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Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Heinz WF, Pore M, Gonzalez AL, Femino EL, Moffat R, Wink AL, Imtiaz F, Coutinho L, Butcher D, Edmondson EF, Rangel MC, Wong STC, Lipkowitz S, Glynn S, Vitek MP, McVicar DW, Li X, Anderson SK, Paolocci N, Hewitt SM, Ambs S, Billiar TR, Chang JC, Lockett SJ, Wink DA. Spatial analysis of NOS2 and COX2 interaction with T-effector cells reveals immunosuppressive landscapes associated with poor outcome in ER- breast cancer patients. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.21.572867. [PMID: 38187660 PMCID: PMC10769421 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment that drive poor outcomes and decrease treatment efficacy. The co-expression of NOS2 and COX2 is a strong predictor of poor prognosis in ER- breast cancer and other malignancies. Together, they generate pro-oncogenic signals that drive metastasis, drug resistance, cancer stemness, and immune suppression. Using an ER- breast cancer patient cohort, we found that the spatial expression patterns of NOS2 and COX2 with CD3+CD8+PD1- T effector (Teff) cells formed a tumor immune landscape that correlated with poor outcome. NOS2 was primarily associated with the tumor-immune interface, whereas COX2 was associated with immune desert regions of the tumor lacking Teff cells. A higher ratio of NOS2 or COX2 to Teff was highly correlated with poor outcomes. Spatial analysis revealed that regional clustering of NOS2 and COX2 was associated with stromal-restricted Teff, while only COX2 was predominant in immune deserts. Examination of other immunosuppressive elements, such as PDL1/PD1, Treg, B7H4, and IDO1, revealed that PDL1/PD1, Treg, and IDO1 were primarily associated with restricted Teff, whereas B7H4 and COX2 were found in tumor immune deserts. Regardless of the survival outcome, other leukocytes, such as CD4 T cells and macrophages, were primarily in stromal lymphoid aggregates. Finally, in a 4T1 model, COX2 inhibition led to a massive cell infiltration, thus validating the hypothesis that COX2 is an essential component of the Teff exclusion process and, thus, tumor evasion. Our study indicates that NOS2/COX2 expression plays a central role in tumor immunosuppression. Our findings indicate that new strategies combining clinically available NOS2/COX2 inhibitors with various forms of immune therapy may open a new avenue for the treatment of aggressive ER-breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Milind Pore
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Ana L Gonzalez
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Elise L Femino
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Rebecca Moffat
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Adelaide L Wink
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Fatima Imtiaz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Leandro Coutinho
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Donna Butcher
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
| | - M Cristina Rangel
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sharon Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Pathology CCR, NCI, NIH
| | | | - Stefan Ambs
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jenny C Chang
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
- Houston Methodist Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston TX
- Women's Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- (Mike Duke)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Pathology CCR, NCI, NIH
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
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Oriá RB, Freitas RS, Roque CR, Nascimento JCR, Silva AP, Malva JO, Guerrant RL, Vitek MP. ApoE Mimetic Peptides to Improve the Vicious Cycle of Malnutrition and Enteric Infections by Targeting the Intestinal and Blood-Brain Barriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041086. [PMID: 37111572 PMCID: PMC10141726 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) mimetic peptides are engineered fragments of the native apoE protein’s LDL-receptor binding site that improve the outcomes following a brain injury and intestinal inflammation in a variety of models. The vicious cycle of enteric infections and malnutrition is closely related to environmental-driven enteric dysfunction early in life, and such chronic inflammatory conditions may blunt the developmental trajectories of children with worrisome and often irreversible physical and cognitive faltering. This window of time for microbiota maturation and brain plasticity is key to protecting cognitive domains, brain health, and achieving optimal/full developmental potential. This review summarizes the potential role of promising apoE mimetic peptides to improve the function of the gut-brain axis, including targeting the blood-brain barrier in children afflicted with malnutrition and enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-85-3366-8239
| | - Raul S. Freitas
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Cássia R. Roque
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
| | - José Carlos R. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60430-270, Brazil
- Institute of Health Sciences, Medicine, University of International Integration of Afro-Brazilian Lusofonia, Redenção 62790-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João O. Malva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine and Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Swenson-Fields KI, Ward CJ, Lopez ME, Fross S, Heimes Dillon AL, Meisenheimer JD, Rabbani AJ, Wedlock E, Basu MK, Jansson KP, Rowe PS, Stubbs JR, Wallace DP, Vitek MP, Fields TA. Caspase-1 and the inflammasome promote polycystic kidney disease progression. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:971219. [PMID: 36523654 PMCID: PMC9745047 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.971219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We and others have previously shown that the presence of renal innate immune cells can promote polycystic kidney disease (PKD) progression. In this study, we examined the influence of the inflammasome, a key part of the innate immune system, on PKD. The inflammasome is a system of molecular sensors, receptors, and scaffolds that responds to stimuli like cellular damage or microbes by activating Caspase-1, and generating critical mediators of the inflammatory milieu, including IL-1β and IL-18. We provide evidence that the inflammasome is primed in PKD, as multiple inflammasome sensors were upregulated in cystic kidneys from human ADPKD patients, as well as in kidneys from both orthologous (PKD1 RC/RC or RC/RC) and non-orthologous (jck) mouse models of PKD. Further, we demonstrate that the inflammasome is activated in female RC/RC mice kidneys, and this activation occurs in renal leukocytes, primarily in CD11c+ cells. Knock-out of Casp1, the gene encoding Caspase-1, in the RC/RC mice significantly restrained cystic disease progression in female mice, implying sex-specific differences in the renal immune environment. RNAseq analysis implicated the promotion of MYC/YAP pathways as a mechanism underlying the pro-cystic effects of the Caspase-1/inflammasome in females. Finally, treatment of RC/RC mice with hydroxychloroquine, a widely used immunomodulatory drug that has been shown to inhibit the inflammasome, protected renal function specifically in females and restrained cyst enlargement in both male and female RC/RC mice. Collectively, these results provide evidence for the first time that the activated Caspase-1/inflammasome promotes cyst expansion and disease progression in PKD, particularly in females. Moreover, the data suggest that this innate immune pathway may be a relevant target for therapy in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine I. Swenson-Fields
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ward
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Micaila E. Lopez
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Shaneann Fross
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Anna L. Heimes Dillon
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - James D. Meisenheimer
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Adib J. Rabbani
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Emily Wedlock
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Malay K. Basu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Kyle P. Jansson
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Peter S. Rowe
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jason R. Stubbs
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Darren P. Wallace
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
- Resilio Therapeutics LLC, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Timothy A. Fields
- The Jared J. Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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4
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Wang B, Zhang FW, Wang WX, Zhao YY, Sun SY, Yu JH, Vitek MP, Li GF, Ma R, Wang S, Hu Z, Chen W. Apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide COG1410 combats pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:934765. [PMID: 36081797 PMCID: PMC9445589 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.934765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pandrug-resistant bacteria breaks through the last line of defense and raises fear among people of incurable infections. In the post-antibiotic era, the pharmaceutical field turns to seek non-conventional anti-infective agents. Antimicrobial peptides are considered a prospective solution to the crisis of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial efficiency of an ApoE mimetic peptide, COG1410, which has been confirmed to exhibit strong neural protective activity and immunomodulatory function. COG1410 showed potent antimicrobial activity against pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, even eliminating large inocula (108 CFU/ml) within 30 min. LC99.9 in PBS and 50% pooled human plasma was 2 μg/ml (1.4 μM) and 8 μg/ml (5.6 μM), respectively. Moreover, COG1410 exhibited biofilm inhibition and eradication activity, excellent stability in human plasma, and a low propensity to induce resistance. Although COG1410 easily entered bacterial cytoplasm and bound to DNA nonspecifically, the major mechanism of COG1410 killing was to disrupt the integrity of cell membrane and lead to leakage of cytoplasmic contents, without causing obvious pores on the cell surface or cell lysis. Additionally, transcriptome analysis showed that treatment with COG1410-enriched genes involved a series of oxidation–reduction processes. DCFH-DA probe detected an increased ROS level in the presence of COG1410, indicating ROS was another hit of this AMP. Furthermore, the action of COG1410 did not depend on the electronic interaction with the LPS layer, in contrast to polymyxin B. The strong synergistic interaction between COG1410 and polymyxin B dramatically reduced the working concentration of COG1410, expanding the safety window of the application. C. elegans infection model showed that combined therapy of COG1410 and polymyxin B was capable of significantly rescuing the infected nematodes. Taken together, our study demonstrates that COG1410 is a promising drug candidate in the battle against pandrug-resistant A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Wan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Xiao Wang
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Yan Zhao
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Su-Yue Sun
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Rui Ma
- Shanghai Nanoport, Thermofisher Scientific, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhiliang Hu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiliang Hu
| | - Wei Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Wei Chen
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York A, Everhart A, Vitek MP, Gottschalk KW, Colton CA. Metabolism-Based Gene Differences in Neurons Expressing Hyperphosphorylated AT8- Positive (AT8+) Tau in Alzheimer's Disease. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211019443. [PMID: 34121475 PMCID: PMC8207264 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211019443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic adaptations in the brain are critical to the establishment and maintenance of normal cellular functions and to the pathological responses to disease processes. Here, we have focused on specific metabolic pathways that are involved in immune-mediated neuronal processes in brain using isolated neurons derived from human autopsy brain sections of normal individuals and individuals diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Laser capture microscopy was used to select specific cell types in immune-stained thin brain sections followed by NanoString technology to identify and quantify differences in mRNA levels between age-matched control and AD neuronal samples. Comparisons were also made between neurons isolated from AD brain sections expressing pathogenic hyperphosphorylated AT8- positive (AT8+) tau and non-AT8+ AD neurons using double labeling techniques. The mRNA expression data showed unique patterns of metabolic pathway expression between the subtypes of captured neurons that involved membrane based solute transporters, redox factors, and arginine and methionine metabolic pathways. We also identified the expression levels of a novel metabolic gene, Radical-S-Adenosyl Domain1 (RSAD1) and its corresponding protein, Rsad1, that impact methionine usage and radical based reactions. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify specific protein expression levels and their cellular location in NeuN+ and AT8+ neurons. APOE4 vs APOE3 genotype-specific and sex-specific gene expression differences in these metabolic pathways were also observed when comparing neurons from individuals with AD to age-matched individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audra York
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Angela Everhart
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kirby W Gottschalk
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Carol A Colton
