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Hindy G, Tyrrell DJ, Vasbinder A, Wei C, Presswalla F, Wang H, Blakely P, Ozel AB, Graham S, Holton GH, Dowsett J, Fahed AC, Amadi KM, Erne GK, Tekmulla A, Ismail A, Launius C, Sotoodehnia N, Pankow JS, Thørner LW, Erikstrup C, Pedersen OB, Banasik K, Brunak S, Ullum H, Eugen-Olsen J, Ostrowski SR, Haas ME, Nielsen JB, Lotta LA, Engström G, Melander O, Orho-Melander M, Zhao L, Murthy VL, Pinsky DJ, Willer CJ, Heckbert SR, Reiser J, Goldstein DR, Desch KC, Hayek SS. Increased soluble urokinase plasminogen activator levels modulate monocyte function to promote atherosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e158788. [PMID: 36194491 PMCID: PMC9754000 DOI: 10.1172/jci158788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
People with kidney disease are disproportionately affected by atherosclerosis for unclear reasons. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is an immune-derived mediator of kidney disease, levels of which are strongly associated with cardiovascular outcomes. We assessed suPAR's pathogenic involvement in atherosclerosis using epidemiologic, genetic, and experimental approaches. We found serum suPAR levels to be predictive of coronary artery calcification and cardiovascular events in 5,406 participants without known coronary disease. In a genome-wide association meta-analysis including over 25,000 individuals, we identified a missense variant in the plasminogen activator, urokinase receptor (PLAUR) gene (rs4760), confirmed experimentally to lead to higher suPAR levels. Mendelian randomization analysis in the UK Biobank using rs4760 indicated a causal association between genetically predicted suPAR levels and atherosclerotic phenotypes. In an experimental model of atherosclerosis, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 (Pcsk9) transfection in mice overexpressing suPAR (suPARTg) led to substantially increased atherosclerotic plaques with necrotic cores and macrophage infiltration compared with those in WT mice, despite similar cholesterol levels. Prior to induction of atherosclerosis, aortas of suPARTg mice excreted higher levels of CCL2 and had higher monocyte counts compared with WT aortas. Aortic and circulating suPARTg monocytes exhibited a proinflammatory profile and enhanced chemotaxis. These findings characterize suPAR as a pathogenic factor for atherosclerosis acting at least partially through modulation of monocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hindy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University College of Medicine, QU Health, Doha, Qatar
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J. Tyrrell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alexi Vasbinder
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Changli Wei
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Feriel Presswalla
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Pennelope Blakely
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ayse Bilge Ozel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Sarah Graham
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace H. Holton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph Dowsett
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Akl C. Fahed
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kingsley-Michael Amadi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Grace K. Erne
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Annika Tekmulla
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anis Ismail
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher Launius
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James S. Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lise Wegner Thørner
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Karina Banasik
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Brunak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jesper Eugen-Olsen
- Department of Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mary E. Haas
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Jonas B. Nielsen
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Luca A. Lotta
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | | | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Venkatesh L. Murthy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David J. Pinsky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Susan R. Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Karl C. Desch
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Salim S. Hayek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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2
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Akbari P, Sosina OA, Bovijn J, Landheer K, Nielsen JB, Kim M, Aykul S, De T, Haas ME, Hindy G, Lin N, Dinsmore IR, Luo JZ, Hectors S, Geraghty B, Germino M, Panagis L, Parasoglou P, Walls JR, Halasz G, Atwal GS, Jones M, LeBlanc MG, Still CD, Carey DJ, Giontella A, Orho-Melander M, Berumen J, Kuri-Morales P, Alegre-Díaz J, Torres JM, Emberson JR, Collins R, Rader DJ, Zambrowicz B, Murphy AJ, Balasubramanian S, Overton JD, Reid JG, Shuldiner AR, Cantor M, Abecasis GR, Ferreira MAR, Sleeman MW, Gusarova V, Altarejos J, Harris C, Economides AN, Idone V, Karalis K, Della Gatta G, Mirshahi T, Yancopoulos GD, Melander O, Marchini J, Tapia-Conyer R, Locke AE, Baras A, Verweij N, Lotta LA. Multiancestry exome sequencing reveals INHBE mutations associated with favorable fat distribution and protection from diabetes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4844. [PMID: 35999217 PMCID: PMC9399235 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fat distribution is a major, heritable risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, independent of overall adiposity. Using exome-sequencing in 618,375 individuals (including 160,058 non-Europeans) from the UK, Sweden and Mexico, we identify 16 genes associated with fat distribution at exome-wide significance. We show 6-fold larger effect for fat-distribution associated rare coding variants compared with fine-mapped common alleles, enrichment for genes expressed in adipose tissue and causal genes for partial lipodystrophies, and evidence of sex-dimorphism. We describe an association with favorable fat distribution (p = 1.8 × 10-09), favorable metabolic profile and protection from type 2 diabetes (~28% lower odds; p = 0.004) for heterozygous protein-truncating mutations in INHBE, which encodes a circulating growth factor of the activin family, highly and specifically expressed in hepatocytes. Our results suggest that inhibin βE is a liver-expressed negative regulator of adipose storage whose blockade may be beneficial in fat distribution-associated metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Akbari
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Olukayode A. Sosina
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Jonas Bovijn
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Karl Landheer
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Jonas B. Nielsen
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Minhee Kim
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Senem Aykul
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Tanima De
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Mary E. Haas
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - George Hindy
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Nan Lin
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Ian R. Dinsmore
- grid.280776.c0000 0004 0394 1447Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Luo
- grid.280776.c0000 0004 0394 1447Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
| | - Stefanie Hectors
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Benjamin Geraghty
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Mary Germino
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Lampros Panagis
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Prodromos Parasoglou
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Johnathon R. Walls
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Gabor Halasz
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Gurinder S. Atwal
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | | | | | - Marcus Jones
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Michelle G. LeBlanc
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Christopher D. Still
- grid.280776.c0000 0004 0394 1447Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
| | - David J. Carey
- grid.280776.c0000 0004 0394 1447Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
| | - Alice Giontella
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden ,grid.5611.30000 0004 1763 1124Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jaime Berumen
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Unidad de Medicina Experimental de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Kuri-Morales
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Unidad de Medicina Experimental de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico ,grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Jesus Alegre-Díaz
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001Unidad de Medicina Experimental de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jason M. Torres
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan R. Emberson
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948MRC Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rory Collins
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Clinical Trial Service Unit & Epidemiological Studies Unit Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- grid.25879.310000 0004 1936 8972Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Andrew J. Murphy
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Suganthi Balasubramanian
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - John D. Overton
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Reid
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Alan R. Shuldiner
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Michael Cantor
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Goncalo R. Abecasis
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Manuel A. R. Ferreira
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Mark W. Sleeman
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Viktoria Gusarova
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Judith Altarejos
