. The addition of anti-gp39 and anti-interleukin-4 inhibited antigen-induced expression of B7-2 on B cells to near background levels. Studies on the up-regulation of B7-1 and B7-2 on resting B cells showed that soluble gp39 up-regulated B7-1 and B7-2 expression on B cells. In addition, interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma up-regulated B7-2 expression on B cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the antigen-induced expression of gp39 is dependent on TCR-derived signals, yet independent of CD28/CTLA-4 co-stimulatory signals. Cognate interactions also resulted in the modest enhancement of B7-1 expression and a more profound expression of B7-2 which were completely or partially dependent on gp39-CD40 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roy
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756
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Schultz CL, Rothman P, Kühn R, Kehry M, Müller W, Rajewsky K, Alt F, Coffman RL. T helper cell membranes promote IL-4-independent expression of germ-line C gamma 1 transcripts in B cells. J Immunol 1992; 149:60-4. [PMID: 1535089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies using plasma membranes from activated Th cell clones (Th membranes) to stimulate B cells have shown that both a contact-mediated activation signal plus Th-derived cytokines are required for antibody production. In order to clearly separate and define the role of these two signals in isotype switching, B cells were stimulated with Th membranes in the presence or absence of cytokines, and the transcriptional activity of the unrearranged H chain loci was determined. In the presence of Th membranes, two known switch factors were shown to specifically induce germ-line transcription of the same H chain loci as in LPS-stimulated B cells (IL-4 induced C gamma 1 and C epsilon transcription, transforming growth factor-beta induced C alpha transcription). The contact-mediated activation signal provided by the Th membranes, in the absence of any added cytokines, resulted in the specific induction of C gamma 1 germ-line transcription, and thus functioned as a switch signal for IgG1. These findings provide a mechanism for previously observed IL-4-independent isotype switching to IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Schultz
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
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Schultz CL, Rothman P, Kühn R, Kehry M, Müller W, Rajewsky K, Alt F, Coffman RL. T helper cell membranes promote IL-4-independent expression of germ-line C gamma 1 transcripts in B cells. The Journal of Immunology 1992. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.149.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Studies using plasma membranes from activated Th cell clones (Th membranes) to stimulate B cells have shown that both a contact-mediated activation signal plus Th-derived cytokines are required for antibody production. In order to clearly separate and define the role of these two signals in isotype switching, B cells were stimulated with Th membranes in the presence or absence of cytokines, and the transcriptional activity of the unrearranged H chain loci was determined. In the presence of Th membranes, two known switch factors were shown to specifically induce germ-line transcription of the same H chain loci as in LPS-stimulated B cells (IL-4 induced C gamma 1 and C epsilon transcription, transforming growth factor-beta induced C alpha transcription). The contact-mediated activation signal provided by the Th membranes, in the absence of any added cytokines, resulted in the specific induction of C gamma 1 germ-line transcription, and thus functioned as a switch signal for IgG1. These findings provide a mechanism for previously observed IL-4-independent isotype switching to IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Schultz
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
| | - P Rothman
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
| | - R Kühn
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
| | - M Kehry
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
| | - W Müller
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
| | - K Rajewsky
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
| | - F Alt
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
| | - R L Coffman
- Department of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
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Gascan H, Aversa GG, Gauchat JF, Van Vlasselaer P, Roncarolo MG, Yssel H, Kehry M, Spits H, De Vries JE. Membranes of activated CD4+ T cells expressing T cell receptor (TcR) alpha beta or TcR gamma delta induce IgE synthesis by human B cells in the presence of interleukin-4. Eur J Immunol 1992; 22:1133-41. [PMID: 1349531 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830220505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study it is demonstrated that human B cells can be induced to switch to IgE production following a contact-mediated signal provided by activated T cell receptor (TcR) gamma delta+, CD4+ and TcR alpha beta+, CD4+ T cell clones and interleukin (IL)-4. The signal provided by these T cell clones was antigen nonspecific, indicating that the TcR alpha beta/CD3 or TcR gamma delta/CD3 complexes were not involved in these T-B cell interactions. Activated TcR alpha beta+, CD8+, and TcR gamma delta+, CD4-CD8-, or resting CD4+ T cell clones were ineffective. Intact TcR alpha beta+ or TcR gamma delta+, CD4+ T cell clones could be replaced by plasma membrane-enriched fractions isolated from these activated CD4+ T cell clones. In contrast, membranes isolated from resting TcR alpha beta+, CD4+, TcR gamma delta+, CD4+ T cell clones or an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell line (EBV-LCL) failed to provide the costimulatory signal that, in addition to IL-4, is required for induction of IgE synthesis. As