- Division of Translational Brain Sciences, Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Vitek MP, Araujo JA, Fossel M, Greenberg BD, Howell GR, Rizzo SJS, Seyfried NT, Tenner AJ, Territo PR, Windisch M, Bain LJ, Ross A, Carrillo MC, Lamb BT, Edelmayer RM. Translational animal models for Alzheimer's disease: An Alzheimer's Association Business Consortium Think Tank. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2021; 6:e12114. [PMID: 33457489 PMCID: PMC7798310 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over 5 million Americans and 50 million individuals worldwide are living with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The progressive dementia associated with AD currently has no cure. Although clinical trials in patients are ultimately required to find safe and effective drugs, animal models of AD permit the integration of brain pathologies with learning and memory deficits that are the first step in developing these new drugs. The purpose of the Alzheimer's Association Business Consortium Think Tank meeting was to address the unmet need to improve the discovery and successful development of Alzheimer's therapies. We hypothesize that positive responses to new therapies observed in validated models of AD will provide predictive evidence for positive responses to these same therapies in AD patients. To achieve this goal, we convened a meeting of experts to explore the current state of AD animal models, identify knowledge gaps, and recommend actions for development of next-generation models with better predictability. Among our findings, we all recognize that models reflecting only single aspects of AD pathogenesis do not mimic AD. Models or combinations of new models are needed that incorporate genetics with environmental interactions, timing of disease development, heterogeneous mechanisms and pathways, comorbidities, and other pathologies that lead to AD and related dementias. Selection of the best models requires us to address the following: (1) which animal species, strains, and genetic backgrounds are most appropriate; (2) which models permit efficient use throughout the drug development pipeline; (3) the translatability of behavioral-cognitive assays from animals to patients; and (4) how to match potential AD therapeutics with particular models. Best practice guidelines to improve reproducibility also need to be developed for consistent use of these models in different research settings. To enhance translational predictability, we discuss a multi-model evaluation strategy to de-risk the successful transition of pre-clinical drug assets to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Departments of Biochemistry and NeurologyEmory School of MedicineAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andrea J. Tenner
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | - Lisa J. Bain
- Independent Science and Medical WriterElversonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - April Ross
- Former Alzheimer's Association EmployeeChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Bruce T. Lamb
- Indiana University School of MedicineStark Neurosciences Research InstituteIndianapolisIndianaUSA
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7
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Pang J, Peng J, Matei N, Yang P, Kuai L, Wu Y, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Sun X, Zhang JH, Jiang Y. Apolipoprotein E Exerts a Whole-Brain Protective Property by Promoting M1? Microglia Quiescence After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 9:654-668. [PMID: 30225551 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0665-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a neurologically destructive stroke in which early brain injury (EBI) plays a pivotal role in poor patient outcomes. Expanding upon our previous work, multiple techniques and methods were used in this preclinical study to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) against EBI after SAH in murine apolipoprotein E gene-knockout mice (Apoe-/-, KO) and wild-type mice (WT) on a C57BL/6J background. We reported that Apoe deficiency resulted in a more extensive EBI at 48 h after SAH in mice demonstrated by MRI scanning and immunohistochemical staining and exhibited more extensive white matter injury and neuronal apoptosis than WT mice. These changes were associated with an increase in NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression, an important regulator of both oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that NOX2 was abundantly expressed in activated M1 microglia. The JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, an upstream regulator of NOX2, was increased in WT mice and activated to an even greater extent in Apoe-/- mice; whereas, the JAK2-specific inhibitor, AG490, reduced NOX2 expression, oxidative stress, and inflammation in Apoe-deficient mice. Also, apoE-mimetic peptide COG1410 suppressed the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and significantly reduced M1 microglia activation with subsequent attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation after SAH. Taken together, apoE and apoE-mimetic peptide have whole-brain protective effects that may reduce EBI after SAH via M1 microglial quiescence through the attenuation of the JAK2/STAT3/NOX2 signaling pathway axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nathanael Matei
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Kuai
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yue Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, No 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan Province, China. .,Sichuan Province Neurosurgery Clinical Medical Research Center, Luzhou, China. .,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
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8
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Richard NP, Pippa R, Cleary MM, Puri A, Tibbitts D, Mahmood S, Christensen DJ, Jeng S, McWeeney S, Look AT, Chang BH, Tyner JW, Vitek MP, Odero MD, Sears R, Agarwal A. Combined targeting of SET and tyrosine kinases provides an effective therapeutic approach in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84214-84227. [PMID: 27705940 PMCID: PMC5356656 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) tumor suppressor activity via the SET oncoprotein contributes to the pathogenesis of various cancers. Here we demonstrate that both SET and c-MYC expression are frequently elevated in T-ALL cell lines and primary samples compared to healthy T cells. Treatment of T-ALL cells with the SET antagonist OP449 restored the activity of PP2A and reduced SET interaction with the PP2A catalytic subunit, resulting in a decrease in cell viability and c-MYC expression in a dose-dependent manner. Since a tight balance between phosphatases and kinases is required for the growth of both normal and malignant cells, we sought to identify a kinase inhibitor that would synergize with SET antagonism. We tested various T-ALL cell lines against a small-molecule inhibitor screen of 66 compounds targeting two-thirds of the tyrosine kinome and found that combined treatment of T-ALL cells with dovitinib, an orally active multi-targeted small-molecule receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and OP449 synergistically reduced the viability of all tested T-ALL cell lines. Mechanistically, combined treatment with OP449 and dovitinib decreased total and phospho c-MYC levels and reduced ERK1/2, AKT, and p70S6 kinase activity in both NOTCH-dependent and independent T-ALL cell lines. Overall, these results suggest that combined targeting of tyrosine kinases and activation of serine/threonine phosphatases may offer novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nameeta P Richard
- Randall Children's Hospital at Legacy Emanuel, Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Program, Portland, OR 97227, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Raffaella Pippa
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Megan M Cleary
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alka Puri
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Deanne Tibbitts
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shawn Mahmood
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dale J Christensen
- Research and Development, Oncotide Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, NC 27710, USA .,Spyryx Biosciences, Durham, NC 27713, USA
| | - Sophia Jeng
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shannon McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - A Thomas Look
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bill H Chang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Research and Development, Oncotide Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, NC 27710, USA
| | - María D Odero
- Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rosalie Sears
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA-97239.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA-97239
| | - Anupriya Agarwal
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA-97239.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR USA-97239.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA-97239
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9
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Li X, Peng J, Pang J, Wu Y, Huang X, Li Y, Zhou J, Gu L, Sun X, Chen L, Vitek MP, Jiang Y. Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic Peptide COG1410 Promotes Autophagy by Phosphorylating GSK-3β in Early Brain Injury Following Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:127. [PMID: 29556174 PMCID: PMC5844970 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
COG1410, a mimetic peptide derived from the apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor binding region, exerts positive effect on neurological deficits in early brain injury (EBI) after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Currently the neuroprotective effect of COG1410 includes inhibiting BBB disruption, reducing neuronal apoptosis, and neuroinflammation. However, the effect and mechanism of COG1410 to subcellular organelles disorder have not been fully investigated. As the main pathway for recycling long-lived proteins and damaged organelles, neuronal autophagy is activated in SAH and exhibits neuroprotective effects by reducing the insults of EBI. Pharmacologically elevated autophagy usually contributes to alleviated brain injury, while few of the agents achieved clinical transformation. In this study, we explored the activation of autophagy during EBI by measuring the Beclin-1 and LC3B-II protein levels. Administration of COG1410 notably elevated the autophagic markers expression in neurons, simultaneously reversed the neurological deficits. Furthermore, the up-regulated autophagy by COG1410 was further promoted by p-GSK-3β agonist, whereas decreased by p-GSK-3β inhibitor. Taken together, these data suggest that the COG1410 might be a promising therapeutic strategy for EBI via promoting autophagy in SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinshen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xueping Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Long Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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10
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Pang J, Wu Y, Peng J, Yang P, Kuai L, Qin X, Cao F, Sun X, Chen L, Vitek MP, Jiang Y. Potential implications of Apolipoprotein E in early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: Involvement in the modulation of blood-brain barrier integrity. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56030-56044. [PMID: 27463015 PMCID: PMC5302894 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (Apoe) genetic polymorphisms have been implicated in the long term outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), but little is known about the effect of Apoe on the early brain injury (EBI) after SAH. This study investigated the potential role of APOE in EBI post-SAH. Multiple techniques were used to determine the early BBB disruption in EBI post-SAH in a murine model using wild-type (WT) and Apoe−/− (KO) mice. Progressive BBB disruption (Evans blue extravasation and T2 hyperintensity in magnetic resonance imaging) was observed before the peak of endogenous APOE expression elevation at 48h after SAH. Moreover, Apoe−/− mice exhibited more severe BBB disruption charcteristics after SAH than WT mice, including higher levels of Evans blue and IgG extravasation, T2 hyperintensity in magnetic resonance imaging, tight junction proteins degradation and endothelial cells death. Mechanistically, we found that APOE restores the BBB integrity in the acute stage after SAH via the cyclophilin A (CypA)-NF-κB-proinflammatory cytokines-MMP-9 signalling pathway. Consequently, although early BBB disruption causes neurological dysfunctions after SAH, we capture a different aspect of the effects of APOE on EBI after SAH that previous studies had overlooked and open up the idea of BBB disruption as a target of APOE-based therapy for EBI amelioration research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Departement of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Vasculocardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Kuai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Neurovascular Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Departement of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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11
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Enjoji S, Yabe R, Tsuji S, Yoshimura K, Kawasaki H, Sakurai M, Sakai Y, Takenouchi H, Yoshino S, Hazama S, Nagano H, Oshima H, Oshima M, Vitek MP, Matsuura T, Hippo Y, Usui T, Ohama T, Sato K. Stemness Is Enhanced in Gastric Cancer by a SET/PP2A/E2F1 Axis. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:554-563. [PMID: 29330298 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Chemotherapies against gastric cancer often fail, with cancer recurrence due potentially to the persistence of cancer stem cells. This unique subpopulation of cells in tumors possesses the ability to self-renew and dedifferentiate. These cancer stem cells are critical for initiation, maintenance, metastasis, and relapse of cancers; however, the molecular mechanisms supporting cancer stemness remain largely unknown. Increased kinase and decreased phosphatase activity are hallmarks of oncogenic signaling. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) functions as a tumor-suppressor enzyme, and elevated levels of SET/I2PP2A, an endogenous PP2A protein inhibitor, are correlated with poor prognosis of several human cancers. Here, it was determined that SET expression was elevated in tumor tissue in a gastric cancer mouse model system, and SET expression was positively correlated with poor survival of human gastric cancer patients. Mechanistically, SET knockdown decreased E2F1 levels and suppressed the stemness of cancer cell lines. Immunoprecipitations show SET associated with the PP2A-B56 complex, and the B56 subunit interacted with the E2F1 transcription factor. Treatment of gastric cancer cells with the SET-targeting drug OP449 increased PP2A activity, decreased E2F1 protein levels, and suppressed stemness of cancer cells. These data indicate that a SET/PP2A/E2F1 axis regulates cancer cell stemness and is a potential target for gastric cancer therapy.Implications: This study highlights the oncogenic role of SET/I2PP2A in gastric cancer and suggests that SET maintains cancer cell stemness by suppressing PP2A activity and stabilizing E2F1. Mol Cancer Res; 16(3); 554-63. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Enjoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Yabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shunya Tsuji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Masashi Sakurai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takenouchi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | | | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Oncotide Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Tetsuya Matsuura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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12