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Charles Harris
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Aris N. Economides
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA ,grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Vincent Idone
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Katia Karalis
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Giusy Della Gatta
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- grid.280776.c0000 0004 0394 1447Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA USA
| | | | - Olle Melander
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden ,grid.411843.b0000 0004 0623 9987Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Marchini
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Roberto Tapia-Conyer
- grid.419886.a0000 0001 2203 4701Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Adam E. Locke
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
| | - Niek Verweij
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
| | - Luca A. Lotta
- grid.418961.30000 0004 0472 2713Regeneron Genetics Center, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY USA
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3
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Verweij N, Haas ME, Nielsen JB, Sosina OA, Kim M, Akbari P, De T, Hindy G, Bovijn J, Persaud T, Miloscio L, Germino M, Panagis L, Watanabe K, Mbatchou J, Jones M, LeBlanc M, Balasubramanian S, Lammert C, Enhörning S, Melander O, Carey DJ, Still CD, Mirshahi T, Rader DJ, Parasoglou P, Walls JR, Overton JD, Reid JG, Economides A, Cantor MN, Zambrowicz B, Murphy AJ, Abecasis GR, Ferreira MAR, Smagris E, Gusarova V, Sleeman M, Yancopoulos GD, Marchini J, Kang HM, Karalis K, Shuldiner AR, Della Gatta G, Locke AE, Baras A, Lotta LA. Germline Mutations in CIDEB and Protection against Liver Disease. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:332-344. [PMID: 35939579 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2117872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exome sequencing in hundreds of thousands of persons may enable the identification of rare protein-coding genetic variants associated with protection from human diseases like liver cirrhosis, providing a strategy for the discovery of new therapeutic targets. METHODS We performed a multistage exome sequencing and genetic association analysis to identify genes in which rare protein-coding variants were associated with liver phenotypes. We conducted in vitro experiments to further characterize associations. RESULTS The multistage analysis involved 542,904 persons with available data on liver aminotransferase levels, 24,944 patients with various types of liver disease, and 490,636 controls without liver disease. We found that rare coding variants in APOB, ABCB4, SLC30A10, and TM6SF2 were associated with increased aminotransferase levels and an increased risk of liver disease. We also found that variants in CIDEB, which encodes a structural protein found in hepatic lipid droplets, had a protective effect. The burden of rare predicted loss-of-function variants plus missense variants in CIDEB (combined carrier frequency, 0.7%) was associated with decreased alanine aminotransferase levels (beta per allele, -1.24 U per liter; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.66 to -0.83; P = 4.8×10-9) and with 33% lower odds of liver disease of any cause (odds ratio per allele, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.57 to 0.79; P = 9.9×10-7). Rare coding variants in CIDEB were associated with a decreased risk of liver disease across different underlying causes and different degrees of severity, including cirrhosis of any cause (odds ratio per allele, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.70). Among 3599 patients who had undergone bariatric surgery, rare coding variants in CIDEB were associated with a decreased nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (beta per allele in score units, -0.98; 95% CI, -1.54 to -0.41 [scores range from 0 to 8, with higher scores indicating more severe disease]). In human hepatoma cell lines challenged with oleate, CIDEB small interfering RNA knockdown prevented the buildup of large lipid droplets. CONCLUSIONS Rare germline mutations in CIDEB conferred substantial protection from liver disease. (Funded by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niek Verweij
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Mary E Haas
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Jonas B Nielsen
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Olukayode A Sosina
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Minhee Kim
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Parsa Akbari
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Tanima De
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - George Hindy
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Jonas Bovijn
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Trikaldarshi Persaud
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Lawrence Miloscio
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Germino
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Lampros Panagis
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Kyoko Watanabe
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Joelle Mbatchou
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Marcus Jones
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Michelle LeBlanc
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Suganthi Balasubramanian
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Craig Lammert
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Sofia Enhörning
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Olle Melander
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - David J Carey
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher D Still
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Tooraj Mirshahi
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Prodromos Parasoglou
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Johnathon R Walls
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - John D Overton
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey G Reid
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Aris Economides
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Michael N Cantor
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Brian Zambrowicz
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Manuel A R Ferreira
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Eriks Smagris
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Viktoria Gusarova
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Sleeman
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - George D Yancopoulos
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Jonathan Marchini
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Hyun M Kang
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Katia Karalis
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Giusy Della Gatta
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Adam E Locke
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Aris Baras
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
| | - Luca A Lotta
- From the Regeneron Genetics Center (N.V., M.E.H., J.B.N., O.A.S., M.K., P.A., T.D., G.H., J.B., T.P., L.M., K.W., J. Mbatchou, M.J., M.L., S.B., J.D.O., J.G.R., A.E., M.N.C., G.R.A., M.A.R.F., J. Marchini, H.M.K., K.K., A.R.S., G.D.G., A.E.L., A.B., L.A.L.), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (M.G., L.P., P.P., J.R.W., B.Z., A.J.M., E.S., V.G., M.S., G.D.Y.), Tarrytown, NY; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (C.L.); the Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, and the Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital - both in Malmö, Sweden (S.E., O.M.); and the Department of Molecular and Functional Genomics, Geisinger Health System, Danville (D.J.C., C.D.S., T.M.), and the Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (D.J.R.) - both in Pennsylvania
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Vujkovic M, Ramdas S, Lorenz KM, Guo X, Darlay R, Cordell HJ, He J, Gindin Y, Chung C, Myers RP, Schneider CV, Park J, Lee KM, Serper M, Carr RM, Kaplan DE, Haas ME, MacLean MT, Witschey WR, Zhu X, Tcheandjieu C, Kember RL, Kranzler HR, Verma A, Giri A, Klarin DM, Sun YV, Huang J, Huffman JE, Creasy KT, Hand NJ, Liu CT, Long MT, Yao J, Budoff M, Tan J, Li X, Lin HJ, Chen YDI, Taylor KD, Chang RK, Krauss RM, Vilarinho S, Brancale J, Nielsen JB, Locke AE, Jones MB, Verweij N, Baras A, Reddy KR, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Schwimmer JB, Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Ryan KA, Mitchell BD, Gill D, Wells AD, Manduchi E, Saiman Y, Mahmud N, Miller DR, Reaven PD, Phillips LS, Muralidhar S, DuVall SL, Lee JS, Assimes TL, Pyarajan S, Cho K, Edwards TL, Damrauer SM, Wilson PW, Gaziano JM, O'Donnell CJ, Khera AV, Grant SFA, Brown CD, Tsao PS, Saleheen D, Lotta LA, Bastarache L, Anstee QM, Daly AK, Meigs JB, Rotter JI, Lynch JA, Rader DJ, Voight BF, Chang KM. A multiancestry genome-wide association study of unexplained chronic ALT elevation as a proxy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with histological and radiological validation. Nat Genet 2022; 54:761-771. [PMID: 35654975 PMCID: PMC10024253 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing cause of chronic liver disease. Using a proxy NAFLD definition of chronic elevation of alanine aminotransferase (cALT) levels without other liver diseases, we performed a multiancestry genome-wide association study (GWAS) in the Million Veteran Program (MVP) including 90,408 cALT cases and 128,187 controls. Seventy-seven loci exceeded genome-wide significance, including 25 without prior NAFLD or alanine aminotransferase associations, with one additional locus identified in European American-only and two in African American-only analyses (P < 5 × 10-8). External replication in histology-defined NAFLD cohorts (7,397 cases and 56,785 controls) or radiologic imaging cohorts (n = 44,289) replicated 17 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (P < 6.5 × 10-4), of which 9 were new (TRIB1, PPARG, MTTP, SERPINA1, FTO, IL1RN, COBLL1, APOH and IFI30). Pleiotropy analysis showed that 61 of 77 multiancestry and all 17 replicated SNPs were jointly associated with metabolic and/or inflammatory traits, revealing a complex model of genetic architecture. Our approach integrating cALT, histology and imaging reveals new insights into genetic liability to NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Vujkovic
