1
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Pires EM, Pugazhenthi U, Fink MK, Habenicht LM, Fong DL, Leszczynski JK, Schurr MJ, Manuel CA. Antibiotic Treatment of Corynebacterium bovis-associated Clinical Disease in NSG Mice. Comp Med 2023; 73:461-465. [PMID: 38103891 PMCID: PMC10752358 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-23-000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the strain of immunodeficient mice, Corynebacterium bovis infection can be asymptomatic or cause transient or prolonged skin disease. C. bovis infection of NOD. Cg- Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice results in clinical skin disease that progresses in severity. Amoxicillin metaphylaxic and prophylaxic therapy prevents transmission and infection of mice after exposure to C. bovis and inhibits the growth of C. bovis isolates at therapeutic doses that are clinically achievable in mice. Amoxicillin is not efficacious for treatment of transient clinical skin disease in athymic nude mice, but the efficacy of amoxicillin treatment has not previously been characterized in C. bovis -infected NSG mice. In the current study, NSG mice were treated with amoxicillin beginning at 5 wk after exposure to C. bovis, at which time they had well-established clinical signs of disease. Clinical signs were scored to assess disease progression, regression, and reappearance. Our results showed that amoxicillin treatment for 3 or 6 wk reduced the clinical scores of NSG mice with C. bovis -associated clinical disease. In addition, withdrawal of treatment led to the recurrence of clinical signs. Collectively, our data suggest that amoxicillin treatment is effective in alleviating the clinical signs associated with C. bovis infection for the duration of treatment in NSG mice. Clinical intervention with antibiotics for C. bovis -infected NSG mice can be an option for management of C. bovis -related clinical disease either before or during facility-wide remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources
- Pathology and
| | | | - Michael J Schurr
- Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources
- Pathology and
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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2
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Jenul C, Keim KC, Jens JN, Zeiler MJ, Schilcher K, Schurr MJ, Melander C, Phelan VV, Horswill AR. Pyochelin biotransformation by Staphylococcus aureus shapes bacterial competition with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in polymicrobial infections. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112540. [PMID: 37227819 PMCID: PMC10592502 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus are among the most frequently isolated bacterial species from polymicrobial infections of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic wounds. We apply mass spectrometry guided interaction studies to determine how chemical interaction shapes the fitness and community structure during co-infection of these two pathogens. We demonstrate that S. aureus is equipped with an elegant mechanism to inactivate pyochelin via the yet uncharacterized methyltransferase Spm (staphylococcal pyochelin methyltransferase). Methylation of pyochelin abolishes the siderophore activity of pyochelin and significantly lowers pyochelin-mediated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in S. aureus. In a murine wound co-infection model, an S. aureus mutant unable to methylate pyochelin shows significantly lower fitness compared with its parental strain. Thus, Spm-mediated pyochelin methylation is a mechanism to increase S. aureus survival during in vivo competition with P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Jenul
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Klara C Keim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Justin N Jens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael J Zeiler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Katrin Schilcher
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Christian Melander
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Vanessa V Phelan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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3
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Taylor JZ, Fong DL, Habenicht LM, Fink MK, Leszczynski JK, Frank DN, Kofonow JM, Robertson CE, Nicklawsky AG, Schurr MJ, Manuel CA. Effects of Extended Cage Component Sanitation Interval on the Microenvironment, Health, and Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2023; 62:212-221. [PMID: 37072181 PMCID: PMC10230543 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Washing and sanitizing rodent cage components requires costly equipment, significant personnel effort, and use of natural resources. The benchmark frequency for sanitation of individually ventilated caging (IVC) has traditionally been every 2 wk. In this study, we investigated the effects of extending this interval on the cage microenvironment, basic markers of health, and the gastrointestinal microbiota of rats. We compared our institutional standard of changing the sanitation interval for rat cage lids, box feeders, and enrichment devices from every 4 wk to an interval of 12 wk. The cage bottom and bedding continued to be changed every 2 wk for both groups. We hypothesized that we would find no significant difference between our current practice of 4 wks and continuous use for 12 wk. Our data showed that intracage ammonia levels remained below 5 ppm for most cages in both groups, with the exception of cages that experienced a cage flood. We found no significant difference between groups in bacterial colony forming units (CFU) on cage components. We used 3 novel methods of assessing cleanliness of enrichment devices and found no significant effect of continuous use for 12 wk on the number of CFU. In addition, we found no significant differences between groups for animal weight, routine blood work, or fecal and cecal microbiomes. These data indicate that a sanitation interval of up to 12 wk for components of rat IVC caging has no significant effects on the microenvironment or health of rats. Using the longer interval will improve efficiency, reduce the use of natural resources, and decrease costs while maintaining high-quality animal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmyne Z Taylor
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren M Habenicht
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael K Fink
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jennifer M Kofonow
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Charles E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew G Nicklawsky
- University of Colorado Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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4
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Manuel CA, Pearson EC, Pugazhenthi U, Fink MK, Habenicht LM, Fong DL, Leszczynski JK, Schurr MJ. A Clinical Scoring Systems for the Evaluation of Corynebacterium bovis -associated Disease in NSG Mice. Comp Med 2022; 72:386-393. [PMID: 36744509 PMCID: PMC9827608 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-22-000098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical signs of Corynebacterium bovis infections are well-known in athymic nude mice. However, C. bovis can also infect and cause clinical signs in many hirsute, immunocompromised mouse strains such as NSG (NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wgl/SzJ). Typically, the clinical assessment of C. bovis-infected mice begins when overt clinical signs are initially observed and thus the early course of infection has not been thoroughly described. The goal of this study was to characterize the clinical progression of C. bovis infection in NSG mice under experimental conditions and develop a quantifiable clinical scoring system. For the development and application of this clinical scoring system, 54 naïve NSG mice were exposed to soiled bedding from clinically ill C. bovis-infected NSG mice and the emergence of clinical signs was monitored and scored weekly for 8 wk. Overall, we identified 6 benchmark changes associated with C. bovis clinical infection. Four changes were the appearance of the eyes, ears, hair coat, and posture. Two behavioral changes were increased grooming activity and rapid head shaking. All clinical signs appeared consistently and progressed temporally with increasing clinical severity. Characterization of clinical signs and scoring of clinical disease will aid veterinarians in the assessment of C. bovis-infected NSG mice and may help in the evaluation of current and future clinical interventions used to prevent or treat C. bovis-infected immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado;,Corresponding Author.
| | - Emily C Pearson
- Center for Animal Resources and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Umarani Pugazhenthi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael K Fink
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren M Habenicht
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado;,Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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5
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Manuel CA, Johnson LK, Pugazhenthi U, Fong DL, Fink M, Habenicht LM, Leszczynski JK, Diana IR, Schurr MJ, Frank DN. Effect of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis on Corynebacterium bovis Infection and the Skin Microbiome of Immunodeficient Mice. Comp Med 2022; 72:78-89. [PMID: 35379380 PMCID: PMC9084569 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium bovis is an opportunistic pathogen of the skin of immunodeficient mice and is sensitive to oral antibiotics that reach therapeutic blood concentrations. However, prophylactic antibiotics are considered to be ineffective at preventing C. bovis infection. In addition, the effect of C. bovis on the skin microbiome (SM) of common immunodeficient mouse strains has yet to be characterized. Consequently, we evaluated whether oral prophylactic antibiotics prevent C. bovis infection after inoculation. An infectious dose of C. bovis was applied to the skin of Hsd:Athymic Nude (nude) and NOD. Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. Mice were then housed individually and assigned randomly to receive either untreated drinking water (Cb+Abx-group) or prophylactic amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in the drinking water (0.375 mg/mL) for 14 d (Cb+Abx+group). A third treatment group of each mouse strain was uninoculated and untreated (Cb-Abx-group). Mice from all groups were serially sampled by using dermal swabs to monitor C. bovis infection via quantitative real-time PCR and the SM via 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Fourteen days of prophylactic antibiotics prevented the perpetuation of C. bovis skin infection in both strains. Only the combination of C. bovis inoculation and oral antibiotics (Cb+Abx+) significantly affected the SM of NSG mice at day 14; this effect resolved by the end of the study (day 70). In mice that did not receive antibiotics, C. bovis significantly altered the SM of nude mice but not NSG mice at days 14 and 70. These findings demonstrate the potential benefit of prophylactic antibiotics for prevention of C. bovis infection. However, indirect effect of antibiotics on commensal bacteria and potential effects on xenograft models must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO;,
| | - Linda K Johnson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; Deceased
| | - Uma Pugazhenthi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Michaelk Fink
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; Department of Pathology; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Lauren M Habenicht
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
| | - I R Diana
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Daniel N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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6
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Trivedi R, Gautam D, Kehe GM, Escobedo HD, Patel K, Stansbury JW, Schurr MJ, Nair DP. Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of azobenzene nanogels for their antibacterial properties in adhesive dentistry. Eur J Oral Sci 2022; 130:e12832. [PMID: 34923692 PMCID: PMC9122558 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cariogenic bacteria within the prepared tooth cavity at the adhesive resin-dentin interface is detrimental to the long-term stability and function of composite restorations. Here, we report the synthesis and incorporation of methacrylated azobenzene nanogels within bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate/hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ethanol (B/H/E) adhesive resins and evaluate their ability to reduce the bacterial invasion of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilms while preserving the mechanical strength and structural integrity of the critical interfacial connection between the restoration and the tooth. The azobenzene nanogel, with a hydrodynamic radius of < 2 nm and a molecular weight of 12,000 Da, was polymerized within B/H/E adhesive formulations at concentrations of 0.5 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2.5 wt.%. While the double-bond conversion, cytocompatibility, water solubility, and sorption of the adhesive networks were comparable, azobenzene nanogel networks showed improved hydrophobicity with a ≥ 25° increase in water contact angle. The polymerized adhesive surfaces formulated with azobenzene nanogels showed a 66% reduction in bacterial biofilms relative to the control while maintaining the mechanical properties and micro-tensile bond strength of the adhesive networks. The increased hydrophobicity and antibacterial activity are promising indicators that azobenzene nanogel additives have the potential to increase the durability and longevity of adhesive resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinku Trivedi
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dixa Gautam
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Gannon M Kehe
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Humberto D Escobedo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kruti Patel
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Stansbury
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Devatha P Nair
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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7