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Shlomai G, Zelenko Z, Antoniou IM, Stasinopoulos M, Tobin-Hess A, Vitek MP, LeRoith D, Gallagher EJ. OP449 inhibits breast cancer growth without adverse metabolic effects. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:519-529. [PMID: 28830934 PMCID: PMC5678946 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyperinsulinemia is associated with a decrease in breast cancer recurrence-free survival and overall survival. Inhibition of insulin receptor signaling is associated with glycemic dysregulation. SET is a direct modulator of PP2A, which negatively regulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. OP449, a SET inhibitor, decreases AKT/mTOR activation. The effects of OP449 treatment on breast cancer growth in the setting of pre-diabetes, and its metabolic implications are currently unknown. We found that the volumes and weights of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer xenografts were greater in hyperinsulinemic mice compared with controls (P < 0.05), and IR phosphorylation was 4.5-fold higher in these mice (P < 0.05). Human and murine breast cancer tumors treated with OP449 were 47% and 39% smaller than controls (P < 0.05, for both, respectively). AKT and S6RP phosphorylation were 82% and 34% lower in OP449-treated tumors compared with controls (P < 0.05, P = 0.06, respectively). AKT and S6RP phosphorylation in response to insulin was 30% and 12% lower in cells, pre-treated with OP449, compared with control cells (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). However, even with decreased AKT/mTOR activation, body weights and composition, blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucose tolerance, serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels were similar between OP449-treated mice and controls. Xenografts and liver tissue from OP449-treated mice showed a 64% and 70% reduction in STAT5 activation, compared with controls (P < 0.01 and P = 0.06, respectively). Our data support an anti-neoplastic effect of OP449 on human breast cancer cells in vitro and in xenografts in the setting of hyperinsulinemia. OP449 led to the inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling, albeit, not leading to metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Shlomai
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
- The Dr Pinchas Borenstein Talpiot Medical Leadership Program 2013Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Zara Zelenko
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Irini Markella Antoniou
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Marilyn Stasinopoulos
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Aviva Tobin-Hess
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Michael P Vitek
- CognosciInc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of NeurologyDuke University Medical Center, Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Derek LeRoith
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Emily Jane Gallagher
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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13
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Qin X, You H, Cao F, Wu Y, Peng J, Pang J, Xu H, Chen Y, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Sun X, Jiang Y. Apolipoprotein E Mimetic Peptide Increases Cerebral Glucose Uptake by Reducing Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice: An 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT Study. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:943-951. [PMID: 27411737 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disrupts the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reduces cerebral glucose uptake. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is believed to play a key role in TBI, and COG1410 has demonstrated neuroprotective activity in several models of TBI. However, the effects of COG1410 on VEGF and glucose metabolism following TBI are unknown. The current study aimed to investigate the expression of VEGF and glucose metabolism effects in C57BL/6J male mice subjected to experimental TBI. The results showed that controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced vestibulomotor deficits were accompanied by increases in brain edema and the expression of VEGF, with a decrease in cerebral glucose uptake. COG1410 treatment significantly improved vestibulomotor deficits and glucose uptake and produced decreases in VEGF in the pericontusion and ipsilateral hemisphere of injury, as well as in brain edema and neuronal degeneration compared with the control group. These data support that COG1410 may have potential as an effective drug therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghu Qin
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China .,2 Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Hong You
- 3 Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Fang Cao
- 4 Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College , Zunyi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Deyang City , Deyang, China
| | - Yue Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- 6 Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center , Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- 7 Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park , North Carolina
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- 5 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University , Luzhou, China
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14
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Ross EA, Naylor AJ, O'Neil JD, Crowley T, Ridley ML, Crowe J, Smallie T, Tang TJ, Turner JD, Norling LV, Dominguez S, Perlman H, Verrills NM, Kollias G, Vitek MP, Filer A, Buckley CD, Dean JL, Clark AR. Treatment of inflammatory arthritis via targeting of tristetraprolin, a master regulator of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:612-619. [PMID: 27597652 PMCID: PMC5446007 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tristetraprolin (TTP), a negative regulator of many pro-inflammatory genes, is strongly expressed in rheumatoid synovial cells. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 pathway mediates the inactivation of TTP via phosphorylation of two serine residues. We wished to test the hypothesis that these phosphorylations contribute to the development of inflammatory arthritis, and that, conversely, joint inflammation may be inhibited by promoting the dephosphorylation and activation of TTP. METHODS The expression of TTP and its relationship with MAPK p38 activity were examined in non-inflamed and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue. Experimental arthritis was induced in a genetically modified mouse strain, in which endogenous TTP cannot be phosphorylated and inactivated. In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to test anti-inflammatory effects of compounds that activate the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and promote dephosphorylation of TTP. RESULTS TTP expression was significantly higher in RA than non-inflamed synovium, detected in macrophages, vascular endothelial cells and some fibroblasts and co-localised with MAPK p38 activation. Substitution of TTP phosphorylation sites conferred dramatic protection against inflammatory arthritis in mice. Two distinct PP2A agonists also reduced inflammation and prevented bone erosion. In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of PP2A agonism were mediated by TTP activation. CONCLUSIONS The phosphorylation state of TTP is a critical determinant of inflammatory responses, and a tractable target for novel anti-inflammatory treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ross
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - A J Naylor
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J D O'Neil
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T Crowley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M L Ridley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Crowe
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T Smallie
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T J Tang
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J D Turner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - L V Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute, QMUL, London, UK
| | - S Dominguez
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - H Perlman
- Division of Rheumatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - N M Verrills
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G Kollias
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece
| | - M P Vitek
- Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - A Filer
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C D Buckley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J L Dean
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A R Clark
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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15
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Colton CA, Puranam RS, Vitek MP, Kan MJ. P2‐127: Immune‐Mediated Nutrient Deprivation and Metabolic Disruption in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Wu Y, Pang J, Peng J, Cao F, Vitek MP, Li F, Jiang Y, Sun X. An apoE-derived mimic peptide, COG1410, alleviates early brain injury via reducing apoptosis and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:92-9. [PMID: 27241720 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of COG1410, an apoliporotein E (apoE)-derived mimic peptide, against early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH was induced in C57BL/6J mice (n=68) by endovascular perforation. Mice received intravenous injection of COG1410 (2mg/kg) or equal volume of vehicle (saline). The mortality rate, neurological score, rotarod latencies, cell apoptosis, microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines production and protein levels of apoptotic and inflammatory markers were assessed at 24h after sham operation or SAH. Results showed that COG1410 alleviated the neurological deficits associated with SAH. Compared with vehicle treatment group, the number of apoptotic cells and activated microglia decreased significantly in the COG1410 treated group. COG1410 enhanced Akt activation and suppressed caspase-3 cleavage. The imbalance of Bax and Bcl-2 induced by SAH was regulated by COG1410. Additionally, COG1410 attenuated cytokines production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and suppressed the activation of JNK/c-Jun and NF-κB. Taken together, COG1410 protected against EBI via reducing apoptosis and neuroinflammation, through mechanisms that involve the regulation of apoptotic signaling and microglial activation. COG1410 is a potential neuroprotective agent for SAH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Departement of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinwei Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Departement of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No.1 Youyi Road, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Vitek MP. Abstract A092: Surpassing the emerging immune-checkpoint inhibitor market. Cancer Immunol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6074.cricimteatiaacr15-a092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antibodies to checkpoint inhibitors like PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA4 activate resident Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes to attack and kill tumor cells. The main mechanism that they employ to kill the cancer cells is through the release of cytolytic granules that contain perforin and Granzyme-A (GrA) protease. Perforin punches holes in the tumor cell membrane facilitating entry of GrA into the cytoplasm where it selectively degrades the SET oncoprotein, which is at the core of the SET complex composed of the SET oncoprotein and at least 5 different tumor suppressor proteins. Upon GrA mediated degradation of the SET oncoprotein, the tumor suppressors including nm23-H1 and TREX-1 deoxyribonucleases (DNAse's) are released into the nucleus where genomic DNA is degraded leading to cancer cells apoptosis. Importantly, we found that the SET oncoprotein is over-expressed in more than 90% of all leukemias and in 50 to 75% of all human solid tumor biopsies ranging from breast cancer to pancreatic cancer and others. As an inhibitor of tumor suppressors, SET overexpression in cancer helps to explain why tumor suppressors fail to effectively function to kill cancer cells.
We discovered that OP449, a peptide mimetic of apolipoprotein-E (apoE), specifically antagonizes SET to release tumor suppressors that then act to kill the cancer cells. Initially we found that OP449 antagonized SET in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to release the nm23-H1 DNAse tumor suppressor, which accumulated in the nucleus where it actively participated in degrading genomic DNA. Using MDA-MB-231 cells, OP449 caused a dose dependent death in cultures and in orthotopic xenografts with NSG mice with severe T-cell deficiency. Interestingly, using MDA-MB-231 cells labeled with green fluorescent protein to produce xenografts, the number of metastases in brain and lung were significantly reduced in OP449 treated animals compared to controls. MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436 and MDA-MB-468 tumor growth was significantly impaired in xenografts treated with OP449 or with small hairpin DNA (shDNA) constructs used to reduce levels of the SET protein, but not with empty shDNA vector controls. Using a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of breast cancer, tumor volumes in Myc Neu: Blg CRE (Her2/Myc) mice treated with OP449 were significantly less than their control counterparts and similar to animals treated with Lapatinib alone. In contrast, combining OP449 plus Lapatinib caused tumor regression to the limit of measurement in this GEMM model. Additional xenografts with CAPAN1 pancreatic cancer cell lines similarly showed significant reductions of tumor volumes in OP449 treated animals compared to vehicle controls, and with shDNA constructs that reduce SET levels and reduce tumor volumes. These experiments demonstrate that in the presence or absence of T-cells, that OP449 can provide effective control of tumor growth.