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shweta Ramdas
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kim M Lorenz
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Rebecca Darlay
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jing He
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Robert P Myers
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
- The Liver Company, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carolin V Schneider
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Park
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Marina Serper
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rotonya M Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David E Kaplan
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mary E Haas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T MacLean
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Walter R Witschey
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiang Zhu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine Tcheandjieu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anurag Verma
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ayush Giri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Derek M Klarin
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- School of Public Health and Emergency Management, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Kate Townsend Creasy
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ching-Ti Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle T Long
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jie Yao
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- Department of Cardiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jingyi Tan
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Henry J Lin
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ruey-Kang Chang
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Vilarinho
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joseph Brancale
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Aris Baras
- Regeneron Genetics Center, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - K Rajender Reddy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey B Schwimmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kathleen A Ryan
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Braxton D Mitchell
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dipender Gill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew D Wells
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elisabetta Manduchi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yedidya Saiman
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hepatology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nadim Mahmud
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donald R Miller
- Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford VA Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Center for Population Health, Department of Biomedical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Peter D Reaven
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lawrence S Phillips
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sumitra Muralidhar
- Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Scott L DuVall
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer S Lee
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter W Wilson
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit V Khera
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher D Brown
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cardiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Lisa Bastarache
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quentin M Anstee
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ann K Daly
- Newcastle NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - James B Meigs
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Julie A Lynch
- VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin F Voight
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE Observational studies have consistently proposed cardiovascular benefits associated with light alcohol consumption, while recent genetic analyses (ie, mendelian randomization studies) have suggested a possible causal link between alcohol intake and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, traditional approaches to genetic epidemiology assume a linear association and thus have not fully evaluated dose-response estimates of risk across different levels of alcohol intake. OBJECTIVES To assess the association of habitual alcohol intake with cardiovascular disease risk and to evaluate the direction and relative magnitude of cardiovascular risk associated with different amounts of alcohol consumption. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used the UK Biobank (2006-2010, follow-up until 2016) to examine confounding in epidemiologic associations between alcohol intake and cardiovascular diseases. Using both traditional (ie, linear) and nonlinear mendelian randomization, potential associations between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular diseases (eg, hypertension and coronary artery disease) as well as corresponding association shapes were assessed. Data analysis was conducted from July 2019 to January 2022. EXPOSURES Genetic predisposition to alcohol intake. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. RESULTS This study included 371 463 participants (mean [SD] age, 57.0 [7.9] years; 172 400 [46%] men), who consumed a mean (SD) 9.2 (10.6) standard drinks per week. Overall, 121 708 participants (33%) had hypertension. Light to moderate alcohol consumption was associated with healthier lifestyle factors, adjustment for which attenuated the cardioprotective epidemiologic associations with modest intake. In linear mendelian randomization analyses, a 1-SD increase in genetically predicted alcohol consumption was associated with 1.3-fold (95% CI, 1.2-1.4) higher risk of hypertension (P < .001) and 1.4-fold (95% CI, 1.1-1.8) higher risk of coronary artery disease (P = .006). Nonlinear mendelian randomization analyses suggested nonlinear associations between alcohol consumption and both hypertension and coronary artery disease: light alcohol intake was associated with minimal increases in cardiovascular risk, whereas heavier consumption was associated with exponential increases in risk of both clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, coincident, favorable lifestyle factors attenuated the observational benefits of modest alcohol intake. Genetic epidemiology suggested that alcohol consumption of all amounts was associated with increased cardiovascular risk, but marked risk differences exist across levels of intake, including those accepted by current national guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran J. Biddinger
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Connor A. Emdin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Mary E. Haas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- now with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
| | - Minxian Wang
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - George Hindy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- now with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York
- Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Patrick T. Ellinor
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Verve Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amit V. Khera
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Krishna G. Aragam
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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6
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Haas ME, Pirruccello JP, Friedman SN, Wang M, Emdin CA, Ajmera VH, Simon TG, Homburger JR, Guo X, Budoff M, Corey KE, Zhou AY, Philippakis A, Ellinor PT, Loomba R, Batra P, Khera AV. Machine learning enables new insights into genetic contributions to liver fat accumulation. Cell Genom 2021; 1:100066. [PMID: 34957434 PMCID: PMC8699145 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2021.100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Excess liver fat, called hepatic steatosis, is a leading risk factor for end-stage liver disease and cardiometabolic diseases but often remains undiagnosed in clinical practice because of the need for direct imaging assessments. We developed an abdominal MRI-based machine-learning algorithm to accurately estimate liver fat (correlation coefficients, 0.97-0.99) from a truth dataset of 4,511 middle-aged UK Biobank participants, enabling quantification in 32,192 additional individuals. 17% of participants had predicted liver fat levels indicative of steatosis, and liver fat could not have been reliably estimated based on clinical factors such as BMI. A genome-wide association study of common genetic variants and liver fat replicated three known associations and identified five newly associated variants in or near the MTARC1, ADH1B, TRIB1, GPAM, and MAST3 genes (p < 3 × 10-8). A polygenic score integrating these eight genetic variants was strongly associated with future risk of chronic liver disease (hazard ratio > 1.32 per SD score, p < 9 × 10-17). Rare inactivating variants in the APOB or MTTP genes were identified in 0.8% of individuals with steatosis and conferred more than 6-fold risk (p < 2 × 10-5), highlighting a molecular subtype of hepatic steatosis characterized by defective secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins. We demonstrate that our imaging-based machine-learning model accurately estimates liver fat and may be useful in epidemiological and genetic studies of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Haas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - James P. Pirruccello
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Machine Learning for Health, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Samuel N. Friedman
- Machine Learning for Health, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Minxian Wang
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Connor A. Emdin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Veeral H. Ajmera
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Matthew Budoff