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Mori DI, Powell A, Kehe GM, Schurr MJ, Nair DP, Puranik CP. Acrylated Hydroxyazobenzene Copolymers in Composite-Resin Matrix Inhibits Streptococcus mutans Biofilms In Vitro. Pediatr Dent 2021; 43:484-491. [PMID: 34937621 PMCID: PMC8830796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of acrylated hydroxyazobenzene (AHA) copolymers in a composite-resin matrix on Streptococcus mutans (SM) biofilms. Methods: The AHA was synthesized and polymerized within a bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (bisGMA:TEGDMA) matrix while bisGMA:TEGDMA discs served as controls. The cytotoxicity of AHA was determined using a cell viability assay. Sucrose-dependent SM biofilms were grown on the AHA and control substrates. At 24 hours and after mechanical toothbrushing (equivalent to six months), the number of live SM was quantified on the substrates and in the surrounding media. Microscopic images of the substrates were captured after live-dead staining. Results: The AHA substrates were as biocompatible as bisGMA: TEGDMA substrates. The microscopic images and quantification demonstrated no live SM on the AHA substrates and in the surrounding media as compared to the controls. The inhibitory efficacy of AHA substrates on SM biofilm was intact even after mechanical toothbrushing. Conclusions: Acrylated hydroxyazobenzene in a composite-resin matrix completely inhibits SM proliferation growth and demonstrates a zone of SM inhibition. The antibacterial propertyof AHA could be harnessed for caries prevention in high caries-risk children by incorporating AHA into the restorative and sealant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan I Mori
- Dr. Mori is a postdoctoral fellow, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo., USA
| | - Alexa Powell
- Ms. Powell is an undergraduate student, Department of Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo., USA
| | - Gannon M Kehe
- Mr. Kehe is a professional research assistant, Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo., USA
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Dr. Schurr is an associate professor, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo., USA
| | - Devatha P Nair
- Dr. Nair is an assistant professor, Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and holds appointments with the Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo., USA
| | - Chaitanya P Puranik
- Dr. Puranik is an assistant professor and director of predoctoral education, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo., USA;,
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8
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Misischia WP, Xenoudi P, Yukna RA, Schurr MJ. Correction to: Bacterial reduction effect of four different dental lasers on titanium surfaces in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:1769. [PMID: 34427850 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Patrick Misischia
- Advanced Periodontal Therapies, Department of Surgical Dentistry, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- , Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Pinelopi Xenoudi
- Advanced Periodontal Therapies, Department of Surgical Dentistry, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raymond A Yukna
- Advanced Periodontal Therapies, Department of Surgical Dentistry, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Surgical Dentistry, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, 13065 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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9
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Hassett DJ, Kovall RA, Schurr MJ, Kotagiri N, Kumari H, Satish L. The Bactericidal Tandem Drug, AB569: How to Eradicate Antibiotic-Resistant Biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Multiple Disease Settings Including Cystic Fibrosis, Burns/Wounds and Urinary Tract Infections. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:639362. [PMID: 34220733 PMCID: PMC8245851 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The life-threatening pandemic concerning multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria is an evolving problem involving increased hospitalizations, billions of dollars in medical costs and a remarkably high number of deaths. Bacterial pathogens have demonstrated the capacity for spontaneous or acquired antibiotic resistance and there is virtually no pool of organisms that have not evolved such potentially clinically catastrophic properties. Although many diseases are linked to such organisms, three include cystic fibrosis (CF), burn/blast wounds and urinary tract infections (UTIs), respectively. Thus, there is a critical need to develop novel, effective antimicrobials for the prevention and treatment of such problematic infections. One of the most formidable, naturally MDR bacterial pathogens is Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) that is particularly susceptible to nitric oxide (NO), a component of our innate immune response. This susceptibility sets the translational stage for the use of NO-based therapeutics during the aforementioned human infections. First, we discuss how such NO therapeutics may be able to target problematic infections in each of the aforementioned infectious scenarios. Second, we describe a recent discovery based on years of foundational information, a novel drug known as AB569. AB569 is capable of forming a "time release" of NO from S-nitrosothiols (RSNO). AB569, a bactericidal tandem consisting of acidified NaNO2 (A-NO2 -) and Na2-EDTA, is capable of killing all pathogens that are associated with the aforementioned disorders. Third, we described each disease state in brief, the known or predicted effects of AB569 on the viability of PA, its potential toxicity and highly remote possibility for resistance to develop. Finally, we conclude that AB569 can be a viable alternative or addition to conventional antibiotic regimens to treat such highly problematic MDR bacterial infections for civilian and military populations, as well as the economical burden that such organisms pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rhett A Kovall
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Harshita Kumari
- Division of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Health Sciences, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Latha Satish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Shriners Hospitals for Children-Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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10
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Fagre AC, Pugazhenthi U, Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Crim MJ, Henderson KS, Fong DL, Leszczynski JK, Schurr MJ, Daniels JB, Manuel CA. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Corynebacterium bovis Isolates from Immunodeficient Rodents. Comp Med 2021; 71:210-214. [PMID: 33836843 PMCID: PMC8223865 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Corynebacterium bovis, the causative agent of hyperkeratotic dermatitis in immunodeficient mice, is a significant problem in preclinical oncology research. Infection results in lifelong skin colonization and a decrease in successful engraftment of patient-derived xenograft tumor models. The use of antimicrobial agents for C. bovis is controversial in light of reports of poor efficacy and the possibility of selection for resistant strains. The purpose of this study was to describe the antimicrobial susceptibilities of C. bovis isolates obtained exclusively from immunodeficient rodents in order to aid in antimicrobial dose determination. Between 1995 and 2018, 15 isolates were collected from 11 research institutions across the United States. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for 24 antimicrobials commonly used against gram-positive bacteria. Our results provide an updated understanding of the susceptibility profiles of rodent C. bovis isolates, indicating little variability between geographically and temporally distant isolates. These results will facilitate appropriate antimicrobial use to prevent and treat C. bovis infections in immunodeficient rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Fagre
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Uma Pugazhenthi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher Cheleuitte-Nieves
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Marcus J Crim
- Molecular Diagnostics and Microbiology, IDEXX BioAnalytics, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kenneth S Henderson
- Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joshua B Daniels
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado;,
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11
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Raghunathan V, Park SA, Shah NM, Reilly CM, Teixeira L, Dubielzig R, Chang YR, Motta MJ, Schurr MJ, McAnulty JF, Isseroff RR, Abbott NL, Murphy CJ. Changing the Wound: Covalent Immobilization of the Epidermal Growth Factor. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2649-2660. [PMID: 34018720 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Re-epithelialization of wounds is a critical element of wound closure. Growth factors have been used in combination with conventional wound management to promote closure, but the method of delivery has been limited to the topical application of ointment formulations. Cytoactive factors delivered in this way have short resident times in wounds and have met with limited success. Here, we demonstrate that methods used to covalently immobilize proteins on synthetic materials can be extended to immobilize cytoactive factors such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) onto the wound beds of genetically diabetic mice that exhibit impaired healing. Full-thickness splinted excisional wounds were created in diabetic (db/db) mice with a well-defined silicone splint to limit wound contracture. Wound surfaces were treated with a reducing agent to expose sulfhydryl groups and subsequently treated with EGF modified with a heterobifunctional crosslinker. This allowed for the covalent immobilization of the EGF to the wound surface. The conjugation chemistry was validated in vitro and in vivo. In a separate group of mice, wounds were topically treated twice daily with soluble EGF. The mice were evaluated over 11 days for wound closure. This covalent immobilization strategy resulted in EGF being retained on the wound surface for 2 days and significantly increased epithelial wound closure by 20% compared to wounds treated with topical EGF or topical vehicle. Covalent immobilization was not only therapeutically effective but also delivered a markedly reduced load of growth factor to the wound surface compared to topical application (when only 180 ng of EGF was immobilized onto the wound surface in comparison with 7200 ng of topically applied EGF over a period of 11 days). No adverse effects were observed in treated wounds. Results obtained provide proof of concept for the effectiveness of covalent immobilization in the treatment of dysregulated wounds. The covalent immobilization of cytoactive factors represents a potentially transformative approach to the management of difficult chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- VijayKrishna Raghunathan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Rd, Houston, Texas 77204, United States.,Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Shin Ae Park
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nihar M Shah
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Medtronic Diabetes, 18000 Devonshire Street, Northridge, California 91325-1219, United States
| | - Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Leandro Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Richard Dubielzig
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yow-Ren Chang
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Monica J Motta
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Divison of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, 509 Biltmore Avenue, Asheville, North Carolina 28803, United States
| | - Jonathan F McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - R Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 1 Hoy Plaza, Ithaca, New York 14853 United States
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95817, United States
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12
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Bogue AL, Panmanee W, McDaniel CT, Mortensen JE, Kamau E, Actis LA, Johannigman JA, Schurr MJ, Satish L, Kotagiri N, Hassett DJ. AB569, a non-toxic combination of acidified nitrite and EDTA, is effective at killing the notorious Iraq/Afghanistan combat wound pathogens, multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Acinetobacter spp. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247513. [PMID: 33657146 PMCID: PMC7928478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) and Acinetobacter spp. present monumental global health challenges. These organisms represent model Gram-negative pathogens with known antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming properties. Herein, a novel, nontoxic biocide, AB569, consisting of acidified nitrite (A-NO2-) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), demonstrated bactericidal activity against all Ab and Acinetobacter spp. strains, respectively. Average fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) of 0.25 mM EDTA plus 4 mM A-NO2- were observed across several clinical reference and multiple combat wound isolates from the Iraq/Afghanistan wars. Importantly, toxicity testing on human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) revealed an upper toxicity limit of 3 mM EDTA plus 64 mM A-NO2-, and thus are in the therapeutic range for effective Ab and Acinetobacter spp. treatment. Following treatment of Ab strain ATCC 19606 with AB569, quantitative PCR analysis of selected genes products to be responsive to AB569 revealed up-regulation of iron regulated genes involved in siderophore production, siderophore biosynthesis non-ribosomal peptide synthetase module (SBNRPSM), and siderophore biosynthesis protein monooxygenase (SBPM) when compared to untreated organisms. Taken together, treating Ab infections with AB569 at inhibitory concentrations reveals the potential clinical application of preventing Ab from gaining an early growth advantage during infection followed by extensive bactericidal activity upon subsequent exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Bogue
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton (Wright-Patterson Air Force Base), Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Warunya Panmanee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Cameron T. McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Joel E. Mortensen
- Diagnostic Infectious Disease Testing Laboratory and Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Edwin Kamau
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Actis