These results provide the groundwork for a next-generation immuno-oncology approach that directly antagonizes the SET oncoprotein to mimic proteolytic degradation of SET by Granzyme-A resulting from immune cell activation and cytolytic granule action. While clinical use of checkpoint inhibitor antibodies has proven very effective in treating deadly cancers, the rate of unwanted side effects of uncontrolled immune activation is also increasing with more widespread use of these antibodies. In contrast, SET antagonists like OP449 targeted to the cancer cells do not require the presence of activated immune cells, but do implicate the release and re-activation of endogenous tumor suppressors in the tumor tissue to kill cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
Citation Format: Michael P. Vitek. Surpassing the emerging immune-checkpoint inhibitor market. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR Inaugural International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 16-19, 2015; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A092.
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18
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Hu X, Garcia C, Fazli L, Gleave M, Vitek MP, Jansen M, Christensen D, Mulholland DJ. Inhibition of Pten deficient Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer by Targeting of the SET - PP2A Signaling axis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15182. [PMID: 26563471 PMCID: PMC4643319 DOI: 10.1038/srep15182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The PP2A signaling axis regulates multiple oncogenic drivers of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We show that targeting the endogenous PP2A regulator, SET (I2PP2A), is a viable strategy to inhibit prostate cancers that are resistant to androgen deprivation therapy. Our data is corroborated by analysis of prostate cancer patient cohorts showing significant elevation of SET transcripts. Tissue microarray analysis reveals that elevated SET expression correlates with clinical cancer grading, duration of neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) and time to biochemical recurrence. Using prostate regeneration assays, we show that in vivo SET overexpression is sufficient to induce hyperplasia and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Knockdown of SET induced significant reductions in tumorgenesis both in murine and human xenograft models. To further validate SET as a therapeutic target, we conducted in vitro and in vivo treatments using OP449 - a recently characterized PP2A-activating drug (PAD). OP449 elicits robust anti-cancer effects inhibiting growth in a panel of enzalutamide resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Using the Pten conditional deletion mouse model of prostate cancer, OP449 potently inhibited PI3K-Akt signaling and impeded CRPC progression. Collectively, our data supports a critical role for the SET-PP2A signaling axis in CRPC progression and hormone resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Hu
- The 6th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200233, China.,Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Consuelo Garcia
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Gleave
- The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Marilyn Jansen
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Dale Christensen
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Division of Hematology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David J Mulholland
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Cao F, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Zhong J, Liu J, Qin X, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Xu L, Sun X. Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic COG1410 Reduces Acute Vasogenic Edema following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:175-82. [PMID: 26192010 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of post-traumatic brain edema and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) influences the neurofunctional outcome after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of apolipoprotein E-mimetic peptide COG1410 reduces the brain water content after subarachnoid hemorrhage, intra-cerebral hemorrhage, and focal brain ischemia. However, the effects of COG1410 on vasogenic edema following TBI are not known. The current study evaluated the effects of 1 mg/kg daily COG1410 versus saline administered intravenously after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury on BBB dysfunction and vasogenic edema at an acute stage in mice. The results demonstrated that treatment with COG1410 suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9, reduced the disruption of the BBB and Evans Blue dye extravasation, reduced the TBI lesion volume and vasogenic edema, and decreased the functional deficits compared with mice treated with vehicle, at an acute stage after CCI. These findings suggest that COG1410 is a promising preclinical therapeutic agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College , Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Jieshi Liu
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College , Luzhou, China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College , Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College , Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P Vitek
- 3 Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- 4 Cognosci Inc. , Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lu Xu
- 5 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
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20
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Enjoji S, Yabe R, Fujiwara N, Tsuji S, Vitek MP, Mizuno T, Nakagawa T, Usui T, Ohama T, Sato K. The therapeutic effects of SET/I2PP2A inhibitors on canine melanoma. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 77:1451-6. [PMID: 26062569 PMCID: PMC4667663 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine melanoma is one of the most important diseases in small animal medicine.
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a well conserved serine/threonine phosphatase, plays a
critical role as a tumor suppressor. SET/I2PP2A is an endogenous inhibitor for PP2A, which
directly binds to PP2A and suppresses its phosphatase activity. Elevated SET protein
levels have been reported to exacerbate human tumor progression. The role of SET in canine
melanoma, however, has not been understood. Here, we investigated the potential
therapeutic role for SET inhibitors in canine melanoma. The expression of SET protein was
observed in 6 canine melanoma cell lines. We used CMeC-1 cells (primary origin) and CMeC-2
cells (metastatic origin) to generate cell lines stably expressing SET-targeting shRNAs.
Knockdown of SET expression in CMeC-2, but not in CMeC-1, leads to decreased cell
proliferation, invasion and colony formation. Phosphorylation level of p70 S6 kinase was
decreased by SET knockdown in CMeC-2, suggesting the involvement of mTOR (mammalian target
of rapamycin)/p70 S6 kinase signaling. The SET inhibitors, OP449 and FTY720, more
effectively killed CMeC-2 than CMeC-1. We observed PP2A activation in CMeC-2 treated with
OP449 and FTY720. These results demonstrated the potential therapeutic application of SET
inhibitors for canine melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Enjoji
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Trakhtenberg EF, Morkin MI, Patel KH, Fernandez SG, Sang A, Shaw P, Liu X, Wang Y, Mlacker GM, Gao H, Velmeshev D, Dombrowski SM, Vitek MP, Goldberg JL. The N-terminal Set-β Protein Isoform Induces Neuronal Death. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13417-26. [PMID: 25833944 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.633883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Set-β protein plays different roles in neurons, but the diversity of Set-β neuronal isoforms and their functions have not been characterized. The expression and subcellular localization of Set-β are altered in Alzheimer disease, cleavage of Set-β leads to neuronal death after stroke, and the full-length Set-β regulates retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and hippocampal neuron axon growth and regeneration in a subcellular localization-dependent manner. Here we used various biochemical approaches to investigate Set-β isoforms and their role in the CNS, using the same type of neurons, RGCs, across studies. We found multiple alternatively spliced isoforms expressed from the Set locus in purified RGCs. Set transcripts containing the Set-β-specific exon were the most highly expressed isoforms. We also identified a novel, alternatively spliced Set-β transcript lacking the nuclear localization signal and demonstrated that the full-length (∼39-kDa) Set-β is localized predominantly in the nucleus, whereas a shorter (∼25-kDa) Set-β isoform is localized predominantly in the cytoplasm. Finally, we show that an N-terminal Set-β cleavage product can induce neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim F Trakhtenberg
- From the Neuroscience Program and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, and
| | - Melina I Morkin
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, and the Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Karan H Patel
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, and
| | | | - Alan Sang
- the Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Peter Shaw
- the Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Xiongfei Liu
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, and
| | - Yan Wang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, and the Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Gregory M Mlacker
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, and
| | - Han Gao
- From the Neuroscience Program and
| | - Dmitry Velmeshev
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program,University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136
| | - Susan M Dombrowski
- Genomatix Software, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48108, the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27709, and the Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- From the Neuroscience Program and Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, and the Shiley Eye Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093,
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Hoos MD, Vitek MP, Ridnour LA, Wilson J, Jansen M, Everhart A, Wink DA, Colton CA. The impact of human and mouse differences in NOS2 gene expression on the brain's redox and immune environment. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:50. [PMID: 25403885 PMCID: PMC4247207 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mouse models are used in the study of human disease. Despite well-known homologies, the difference in immune response between mice and humans impacts the application of data derived from mice to human disease outcomes. Nitric oxide synthase-2 (NOS2) is a key gene that displays species-specific outcomes via altered regulation of the gene promoter and via post-transcriptional mechanisms in humans that are not found in mice. The resulting levels of NO produced by activation of human NOS2 are different from the levels of NO produced by mouse Nos2. Since both tissue redox environment and immune responsiveness are regulated by the level of NO and its interactions, we investigated the significance of mouse and human differences on brain oxidative stress and on immune activation in HuNOS2tg/mNos2-/- mice that express the entire human NOS2 gene and that lack a functional mNos2 compared to wild type (WT) mice that express normal mNos2. METHODS/RESULTS Similarly to human, brain tissue from HuNOS2tg/mNos2-/- mice showed the presence of a NOS2 gene 3'UTR binding site. We also identified miRNA-939, the binding partner for this site, in mouse brain lysates and further demonstrated reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO) typical of the human immune response on injection with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). HuNOS2tg/mNos2-/- brain samples were probed for characteristic differences in redox and immune gene profiles compared to WT mice using gene arrays. Selected genes were also compared against mNos2-/- brain lysates. Reconstitution of the human NOS2 gene significantly altered genes that encode multiple anti-oxidant proteins, oxidases, DNA repair, mitochondrial proteins and redox regulated immune proteins. Expression levels of typical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and chemokine genes were not significantly different with the exception of increased TNFα and Ccr1 mRNA expression in the HuNOS2tg/mNos2-/- mice compared to WT or mNos2-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS NO is a principle factor in establishing the tissue redox environment and changes in NO levels impact oxidative stress and immunity, both of which are primary characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases. The HuNOS2tg/mNos2-/- mice provide a potentially useful mechanism to address critical species- specific immune differences that can impact the study of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Hoos
- />Department of Neurosurgery, Stonybrook Health Sciences, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Michael P Vitek
- />Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- />Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Joan Wilson
- />Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Marilyn Jansen
- />Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Angela Everhart
- />Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - David A Wink
- />Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Carol A Colton
- />Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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23
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Farrell AS, Allen-Petersen B, Daniel CJ, Wang X, Wang Z, Rodriguez S, Impey S, Oddo J, Vitek MP, Lopez C, Christensen DJ, Sheppard B, Sears RC. Targeting inhibitors of the tumor suppressor PP2A for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:924-39. [PMID: 24667985 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease that is usually diagnosed in the advanced stages when few effective therapies are available. Given the aggressive clinical course of this disease and lack of good treatment options, the development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of pancreatic cancer is of the upmost importance. Several pathways that have shown to contribute to pancreatic cancer progression are negatively regulated by the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Here, the endogenous inhibitors of PP2A, SET (also known as I2PP2A) and cancerous inhibitor of PP2A (CIP2A), were shown to be overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer, contributing to decreased PP2A activity and overexpression and stabilization of the oncoprotein c-Myc, a key PP2A target. Knockdown of SET or CIP2A increases PP2A activity, increases c-Myc degradation, and decreases the tumorigenic potential of pancreatic cancer cell lines both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, treatment with a novel SET inhibitor, OP449, pharmacologically recapitulates the phenotypes and significantly reduces proliferation and tumorigenic potential of several pancreatic cancer cell lines, with an accompanying attenuation of cell growth and survival signaling. Furthermore, primary cells from patients with pancreatic cancer were sensitive to OP449 treatment, indicating that PP2A-regulated pathways are highly relevant to this deadly disease. IMPLICATIONS The PP2A inhibitors SET and CIP2A are overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and are important for pancreatic cancer cell growth and transformation; thus, antagonizing SET and/or CIP2A may be an innovative approach for the treatment of human pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S Farrell