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation and Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Anthony Philippakis
- Machine Learning for Health, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Eric and Wendy Schmidt Center, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Patrick T. Ellinor
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Machine Learning for Health, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92103, USA
| | - Puneet Batra
- Machine Learning for Health, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amit V. Khera
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Machine Learning for Health, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Corresponding author
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7
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Ghodsian N, Abner E, Emdin CA, Gobeil É, Taba N, Haas ME, Perrot N, Manikpurage HD, Gagnon É, Bourgault J, St-Amand A, Couture C, Mitchell PL, Bossé Y, Mathieu P, Vohl MC, Tchernof A, Thériault S, Khera AV, Esko T, Arsenault BJ. Electronic health record-based genome-wide meta-analysis provides insights on the genetic architecture of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100437. [PMID: 34841290 PMCID: PMC8606899 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disease linked to several chronic diseases. We aimed at identifying genetic variants associated with NAFLD and evaluating their functional consequences. We performed a genome-wide meta-analysis of 4 cohorts of electronic health record-documented NAFLD in participants of European ancestry (8,434 cases and 770,180 controls). We identify 5 potential susceptibility loci for NAFLD (located at or near GCKR, TR1B1, MAU2/TM6SF2, APOE, and PNPLA3). We also report a potentially causal effect of lower LPL expression in adipose tissue on NAFLD susceptibility and an effect of the FTO genotype on NAFLD. Positive genetic correlations between NAFLD and cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors such as body fat accumulation/distribution, lipoprotein-lipid levels, insulin resistance, and coronary artery disease and negative genetic correlations with parental lifespan, socio-economic status, and acetoacetate levels are observed. This large GWAS meta-analysis reveals insights into the genetic architecture of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ghodsian
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Erik Abner
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Estonia
| | - Connor A. Emdin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Émilie Gobeil
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Nele Taba
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Riia 23, 51010, Estonia
| | - Mary E. Haas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Hasanga D. Manikpurage
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éloi Gagnon
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jérôme Bourgault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexis St-Amand
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Christian Couture
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Patricia L. Mitchell
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Vohl
- Centre NUTRISS, Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Thériault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Amit V. Khera
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Estonia
| | - Benoit J. Arsenault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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8
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Biddinger KJ, Emdin C, Haas ME, Wang M, Hindy G, Ellinor PT, Kathiresan S, Khera AV, Aragam K. Abstract 056: Alcohol Increases Risk Of Cardiovascular Disease At All Levels Of Intake. Circulation 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/circ.143.suppl_1.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analyses have suggested a causal association between alcohol intake and cardiovascular diseases, questioning the purported cardioprotective effects of modest intake. Though traditional approaches to genetic epidemiology are limited in ability to assess association shapes, we hypothesized that any alcohol may increase risk of cardiovascular disease. In 371,463 participants from the UK Biobank, we first examined for confounding in epidemiological associations between alcohol intake and cardiovascular diseases. Next, using traditional and non-linear genetic approaches (Mendelian randomization), we assessed for causal links of alcohol consumption with several cardiovascular diseases and evaluated the shapes of all causal associations identified. Study participants consumed 9.2 (SD, 10.6) standard drinks per week on average; 121,708 (32.8%) and 27,667 (7.5%) subjects had hypertension and CAD, respectively. Modest consumers of alcohol demonstrated healthier lifestyles - such as lower BMI and greater physical activity - than abstainers, and adjustment for lifestyle factors attenuated the observed benefits of light alcohol intake. Traditional and non-linear Mendelian randomization demonstrated consistently risk-increasing and quadratic associations between alcohol consumption and both clinical and subclinical cardiovascular disease, with exponential increases in risk across levels of drinking; relative to abstainers, consumption of 7, 14, 21, and 28 drinks per week conferred 1.2, 1.7, 3.4, and 8.9-fold odds of hypertension and 1.2, 2.3, 6.2, and 25.9-fold odds of CAD, respectively (both models p<0.001). In conclusion, coincident, favorable lifestyle factors may mediate the observational benefits of modest alcohol intake. All amounts of alcohol intake increase cardiovascular risk, but marked absolute and relative risk differences exist across levels of intake, which should inform public health recommendations around habitual alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Minxian Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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9
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Emdin CA, Haas ME, Khera AV, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Klarin D, Hindy G, Jiang L, Wei WQ, Feng Q, Karjalainen J, Havulinna A, Kiiskinen T, Bick A, Ardissino D, Wilson JG, Schunkert H, McPherson R, Watkins H, Elosua R, Bown MJ, Samani NJ, Baber U, Erdmann J, Gupta N, Danesh J, Saleheen D, Chang KM, Vujkovic M, Voight B, Damrauer S, Lynch J, Kaplan D, Serper M, Tsao P, Program MV, Mercader J, Hanis C, Daly M, Denny J, Gabriel S, Kathiresan S. Correction: A missense variant in Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 gene and protection against liver disease. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009503. [PMID: 33822779 PMCID: PMC8023447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Rath S, Sharma R, Gupta R, Ast T, Chan C, Durham TJ, Goodman RP, Grabarek Z, Haas ME, Hung WHW, Joshi PR, Jourdain AA, Kim SH, Kotrys AV, Lam SS, McCoy JG, Meisel JD, Miranda M, Panda A, Patgiri A, Rogers R, Sadre S, Shah H, Skinner OS, To TL, Walker M, Wang H, Ward PS, Wengrod J, Yuan CC, Calvo SE, Mootha VK. MitoCarta3.0: an updated mitochondrial proteome now with sub-organelle localization and pathway annotations. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 49:D1541-D1547. [PMID: 33174596 PMCID: PMC7778944 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian mitochondrial proteome is under dual genomic control, with 99% of proteins encoded by the nuclear genome and 13 originating from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We previously developed MitoCarta, a catalogue of over 1000 genes encoding the mammalian mitochondrial proteome. This catalogue was compiled using a Bayesian integration of multiple sequence features and experimental datasets, notably protein mass spectrometry of mitochondria isolated from fourteen murine tissues. Here, we introduce MitoCarta3.0. Beginning with the MitoCarta2.0 inventory, we performed manual review to remove 100 genes and introduce 78 additional genes, arriving at an updated inventory of 1136 human genes. We now include manually curated annotations of sub-mitochondrial localization (matrix, inner membrane, intermembrane space, outer membrane) as well as assignment to 149 hierarchical 'MitoPathways' spanning seven broad functional categories relevant to mitochondria. MitoCarta3.0, including sub-mitochondrial localization and MitoPathway annotations, is freely available at http://www.broadinstitute.org/mitocarta and should serve as a continued community resource for mitochondrial biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tslil Ast
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Connie Chan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Timothy J Durham
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Russell P Goodman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zenon Grabarek
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary E Haas
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wendy H W Hung
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pallavi R Joshi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexis A Jourdain
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sharon H Kim
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna V Kotrys
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie S Lam
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason G McCoy
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua D Meisel
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Miranda
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Apekshya Panda
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anupam Patgiri
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Rogers
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shayan Sadre
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hardik Shah
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Owen S Skinner
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tsz-Leung To
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Melissa A Walker
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick S Ward
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jordan Wengrod
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chen-Ching Yuan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Departments of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E Calvo
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Sarah E. Calvo.