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
| | - Jay A. Johannigman
- U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Latha Satish
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Nalinikanth Kotagiri
- Research Department, Shriners Hospitals for Children- Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Pearson EC, Pugazhenthi U, Fong DL, Smith DE, Nicklawsky AG, Habenicht LM, Fink MK, Leszczynski JK, Schurr MJ, Manuel CA. Metaphylactic Antibiotic Treatment to Prevent the Transmission of Corynebacterium bovis to Immunocompromised Mouse Offspring. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2020; 59:712-718. [PMID: 32907697 PMCID: PMC7604683 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Current methods for eradicating Corynebacterium bovis, such as depopulation, embryo transfer, and cesarean rederivation followed by cross fostering, are expensive, complex, and time-consuming. We investigated a novel method to produce immunocompromised offspring free of C. bovis from infected NOD. Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wgl/SzJ (NSG) breeding pairs. Adult NSG mice were infected with C. bovis, paired, and randomly assigned to either a no-antibiotic control group (NAB, n = 8) or a group that received amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (0.375 mg/mL) in their drinking water for a mean duration of 7 wk (AB group, n = 7), spanning the time from pairing of breeders to weaning of litters. The AB group also underwent weekly cage changes for 3 wk after pairing to decrease intracage C. bovis contamination, whereas the NAB mice received bi-weekly cage changes. Antibiotics were withdrawn at the time of weaning. All litters (n = 7) in the AB group were culture- and qPCR-negative for C. bovis and remained negative for the duration of the study, whereas all litters in the NAB group (n = 6) remained C. bovis positive. A single adult from each breeding pair was sampled at weaning and at 5 and 10 wk after weaning to confirm the maintenance of (NAB) or to diagnose the reemergence (AB) of C. bovis infection. By the end of the study, C. bovis infection had returned in 3 of the 7 (43%) tested AB adults. Our data suggest that metaphylactic antibiotic use can decrease viable C. bovis organisms from adult breeder mice and protect offspring from infection. However, using antibiotics with frequent cage changing negatively affected breeding performance. Nevertheless, this technique can be used to produce C. bovis-free NSG offspring from infected adults and may be an option for salvaging infected immunocompromised strains of mice that are not easily replaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Pearson
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Umarani Pugazhenthi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek L Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology and Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek E Smith
- Departments of Biostatics Core, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andrew G Nicklawsky
- Departments of Biostatics Core, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lauren M Habenicht
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology and Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael K Fink
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology and Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jori K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology and Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pathology and Immunology and Microbiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver, Aurora, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado;,
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14
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Manning SW, Humphrey DA, Shillinglaw WR, Crawford E, Pranami G, Agarwal A, Schurr MJ. Efficacy of a Bioresorbable Matrix in Healing Complex Chronic Wounds: An Open-Label Prospective Pilot Study. Wounds 2020; 32:309-318. [PMID: 33465043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this prospective clinical study was to assess the effectiveness of a novel bioresorbable polymeric matrix impregnated with ionic and metallic silver as a primary wound contact dressing in healing stagnant or deteriorating chronic wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two patients with a total of 35 chronic wounds undergoing treatment at the Wound Healing and Hyperbaric Center at Mission Hospital were recruited under a protocol approved by the institutional review board. The wounds included venous stasis ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, postoperative surgical wounds, burn wounds, and chronic, nonpressure lower extremity ulcers. At baseline, all wounds were nonhealing (ie, stagnant or deteriorating) for a median of 39 weeks (range, 3-137 weeks) and suspected of persistent microbial colonization that had not responded to traditional antimicrobial products and/or antibiotics. The aforementioned matrix was applied to wounds once every 3 days and covered with a secondary dressing. Previously prescribed protocols of care, such as debridement or compression wraps, were continued, but prior antimicrobial dressings or antibiotics were replaced with the matrix. Wound assessments at 3 weeks and 12 weeks post intervention are reported. RESULTS Three patients were excluded due to patients lost to follow-up after initial application. At 3 weeks, 72% of wounds (22/32) had significantly improved healing with an average wound area reduction of 66%. By 12 weeks, 91% of wounds (29/32) either healed completely (ie, fully reepithelialized) or improved significantly with an average wound area reduction of 73%. The matrix was well tolerated; no patient reported discomfort with the application of the matrix. CONCLUSIONS The micrometer-thick bioresorbable matrix presents a new form factor to wound management, conforming intimately to the underlying wound bed to exert localized and sustained antimicrobial action of noncytotoxic levels of silver. The application of the matrix on the wound surface in protocols of care was safe and well tolerated, and it facilitated improvements in healing of a majority of the stagnant or deteriorating complex chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Manning
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina Health Sciences at Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, NC
| | - David A Humphrey
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina Health Sciences at Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, NC
| | - William R Shillinglaw
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina Health Sciences at Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, NC
| | | | | | | | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina Health Sciences at Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, NC
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15
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O'Neill AM, Anderson K, Baker LK, Schurr MJ. The Overall Poor Specificity of MRCP in the Preoperative Evaluation of the Jaundiced Patient Will Increase the Incidence of Nontherapeutic ERCP. Am Surg 2020; 86:1022-1025. [PMID: 32809851 DOI: 10.1177/0003134820942139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains one of the most common surgical operations. Common bile duct stones (CBDS) are estimated to be present in 10%-20% of individuals with symptomatic gallstones. Preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) remain the most common methods of evaluation, with subsequent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for stone extraction if positive for CBDS. We examined our experience with preoperative MRCP versus IOC for the management of the jaundiced patient with cholelithiasis. This is a retrospective single-institution study that examined all laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed over a 15-month period between 2017 and 2018. Outpatient elective cases were excluded from the analysis. Charts were reviewed for demographics, operative details, and whether an MRCP, IOC, or ERCP was performed. Data were evaluated using a 2-sample t-test. A total of 460 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy over a 15-month period. Of those, 147 underwent either an MRCP or an IOC for clinical suspicion for CBDS. ERCP after MRCP was nontherapeutic in 11/32 (34%) compared with 2/12 (17%) of patients following IOC. The sensitivity and specificity of MRCP were 91% and 80%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 66% and a negative predictive value of 96%. The sensitivity and specificity of IOC were 83% and 97%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 83% and a negative predictive value of 97%. MRCP and IOC have unique advantages and disadvantages. MRCP has greater sensitivity, but poor specificity, resulting in unnecessary ERCPs with associated morbidity and increased costs to the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M O'Neill
- 26520 Department of Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center (MAHEC), Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Keith Anderson
- 26520 Department of Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center (MAHEC), Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Lorinda K Baker
- Department of Research, UNC Health Sciences at Mountain Area Health Education Center (MAHEC), Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Schurr
- 26520 Department of Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center (MAHEC), Asheville, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Mission Hospital, Asheville, NC, USA
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16
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Mori DI, Schurr MJ, Nair DP. Selective Inhibition of Streptococci Biofilm Growth via a Hydroxylated Azobenzene Coating. Adv Mater Interfaces 2020; 7:1902149. [PMID: 33575161 PMCID: PMC7872137 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201902149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to engineer surfaces that can enable the selective inhibition of bacterial pathogens while preserving beneficial microbes can serve as tools to precisely edit the microbiome. In the oral microbiome, this selectivity is crucial in preventing the proliferation of cariogenic species such as Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). In this communication, coatings consisting of a covalently tethered hydroxylated azobenzene (OH-AAZO) on glassy acrylic resins are studied and characterized for their ability to selectively prevent the attachment and growth of oral Streptococci biofilms. The coating applied on the surface of glassy resins inhibits the growth and proliferation of cariogenic S. mutans and S. oralis biofilms while A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. aureus, and E. coli biofilms are unaffected by the coating . The antibacterial effect is characterized as a function of both the OH-AAZO concentration in the coatings (≥50 mg mL-1) and the structure of the monomer in the coating. Preliminary mechanistic results suggest that the targeted bactericidal effect against Streptococci species is caused by a disruption of membrane ion potential, inducing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan I Mori
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Devatha P Nair
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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17
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Duverseau MO, Suma D, Galvin SL, Conquest AM, Schurr MJ. Unexpected ICU Admission is Associated with Pulmonary Complications but Not Increased Mortality; Rescue is Essential for Optimal Patient Outcome. Am Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481908501239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
ICU beds are in demand in large regional referral hospitals; therefore, nonintubated polytrauma patients are often admitted to general care (GC) wards. We hypothesized that trauma patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 15 and unexpected ICU admission (U-ICU) after initial admission to GC had increased morbidity and mortality. We also hypothesized that those requiring U-ICU could be predicted based on admission parameters. This was a retrospective review of patients aged at least 18 years, admitted to GC with blunt trauma and ISS greater than 15 from April 2015 to March 2017. Demographics were collected along with injury patterns and complications. Statistics included chi-squared, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, and t tests. Of 986 patients, 502 (50.9%) were directly admitted to GC. Prevalence of U-ICU was 9.8 per cent (49/502 patients). The only admission predictor of U-ICU was a history of myocardial infarction (8/49, 16.3%, vs 21/453, 4.6%, P = 0.001). Those with U-ICU had increased incidence of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and endotracheal intubation compared with GC, but there was no difference in overall mortality (3/49, 6.1% vs 18/453, 4.0%, P = 0.45). Half of all severely injured, nonintubated patients can be managed on the GC ward; however, 9.8 per cent of patients will require U-ICU admission for pulmonary complications. Admission history of myocardial infarction predicts those at risk. Severely injured patients with U-ICU admission have significant cardiopulmonary complications, but can be rescued with no increase in overall mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc O. Duverseau
- Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
| | - Dominic Suma
- Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
| | - Shelley L. Galvin
- Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
| | - Anne M. Conquest
- Department of General Surgery, Mission Hospital, Asheville, North Carolina
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
- Department of General Surgery, Mission Hospital, Asheville, North Carolina
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18