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | | | - Colin J Daniel
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics
| | - Sarah Rodriguez
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Soren Impey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jessica Oddo
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals Inc., Research Triangle Park
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals Inc., Research Triangle Park; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Dale J Christensen
- Oncotide Pharmaceuticals Inc., Research Triangle Park; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Rosalie C Sears
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Molecular and Medical Genetics,
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Wang R, Hong J, Lu M, Neil JE, Vitek MP, Liu X, Warner DS, Li F, Sheng H. ApoE mimetic ameliorates motor deficit and tissue damage in rat spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:884-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Jun Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Tangshan Gongren Hospital; Hebei China
| | - Miaomiao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou China
| | | | | | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- The Fifth Central Hospital of Tianjin; Tianjin China
| | - David S. Warner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery); Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
- Department of Neurobiology; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park; North Carolina
| | - Huaxin Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories; Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina
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Azevedo OGR, Bolick DT, Roche JK, Pinkerton RF, Lima AAM, Vitek MP, Warren CA, Oriá RB, Guerrant RL. Apolipoprotein E plays a key role against cryptosporidial infection in transgenic undernourished mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89562. [PMID: 24586873 PMCID: PMC3938486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoliprotein E (apoE), a critical targeting protein in lipid homeostasis, has been found to have immunoinflammatory effects on murine models of infection and malnutrition. The effects of apoE in undernourished and Cryptosporidium parvum-infected mice have not been investigated. In order to study the role of apoE in a model of C. parvum infection, we used the following C57BL6J mouse genetic strains: APOE-deficient, wild-type controls, and APOE targeted replacement (TR) mice expressing human APOE genes (E3/3; E4/4). Experimental mice were orally infected with 107-unexcysted-C. parvum oocysts between post-natal days 34–35 followed by malnutrition induced with a low-protein diet. Mice were euthanized seven days after C. parvum-challenge to investigate ileal morphology, cytokines, and cationic arginine transporter (CAT-1), arginase 1, Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. In addition, we analyzed stool oocyst shedding by qRT-PCR and serum lipids. APOE4/4-TR mice had better weight gains after infection plus malnutrition compared with APOE3/3-TR and wild-type mice. APOE4/4-TR and APOE knockout mice had lower oocyst shedding, however the latter exhibited with villus blunting and higher ileal pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS transcripts. APOE4/4-TR mice had increased ileal CAT-1, arginase-1, and TLR9 transcripts relative to APOE knockout. Although with anti-parasitic effects, APOE deficiency exacerbates intestinal inflammatory responses and mucosal damage in undernourished and C. parvum-infected mice. In addition, the human APOE4 gene was found to be protective against the compounded insult of Cryptosporidium infection plus malnutrition, thus extending our previous findings of the protection against diarrhea in APOE4 children. Altogether our findings suggest that apoE plays a key role in the intestinal restitution and immunoinflammatory responses with Cryptosporidium infection and malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orleâncio G R Azevedo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America ; Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of the Brazilian Semi-arid, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James K Roche
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Relana F Pinkerton
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Aldo A M Lima
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America ; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research Unit, Institute of the Brazilian Semi-Arid, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America ; Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Institute of the Brazilian Semi-arid, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Richard L Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America ; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research Unit, Institute of the Brazilian Semi-Arid, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Lei B, Mace B, Bellows ST, Sullivan PM, Vitek MP, Laskowitz DT, James ML. Interaction between sex and apolipoprotein e genetic background in a murine model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2014; 3:94-101. [PMID: 23935764 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype separately modify outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We test the hypothesis that an interaction exists between sex and APOE polymorphism in modifying outcomes after ICH and is altered by administration of exogenous apoE-mimetic peptide. To define the effects of sex and APOE polymorphism in ICH, we created collagenase-induced ICH in male and female APOETR mice (targeted replacement mice homozygous for APOE3 or APOE4 alleles; n=12/group) and assessed performance on Rotarod (RR) and Morris water maze (MWM). To evaluate hematoma formation, we used hematoxylin and eosin staining at 24 h after injury (n=8/group). Using separate cohorts (n=12/group), apoE-mimetic peptide (COG1410 at 2 mg/kg) was administered after ICH, and mice were assessed by RR and MWM. Female mice outperformed male mice via RR and MWM by over 190% improvement through 7 days (RR) and 32 days (MWM) of testing after ICH (p<0.01). Female APOE3TR mice demonstrated improved function compared with all other groups (p<0.05) without any difference in hematoma volume at 24 h after injury in any group. Administration of a therapeutic apoE-mimetic peptide improved RR latencies through 7 days after ICH in male and female APOE4TR mice and MWM latencies over days 28-32 after ICH in male APOE4TR mice (p<0.05). Sex and APOE polymorphism influence functional outcomes in our murine model of ICH. Moreover, administration of exogenous apoE-mimetic peptide after injury differentially modifies the interaction between sex and APOE polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Lei
- Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University, 3094, Durham, NC, USA
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Agarwal A, MacKenzie RJ, Pippa R, Eide CA, Oddo J, Tyner JW, Sears R, Vitek MP, Odero MD, Christensen DJ, Druker BJ. Antagonism of SET using OP449 enhances the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and overcomes drug resistance in myeloid leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2092-103. [PMID: 24436473 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The SET oncoprotein, a potent inhibitor of the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is overexpressed in leukemia. We evaluated the efficacy of SET antagonism in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines, a murine leukemia model, and primary patient samples using OP449, a specific, cell-penetrating peptide that antagonizes SET's inhibition of PP2A. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro cytotoxicity and specificity of OP449 in CML and AML cell lines and primary samples were measured using proliferation, apoptosis, and clonogenic assays. Efficacy of target inhibition by OP449 was evaluated by immunoblotting and PP2A assay. In vivo antitumor efficacy of OP449 was measured in human HL-60 xenografted murine model. RESULTS We observed that OP449 inhibited growth of CML cells including those from patients with blastic phase disease and patients harboring highly drug-resistant BCR-ABL1 mutations. Combined treatment with OP449 and ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors was significantly more cytotoxic to K562 cells and primary CD34(+) CML cells. SET protein levels remained unchanged with OP449 treatment, but BCR-ABL1-mediated downstream signaling was significantly inhibited with the degradation of key signaling molecules such as BCR-ABL1, STAT5, and AKT. Similarly, AML cell lines and primary patient samples with various genetic lesions showed inhibition of cell growth after treatment with OP449 alone or in combination with respective kinase inhibitors. Finally, OP449 reduced the tumor burden of mice xenografted with human leukemia cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a novel therapeutic paradigm of SET antagonism using OP449 in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of CML and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Agarwal
- Authors' Affiliations: Knight Cancer Institute; Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology; Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, Oregon; Oncotide Pharmaceuticals, Research Triangle Park; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and Division of Oncology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Xu F, Vitek MP, Colton CA, Previti ML, Davis J, Van Nostrand WE. Human apolipoprotein E2 promotes parenchymal amyloid deposition and neuronal loss in vasculotropic mutant amyloid-β protein Tg-SwDI mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2013; 31:359-69. [PMID: 22635103 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-120421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein (ApoE) genotype influences the development of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), where the ε4 allele increases and the ε2 allele decreases the risk for developing disease. Specific mutations within the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide have been identified that cause familial forms of CAA. However, the influence of APOE genotype on accumulation of CAA mutant Aβ in brain is not well understood. Earlier, we showed that human ApoE4 redistributes fibrillar amyloid deposition from the cerebral microvasculature to parenchymal plaques in Tg-SwDI mice, a model that accumulates human Dutch/Iowa (E22Q/D23N) CAA mutant Aβ in brain (Xu et al., J Neurosci 28, 5312-5320, 2008). Human ApoE2 can reduce Aβ pathology in transgenic models of parenchymal plaques. Here we determined if human ApoE2 can influence the location and severity of amyloid pathology in Tg-SwDI mice. Comparing Tg-SwDI mice bred onto a human APOE2/2 or human APOE4/4 background, we found there was no change in the brain levels of total Aβ(40) and Aβ(42) compared to mice on the endogenous mouse APOE background. In Tg-SwDI mice on either human APOE background, there was a similarly strong reduction in the levels of microvascular CAA and emergence of extensive parenchymal plaque amyloid. In both Tg-SwDI-hAPOE2/2 and Tg-SwDI-hAPOE4/4 mice, the distribution of ApoE proteins and neuronal loss were associated with parenchymal amyloid plaques. These findings suggest that compared with human ApoE4, human ApoE2 does not beneficially influence the quantitative or spatial accumulation of human Dutch/Iowa CAA mutant amyloid or associated pathology in transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8122, USA
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Janghorban M, Oddo J, Risom T, Farrell A, Vitek MP, Sears RC, Christensen DJ. Abstract 510: Activation of PP2A by SET antagonism destabilizes c-Myc and inhibits breast cancer growth. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Protein phosphorylation plays an important role in regulating cellular signaling and deregulation of this process can contribute to many aberrant cellular behaviors, including those that contribute to cancer. It has been demonstrated that many oncogenes and proto-oncogenes are kinases, and that uncontrolled elevated levels of their activity lead to tumorigenic transformation.
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitously expressed heterotrimeric Serine-Threonine (S/T) phosphatase that is responsible for 30-50% of cellular S/T protein phosphatase activity. PP2A regulates numerous signaling pathways, including stem cell self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, migration, cell survival, and apoptosis. The PP2A holoenzyme has 3 subunits: a catalytic (C) subunit, a structural (A) subunit, and a variable regulatory (B) subunit that directs the PP2A holoenzyme to a specific substrates. PP2A loss of activity is important for cell transformation and it has been shown that B56α, B56γ, and PR72/PR130 are involved in human cell transformation. Importantly, PP2A-B56α negatively regulates the c-Myc transcription factor that is a potent oncoprotein, by decreasing its protein stability.
The oncoprotein SET is an endogenous inhibitor of PP2A that is overexpressed in many cancers. The role that SET plays in the development, progression and metastasis of breast cancer has not been reported.
Methods: SET expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in human breast tumors and compared to that in matched adjacent normal. SET was knocked down in MDA-MB-231 cells and tested for xenografts experiments. SET was also stably knocked down in MDA-MB-231 cells using two different shRNAs. Clonal cell lines with reduced SET expression were assayed for cell proliferation and soft agar in vitro. PP2A activation was measured following treatment with OP449, a SET inhibitor, in breast cancer cells lines. OP449’s effect on the growth and tumorigenic potential of these cells was also measured. Lysates of cells treated with OP449 have been used to analyze the effect of SET inhibition on c-Myc protein stability and promoter binding.