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 617 643 3059;
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11
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Emdin CA, Haas ME, Khera AV, Aragam K, Chaffin M, Klarin D, Hindy G, Jiang L, Wei WQ, Feng Q, Karjalainen J, Havulinna A, Kiiskinen T, Bick A, Ardissino D, Wilson JG, Schunkert H, McPherson R, Watkins H, Elosua R, Bown MJ, Samani NJ, Baber U, Erdmann J, Gupta N, Danesh J, Saleheen D, Chang KM, Vujkovic M, Voight B, Damrauer S, Lynch J, Kaplan D, Serper M, Tsao P, Mercader J, Hanis C, Daly M, Denny J, Gabriel S, Kathiresan S. A missense variant in Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 gene and protection against liver disease. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008629. [PMID: 32282858 PMCID: PMC7200007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing 12,361 all-cause cirrhosis cases and 790,095 controls from eight cohorts, we identify a common missense variant in the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 gene (MARC1 p.A165T) that associates with protection from all-cause cirrhosis (OR 0.91, p = 2.3*10−11). This same variant also associates with lower levels of hepatic fat on computed tomographic imaging and lower odds of physician-diagnosed fatty liver as well as lower blood levels of alanine transaminase (-0.025 SD, 3.7*10−43), alkaline phosphatase (-0.025 SD, 1.2*10−37), total cholesterol (-0.030 SD, p = 1.9*10−36) and LDL cholesterol (-0.027 SD, p = 5.1*10−30) levels. We identified a series of additional MARC1 alleles (low-frequency missense p.M187K and rare protein-truncating p.R200Ter) that also associated with lower cholesterol levels, liver enzyme levels and reduced risk of cirrhosis (0 cirrhosis cases for 238 R200Ter carriers versus 17,046 cases of cirrhosis among 759,027 non-carriers, p = 0.04) suggesting that deficiency of the MARC1 enzyme may lower blood cholesterol levels and protect against cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. However, the genetic underpinnings of cirrhosis remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyze twelve thousand individuals with cirrhosis and identify a common missense variant in a gene called MARC1 that protects against cirrhosis. Carriers of this missense variant also have lower blood cholesterol levels, lower liver enzyme levels and reduced liver fat. We identify an additional two low-frequency coding variants in MARC1 that are also associated with lower cholesterol levels, lower liver enzyme levels and protection from cirrhosis. Finally, we identify an individual homozygous for a predicted loss-of-function variant in MARC1 who exhibits very low blood LDL cholesterol levels. These genetic findings suggest that MARC1 deficiency may lower blood cholesterol levels and protect against cirrhosis, pointing to MARC1 as a potential therapeutic target for liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Emdin
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary E. Haas
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amit V. Khera
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Krishna Aragam
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mark Chaffin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Derek Klarin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George Hindy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lan Jiang
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Qiping Feng
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki Havulinna
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuomo Kiiskinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexander Bick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Diego Ardissino
- Division of Cardiology, Azienda Ospedaliero–Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
- Associazione per lo Studio Della Trombosi in Cardiologia, Pavia, Italy
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, München, Germany
| | - Ruth McPherson
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hugh Watkins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Genetics, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Vic-Central de Cataluña, Vic, Spain
| | - Matthew J. Bown
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, and NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Baber
- The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John Danesh
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- National Institute of Health Research Blood and Transplant; Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Danish Saleheen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ben Voight
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Scott Damrauer
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Julie Lynch
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Kaplan
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marina Serper
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip Tsao
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | | | - Josep Mercader
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Craig Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, FI, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joshua Denny
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Verve Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Khera AV, Chaffin M, Wade KH, Zahid S, Brancale J, Xia R, Distefano M, Senol-Cosar O, Haas ME, Bick A, Aragam KG, Lander ES, Smith GD, Mason-Suares H, Fornage M, Lebo M, Timpson NJ, Kaplan LM, Kathiresan S. Polygenic Prediction of Weight and Obesity Trajectories from Birth to Adulthood. Cell 2019; 177:587-596.e9. [PMID: 31002795 PMCID: PMC6661115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Severe obesity is a rapidly growing global health threat. Although often attributed to unhealthy lifestyle choices or environmental factors, obesity is known to be heritable and highly polygenic; the majority of inherited susceptibility is related to the cumulative effect of many common DNA variants. Here we derive and validate a new polygenic predictor comprised of 2.1 million common variants to quantify this susceptibility and test this predictor in more than 300,000 individuals ranging from middle age to birth. Among middle-aged adults, we observe a 13-kg gradient in weight and a 25-fold gradient in risk of severe obesity across polygenic score deciles. In a longitudinal birth cohort, we note minimal differences in birthweight across score deciles, but a significant gradient emerged in early childhood and reached 12 kg by 18 years of age. This new approach to quantify inherited susceptibility to obesity affords new opportunities for clinical prevention and mechanistic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit V Khera
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Mark Chaffin
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kaitlin H Wade
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Sohail Zahid
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Brancale
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rui Xia
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marina Distefano
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ozlem Senol-Cosar
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary E Haas
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexander Bick
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krishna G Aragam
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Heather Mason-Suares
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew Lebo
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Lee M Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Obesity, Metabolism, and Nutrition Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Hindy G, Åkesson KE, Melander O, Aragam KG, Haas ME, Nilsson PM, Kadam UT, Orho-Melander M. Cardiometabolic Polygenic Risk Scores and Osteoarthritis Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study Using Data From the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study and the UK Biobank. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:925-934. [PMID: 30615301 PMCID: PMC6563114 DOI: 10.1002/art.40812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the causal role of cardiometabolic risk factors in osteoarthritis (OA) using associated genetic variants. Methods We studied 27,691 adults from the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDCS) and replicated novel findings among 376,435 adults from the UK Biobank. Trait‐specific polygenic risk scores for low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels, and systolic blood pressure (BP) were used to test the associations of genetically predicted elevations in each trait with incident OA diagnosis (n = 3,559), OA joint replacement (n = 2,780), or both (total OA; n = 4,226) in Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses in the MDCS, and with self‐reported and/or hospital‐diagnosed OA (n = 65,213) in the UK Biobank. Multivariable MR, MR‐Egger, and weighted median MR were used to adjust for potential pleiotropic biases. Results In the MDCS, genetically predicted elevation in LDL cholesterol level was associated with a lower risk of OA diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] 0.83 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.73–0.95] per 1SD increase) and total OA (OR 0.87 [95% CI 0.78–0.98]), which was supported by multivariable MR for OA diagnosis (OR 0.84 [95% CI 0.75–0.95]) and total OA (0.87 [95% CI 0.78–0.97]), and by conventional 2‐sample MR for OA diagnosis (OR 0.86 [95% CI 0.75–0.98]). MR‐Egger indicated no pleiotropic bias. Genetically predicted elevation in BMI was associated with an increased risk of OA diagnosis (OR 1.65 [95% CI 1.14–2.41]), while MR‐Egger indicated pleiotropic bias and a larger association with OA diagnosis (OR 3.25 [1.26–8.39]), OA joint replacement (OR 3.81 [95% CI 1.39–10.4]), and total OA (OR 3.41 [95% CI 1.43–8.15]). No associations were observed between genetically predicted HDL cholesterol level, triglyceride level, FPG level, or systolic BP and OA outcomes. The associations with LDL cholesterol levels were replicated in the UK Biobank (OR 0.95 [95% CI 0.93–0.98]). Conclusion Our MR study provides evidence of a causal role of lower LDL cholesterol level and higher BMI in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hindy