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Duverseau MO, Suma D, Galvin SL, Conquest AM, Schurr MJ. Unexpected ICU Admission Is Associated with Pulmonary Complications but Not Increased Mortality; Rescue Is Essential for Optimal Patient Outcome. Am Surg 2019; 85:1409-1413. [PMID: 31908228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ICU beds are in demand in large regional referral hospitals; therefore, nonintubated polytrauma patients are often admitted to general care (GC) wards. We hypothesized that trauma patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 15 and unexpected ICU admission (U-ICU) after initial admission to GC had increased morbidity and mortality. We also hypothesized that those requiring U-ICU could be predicted based on admission parameters. This was a retrospective review of patients aged at least 18 years, admitted to GC with blunt trauma and ISS greater than 15 from April 2015 to March 2017. Demographics were collected along with injury patterns and complications. Statistics included chi-squared, Fisher's exact, Mann-Whitney, and t tests. Of 986 patients, 502 (50.9%) were directly admitted to GC. Prevalence of U-ICU was 9.8 per cent (49/502 patients). The only admission predictor of U-ICU was a history of myocardial infarction (8/49, 16.3%, vs 21/453, 4.6%, P = 0.001). Those with U-ICU had increased incidence of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and endotracheal intubation compared with GC, but there was no difference in overall mortality (3/49, 6.1% vs 18/453, 4.0%, P = 0.45). Half of all severely injured, nonintubated patients can be managed on the GC ward; however, 9.8 per cent of patients will require U-ICU admission for pulmonary complications. Admission history of myocardial infarction predicts those at risk. Severely injured patients with U-ICU admission have significant cardiopulmonary complications, but can be rescued with no increase in overall mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc O Duverseau
- From the *Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
| | - Dominic Suma
- From the *Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
| | - Shelley L Galvin
- From the *Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
| | - Anne M Conquest
- †Department of General Surgery, Mission Hospital, Asheville, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Schurr
- From the *Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center, Asheville, North Carolina; and
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19
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Holmes JH, Schurr MJ, King BT, Foster K, Faucher LD, Lokuta MA, Comer AR, Rooney PJ, Barbeau KF, Mohoney ST, Gibson AL, Lynn Allen-Hoffmann B. An open-label, prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter, phase 1b study of StrataGraft skin tissue versus autografting in patients with deep partial-thickness thermal burns. Burns 2019; 45:1749-1758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Waterman Manning S, Humphrey DA, Shillinglaw WIR, Schurr MJ, Crawford EC, Agarwal A, Pranami GC. Novel Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Nanofilm-Based Synthetic Bioresorbable Antimicrobial Matrix Accelerated Healing of Chronic Wounds in a Prospective Clinical Evaluation (NCT03204851). J Am Coll Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.08.1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Mitchell CM, McGrath A, Beck B, Schurr MJ, Fong D, Leszczynski JK, Manuel CA. Low-cost, Small-scale Decontamination of Laboratory Equipment by Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2019; 58:569-576. [PMID: 31466553 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A significant concern in laboratory animal medicine is contamination due to pathogen outbreaks and how to adequately decontaminate small equipment. Many factors play a role in the selection of the decontamination method including cost, efficacy, personnel time and safety. Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas is an effective method, but decontamination often requires a ClO₂ gas generator with a specialized air-tight exposure chamber. Although this method works well for large-scale decon- tamination, the use of a gas generator may be impractical and too costly for smaller-scale decontamination. The goal of this study was to create and validate an effective, small-scale decontamination method that uses ClO₂ gas and which is an affordable, efficient, safe, and reproducible. First, we identified a product that generates ClO₂ gas after the combination of 2 dry reagents. To find an affordable exposure chamber, we evaluated the ability of 4 household totes with gasket-seal lid systems to retain ClO₂ gas and relative humidity (RH). The efficacy of decontamination was validated by concurrently using 2 different biologic indicators (BI), Bacillus atrophaeus (B.a.) and Geobacillus stearothermophilus (G.s.). All household totes evaluated held sufficient gas and RH for a 15-h cycle, providing adequate contact time to inactivate both BI evaluated. Our results suggest that a total exposure dose of 71 ± 42 ppm-h of ClO₂ gas over 15 h at 90% or greater RH is adequate to inactivate both B.a. and G.s. There was no statistical significance between the 2 BI as indicators for decontamination; 65 of 230 (28.3%) B.a. and 75 of 230 (32.6%) G.s spore strips were positive for growth (P = 0.36). In conclusion, we successfully combined a variety of low-cost materials to establish an effective, small-scale method to decontaminate laboratory equipment. Depending on the size of the tote and whether BI are used, the cost of our method is roughly 1% that of large-scale ClO₂ gas generators used with specialized air-tight exposure chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara M Mitchell
- Animal Resources Center, The University of Chicago Biological Sciences, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alison McGrath
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Breanne Beck
- Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Derek Fong
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; Department of Pathology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Jorik K Leszczynski
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; Department of Pathology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Christopher A Manuel
- Office of Laboratory Animal Resources, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; Department of Pathology, Research Safety and Industrial Hygiene, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado-Denver; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado;,
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22
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Panmanee W, Su S, Schurr MJ, Lau GW, Zhu X, Ren Z, McDaniel CT, Lu LJ, Ohman DE, Muruve DA, Panos RJ, Yu HD, Thompson TB, Tseng BS, Hassett DJ. The anti-sigma factor MucA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Dramatic differences of a mucA22 vs. a ΔmucA mutant in anaerobic acidified nitrite sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm bacteria in vitro and during chronic murine lung infection. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216401. [PMID: 31158231 PMCID: PMC6546240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoid mucA22 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is an opportunistic lung pathogen of cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients that is highly sensitive to acidified nitrite (A-NO2-). In this study, we first screened PA mutant strains for sensitivity or resistance to 20 mM A-NO2- under anaerobic conditions that represent the chronic stages of the aforementioned diseases. Mutants found to be sensitive to A-NO2- included PA0964 (pmpR, PQS biosynthesis), PA4455 (probable ABC transporter permease), katA (major catalase, KatA) and rhlR (quorum sensing regulator). In contrast, mutants lacking PA0450 (a putative phosphate transporter) and PA1505 (moaA2) were A-NO2- resistant. However, we were puzzled when we discovered that mucA22 mutant bacteria, a frequently isolated mucA allele in CF and to a lesser extent COPD, were more sensitive to A-NO2- than a truncated ΔmucA deletion (Δ157–194) mutant in planktonic and biofilm culture, as well as during a chronic murine lung infection. Subsequent transcriptional profiling of anaerobic, A-NO2--treated bacteria revealed restoration of near wild-type transcript levels of protective NO2- and nitric oxide (NO) reductase (nirS and norCB, respectively) in the ΔmucA mutant in contrast to extremely low levels in the A-NO2--sensitive mucA22 mutant. Proteins that were S-nitrosylated by NO derived from A-NO2- reduction in the sensitive mucA22 strain were those involved in anaerobic respiration (NirQ, NirS), pyruvate fermentation (UspK), global gene regulation (Vfr), the TCA cycle (succinate dehydrogenase, SdhB) and several double mutants were even more sensitive to A-NO2-. Bioinformatic-based data point to future studies designed to elucidate potential cellular binding partners for MucA and MucA22. Given that A-NO2- is a potentially viable treatment strategy to combat PA and other infections, this study offers novel developments as to how clinicians might better treat problematic PA infections in COPD and CF airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warunya Panmanee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Shengchang Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO United States of America
| | - Gee W. Lau
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL United States of America
| | - Xiaoting Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Zhaowei Ren
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Cameron T. McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Long J. Lu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Dennis E. Ohman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA United States of America
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA United States of America
| | - Daniel A. Muruve
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ralph J. Panos
- Department of Medicine, Cincinnati Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Hongwei D. Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, WV United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
| | - Boo Shan Tseng
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Kehe GM, Mori DI, Schurr MJ, Nair DP. Optically Responsive, Smart Anti-Bacterial Coatings via the Photofluidization of Azobenzenes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:1760-1765. [PMID: 30605328 PMCID: PMC6552654 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial strategies sans antibiotic drugs have recently garnered much interest as a mechanism by which to inhibit biofilm formation and growth on surfaces due to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Based on the photofluidization of azobenzenes, we demonstrate for the first time the ability achieve up to a 4 log reduction in bacterial biofilms by opto-mechanically activating the disruption and dispersion of biofilms. This unique strategy with which to enable biofilm removal offers a novel paradigm with which to combat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gannon M. Kehe
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and University of Colorado-School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Dylan I. Mori
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and University of Colorado-School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado-School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Devatha P. Nair
- Department of Craniofacial Biology and University of Colorado-School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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24
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Little AS, Okkotsu Y, Reinhart AA, Damron FH, Barbier M, Barrett B, Oglesby-Sherrouse AG, Goldberg JB, Cody WL, Schurr MJ, Vasil ML, Schurr MJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgR Phosphorylation Status Differentially Regulates Pyocyanin and Pyoverdine Production. mBio 2018; 9:e02318-17. [PMID: 29382736 PMCID: PMC5790918 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02318-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa employs numerous, complex regulatory elements to control expression of its many virulence systems. The P. aeruginosa AlgZR two-component regulatory system controls the expression of several crucial virulence phenotypes. We recently determined, through transcriptomic profiling of a PAO1 ΔalgR mutant strain compared to wild-type PAO1, that algZR and hemCD are cotranscribed and show differential iron-dependent gene expression. Previous expression profiling was performed in strains without algR and revealed that AlgR acts as either an activator or repressor, depending on the gene. Thus, examination of P. aeruginosa gene expression from cells locked into different AlgR phosphorylation states reveals greater physiological relevance. Therefore, gene expression from strains carrying algR alleles encoding a phosphomimetic (AlgR D54E) or a phosphoablative (AlgR D54N) form were compared by microarray to PAO1. Transcriptome analyses of these strains revealed 25 differentially expressed genes associated with iron siderophore biosynthesis or heme acquisition or production. The PAO1 algR D54N mutant produced lower levels of pyoverdine but increased expression of the small RNAs prrf1 and prrf2 compared to PAO1. In contrast, the algR D54N mutant produced more pyocyanin than wild-type PAO1. On the other hand, the PAO1 algR D54E mutant produced higher levels of pyoverdine, likely due to increased expression of an iron-regulated gene encoding the sigma factor pvdS, but it had decreased pyocyanin production. AlgR specifically bound to the prrf2 and pvdS promoters in vitro AlgR-dependent pyoverdine production was additionally influenced by carbon source rather than the extracellular iron concentration per se AlgR phosphorylation effects were also examined in a Drosophila melanogaster feeding, murine acute pneumonia, and punch wound infection models. Abrogation of AlgR phosphorylation attenuated P. aeruginosa virulence in these infection models. These results show that the AlgR phosphorylation state can directly, as well as indirectly, modulate the expression of iron acquisition genes that may ultimately impact the ability of P. aeruginosa to establish and maintain an infection.IMPORTANCE Pyoverdine and pyocyanin production are well-known P. aeruginosa virulence factors that obtain extracellular iron from the environment and from host proteins in different manners. Here, we show that the AlgR phosphorylation state inversely controls pyoverdine and pyocyanin production and that this control is carbon source dependent. P. aeruginosa expressing AlgR D54N, mimicking the constitutively unphosphorylated state, produced more pyocyanin than cells expressing wild-type AlgR. In contrast, a strain expressing an AlgR phosphomimetic (AlgR D54E) produced higher levels of pyoverdine. Pyoverdine production was directly controlled through the prrf2 small regulatory RNA and the pyoverdine sigma factor, PvdS. Abrogating pyoverdine or pyocyanin gene expression has been shown to attenuate virulence in a variety of models. Moreover, the inability to phosphorylate AlgR attenuates virulence in three different models, a Drosophila melanogaster feeding model, a murine acute pneumonia model, and a wound infection model. Interestingly, AlgR-dependent pyoverdine production was responsive to carbon source, indicating that this regulation has additional complexities that merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Little