Results: Our data suggest that SET, is overexpressed in 50-60% of breast cancers. Treatment with OP449 and knockdown of SET reduces tumorigenic potential of some breast cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. OP449 treatment or SET knockdown also reduces S62-phosphorylated Myc levels and OP449 decreases Myc target gene promoter binding. OP449 also inhibits tumor growth in a Myc-driven transgenic mouse model of HER2-dependent breast cancer.
Conclusion: Activating PP2A through SET inhibition reduces tumorigenic potential of some breast cancer cell lines. This can be caused in part by decreasing Myc protein levels. Because of the ubiquitous expression of PP2A in eukaryotic cells and its important role in blocking transformation, we propose that activating PP2A can be a novel approach for breast cancer therapy.
Citation Format: Mahnaz Janghorban, Jessica Oddo, Tyler Risom, Amy Farrell, Michael P. Vitek, Rosalie C. Sears, Dale J. Christensen. Activation of PP2A by SET antagonism destabilizes c-Myc and inhibits breast cancer growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 510. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-510
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tyler Risom
- 1Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Amy Farrell
- 1Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Gu Z, Li F, Zhang YP, Shields LBE, Hu X, Zheng Y, Yu P, Zhang Y, Cai J, Vitek MP, Shields CB. Apolipoprotein E Mimetic Promotes Functional and Histological Recovery in Lysolecithin-Induced Spinal Cord Demyelination in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2014:10. [PMID: 25642353 PMCID: PMC4309015 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.s12-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Considering demyelination is the pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS), reducing demyelination and/or promoting remyelination is a practical therapeutic strategy to improve functional recovery for MS. An apolipoprotein E (apoE)-mimetic peptide COG112 has previously demonstrated therapeutic efficacy on functional and histological recovery in a mouse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of human MS. In the current study, we further investigated whether COG112 promotes remyelination and improves functional recovery in lysolecithin induced focal demyelination in the white matter of spinal cord in mice. Methods A focal demyelination model was created by stereotaxically injecting lysolecithin into the bilateral ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) of T8 and T9 mouse spinal cords. Immediately after lysolecithin injection mice were treated with COG112, prefix peptide control or vehicle control for 21 days. The locomotor function of the mice was measured by the beam walking test and Basso Mouse Scale (BMS) assessment. The nerve transmission of the VLF of mice was assessed in vivo by transcranial magnetic motor evoked potentials (tcMMEPs). The histological changes were also examined by by eriochrome cyanine staining, immunohistochemistry staining and electron microscopy (EM) method. Results The area of demyelination in the spinal cord was significantly reduced in the COG112 group. EM examination showed that treatment with COG112 increased the thickness of myelin sheaths and the numbers of surviving axons in the lesion epicenter. Locomotor function was improved in COG112 treated animals when measured by the beam walking test and BMS assessment compared to controls. TcMMEPs also demonstrated the COG112-mediated enhancement of amplitude of evoked responses. Conclusion The apoE-mimetic COG112 demonstrates a favorable combination of activities in suppressing inflammatory response, mitigating demyelination and in promoting remyelination and associated functional recovery in animal model of CNS demyelination. These data support that apoE-mimetic strategy may represent a promising therapy for MS and other demyelination disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China ; Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA ; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
| | - Yi Ping Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lisa B E Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yiyan Zheng
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Panpan Yu
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Michael P Vitek
- Cognosci, Inc. Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA ; Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
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Wang H, Anderson LG, Lascola CD, James ML, Venkatraman TN, Bennett ER, Acheson SK, Vitek MP, Laskowitz DT. ApolipoproteinE mimetic peptides improve outcome after focal ischemia. Exp Neurol 2012; 241:67-74. [PMID: 23219883 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing clinical evidence implicates isoform-specific effects of apolipoprotein E (apoE) in reducing neuroinflammation and mediating adaptive responses following ischemic and traumatic brain injury. However, the intact apoE holoprotein does not cross the blood-brain barrier and thus has limited therapeutic potential. We have created a small peptide, COG1410 (acetyl-AS-Aib-LRKL-Aib-KRLL-amide), derived from the apoE receptor-binding region. COG1410 retains the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective biological properties of the intact holoprotein and penetrates the blood-brain barrier. In the current study, we utilized a murine model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion to demonstrate that intravenous (IV) administration of COG1410 reduces infarct volume and radiographic progression of infarct, and improves functional outcome as assessed by rotarod when delivered up to 4h after ischemia onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichen Wang
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Madenspacher JH, Azzam KM, Gong W, Gowdy KM, Vitek MP, Laskowitz DT, Remaley AT, Wang JM, Fessler MB. Apolipoproteins and apolipoprotein mimetic peptides modulate phagocyte trafficking through chemotactic activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43730-40. [PMID: 23118226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.377192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma lipoprotein-associated apolipoproteins (apo) A-I and apoE have well described anti-inflammatory actions in the cardiovascular system, and mimetic peptides that retain these properties have been designed as therapeutics. The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of apolipoprotein mimetics, however, are incompletely defined. Whether circulating apolipoproteins and their mimetics regulate innate immune responses at mucosal surfaces, sites where transvascular emigration of leukocytes is required during inflammation, remains unclear. Herein, we report that Apoai(-/-) and Apoe(-/-) mice display enhanced recruitment of neutrophils to the airspace in response to both inhaled lipopolysaccharide and direct airway inoculation with CXCL1. Conversely, treatment with apoA-I (L-4F) or apoE (COG1410) mimetic peptides reduces airway neutrophilia. We identify suppression of CXCR2-directed chemotaxis as a mechanism underlying the apolipoprotein effect. Pursuing the possibility that L-4F might suppress chemotaxis through heterologous desensitization, we confirmed that L-4F itself induces chemotaxis of human PMNs and monocytes. L-4F, however, fails to induce a calcium flux. Further exploring structure-function relationships, we studied the alternate apoA-I mimetic L-37pA, a bihelical analog of L-4F with two Leu-Phe substitutions. We find that L-37pA induces calcium and chemotaxis through formyl peptide receptor (FPR)2/ALX, whereas its D-stereoisomer (i.e. D-37pA) blocks L-37pA signaling and induces chemotaxis but not calcium flux through an unidentified receptor. Taken together, apolipoprotein mimetic peptides are novel chemotactic agents that possess complex structure-activity relationships to multiple receptors, displaying anti-inflammatory efficacy against innate immune responses in the airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Ridnour LA, Dhanapal S, Hoos M, Wilson J, Lee J, Cheng RYS, Brueggemann EE, Hines HB, Wilcock DM, Vitek MP, Wink DA, Colton CA. Nitric oxide-mediated regulation of β-amyloid clearance via alterations of MMP-9/TIMP-1. J Neurochem 2012; 123:736-49. [PMID: 23016931 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fibrillar amyloid plaques are largely composed of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides that are metabolized into products, including Aβ1-16, by proteases including matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). The balance between production and degradation of Aβ proteins is critical to amyloid accumulation and resulting disease. Regulation of MMP-9 and its endogenous inhibitor tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 by nitric oxide (NO) has been shown. We hypothesize that nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) protects against Alzheimer's disease pathology by increasing amyloid clearance through NO regulation of MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance. We show NO-mediated increased MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratios enhanced the degradation of fibrillar Aβ in vitro, which was abolished when silenced for MMP-9 protein translation. The in vivo relationship between MMP-9, NO and Aβ degradation was examined by comparing an Alzheimer's disease mouse model that expresses NOS2 with a model lacking NOS2. To quantitate MMP-9 mediated changes, we generated an antibody recognizing the Aβ1-16 fragment, and used mass spectrometry multi-reaction monitoring assay for detection of immunoprecipitated Aβ1-16 peptides. Aβ1-16 levels decreased in brain lysates lacking NOS2 when compared with strains that express human amyloid precursor protein on the NOS2 background. TIMP-1 increased in the APPSwDI/NOS2(-/-) mice with decreased MMP activity and increased amyloid burden, thereby supporting roles for NO in the regulation of MMP/TIMP balance and plaque clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Ghosal K, Stathopoulos A, Thomas D, Phenis D, Vitek MP, Pimplikar SW. The apolipoprotein-E-mimetic COG112 protects amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain-overexpressing animals from Alzheimer's disease-like pathological features. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 12:51-8. [PMID: 22965147 DOI: 10.1159/000341299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides derive from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and play a pivotal role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Our previous work showed that the APP intracellular domain (AICD), which is produced simultaneously with Aβ, also contributes to the development of AD-like features. Studies show that administration of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apoE-derived small peptide mimetics protect AD mouse models against these AD-like features. However, the effects of apoE-mimetic treatment on AICD-mediated AD-like pathologies remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE To study the effects of an apoE mimetic (COG112) on neuroinflammation, hyperphosphorylation of tau and defects in adult neurogenesis in AICD- overexpressing transgenic mice (FeCγ25 line). METHODS Beginning at 1 month of age, animals were administered subcutaneous COG112 3 times per week for 3 months, followed by immunohistochemical analysis for neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and phosphorylated tau. RESULTS Treatment with COG112 significantly reduced neuroinflammation in AICD mice and protected against impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis. We also found that COG112 treatment reduced hyperphosphorylation and somatodendritic accumulation of tau in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of AICD mice. CONCLUSIONS Reduction of neuroinflammation by the apoE-mimetic COG112 protects against impaired neurogenesis and tau pathology in AICD transgenic mice. These data suggest that neuroinflammation plays an important role in AICD-induced AD-like pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Ghosal