- Lund University, Lund, Sweden, and Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Krishna G Aragam
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Aragam KG, Chaffin M, Levinson RT, McDermott G, Choi SH, Shoemaker MB, Haas ME, Weng LC, Lindsay ME, Smith JG, Newton-Cheh C, Roden DM, London B, Wells QS, Ellinor PT, Kathiresan S, Lubitz SA. Phenotypic Refinement of Heart Failure in a National Biobank Facilitates Genetic Discovery. Circulation 2019; 139:489-501. [PMID: 30586722 PMCID: PMC6511334 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.118.035774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is a morbid and heritable disorder for which the biological mechanisms are incompletely understood. We therefore examined genetic associations with HF in a large national biobank, and assessed whether refined phenotypic classification would facilitate genetic discovery. METHODS We defined all-cause HF among 488 010 participants from the UK Biobank and performed a genome-wide association analysis. We refined the HF phenotype by classifying individuals with left ventricular dysfunction and without coronary artery disease as having nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), and repeated a genetic association analysis. We then pursued replication of lead HF and NICM variants in independent cohorts, and performed adjusted association analyses to assess whether identified genetic associations were mediated through clinical HF risk factors. In addition, we tested rare, loss-of-function mutations in 24 known dilated cardiomyopathy genes for association with HF and NICM. Finally, we examined associations between lead variants and left ventricular structure and function among individuals without HF using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (n=4158) and echocardiographic data (n=30 201). RESULTS We identified 7382 participants with all-cause HF in the UK Biobank. Genome-wide association analysis of all-cause HF identified several suggestive loci (P<1×10-6), the majority linked to upstream HF risk factors, ie, coronary artery disease (CDKN2B-AS1 and MAP3K7CL) and atrial fibrillation (PITX2). Refining the HF phenotype yielded a subset of 2038 NICM cases. In contrast to all-cause HF, genetic analysis of NICM revealed suggestive loci that have been implicated in dilated cardiomyopathy (BAG3, CLCNKA-ZBTB17). Dilated cardiomyopathy signals arising from our NICM analysis replicated in independent cohorts, persisted after HF risk factor adjustment, and were associated with indices of left ventricular dysfunction in individuals without clinical HF. In addition, analyses of loss-of-function variants implicated BAG3 as a disease susceptibility gene for NICM (loss-of-function variant carrier frequency=0.01%; odds ratio,12.03; P=3.62×10-5). CONCLUSIONS We found several distinct genetic mechanisms of all-cause HF in a national biobank that reflect well-known HF risk factors. Phenotypic refinement to a NICM subtype appeared to facilitate the discovery of genetic signals that act independently of clinical HF risk factors and that are associated with subclinical left ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna G. Aragam
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - Mark Chaffin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - Rebecca T. Levinson
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Gregory McDermott
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
| | - Seung-Hoan Choi
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - M. Benjamin Shoemaker
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mary E. Haas
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - Lu-Chen Weng
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - Mark E. Lindsay
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
| | - J. Gustav Smith
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
- Department of Cardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund
University and Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christopher Newton-Cheh
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - Dan M. Roden
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University
Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, TN
| | - Barry London
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Quinn S. Wells
- Department of Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular
Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Patrick T. Ellinor
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, MA
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
| | - Steven A. Lubitz
- Cardiology Division and Cardiovascular Research Center,
Massachusetts GeneralHospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics and
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,
MA
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15
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Haas ME, Aragam KG, Emdin CA, Bick AG, Hemani G, Davey Smith G, Kathiresan S. Genetic Association of Albuminuria with Cardiometabolic Disease and Blood Pressure. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:461-473. [PMID: 30220432 PMCID: PMC6174360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excretion of albumin in urine, or albuminuria, is associated with the development of multiple cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, whether pathways leading to albuminuria are causal for cardiometabolic diseases is unclear. We addressed this question using a Mendelian randomization framework in the UK Biobank, a large population-based cohort. We first performed a genome-wide association study for albuminuria in 382,500 individuals and identified 32 new albuminuria loci. We constructed albuminuria genetic risk scores and tested for association with cardiometabolic diseases. Genetically elevated albuminuria was strongly associated with increased risk of hypertension (1.38 OR; 95% CI, 1.27-1.50 per 1 SD predicted increase in albuminuria, p = 7.01 × 10-14). We then examined bidirectional associations of albuminuria with blood pressure which suggested that genetically elevated albuminuria led to higher blood pressure (2.16 mmHg systolic blood pressure; 95% CI, 1.51-2.82 per 1 SD predicted increase in albuminuria, p = 1.22 × 10-10) and that genetically elevated blood pressure led to more albuminuria (0.005 SD; 95% CI 0.004-0.006 per 1 mmHg predicted increase in systolic blood pressure, p = 2.45 × 10-13). These results support the existence of a feed-forward loop between albuminuria and blood pressure and imply that albuminuria could increase risk of cardiovascular disease through blood pressure. Moreover, they suggest therapies that target albuminuria-increasing processes could have antihypertensive effects that are amplified through inhibition of this feed-forward loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Haas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Krishna G Aragam
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Connor A Emdin
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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16
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Meakin PJ, Mezzapesa A, Benabou E, Haas ME, Bonardo B, Grino M, Brunel JM, Desbois-Mouthon C, Biddinger SB, Govers R, Ashford MLJ, Peiretti F. The beta secretase BACE1 regulates the expression of insulin receptor in the liver. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1306. [PMID: 29610518 PMCID: PMC5880807 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin receptor (IR) plays a key role in the control of glucose homeostasis; however, the regulation of its cellular expression remains poorly understood. Here we show that the amount of biologically active IR is regulated by the cleavage of its ectodomain, by the β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), in a glucose concentration-dependent manner. In vivo studies demonstrate that BACE1 regulates the amount of IR and insulin signaling in the liver. During diabetes, BACE1-dependent cleavage of IR is increased and the amount of IR in the liver is reduced, whereas infusion of a BACE1 inhibitor partially restores liver IR. We suggest the potential use of BACE1 inhibitors to enhance insulin signaling during diabetes. Additionally, we show that plasma levels of cleaved IR reflect IR isoform A expression levels in liver tumors, which prompts us to propose that the measurement of circulating cleaved IR may assist hepatic cancer detection and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Meakin
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD19SY, UK
| | - Anna Mezzapesa
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Eva Benabou
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Mary E Haas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Michel Grino
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Brunel
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, CRCM, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, 13385, France
| | - Christèle Desbois-Mouthon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roland Govers
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France
| | - Michael L J Ashford
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, DD19SY, UK
| | - Franck Peiretti
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, 13385, Marseille, France.