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yuta Okkotsu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alexandria A. Reinhart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - F. Heath Damron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brandon Barrett
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda G. Oglesby-Sherrouse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna B. Goldberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Cystic Fibrosis and Airways Disease Research, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - William L. Cody
- Department of Biology, University of Dallas, Irving, Texas, USA
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael L. Vasil
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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25
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Heacock-Kang Y, Sun Z, Zarzycki-Siek J, McMillan IA, Norris MH, Bluhm AP, Cabanas D, Fogen D, Vo H, Donachie SP, Borlee BR, Sibley CD, Lewenza S, Schurr MJ, Schweizer HP, Hoang TT. Spatial transcriptomes within the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm architecture. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:976-985. [PMID: 29030956 PMCID: PMC5720903 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cooperative associations and dynamics in biofilm microenvironments are of special interest in recent years. Knowledge of localized gene‐expression and corresponding bacterial behaviors within the biofilm architecture at a global scale has been limited, due to a lack of robust technology to study limited number of cells in stratified layers of biofilms. With our recent pioneering developments in single bacterial cell transcriptomic analysis technology, we generated herein an unprecedented spatial transcriptome map of the mature in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm model, revealing contemporaneous yet altered bacterial behaviors at different layers within the biofilm architecture (i.e., surface, middle and interior of the biofilm). Many genes encoding unknown functions were highly expressed at the biofilm‐solid interphase, exposing a critical gap in the knowledge of their activities that may be unique to this interior niche. Several genes of unknown functions are critical for biofilm formation. The in vivo importance of these unknown proteins was validated in invertebrate (fruit fly) and vertebrate (mouse) models. We envisage the future value of this report to the community, in aiding the further pathophysiological understanding of P. aeruginosa biofilms. Our approach will open doors to the study of bacterial functional genomics of different species in numerous settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Heacock-Kang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Zhenxin Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jan Zarzycki-Siek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ian A McMillan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Michael H Norris
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Andrew P Bluhm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Darlene Cabanas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Dawson Fogen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Hung Vo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Stuart P Donachie
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Bradley R Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D Sibley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shawn Lewenza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tung T Hoang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
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26
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Herron M, Schurr MJ, Murphy CJ, McAnulty JF, Czuprynski CJ, Abbott NL. Interfacial Stacks of Polymeric Nanofilms on Soft Biological Surfaces that Release Multiple Agents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:26541-26551. [PMID: 27579573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report a general and facile method that permits the transfer (stacking) of multiple independently fabricated and nanoscopically thin polymeric films, each containing a distinct bioactive agent, onto soft biomedically relevant surfaces (e.g., collagen-based wound dressings). By using polyelectrolyte multilayer films (PEMs) formed from poly(allyl amine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) as representative polymeric nanofilms and micrometer-thick water-soluble poly(vinyl alcohol) sacrificial films to stack the PEMs, we demonstrate that it is possible to create stacked polymeric constructs containing multiple bioactive agents (e.g., antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents) on soft and chemically complex surfaces onto which PEMs cannot be routinely transferred by stamping. We illustrate the characteristics and merits of the approach by fabricating stacks of Ga3+ (antibiofilm agent)- and Ag+ (antimicrobial agent)-loaded PEMs as prototypical examples of agent-containing PEMs and demonstrate that the stacked PEMs incorporate precise loadings of the agents and provide flexibility in terms of tuning release rates. Specifically, we show that simultaneous release of Ga3+ and Ag+ from the stacked PEMs on collagen-based wound dressings can lead to synergistic effects on bacteria, killing and dispersing biofilms formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (two strains: ATCC 27853 and MPAO1) at sufficiently low loadings of agents such that cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells are avoided. The approach is general (a wide range of bioactive agents other than Ga3+ and Ag+ can be incorporated into PEMs), and the modular nature of the approach potentially allows end-user functionalization of soft biological surfaces for programmed release of multiple bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Herron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Division of General Surgery, Mountain Area Health Education Center , 509 Biltmore Avenue, Asheville, North Carolina 28801, United States
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, School of Medicine and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis , 1423 Tupper Hall, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jonathan F McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Charles J Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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27
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Grover N, Plaks JG, Summers SR, Chado GR, Schurr MJ, Kaar JL. Acylase-containing polyurethane coatings with anti-biofilm activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2535-2543. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Grover
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Joseph G. Plaks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Samantha R. Summers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Garrett R. Chado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora Colorado
| | - Joel L. Kaar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado; Boulder Colorado 80309
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28
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Herron M, Schurr MJ, Murphy CJ, McAnulty JF, Czuprynski CJ, Abbott NL. Gallium-Loaded Dissolvable Microfilm Constructs that Provide Sustained Release of Ga(3+) for Management of Biofilms. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2849-59. [PMID: 26599466 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of bacterial biofilms in chronic wounds delays wound healing. Although Ga(3+) can inhibit or kill biofilms, precipitation as Ga(OH)3 has prevented its use as a topical wound treatment. The design of a microfilm construct comprising a polyelectrolyte film that releases noncytotoxic concentrations of Ga(3+) over 20 d and a dissolvable micrometer-thick film of polyvinylalcohol that enables facile transfer onto biomedically important surfaces is reported. By using infrared spectroscopy, it is shown that the density of free carboxylate/carboxylic acid and amine groups within the polyelectrolyte film regulates the capacity of the construct to be loaded with Ga(3+) and that the density of covalent cross-links introduced into the polyelectrolyte film (amide-bonds) controls the release rate of Ga(3+) . Following transfer onto the wound-contact surface of a biologic wound dressing, an optimized construct is demonstrated to release ≈0.7 μg cm(-2) d(-1) of Ga(3+) over 3 weeks, thus continuously replacing Ga(3+) lost to precipitation. The optimized construct inhibits formation of P. aeruginosa (two strains; ATCC 27853 and PA01) biofilms for up to 4 d and causes pre-existing biofilms to disperse. Overall, this study provides designs of polymeric constructs that permit facile modification of the wound-contacting surfaces of dressings and biomaterials to manage biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Herron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Surgery; School of Medicine; University of Colorado-Denver; 12631 E. 17th Avenue Aurora CO 80045 USA
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences; School of Medicine; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California-Davis; 1423 Tupper Hall Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015, Linden Dr Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiology; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Wisconsin-Madison; 2015, Linden Dr Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Wisconsin; 1415 Engineering Drive Madison WI 53706 USA
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29
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Brandenburg KS, Calderon DF, Kierski PR, Brown AL, Shah NM, Abbott NL, Schurr MJ, Murphy CJ, McAnulty JF, Czuprynski CJ. Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on wound dressings. Wound Repair Regen 2015; 23:842-54. [PMID: 26342168 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic nonhealing skin wounds often contain bacterial biofilms that prevent normal wound healing and closure and present challenges to the use of conventional wound dressings. We investigated inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, a common pathogen of chronic skin wounds, on a commercially available biological wound dressing. Building on prior reports, we examined whether the amino acid tryptophan would inhibit P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on the three-dimensional surface of the biological dressing. Bacterial biomass and biofilm polysaccharides were quantified using crystal violet staining or an enzyme linked lectin, respectively. Bacterial cells and biofilm matrix adherent to the wound dressing were visualized through scanning electron microscopy. D-/L-tryptophan inhibited P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on the wound dressing in a dose dependent manner and was not directly cytotoxic to immortalized human keratinocytes although there was some reduction in cellular metabolism or enzymatic activity. More importantly, D-/L-tryptophan did not impair wound healing in a splinted skin wound murine model. Furthermore, wound closure was improved when D-/L-tryptophan treated wound dressing with P. aeruginosa biofilms were compared with untreated dressings. These findings indicate that tryptophan may prove useful for integration into wound dressings to inhibit biofilm formation and promote wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Brandenburg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Diego F Calderon
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Patricia R Kierski
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Amanda L Brown
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nihar M Shah
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Nicholas L Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Mission Trauma Services, Mission Medical Associates, Mission Memorial Hospital, Asheville, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jonathan F McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Charles J Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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Okkotsu Y, Little AS, Schurr MJ. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgZR two-component system coordinates multiple phenotypes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:82. [PMID: 24999454 PMCID: PMC4064291 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a multitude of infections. These infections can occur at almost any site in the body and are usually associated with a breach of the innate immune system. One of the prominent sites where P. aeruginosa causes chronic infections is within the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. P. aeruginosa uses two-component systems that sense environmental changes to differentially express virulence factors that cause both acute and chronic infections. The P. aeruginosa AlgZR two component system is one of its global regulatory systems that affects the organism's fitness in a broad manner. This two-component system is absolutely required for two P. aeruginosa phenotypes: twitching motility and alginate production, indicating its importance in both chronic and acute infections. Additionally, global transcriptome analyses indicate that it regulates the expression of many different genes, including those associated with quorum sensing, type IV pili, type III secretion system, anaerobic metabolism, cyanide and rhamnolipid production. This review examines the complex AlgZR regulatory network, what is known about the structure and function of each protein, and how it relates to the organism's ability to cause infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Okkotsu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander S Little
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael J Schurr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Aurora, CO, USA