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Laskowitz DT, Lei B, Dawson HN, Wang H, Bellows ST, Christensen DJ, Vitek MP, James ML. The apoE-mimetic peptide, COG1410, improves functional recovery in a murine model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2012; 16:316-26. [PMID: 21989844 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-011-9641-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E has previously been demonstrated to modulate acute brain injury responses, and administration of COG1410, an apoE-mimetic peptide derived from the receptor-binding region of apoE, improves outcome in preclinical models of acute neurological injury. In the current study, we sought to establish the optimal dose and timing of peptide administration associated with improved functional outcome in a murine model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODS Ten to twelve-week-old C57/BL6 male mice were injured by collagenase-induced ICH and randomly selected to receive either vehicle or one of four doses of COG1410 (0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg/kg) via tail vein injection at 30 min after injury and then daily for 5 days. The injured mice were euthanized at various time points to assess inflammatory mediators, cerebral edema, and hematoma volume. Over the first 5 days following injury, vestibulomotor function was tested via Rotorod (RR) latency. After an optimal dose was demonstrated, a final cohort of animals was injured with ICH and randomly assigned to receive the first dose of COG1410 or vehicle at increasingly longer treatment initiation times after injury. The mice were then assessed for functional deficit via RR testing over the first 5 days following injury. RESULTS The mice receiving 2 mg/kg of COG1410 after injury demonstrated reduced functional deficit, decreased brain concentrations of inflammatory proteins, and less cerebral edema, although hematoma volume did not vary. The improved RR performance was maintained when peptide administration was delayed for up to 2 h after ICH. CONCLUSIONS COG1410 administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg within 2 h after injury improves functional recovery in a murine model of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Laskowitz
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Multidisciplinary Neuroprotection Laboratories, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA>
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Azevedo OGR, Oliveira RAC, Oliveira BC, Zaja-Milatovic S, Araújo CV, Wong DVT, Costa TB, Lucena HBM, Lima RCP, Ribeiro RA, Warren CA, Lima AÂM, Vitek MP, Guerrant RL, Oriá RB. Apolipoprotein E COG 133 mimetic peptide improves 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:35. [PMID: 22524518 PMCID: PMC3398852 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal mucositis is one of the major troublesome side effects of anticancer chemotherapy leading to poor patient compliance. In this study we addressed the role of the novel apolipoprotein E (ApoE) COG 133 mimetic peptide in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-challenged Swiss mice and IEC-6 cell monolayers. Experiments were also conducted in C57BL6J ApoE knock-out mice to assess the effects of apoE peptide treatment. Methods Experimental groups were as follows: unchallenged controls, 5-FU-challenged mice (450 mg/kg, i.p) with or without the ApoE peptide (0.3, 1, and 3 μM, given twice daily i.p. for 4 days). Mice were sacrificed 3 days after 5-FU challenge. Proximal small intestinal samples were harvested for molecular biology and histological processing. We conducted ELISA assays and RT-PCR to target IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, iNOS, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) to assess intestinal inflammation. Cell death and NF-κB assays were also conducted in apoE knock-out mice. In our in vitro models, IEC-6 cells were exposed to 1 mM of 5-FU in glutamine free media with or without the ApoE peptide (0.02, 0.2, 2, 5, 10, and 20 μM). We investigated IEC-6 cell proliferation and migration, 24 h after the 5-FU challenge. Additionally, apoptotic IEC-6 cells were measured by Tunel and flow cytometry. Equimolar doses of the ApoA-I (D4-F) peptide were also used in some experiments for comparative studies. Results Villus blunting and heavy inflammatory infiltrates were seen in the 5-FU-challenged group, findings that were partially ameliorated by the ApoE peptide. We found increased intestinal MPO and pro-inflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and TNF-α and iNOS transcripts, and reduction of IL-10 following 5-FU treatment, each of which were partially abrogated by the peptide. Improvements were also found in IEC-6 cell apoptosis and migration following ApoE and D-4F treatment. Conclusion Altogether, these findings suggest that the novel ApoE COG 133 mimetic peptide can reduce 5-FU-induced intestinal changes and potentially benefit mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orleâncio Gomes R Azevedo
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Carter Harrison Bldg MR-6, 625 Crispell Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Yao X, Vitek MP, Remaley AT, Levine SJ. Apolipoprotein mimetic peptides: a new approach for the treatment of asthma. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:37. [PMID: 22408624 PMCID: PMC3297834 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
New treatments are needed for severe asthmatics to improve disease control and avoid severe toxicities associated with oral corticosteroids. We have used a murine model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced asthma to identify steroid-unresponsive genes that might represent targets for new therapeutic approaches for severe asthma. This strategy identified apolipoprotein E as a steroid-unresponsive gene with increased mRNA expression in the lungs of HDM-challenged mice. Furthermore, apolipoprotein E functioned as an endogenous negative regulator of airway hyperreactivity and goblet cell hyperplasia in experimental HDM-induced asthma. The ability of apolipoprotein E, which is expressed by lung macrophages, to attenuate AHR, and goblet cell hyperplasia is mediated by low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors expressed by airway epithelial cells. Consistent with this, administration of an apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide, corresponding to amino acids 130–149 of the LDL receptor-binding domain of the holo-apoE protein, significantly reduced AHR and goblet cell hyperplasia in HDM-challenged apoE−/− mice. These findings identified the apolipoprotein E – LDL receptor pathway as a new druggable target for asthma that can be activated by administration of apoE-mimetic peptides. Similarly, apolipoprotein A-I may have therapeutic potential in asthma based upon its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-fibrotic properties. Furthermore, administration of apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides has attenuated airway inflammation, airway remodeling, and airway hyperreactivity in murine models of experimental asthma. Thus, site-directed delivery of inhaled apolipoprotein E or apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides may represent novel treatment approaches that can be developed for asthma, including severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Yao
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Bethesda, MD, USA
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Vitek MP, Christensen DJ, Wilcock D, Davis J, Van Nostrand WE, Li FQ, Colton CA. APOE-mimetic peptides reduce behavioral deficits, plaques and tangles in Alzheimer's disease transgenics. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 10:122-6. [PMID: 22326991 DOI: 10.1159/000334914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After age, the second largest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, where APOE4 is associated with lower apoE protein levels, more severer brain pathology, enhanced inflammation and disease. Small peptides corresponding to the receptor-binding region of apoE mimic the anti-inflammatory activity of the apoE holoprotein. These apoE mimetics greatly improve behavioral outcomes and neuronal survival in head trauma models that display AD pathology and neuronal loss. OBJECTIVE To determine whether apoE mimetics change behavior, inflammation and pathology in CVND-AD (SwDI-APP/NOS2(-/-)) transgenic mice. METHODS Starting at 9 months, apoE peptides were subcutaneously administered 3 times per week for 3 months followed by behavioral, histochemical and biochemical testing. RESULTS Treatment with apoE mimetics significantly improved behavior while decreasing the inflammatory cytokine IL-6, neurofibrillary tangle-like and amyloid plaque-like structures. Biochemical measures matched the visible pathological results. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with apoE mimetics significantly improved behavior, reduced inflammation and reduced pathology in CVND-AD mice. These improvements are associated with apoE-mimetic-mediated increases in protein phosphatase 2A activity. Testing in additional AD models showed similar benefits, reinforcing this novel mechanism of action of apoE mimetics. These data suggest that the combination of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities of apoE mimetics represents a new generation of potential therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Vitek
- Cognosci, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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39
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Switzer CH, Glynn SA, Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Vitek MP, Ambs S, Wink DA. Nitric oxide and protein phosphatase 2A provide novel therapeutic opportunities in ER-negative breast cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:644-51. [PMID: 21893353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancer is an aggressive disease with limited therapeutic options because these tumors frequently express the 'triple-negative' phenotype. We have recently reported that inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) is a strong predictor of survival in patients with estrogen receptor negative [ER(-)] breast cancer, and that NOS2 expression is correlated with a basal-like phenotype. Recent reports also describe the pro-tumor effects of NO in breast and many other types of cancer. NO promotes cancer progression by activating several oncogenic signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)-1/2, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt, and c-Myc. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a tumor suppressor that negatively regulates the same cancer-related signaling pathways that are activated by NO. PP2A activity is suppressed in tumor cells, but potential pharmacological agents have recently been described to increase PP2A activity in ER(-) breast cancer cells. We examine here the various functions of NO and PP2A in breast cancer and propose a novel mechanism by which activation of PP2A antagonizes NO signaling that promotes ER(-) breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Christensen DJ, Ohkubo N, Oddo J, Van Kanegan MJ, Neil J, Li F, Colton CA, Vitek MP. Apolipoprotein E and peptide mimetics modulate inflammation by binding the SET protein and activating protein phosphatase 2A. J Immunol 2011; 186:2535-42. [PMID: 21289314 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism by which apolipoprotein E (apoE) suppresses inflammatory cytokine and NO production is unknown. Using an affinity purification approach, we found that peptide mimetics of apoE, derived from its receptor binding domain residues 130-150, bound to the SET protein, which is a potent physiological inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Both holo-apoE protein and apoE-mimetic peptides bound to the C-terminal region of SET, which is then associated with an increase in PP2A-mediated phosphatase activity. As physiological substrates for PP2A, the LPS-induced phosphorylation status of signaling MAPK and Akt kinase is reduced following treatment with apoE-mimetic peptides. On the basis of our previous report, in which apoE-mimetic peptides reduced I-κB kinase and NF-κB activation, we also demonstrate a mechanism for reduced production of inducible NO synthase protein and its NO product. These data provide evidence for a novel molecular mechanism by which apoE and apoE-mimetic peptides antagonize SET, thereby enhancing endogenous PP2A phosphatase activity, which reduces levels of phosphorylated kinases, signaling, and inflammatory response.