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17
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Haas ME, Levenson AE, Sun X, Liao WH, Rutkowski JM, de Ferranti SD, Schumacher VA, Scherer PE, Salant DJ, Biddinger SB. The Role of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 in Nephrotic Syndrome-Associated Hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2016; 134:61-72. [PMID: 27358438 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.020912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nephrotic syndrome, damage to the podocytes of the kidney produces severe hypercholesterolemia for which novel treatments are urgently needed. PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) has emerged as an important regulator of plasma cholesterol levels and therapeutic target. Here, we tested the role of PCSK9 in mediating the hypercholesterolemia of nephrotic syndrome. METHODS PCSK9 and plasma lipids were studied in nephrotic syndrome patients before and after remission of disease, mice with genetic ablation of the podocyte (Podocyte Apoptosis Through Targeted Activation of Caspase-8, Pod-ATTAC mice) and mice treated with nephrotoxic serum (NTS), which triggers immune-mediated podocyte damage. In addition, mice with hepatic deletion of Pcsk9 were treated with NTS to determine the contribution of PCSK9 to the dyslipidemia of nephrotic syndrome. RESULTS Patients with nephrotic syndrome showed a decrease in plasma cholesterol and plasma PCSK9 on remission of their disease (P<0.05, n=47-50). Conversely, Pod-ATTAC mice and NTS-treated mice showed hypercholesterolemia and a 7- to 24-fold induction in plasma PCSK9. The induction of plasma PCSK9 appeared to be attributable to increased secretion of PCSK9 from the hepatocyte coupled with decreased clearance. Interestingly, knockout of Pcsk9ameliorated the effects of NTS on plasma lipids. Thus, in the presence of NTS, mice lacking hepatic Pcsk9 showed a 40% to 50% decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. Moreover, the ability of NTS treatment to increase the percentage of low-density lipoprotein-associated cholesterol (from 9% in vehicle-treated Flox mice to 47% after NTS treatment), was lost in mice with hepatic deletion of Pcsk9 (5% in both the presence and absence of NTS). CONCLUSIONS Podocyte damage triggers marked inductions in plasma PCSK9, and knockout of Pcsk9 ameliorates dyslipidemia in a mouse model of nephrotic syndrome. These data suggest that PCSK9 inhibitors may be beneficial in patients with nephrotic syndrome-associated hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Haas
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Amy E Levenson
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Xiaowei Sun
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Wan-Hui Liao
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Joseph M Rutkowski
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Sarah D de Ferranti
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Valerie A Schumacher
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - David J Salant
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.)
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- From Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (M.E.H., A.E.L., X.S., W.-H.L., S.B.B.); Touchstone Diabetes Center, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (J.M.R., P.E.S.); Division of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA (S.D.d.F.); Division of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (V.A.S.); and Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, MA (D.J.S.).