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Herron M, Agarwal A, Kierski PR, Calderon DF, Teixeira LBC, Schurr MJ, Murphy CJ, Czuprynski CJ, McAnulty JF, Abbott NL. Reduction in wound bioburden using a silver-loaded dissolvable microfilm construct. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:916-28. [PMID: 24523027 PMCID: PMC4112187 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Silver is a widely used antimicrobial agent, yet, when impregnated in macroscopic dressings, it stains wounds, can lead to tissue toxicity, and can inhibit healing. Recently, polymeric nanofilms containing silver nanoparticles were reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity at loadings and release rates of silver that are 100× lower than conventional dressings. Here, fabrication of composite microfilm constructs that provide a facile way to transfer the silver-loaded polymeric nanofilms onto wounds in vivo is reported. The construct is fabricated from a silver nanoparticle-loaded polymeric nanofilm that is laminated with a micrometer-thick-soluble film of polyvinylalcohol (PVA). When placed on a moist wound, the PVA dissolves, leaving the silver-loaded nanofilm immobilized on the wound-bed. In vitro, the immobilized nanofilms release <1 μg cm(-2) d(-1) of silver over 30 d from skin dermis and they kill 5 log10 CFUs of Staphylococcus aureus in 24 h. In mice, wounds inoculated with 10(5) CFU S. aureus presented up to 3 log10 less bacterial burden when treated with silver/nanofilms for 3 d, as compared to unmodified wounds. In uncontaminated wounds, silver/nanofilms allow normal and complete wound closure by re-epithelialization. Dissolvable microfilm constructs may overcome key limitations associated with current uses of silver in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Herron
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Ankit Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Patricia R. Kierski
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Diego F. Calderon
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, 12631 E. 17 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045 (USA)
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1423 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
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Jain R, Calderon D, Kierski PR, Schurr MJ, Czuprynski CJ, Murphy CJ, McAnulty JF, Abbott NL. Raman spectroscopy enables noninvasive biochemical characterization and identification of the stage of healing of a wound. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3764-72. [PMID: 24559115 PMCID: PMC4004186 DOI: 10.1021/ac500513t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accurate and rapid assessment of the healing status of a wound in a simple and noninvasive manner would enable clinicians to diagnose wounds in real time and promptly adjust treatments to hasten the resolution of nonhealing wounds. Histologic and biochemical characterization of biopsied wound tissue, which is currently the only reliable method for wound assessment, is invasive, complex to interpret, and slow. Here we demonstrate the use of Raman microspectroscopy coupled with multivariate spectral analysis as a simple, noninvasive method to biochemically characterize healing wounds in mice and to accurately identify different phases of healing of wounds at different time-points. Raman spectra were collected from "splinted" full thickness dermal wounds in mice at 4 time-points (0, 1, 5, and 7 days) corresponding to different phases of wound healing, as verified by histopathology. Spectra were deconvolved using multivariate factor analysis (MFA) into 3 "factor score spectra" (that act as spectral signatures for different stages of healing) that were successfully correlated with spectra of prominent pure wound bed constituents (i.e., collagen, lipids, fibrin, fibronectin, etc.) using non-negative least squares (NNLS) fitting. We show that the factor loadings (weights) of spectra that belonged to wounds at different time-points provide a quantitative measure of wound healing progress in terms of key parameters such as inflammation and granulation. Wounds at similar stages of healing were characterized by clusters of loading values and slowly healing wounds among them were successfully identified as "outliers". Overall, our results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a noninvasive technique to provide insight into the status of normally healing and slow-to-heal wounds and that it may find use as a complementary tool for real-time, in situ biochemical characterization in wound healing studies and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jain
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Diego Calderon
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School
of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Patricia R. Kierski
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School
of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, Colorado 80217 United States
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department
of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department
of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department
of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School
of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Su S, Panmanee W, Wilson JJ, Mahtani HK, Li Q, VanderWielen BD, Makris TM, Rogers M, McDaniel C, Lipscomb JD, Irvin RT, Schurr MJ, Lancaster JR, Kovall RA, Hassett DJ. Catalase (KatA) plays a role in protection against anaerobic nitric oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91813. [PMID: 24663218 PMCID: PMC3963858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a common bacterial pathogen, responsible for a high incidence of nosocomial and respiratory infections. KatA is the major catalase of PA that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a reactive oxygen intermediate generated during aerobic respiration. Paradoxically, PA displays elevated KatA activity under anaerobic growth conditions where the substrate of KatA, H2O2, is not produced. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon and define the role of KatA in PA during anaerobiosis using genetic, biochemical and biophysical approaches. We demonstrated that anaerobic wild-type PAO1 cells yielded higher levels of katA transcription and expression than aerobic cells, whereas a nitrite reductase mutant ΔnirS produced ∼50% the KatA activity of PAO1, suggesting that a basal NO level was required for the increased KatA activity. We also found that transcription of the katA gene was controlled, in part, by the master anaerobic regulator, ANR. A ΔkatA mutant and a mucoid mucA22 ΔkatA bacteria demonstrated increased sensitivity to acidified nitrite (an NO generator) in anaerobic planktonic and biofilm cultures. EPR spectra of anaerobic bacteria showed that levels of dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNIC), indicators of NO stress, were increased significantly in the ΔkatA mutant, and dramatically in a ΔnorCB mutant compared to basal levels of DNIC in PAO1 and ΔnirS mutant. Expression of KatA dramatically reduced the DNIC levels in ΔnorCB mutant. We further revealed direct NO-KatA interactions in vitro using EPR, optical spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. KatA has a 5-coordinate high spin ferric heme that binds NO without prior reduction of the heme iron (Kd ∼6 μM). Collectively, we conclude that KatA is expressed to protect PA against NO generated during anaerobic respiration. We proposed that such protective effects of KatA may involve buffering of free NO when potentially toxic concentrations of NO are approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchang Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Warunya Panmanee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Wilson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Harry K. Mahtani
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Qian Li
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bradley D. VanderWielen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Makris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Melanie Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cameron McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John D. Lipscomb
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Randall T. Irvin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Lancaster
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Rhett A. Kovall
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Hassett
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chambers JR, Liao J, Schurr MJ, Sauer K. BrlR from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a c-di-GMP-responsive transcription factor. Mol Microbiol 2014; 92:471-87. [PMID: 24612375 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator BrlR is a member of the MerR family of multidrug transport activators that contributes to the high-level drug tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. While MerR regulators are known to activate both the expression of multidrug efflux pump genes and their own transcription upon inducer binding, little is known about BrlR activation. We demonstrate using promoter reporter strains, in vivo and in vitro DNA-binding assays combined with 5'RACE, that BrlR binds to its own promoter, likely via a MerR-like palindromic sequence. Unlike known MerR multidrug transport activators, BrlR and brlR expression are not activated by multidrug transporter substrates. Instead, BrlR-DNA binding was enhanced by the secondary messenger c-di-GMP. In addition to enhanced BrlR-DNA binding, c-di-GMP levels contributed to PbrlR promoter activity in initial attached cells with elevated c-di-GMP levels correlating with increased expression of brlR. While not harbouring amino acid motifs resembling previously defined c-di-GMP-binding domains, BrlR was found to bind c-di-GMP in vitro at a ratio of one c-di-GMP per two BrlR. Cross-linking assays confirmed dimer formation to be enhanced in the presence of elevated c-di-GMP levels. Our findings demonstrate BrlR to be an unusual MerR-family member in that BrlR function and expression require the secondary messenger c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R Chambers
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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Guthrie KM, Agarwal A, Teixeira LBC, Dubielzig RR, Abbott NL, Murphy CJ, Singh H, McAnulty JF, Schurr MJ. Integration of silver nanoparticle-impregnated polyelectrolyte multilayers into murine-splinted cutaneous wound beds. J Burn Care Res 2013; 34:e359-67. [PMID: 23511285 PMCID: PMC4609547 DOI: 10.1097/bcr.0b013e31827e7ef9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Silver is a commonly used topical antimicrobial. However, technologies to immobilize silver at the wound surface are lacking, while currently available silver-containing wound dressings release excess silver that can be cytotoxic and impair wound healing. We have shown that precise concentrations of silver at lower levels can be immobilized into a wound bed using a polyelectrolyte multilayer attachment technology. These silver nanoparticle-impregnated polyelectrolyte multilayers are noncytotoxic yet bactericidal in vitro, but their effect on wound healing in vivo was previously unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on wound healing of integrating silver nanoparticle/polyelectrolyte multilayers into the wound bed. A full-thickness, splinted, excisional murine wound healing model was employed in both phenotypically normal mice and spontaneously diabetic mice (healing impaired model). Gross image measurements showed an initial small lag in healing in the silver-treated wounds in diabetic mice, but no difference in time to complete wound closure in either normal or diabetic mice. Histological analysis showed modest differences between silver-treated and control groups on day 9, but no difference between groups at the time of wound closure. We conclude that silver nanoparticle/polyelectrolyte multilayers can be safely integrated into the wound beds of both normal and diabetic mice without delaying wound closure, and with transient histological effects. The results of this study suggest the feasibility of this technology for use as a platform to affect nanoscale wound engineering approaches to microbial prophylaxis or to augment wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Guthrie
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences
| | - Ankit Agarwal
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
| | - Leandro B. C. Teixeira
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Richard R. Dubielzig
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences
- UC Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science
- UC Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Tufts University, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- University of Colorado-Denver, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery
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36
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Yin Y, Damron FH, Withers TR, Pritchett CL, Wang X, Schurr MJ, Yu HD. Expression of mucoid induction factor MucE is dependent upon the alternate sigma factor AlgU in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:232. [PMID: 24138584 PMCID: PMC3819740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alginate overproduction in P. aeruginosa, also referred to as mucoidy, is a poor prognostic marker for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We previously reported the construction of a unique mucoid strain which overexpresses a small envelope protein MucE leading to activation of the protease AlgW. AlgW then degrades the anti-sigma factor MucA thus releasing the alternative sigma factor AlgU/T (σ(22)) to initiate transcription of the alginate biosynthetic operon. RESULTS In the current study, we mapped the mucE transcriptional start site, and determined that P(mucE) activity was dependent on AlgU. Additionally, the presence of triclosan and sodium dodecyl sulfate was shown to cause an increase in P(mucE) activity. It was observed that mucE-mediated mucoidy in CF isolates was dependent on both the size of MucA and the genotype of algU. We also performed shotgun proteomic analysis with cell lysates from the strains PAO1, VE2 (PAO1 with constitutive expression of mucE) and VE2ΔalgU (VE2 with in-frame deletion of algU). As a result, we identified nine algU-dependent and two algU-independent proteins that were affected by overexpression of MucE. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates there is a positive feedback regulation between MucE and AlgU. Furthermore, it seems likely that MucE may be part of the signal transduction system that senses certain types of cell wall stress to P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hongwei D Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Joan C, Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Jain R, Agarwal A, Kierski PR, Schurr MJ, Murphy CJ, McAnulty JF, Abbott NL. The use of native chemical functional groups presented by wound beds for the covalent attachment of polymeric microcarriers of bioactive factors. Biomaterials 2013; 34:340-52. [PMID: 23088838 PMCID: PMC3651840 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of versatile methods that provide spatial and temporal control over the presentation of physical and biochemical cues on wound beds can lead to new therapeutic approaches that expedite wound healing by favorably influencing cellular behaviors. Toward that goal, we report that native chemical functional groups presented by wound beds can be utilized for direct covalent attachment of polymeric microbeads. Specifically, we demonstrated the covalent attachment of maleimide-functionalized and catechol-functionalized microbeads, made of either polystyrene (non-degradable) or poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) ((PLGA), degradable), to sulfhydryl and amine groups present on porcine dermis used here as an ex vivo model wound bed. A pronounced increase (10-70 fold) in the density and persistence of the covalently reactive microbeads was observed relative to microbeads that adsorb via non-covalent interactions. Complementary characterization of the surface chemistry of the ex vivo wound beds using Raman microspectroscopy provides support for our conclusion that the increased adherence of the maleimide-functionalized beads results from their covalent bond formation with sulfhydryl groups on the wound bed. The attachment of maleimide-functionalized microbeads to wounds created in live wild-type and diabetic mice led to observations of differential immobilization of microbeads on them and were consistent with anticipated differences in the presentation of sulfhydryl groups on the two different wound types. Finally, the incorporation of maleimide-functionalized microbeads in wounds created in wild-type mice did not impair the rate of wound closure relative to an untreated wound. Overall, the results presented in this paper enable a general and facile approach to the engineering of wound beds in which microbeads are covalently immobilized to wound beds. Such immobilized microbeads could be used in future studies to release bioactive factors (e.g., antimicrobial agents or growth factors) and/or introduce topographical cues that promote cell behaviors underlying healing and wound closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Jain