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41
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Switzer CH, Cheng RYS, Vitek TM, Christensen DJ, Wink DA, Vitek MP. Targeting SET/I(2)PP2A oncoprotein functions as a multi-pathway strategy for cancer therapy. Oncogene 2011; 30:2504-13. [PMID: 21297667 PMCID: PMC3107340 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SET oncoprotein participates in cancer progression by affecting multiple cellular processes, inhibiting the tumor suppressor protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), and inhibiting the metastasis suppressor nm23-H1. On the basis of these multiple activities, we hypothesized that targeted inhibition of SET would have multiple discrete and measurable effects on cancer cells. Here, the effects of inhibiting SET oncoprotein function on intracellular signaling and proliferation of human cancer cell lines was investigated. We observed the effects of COG112, a novel SET interacting peptide, on PP2A activity, Akt signaling, nm23-H1 activity and cellular migration/invasion in human U87 glioblastoma and MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines. We found that COG112 interacted with SET protein and inhibited the association between SET and PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2A-c) and nm23-H1. The interaction between COG112 and SET caused PP2A phosphatase and nm23-H1 exonuclease activities to increase. COG112-mediated increases in PP2A activity resulted in the inhibition of Akt signaling and cellular proliferation. Additionally, COG112 inhibited SET association with Ras-related C(3) botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), leading to decreased cellular migration and invasion. COG112 treatment releases the SET-mediated inhibition of the tumor suppressor PP2A, as well as the metastasis suppressor nm23-H1. These results establish SET as a novel molecular target and that the inhibition of SET may have beneficial effects in cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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42
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Singh K, Chaturvedi R, Barry DP, Coburn LA, Asim M, Lewis ND, Piazuelo MB, Washington MK, Vitek MP, Wilson KT. The apolipoprotein E-mimetic peptide COG112 inhibits NF-kappaB signaling, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and disease activity in murine models of colitis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3839-50. [PMID: 21115487 PMCID: PMC3030385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a source of substantial morbidity and remains difficult to treat. New strategies for beneficial anti-inflammatory therapies would be highly desirable. Apolipoprotein (apo) E has immunomodulatory effects and synthetically derived apoE-mimetic peptides are beneficial in models of sepsis and neuroinflammation. We have reported that the antennapedia-linked apoE-mimetic peptide COG112 inhibits the inflammatory response to the colitis-inducing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in vitro by inhibiting NF-κB activation. We now determined the effect of COG112 in mouse models of colitis. Using C. rodentium as an infection model, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as an injury model, mice were treated with COG112 by intraperitoneal injection. With C. rodentium, COG112 improved the clinical parameters of survival, body weight, colon weight, and histologic injury. With DSS, COG112 ameliorated the loss of body weight, reduction in colon length, and histologic injury, whether administered concurrently with induction of colitis, during induction plus recovery, or only during the recovery phase of disease. In both colitis models, COG112 inhibited colon tissue inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), KC, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 mRNA expression, and reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, as determined by immunoblot and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. IκB kinase (IKK) activity was also reduced, which is necessary for activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Isolated colonic epithelial cells exhibited marked attenuation of expression of iNOS and the CXC chemokines KC and MIP-2. These studies indicate that apoE-mimetic peptides such as COG112 are novel potential therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Singh
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Daniel P. Barry
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
| | - Lori A. Coburn
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Mohammad Asim
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Nuruddeen D. Lewis
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | | | | | | | - Keith T. Wilson
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
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Wink DA, Hines HB, Cheng RYS, Switzer CH, Flores-Santana W, Vitek MP, Ridnour LA, Colton CA. Nitric oxide and redox mechanisms in the immune response. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:873-91. [PMID: 21233414 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1010550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of redox molecules, such as NO and ROS, as key mediators of immunity has recently garnered renewed interest and appreciation. To regulate immune responses, these species trigger the eradication of pathogens on the one hand and modulate immunosuppression during tissue-restoration and wound-healing processes on the other. In the acidic environment of the phagosome, a variety of RNS and ROS is produced, thereby providing a cauldron of redox chemistry, which is the first line in fighting infection. Interestingly, fluctuations in the levels of these same reactive intermediates orchestrate other phases of the immune response. NO activates specific signal transduction pathways in tumor cells, endothelial cells, and monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. As ROS can react directly with NO-forming RNS, NO bioavailability and therefore, NO response(s) are changed. The NO/ROS balance is also important during Th1 to Th2 transition. In this review, we discuss the chemistry of NO and ROS in the context of antipathogen activity and immune regulation and also discuss similarities and differences between murine and human production of these intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Shvartsman AL, Sarantseva SV, Vitek MP. [Potential role of presenilin 1 in regulation of synaptic function]. Tsitologiia 2011; 53:959-967. [PMID: 22359955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest neuropathological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is the loss of synapses, which preceed the formation of amyloidosis and neurodegeneration. Although most cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease are caused by mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene, the functions of PS1 and its role in synaptic disfunction are not yet completely understood. In this paper we analysed of the intracellular and extracellular distribution of PS1 in the cultures of mouse cortical embryonic neurons. We found that PS1 is concentrated on the surface of the growth cone and at neurite contact sites. PS1 was also found in synapses where it is co-localized with synaptophysin. Independent evidense of involvement of PS1 in synaptic function we obtained by transfection of neurons with GFP-PS1 cDNA. GFP was colocalized with synaptophysin in transfected cultures. GFP-immunoprecepitates from transfected neurons contained processed N-cadherin. This result presents an additional proof of involvment PS1 in synapse formation. To evaluate the role of PS1 inactivation in the synaptic functions, we compare synaptic density in neuronal cell cultures from PS1 knockout mice PS1 (-/-) and wild type mice PS1 (+/+). Our results clearly show that PS1 (-/-) displayed a low number of morphological synapses in comparing with wild type culture PS1 (+/+). In summary, our results indicate a role of PS1 in synaptic function.
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Kaufman NA, Beare JE, Tan AA, Vitek MP, McKenna SE, Hoane MR. COG1410, an apolipoprotein E-based peptide, improves cognitive performance and reduces cortical loss following moderate fluid percussion injury in the rat. Behav Brain Res 2010; 214:395-401. [PMID: 20600347 PMCID: PMC2936242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COG1410, a small, novel ApoE-mimetic peptide derived from the receptor binding region of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), has been classified as anti-inflammatory in nature and improves motor, sensorimotor, and cognitive dysfunction following cortical contusion injury (CCI). In order to further examine COG1410's preclinical efficacy on cognitive recovery, the present study evaluated COG1410 following moderate fluid percussion injury (FPI). Animals were prepared with a moderate, unilateral FPI over the hippocampus. Following FPI, animals received a regimen of five doses of COG1410 or vehicle at 2 and 4h (1.0mg/kg, i.v.) followed by additional doses administered 24, 48, and 72 h (1.0mg/kg, i.p.). Prior to injury, animals were trained for 4 days (4 trials/day) in the Morris water maze (MWM) and then tested for retrograde amnesia on post-FPI day 11 and then on a working memory task on day 18. Testing for motor dysfunction on the tapered balanced beam began on day 2 post-FPI. Administration of this regimen of COG1410 significantly improved retention of memory in the retrograde amnesia test compared to vehicle post-FPI. However, COG1410 did not significantly improve acquisition of working memory in the MWM. Motor dysfunction on the tapered beam post-FPI was improved in the COG1410-treated group compared to vehicle treatment. Cortical lesion analysis revealed that the COG1410-treated animals demonstrated significantly less tissue loss compared to vehicle-treated animals. The results of this study suggest that COG1410 significantly limited the behavioral dysfunction and tissue loss associated with FPI and demonstrated continued preclinical efficacy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Kaufman
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Integrative Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Laskowitz DT, Song P, Wang H, Mace B, Sullivan PM, Vitek MP, Dawson HN. Traumatic Brain Injury Exacerbates Neurodegenerative Pathology: Improvement with an Apolipoprotein E-Based Therapeutic. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1983-95. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Laskowitz
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pingping Song
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Haichen Wang
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Brian Mace
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Hana N. Dawson
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Shvartsman AL, Sarantseva SV, Runova OL, Talalaeva EI, Vitek MP. [Familial Alzheimer's disease mutations in the presenilin 1 gene reduce cell-cell adhesion in transfected fibroblasts]. Biofizika 2010; 55:862-867. [PMID: 21033353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has been obtained that mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene in familial Alzheimer's disease can lead to the disturbance of cell adhesion in model cell cultures. It was shown that, in L fibroblasts of mice with stable expression of GFP-PS1 cDNA containing G209V or E319G mutations, cell-cell interactions and the accumulation of GFP-PS1 cDNA in intercellular contacts are disturbed. Similar results were obtained in transfected human epithelial Hep2 cells. It is assumed that mutations in familial Alzheimer's disease lead to the disturbance of the functions of presenelin 1 in cell adhesion.
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Li FQ, Fowler KA, Neil JE, Colton CA, Vitek MP. An apolipoprotein E-mimetic stimulates axonal regeneration and remyelination after peripheral nerve injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:106-15. [PMID: 20406857 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.167882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated apolipoprotein E (apoE) synthesis within crushed sciatic nerves advocates that apoE could benefit axonal repair and reconstruction of axonal and myelin membranes. We created an apoE-mimetic peptide, COG112 (acetyl-RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKKCLRVRLASHLRKLRKRLL-amide), and found that postinjury treatment with COG112 significantly improved recovery of motor and sensory function following sciatic nerve crush in C57BL/6 mice. Morphometric analysis of injured sciatic nerves revealed that COG112 promoted axonal regrowth after 2 weeks of treatment. More strikingly, the thickness of myelin sheaths was increased by COG112 treatment. Consistent with these histological findings, COG112 potently elevated growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43) and peripheral myelin protein zero (P0), which are markers of axon regeneration and remyelination, respectively. Electron microscopic examination further suggested that the apoE-mimetic COG112 may increase clearance of myelin debris. Schwann cell uptake of cholesterol-containing low-density lipoprotein particles was selectively enhanced by COG112 treatment in a Schwann cell line S16. Moreover, COG112 significantly promoted axon elongation in primary dorsal root ganglion cultures from rat pups. Considering that cholesterol and lipids are needed for reconstructing myelin sheaths and axon extension, these data support a hypothesis where supplementation with exogenous apoE-mimetics such as COG112 may be a promising strategy for restoring lost functional and structural elements following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Qiao Li
- Cognosci, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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de Barreda EG, Pérez M, Ramos PG, de Cristobal J, Martín-Maestro P, Morán A, Dawson HN, Vitek MP, Lucas JJ, Hernández F, Avila J. Tau-knockout mice show reduced GSK3-induced hippocampal degeneration and learning deficits. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:622-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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50
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Dunys J, Sevalle J, Giaime E, Pardossi-Piquard R, Vitek MP, Renbaum P, Levy-Lahad E, Zhang YW, Xu H, Checler F, da Costa CA. p53-dependent control of transactivation of the Pen2 promoter by presenilins. J Cell Sci 2010; 122:4003-8. [PMID: 19889971 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The senile plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease are mainly due to the accumulation of amyloid beta-peptides (A beta) that are liberated by gamma-secretase, a high molecular weight complex including presenilins, PEN-2, APH-1 and nicastrin. The depletion of each of these proteins disrupts the complex assembly into a functional protease. Here, we describe another level of regulation of this multimeric protease. The depletion of both presenilins drastically reduces Pen2 mRNA levels and its promoter transactivation. Furthermore, overexpression of presenilin-1 lowers Pen2 promoter transactivation, a phenotype abolished by a double mutation known to prevent presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase activity. PEN-2 expression is decreased by depletion of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) and increased by the APP intracellular domain (AICD). We show that AICD and APP complement for Pen2 mRNA levels in APP/APLP1-2 knockout fibroblasts. Interestingly, overexpression of presenilin-2 greatly increases Pen2 promoter transactivation. The opposite effect triggered by both presenilins was reminiscent of our previous study, which showed that these two proteins elicit antagonistic effects on p53. Therefore, we examined the contribution of p53 on Pen2 transcription. Pen2 promoter transactivation, and Pen2 mRNA and protein levels were drastically reduced in p53(-/-) fibroblasts. Furthermore, PEN-2 expression could be rescued by p53 complementation in p53- and APP-deficient cells. Interestingly, PEN-2 expression was also reduced in p53-deficient mouse brain. Overall, our study describes a p53-dependent regulation of PEN-2 expression by other members of the gamma-secretase complex, namely presenilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Dunys
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Institut de NeuroMédecine Moléculaire, Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Valbonne, France
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