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18
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Levenson AE, Haas ME, Miao J, Brown RJ, de Ferranti SD, Muniyappa R, Biddinger SB. Effect of Leptin Replacement on PCSK9 in ob/ob Mice and Female Lipodystrophic Patients. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1421-9. [PMID: 26824363 PMCID: PMC4816729 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Leptin treatment has beneficial effects on plasma lipids in patients with lipodystrophy, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) decreases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance, promotes hypercholesterolemia, and has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target. To determine the effect of leptin on PCSK9, we treated male and female ob/ob mice with leptin for 4 days via sc osmotic pumps (∼24 μg/d). Leptin reduced body weight and food intake in all mice, but the effects of leptin on plasma PCSK9 and lipids differed markedly between the sexes. In male mice, leptin suppressed PCSK9 but had no effect on plasma triglycerides or cholesterol. In female mice, leptin suppressed plasma triglycerides and cholesterol but had no effect on plasma PCSK9. In parallel, we treated female lipodystrophic patients (8 females, ages 5-23 y) with sc metreleptin injections (∼4.4 mg/d) for 4-6 months. In this case, leptin reduced plasma PCSK9 by 26% (298 ± 109 vs 221 ± 102 ng/mL; n = 8; P = .008), and the change in PCSK9 was correlated with a decrease in LDL cholesterol (r(2) = 0.564, P = .03). In summary, in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, the effects of leptin on PCSK9 and plasma lipids appeared to be independent of one another and strongly modified by sex. On the other hand, in lipodystrophic females, leptin treatment reduced plasma PCSK9 in parallel with LDL cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Levenson
- Division of Endocrinology (A.E.L., M.E.H., J.M., S.B.B.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (R.J.B., R.M.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Cardiology (S.D.d.F.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mary E Haas
- Division of Endocrinology (A.E.L., M.E.H., J.M., S.B.B.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (R.J.B., R.M.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Cardiology (S.D.d.F.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ji Miao
- Division of Endocrinology (A.E.L., M.E.H., J.M., S.B.B.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (R.J.B., R.M.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Cardiology (S.D.d.F.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- Division of Endocrinology (A.E.L., M.E.H., J.M., S.B.B.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (R.J.B., R.M.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Cardiology (S.D.d.F.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sarah D de Ferranti
- Division of Endocrinology (A.E.L., M.E.H., J.M., S.B.B.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (R.J.B., R.M.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Cardiology (S.D.d.F.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ranganath Muniyappa
- Division of Endocrinology (A.E.L., M.E.H., J.M., S.B.B.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (R.J.B., R.M.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Cardiology (S.D.d.F.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- Division of Endocrinology (A.E.L., M.E.H., J.M., S.B.B.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch (R.J.B., R.M.), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Department of Cardiology (S.D.d.F.), Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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19
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Sun X, Haas ME, Miao J, Mehta A, Graham MJ, Crooke RM, Pais de Barros JP, Wang JG, Aikawa M, Masson D, Biddinger SB. Insulin Dissociates the Effects of Liver X Receptor on Lipogenesis, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Inflammation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:1115-22. [PMID: 26511317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is characterized by increased lipogenesis as well as increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation. The nuclear hormone receptor liver X receptor (LXR) is induced by insulin and is a key regulator of lipid metabolism. It promotes lipogenesis and cholesterol efflux, but suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. The goal of these studies was to dissect the effects of insulin on LXR action. We used antisense oligonucleotides to knock down Lxrα in mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of the insulin receptor and their controls. We found, surprisingly, that knock-out of the insulin receptor and knockdown of Lxrα produced equivalent, non-additive effects on the lipogenic genes. Thus, insulin was unable to induce the lipogenic genes in the absence of Lxrα, and LXRα was unable to induce the lipogenic genes in the absence of insulin. However, insulin was not required for LXRα to modulate the phospholipid profile, or to suppress genes in the ER stress or inflammation pathways. These data show that insulin is required specifically for the lipogenic effects of LXRα and that manipulation of the insulin signaling pathway could dissociate the beneficial effects of LXR on cholesterol efflux, inflammation, and ER stress from the negative effects on lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Sun
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Mary E Haas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ji Miao
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Abhiruchi Mehta
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | | | - Jian-Guo Wang
- the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - David Masson
- the Centre de Recherche INSERM-UMR866, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France, and
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115,
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20
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Miao J, Manthena PV, Haas ME, Ling AV, Shin DJ, Graham MJ, Crooke RM, Liu J, Biddinger SB. Role of Insulin in the Regulation of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1589-96. [PMID: 26023080 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), which binds the low-density lipoprotein receptor and targets it for degradation, has emerged as an important regulator of serum cholesterol levels and cardiovascular disease risk. Although much work is currently focused on developing therapies for inhibiting PCSK9, the endogenous regulation of PCSK9, particularly by insulin, remains unclear. The objective of these studies was to determine the effects of insulin on PCSK9 in vitro and in vivo. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using rat hepatoma cells and primary rat hepatocytes, we found that insulin increased PCSK9 expression and increased low-density lipoprotein receptor degradation in a PCSK9-dependent manner. In parallel, hepatic Pcsk9 mRNA and plasma PCSK9 protein levels were reduced by 55% to 75% in mice with liver-specific knockout of the insulin receptor; 75% to 88% in mice made insulin-deficient with streptozotocin; and 65% in ob/ob mice treated with antisense oligonucleotides against the insulin receptor. However, antisense oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown of insulin receptor in lean, wild-type mice had little effect. In addition, we found that fasting was able to reduce PCSK9 expression by 80% even in mice that lack hepatic insulin signaling. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that although insulin induces PCSK9 expression, it is not the sole or even dominant regulator of PCSK9 under all conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Miao
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Praveen V Manthena
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Mary E Haas
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Alisha V Ling
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Dong-Ju Shin
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Mark J Graham
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Rosanne M Crooke
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Jingwen Liu
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.)
| | - Sudha B Biddinger
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA (J.M., P.V.M., M.E.H., A.V.L., D.-J.S., S.B.B.); Cardiovascular Disease Research, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA (M.J.G., R.M.C.); and Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, CA (J.L.).
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21
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Abstract
The leading cause of death in diabetic patients is cardiovascular disease. Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)-containing lipoprotein particles, which are secreted and cleared by the liver, are essential for the development of atherosclerosis. Insulin plays a key role in the regulation of ApoB. Insulin decreases ApoB secretion by promoting ApoB degradation in the hepatocyte. In parallel, insulin promotes clearance of circulating ApoB particles by the liver via the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1), and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Consequently, the insulin-resistant state of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with increased secretion and decreased clearance of ApoB. Here, we review the mechanisms by which insulin controls the secretion and uptake of ApoB in normal and diabetic livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Haas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Haas JT, Miao J, Chanda D, Wang Y, Zhao E, Haas ME, Hirschey M, Vaitheesvaran B, Farese RV, Kurland IJ, Graham M, Crooke R, Foufelle F, Biddinger SB. Hepatic insulin signaling is required for obesity-dependent expression of SREBP-1c mRNA but not for feeding-dependent expression. Cell Metab 2012; 15:873-84. [PMID: 22682225 PMCID: PMC3383842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dissecting the role of insulin in the complex regulation of triglyceride metabolism is necessary for understanding dyslipidemia and steatosis. Liver insulin receptor knockout (LIRKO) mice show that in the physiological context of feeding, hepatic insulin signaling is not required for the induction of mTORC1, an upstream activator of the lipogenic regulator, SREBP-1c. Feeding induces SREBP-1c mRNA in LIRKO livers, though not to the extent observed in controls. A high fructose diet also partially induces SREBP-1c and lipogenic gene expression in LIRKO livers. Insulin signaling becomes more important in the pathological context of obesity, as knockdown of the insulin receptor in ob/ob mice, a model of Type 2 diabetes, using antisense oligonucleotides, abolishes the induction of SREBP-1c and its targets by obesity and ameliorates steatosis. Thus, insulin-independent signaling pathways can partially compensate for insulin in the induction of SREBP-1c by feeding but the further induction by obesity/Type 2 diabetes is entirely dependent upon insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Haas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco, and Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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23
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Perlstein SH, Chubak GS, Zerykier A, Haas ME. New techniques in fundus examination: II. A new simplified technique for binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Ann Ophthalmol 1983; 15:86-7. [PMID: 6830099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new technique of binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy uses a Finhoff transilluminator, held between the observer's eyes, as the light source. The light is focused in the patient's dilated pupil through a condensing lens in a darkened room and the image is seen stereoscopically. The advantages and limitations of this technique and the optical principles are highlighted.
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