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Ankit Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Patricia R. Kierski
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Colorado-Denver
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, School of Medicine and the Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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Jonker MA, Sauerhammer TM, Faucher LD, Schurr MJ, Kudsk KA. Bilateral versus unilateral bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2012; 13:391-5. [PMID: 23240724 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2011.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) complicates the clinical course of critically injured intubated patients. Bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) represents an invasive and accurate means of VAP diagnosis. Unilateral and blinded techniques offer less invasive alternatives to bronchoscopic BAL. This study evaluated clinical criteria as well as unilateral directed versus bilateral BAL for VAP diagnosis. METHODS A retrospective chart review of 113 consecutive intubated trauma patients with clinically suspected VAP undergoing unilateral versus bilateral BAL was performed with comparison of positive culture results (>10(4) colony-forming units [CFU]/mL). Culture results were compared with chest radiograph (CXR) infiltrates and white blood cell (WBC) count elevation. RESULTS Bilateral BAL was more likely to be positive than unilateral BAL (50.4% vs. 25.5%). In 37.1% of bilateral BALs, there was discordance between the sides of positivity or the bacteria isolated. A CXR infiltrate and WBC count elevation did not predict positive BAL. CONCLUSIONS Clinical indicators of VAP are inaccurate, and bilateral bronchoscopic BAL is more likely than unilateral BAL to provide a positive sample in intubated trauma patients. Techniques that do not sample both lungs reliably should be avoided for diagnosis in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jonker
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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39
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Petrova OE, Schurr JR, Schurr MJ, Sauer K. Microcolony formation by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires pyruvate and pyruvate fermentation. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:819-35. [PMID: 22931250 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of the biofilm architecture is the presence of microcolonies. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms governing microcolony formation. In the pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, microcolony formation is dependent on the two-component regulator MifR, with mifR mutant biofilms exhibiting an overall thin structure lacking microcolonies, and overexpression of mifR resulting in hyper-microcolony formation. Using global transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, we demonstrate that microcolony formation is associated with stressful, oxygen-limiting but electron-rich conditions, as indicated by the activation of stress response mechanisms and anaerobic and fermentative processes, in particular pyruvate fermentation. Inactivation of genes involved in pyruvate utilization including uspK, acnA and ldhA abrogated microcolony formation in a manner similar to mifR inactivation. Moreover, depletion of pyruvate from the growth medium impaired biofilm and microcolony formation, while addition of pyruvate significantly increased microcolony formation. Addition of pyruvate to or expression of mifR in lactate dehydrogenase (ldhA) mutant biofilms did not restore microcolony formation, while addition of pyruvate partly restored microcolony formation in mifR mutant biofilms. In contrast, expression of ldhA in mifR::Mar fully restored microcolony formation by this mutant strain. Our findings indicate the fermentative utilization of pyruvate to be a microcolony-specific adaptation of the P. aeruginosa biofilm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E Petrova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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40
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Agarwal A, Nelson TB, Kierski PR, Schurr MJ, Murphy CJ, Czuprynski CJ, McAnulty JF, Abbott NL. Polymeric multilayers that localize the release of chlorhexidine from biologic wound dressings. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6783-92. [PMID: 22784602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biologic wound dressings contain animal-derived components and are susceptible to high infection rates. To address this issue, we report an approach that permits incorporation of non-toxic levels of the small molecule antiseptic 'chlorhexidine' into biologic dressings. The approach relies on the fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEMs) films containing poly(allylaminehydrochloride) (PAH), poly(acrylicacid) (PAA), and chlorhexidine acetate (CX) on elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheets. The PEMs (20-100 nm thick) are subsequently stamped onto the wound-contact surface of a synthetic biologic dressing, Biobrane, which contains collagen peptides. Chlorhexidine loading in the PEMs was tailored by tuning the number of (CX/PAA) bilayers deposited, providing burst release of up to 0.98 ± 0.06 μg/cm(2) of CX over 24 h, followed by zero-order release of 0.35 ± 0.04 μg/cm(2)/day for another week. Although the CX concentrations released were below the reported in vitro cytotoxicity limit (5 μg/mL over 24 h) for human dermal fibroblasts, they killed 4 log(10) counts of pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in solution. The CX/PEMs could be stamped onto Biobrane with high efficiency to provide CX release kinetics and in vitro antibacterial activity similar to that on PDMS stamps. In a full-thickness 'splinted' dermal wound-model in normal wild-type mice, the CX-functionalized Biobrane showed no decrease in either its adherence to the wound-bed or wound closure rate over 14 days. The murine wounds topically inoculated with ∼10(5) CFU/cm(2) of S. aureus and treated with CX-functionalized Biobrane demonstrated a 3 log(10) decrease in the wound's bacterial burden within 3 days, compared to persistent bacterial colonization found in wounds treated with unmodified Biobrane (n = 10 mice, p < 0.005). Overall, this study presents a promising approach to prevent bacterial colonization in wounds under biologic dressings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
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Schurr MJ, Foster KN, Lokuta MA, Rasmussen CA, Thomas-Virnig CL, Faucher LD, Caruso DM, Allen-Hoffmann BL. Clinical Evaluation of NIKS-Based Bioengineered Skin Substitute Tissue in Complex Skin Defects: Phase I/IIa Clinical Trial Results. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2012; 1:95-103. [PMID: 24527287 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2011.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex skin defects, such as burns and acute cutaneous trauma, are life-threatening injuries, often requiring temporary allograft placement to maintain fluid homeostasis and prevent infection until permanent wound closure is possible. THE PROBLEM The current standard of care for the management of full-thickness wounds that are unable to be closed in a single surgical stage is temporary coverage with cadaver allograft until an acceptable wound bed has been established. This approach has limitations including limited availability of human cadaver skin, the risk of disease transmission from cadaveric grafts, and inconsistent cadaver allograft quality. BASIC/CLINICAL SCIENCE Near-diploid neonatal human keratinocyte cell line (NIKS)-based human skin tissue is a full-thickness, living human skin substitute composed of a dermal analog containing normal human dermal fibroblasts and a fully-stratified, biologically and metabolically active epidermis generated from NIKS keratinocytes, a consistent and unlimited source of pathogen-free human epidermal progenitor cells. CLINICAL CARE RELEVANCE NIKS-based human skin tissue is a living bioengineered skin substitute (BSS) intended to provide immediate wound coverage and promote wound healing through sustained expression by living cells of wound healing factors. CONCLUSION A phase I/IIa clinical trial found that NIKS-based BSS was well tolerated and comparable to cadaver allograft in the ability to prepare full-thickness complex skin defects prior to autografting. There were no deaths and no adverse events (AE) associated with this BSS. Exposure of the study subjects to the skin substitute tissue did not elicit detectable immune responses. Notably, this tissue remained viable and adherent in the wound bed for at least 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin N. Foster
- Arizona Burn Center at Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Cathy A. Rasmussen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Stratatech Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Christina L. Thomas-Virnig
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Stratatech Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lee D. Faucher
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Daniel M. Caruso
- Arizona Burn Center at Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - B. Lynn Allen-Hoffmann
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Stratatech Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin
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Petrova OE, Schurr JR, Schurr MJ, Sauer K. The novel Pseudomonas aeruginosa two-component regulator BfmR controls bacteriophage-mediated lysis and DNA release during biofilm development through PhdA. Mol Microbiol 2011; 81:767-83. [PMID: 21696457 PMCID: PMC3214647 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are surface-adhered bacterial communities encased in an extracellular matrix composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and extracellular (e)DNA, with eDNA required for biofilm formation and integrity. Here we demonstrate that eDNA release is controlled by BfmR, a regulator essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Expression of bfmR coincided with localized cell death and DNA release, and could be stimulated by conditions resulting in membrane perturbation and cell lysis. ΔbfmR mutant biofilms demonstrated increased cell lysis and eDNA release suggesting BfmR to suppress, but not eliminate, these processes. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that BfmR was required for repression of genes associated with bacteriophage assembly and bacteriophage-mediated lysis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of direct BfmR targets identified the promoter of PA0691, termed here phdA, encoding a previously undescribed homologue of the prevent-host-death (Phd) family of proteins. Lack of phdA expression coincided with impaired biofilm development and increased cell death, a phenotype comparable to ΔbfmR. Expression of phdA in ΔbfmR restored eDNA release, cell lysis and biofilm formation to wild-type levels, with phdA overexpression promoting resistance to the superinfective bacteriophage Pf4, detected only in biofilms. Therefore, we propose that BfmR regulates biofilm development by limiting bacteriophage-mediated lysis and thus, eDNA release, via PhdA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga E. Petrova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | | | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Karin Sauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902
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Russ AJ, Faucher LD, Gordon DB, Pellino TA, Schurr MJ. Functional Implications of Long-Term Pain Following Outpatient Inguinal Herniorrhaphy—A Prospective Evaluation. J Surg Res 2011; 169:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Agarwal A, Guthrie KM, Czuprynski CJ, Schurr MJ, McAnulty JF, Murphy CJ, Abbott NL. Polymeric Multilayers that contain Silver Nanoparticles can be Stamped onto Biological Tissues to Provide Antibacterial Activity. Adv Funct Mater 2011; 21:1863-1873. [PMID: 25558188 PMCID: PMC4280836 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the design of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) that can be prefabricated on an elastomeric stamp and mechanically transferred onto biomedically-relevant soft materials, including medical-grade silicone elastomers (E'~450-1500 kPa; E'-elastic modulus) and the dermis of cadaver-skin (E'~200-600 kPa). Whereas initial attempts to stamp PEMs formed from poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) resulted in minimal transfer onto soft materials, we report that integration of micrometer-sized beads into the PEMs (thicknesses of 6-160 nm) led to their quantitative transfer within 30 seconds of contact at a pressure of ~196 kPa. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, PEMs were impregnated with a range of loadings of silver-nanoparticles and stamped onto the dermis of human cadaver-skin (a wound-simulant) that was subsequently incubated with bacterial cultures. Skin-dermis stamped with PEMs that released 0.25±0.01 μg cm-2 of silver ions caused a 6 log10 reduction in colony forming units of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 12 h. Significantly, this level of silver release is below that which is cytotoxic to NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Overall, this study describes a general and facile approach for the functionalization of biomaterial surfaces without subjecting them to potentially deleterious processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Kathleen M Guthrie