described for intact CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cell membranes induced purified surface IgM+ B cells to switch to IgG4- and IgE- but not to IgA-producing cells, excluding the possibility of a preferential outgrowth of IgG4- and IgE-committed B cells. The membrane activity was inhibited by protease or heat treatment. Induction of IgE synthesis by B cells co-cultured with both TcR alpha beta+, CD4+ and TcR gamma delta+, CD4+ T cell clones and membrane preparations of these cells was blocked by anti-class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) monoclonal antibodies (mAb), whereas various anti-CD4 mAb had differential blocking effects. Murine L cells, or EBV-LCL transfected with CD4 could not replace CD4+ T cell clones. These results indicate that, although CD4 and class II MHC antigens are required for productive CD4+ T cell clone-B cell interactions, an additional signal, provided by a membrane associated (glyco)protein that is induced by activation of both TcR alpha beta and TcR gamma delta, CD4+ T cells, is needed for induction of IgE production in the presence of IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gascan
- Human Immunology Department, DNAX Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1104
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17
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Abstract
In a search for the region in the IgE molecule, which is recognized by the Fc epsilon receptor (Fc epsilon R) on mast cells and basophils, we have generated and characterized anti-IgE monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). The novel rat anti-mouse IgE MAb described herein (denoted 84-1c) interacts with an antigenic determinant which is associated with the Fc epsilon R recognition site on the IgE molecule. The MAb can bind to the Fc epsilon of IgE and block its binding to rat basophil leukemia (RBL) cells. The epitope recognized by 84-1c MAb was completely masked by the Fc epsilon R either in its cellular or soluble form. This epitope was dependent on the native conformation of the IgE molecule and differed from the ones that were recognized by the anti-IgE MAbs we described before.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baniyash
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Kehry M, Ewald S, Douglas R, Sibley C, Raschke W, Fambrough D, Hood L. The immunoglobulin mu chains of membrane-bound and secreted IgM molecules differ in their C-terminal segments. Cell 1980; 21:393-406. [PMID: 6773668 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(80)90476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The B lymphocytes synthesizes two forms of IgM molecules during its development from a stem cell to a mature antibody-secreting plasma cell. The monomeric receptor IgM molecule is affixed to the plasma membrane and triggers the later stages of B cell differentiation, whereas the pentameric secreted IgM molecule is an effector of humoral immunity. The structural differences between membrane-bound and secreted IgM molecules are reflected in the differences between their heavy or mu chains. We have previously determined the complete amino acid sequence of a murine secreted mu (microsecond) chain. In this study, we have compared the structures of the secreted and membrane-bound mu (micron) heavy chains by peptide mapping, micro-sequence and carboxypeptidase analyses. These studies demonstrate that the micron and microsecond chains are very similar throughout their VH, C mu 1, C mu 2, C mu 3 and C mu 4 domains. The micron and microsecond chains differ in the amino acid sequence of their C-terminal segments. These studies in conjunction with those carried out on the micron and microsecond mRNAs and the C mu gene suggest that the micron and microsecond chains from a given B cell are identical except for their 41 and 20 residue C-terminal segments, respectively. The amino acid sequence of the 41 residue C membrane terminal segment predicted from the corresponding micron mRNA is in agreement with all the protein studies reported in this paper.
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Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of the mouse mu chain from the BALB/c myeloma tumor MOPC 104E is reported. The C mu region contains four consecutive homology regions of approximately 110 residues and a COOH-terminal region of 19 residues. A comparison of this mu chain from mouse with a complete mu sequence from human (Ou) and a partial mu chain sequence from dog (Moo) reveals a striking gradient of increasing homology from the NH2-terminal to the COOH-terminal portion of these mu chains, with the former being the least and the latter the most highly conserved. Four of the five sites of carbohydrate attachment appear to be at identical residue positions when the constant regions of the mouse and human mu chains are compared. The mu chain of MOPC 104E has a carbohydrate moiety attached in the second hypervariable region. This is particularly interesting in view of the fact that MOPC 104E binds alpha-(1 leads to 3)-dextran, a simple carbohydrate. The structural and functional constraints imposed by these comparative sequence analyses are discussed.
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20
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Abstract
Several antigens and receptors are mobile in the plane of the membrane of the intact neonatal human erythrocyte but not in the membrane of the normal adult cell. In this report, measurements of the fluorescence polarization of perylene dissolved in isolated erythrocyte membranes are reported, which are indistinguishable for the two kinds of cells. This result indicates that the viscosities of the membrane interiors of the two cells are the same. The observed mobility differences, therefore, cannot be attributed to different lipid viscosities in the two membranes.
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