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, School of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, 1423 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 (USA)
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706 (USA)
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Kuang Z, Hao Y, Hwang S, Zhang S, Kim E, Akinbi HT, Schurr MJ, Irvin RT, Hassett DJ, Lau GW. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellum confers resistance to pulmonary surfactant protein-A by impacting the production of exoproteases through quorum-sensing. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:1220-35. [PMID: 21205009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Surfactant protein-A (SP-A) is an important antimicrobial protein that opsonizes and permeabilizes membranes of microbial pathogens in mammalian lungs. Previously, we have shown that Pseudomonas aeruginosa flagellum-deficient mutants are preferentially cleared in the lungs of wild-type mice by SP-A-mediated membrane permeabilization, and not by opsonization. In this study, we report a flagellum-mediated mechanism of P. aeruginosa resistance to SP-A. We discovered that flagellum-deficient (ΔfliC) bacteria are unable to produce adequate amounts of exoproteases to degrade SP-A in vitro and in vivo, leading to its preferential clearance in the lungs of SP-A(+/+) mice. In addition, ΔfliC bacteria failed to degrade another important lung antimicrobial protein lysozyme. Detailed analyses showed that ΔfliC bacteria are unable to upregulate the transcription of lasI and rhlI genes, impairing the production of homoserine lactones necessary for quorum-sensing, an important virulence process that regulates the production of multiple exoproteases. Thus, reduced ability of ΔfliC bacteria to quorum-sense attenuates production of exoproteases and limits degradation of SP-A, thereby conferring susceptibility to this major pulmonary host defence protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhou Kuang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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46
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Schurr MJ. Editorial comments: Burn disasters--an audit of the literature. Prehosp Disaster Med 2010; 25:582-583. [PMID: 21181694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
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Hassett DJ, Korfhagen TR, Irvin RT, Schurr MJ, Sauer K, Lau GW, Sutton MD, Yu H, Hoiby N. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm infections in cystic fibrosis: insights into pathogenic processes and treatment strategies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:117-30. [PMID: 20055712 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903454988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD CF airway mucus can be infected by opportunistic microorganisms, notably Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Once organisms are established as biofilms, even the most potent antibiotics have little effect on their viability, especially during late-stage chronic infections. Better understanding of the mechanisms used by P. aeruginosa to circumvent host defenses and therapeutic intervention strategies is critical for advancing novel treatment strategies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Inflammatory injury in CF lung, role of neutrophils in pathogenesis, P. aeruginosa biofilms, mucoidy and its relationship with poor airway oxygenation, mechanisms by which P. aeruginosa biofilms in the CF airway can be killed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An understanding of the processes that P. aeruginosa undergoes during CF airway disease and clues to better treat such infections in future. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The course of CF airway disease is a process involving host and microbial factors that often dictate frequency of pulmonary exacerbations, thus affecting the overall course. In the past decade significant discoveries have been made regarding the pathogenic processes used by P. aeruginosa to bypass the immune system. Many new and exciting features of P. aeruginosa now illuminate weaknesses in the organism that may render it susceptible to inexpensive compounds that force its own destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hassett
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA.
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48
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Agarwal A, Weis TL, Schurr MJ, Faith NG, Czuprynski CJ, McAnulty JF, Murphy CJ, Abbott NL. Surfaces modified with nanometer-thick silver-impregnated polymeric films that kill bacteria but support growth of mammalian cells. Biomaterials 2009; 31:680-90. [PMID: 19864019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Silver is widely used as a biocidal agent in ointments and wound dressings. However, it has also been associated with tissue toxicity and impaired healing. In vitro characterization has also revealed that typical loadings of silver employed in ointments and dressings (approximately 100 microg/cm(2)) lead to cytotoxicity. In this paper, we report the results of an initial study that sought to determine if localization of carefully controlled loadings of silver nanoparticles within molecularly thin films immobilized on surfaces can lead to antimicrobial activity without inducing cytotoxicity. Polymeric thin films of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were prepared by layer-by-layer deposition and loaded with approximately 0.4 microg/cm(2) to approximately 23.6 microg/cm(2) of silver nanoparticles. Bacterial killing efficiencies of the silver-loaded films were investigated against Staphylococcus epidermidis, a gram-positive bacterium, and it was determined that as little as approximately 0.4 microg/cm(2) of silver in the polymeric films caused a reduction of 6log(10)CFU/mL (99.9999%) bacteria in suspensions incubated in contact with the films (water-borne assays). Significantly, whereas the antibacterial films containing high loadings of silver were found to be toxic to a murine fibroblast cell line (NIH-3T3), the polymeric films containing approximately 0.4 microg/cm(2) of silver were not toxic and allowed attachment, and growth of the mammalian cells. Thus, the results of this study go beyond prior reports by identifying silver-impregnated, polymeric thin films that are compatible with in vitro mammalian cell culture yet exhibit antibacterial activity. These results support the hypothesis that localization of carefully controlled loadings of silver nanoparticles within molecularly thin polymeric films can lead to antimicrobial activity without cytotoxicity. More broadly, this strategy of modifying surfaces with minimal loadings of bioactive molecules indicates the basis of approaches that may permit management of microbial burden in wound beds without impairment of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Agarwal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
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49
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Kang Y, Lunin VV, Skarina T, Savchenko A, Schurr MJ, Hoang TT. The long-chain fatty acid sensor, PsrA, modulates the expression of rpoS and the type III secretion exsCEBA operon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol Microbiol 2009; 73:120-36. [PMID: 19508282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PsrA autorepressor has dual roles as a repressor of the fadBA5beta-oxidation operon and an activator of the stationary-phase sigma factor rpoS and exsCEBA operon of the type III secretion system (TTSS). Previously, we demonstrated that the repression of the fadBA5 operon by PsrA is relieved by long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs). However, the signal affecting the activation of rpoS and exsC via PsrA is unknown. In this study, microarray and gene fusion data suggested that LCFA (e.g. oleate) affected the expression of rpoS and exsC. DNA binding studies confirmed that PsrA binds to the rpoS and exsC promoter regions. This binding was inhibited by LCFA, indicating that LCFA directly affects the activation of these two genes through PsrA. LCFA decreased rpoS and exsC expression, resulting in increased N-(butyryl)-l-homoserine-lactone quorum sensing signal and decreased ExoS/T production respectively. Based on the crystal structure of PsrA, site-directed mutagenesis of amino acid residues, within the hydrophobic channel thought to accommodate LCFA, created two LCFA-non-responsive PsrA mutants. The binding and activation of rpoS and exsC by these PsrA mutants was no longer inhibited by LCFA. These data support a mechanistic model where LCFAs influence PsrA regulation to control LCFA metabolism and some virulence genes in P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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50
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Wilson JW, Ott CM, Quick L, Davis R, zu Bentrup KH, Crabbé A, Richter E, Sarker S, Barrila J, Porwollik S, Cheng P, McClelland M, Tsaprailis G, Radabaugh T, Hunt A, Shah M, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Hing S, Parra M, Dumars P, Norwood K, Bober R, Devich J, Ruggles A, CdeBaca A, Narayan S, Benjamin J, Goulart C, Rupert M, Catella L, Schurr MJ, Buchanan K, Morici L, McCracken J, Porter MD, Pierson DL, Smith SM, Mergeay M, Leys N, Stefanyshyn-Piper HM, Gorie D, Nickerson CA. Media ion composition controls regulatory and virulence response of Salmonella in spaceflight. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3923. [PMID: 19079590 PMCID: PMC2592540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The spaceflight environment is relevant to conditions encountered by pathogens during the course of infection and induces novel changes in microbial pathogenesis not observed using conventional methods. It is unclear how microbial cells sense spaceflight-associated changes to their growth environment and orchestrate corresponding changes in molecular and physiological phenotypes relevant to the infection process. Here we report that spaceflight-induced increases in Salmonella virulence are regulated by media ion composition, and that phosphate ion is sufficient to alter related pathogenesis responses in a spaceflight analogue model. Using whole genome microarray and proteomic analyses from two independent Space Shuttle missions, we identified evolutionarily conserved molecular pathways in Salmonella that respond to spaceflight under all media compositions tested. Identification of conserved regulatory paradigms opens new avenues to control microbial responses during the infection process and holds promise to provide an improved understanding of human health and disease on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Wilson
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - C. Mark Ott
- Habitability and Environmental Factors Division, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura Quick
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard Davis
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Aurélie Crabbé
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Flanders Institute of Biotechnology, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Belgian Nuclear Research Center, Mol, Belgium
| | - Emily Richter
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Shameema Sarker
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Barrila
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Steffen Porwollik
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Pui Cheng
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Michael McClelland
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - George Tsaprailis
- Center for Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Timothy Radabaugh
- Center for Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Andrea Hunt
- Center for Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Miti Shah
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Glycoscience Technology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | | | - Steve Hing
- NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Macarena Parra
- NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Paula Dumars
- NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, United States of America
| | - Kelly Norwood
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ramona Bober
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Devich
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ashleigh Ruggles
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Autumn CdeBaca
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Satro Narayan
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joseph Benjamin
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Carla Goulart
- BioServe, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mark Rupert
- BioServe, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Luke Catella
- Space Life Sciences Lab, Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Schurr
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kent Buchanan
- Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Lisa Morici
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James McCracken
- Section of General Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marc D. Porter
- Departments of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Duane L. Pierson
- Habitability and Environmental Factors Division, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Smith
- Human Adaptation and Countermeasures Division, Johnson Space Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Max Mergeay
- Belgian Nuclear Research Center, Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dominic Gorie
- Astronaut Office, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Cheryl A. Nickerson
- The Biodesign Institute, Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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