1
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Ridnour LA, Heinz WF, Cheng RY, Wink AL, Kedei N, Pore M, Imtiaz F, Femino EL, Gonzalez AL, Coutinho L, Butcher D, Edmondson EF, Rangel MC, Kinders RJ, Lipkowitz S, Wong ST, Anderson SK, McVicar DW, Li X, Glynn SA, Billiar TR, Chang JC, Hewitt SM, Ambs S, Lockett SJ, Wink DA. NOS2 and COX2 Provide Key Spatial Targets that Determine Outcome in ER- Breast Cancer. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.21.572859. [PMID: 38187532 PMCID: PMC10769386 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with limited therapeutic options. Upregulated expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and cyclo-oxygenase (COX2) in breast tumors predicts poor clinical outcomes. Signaling molecules released by these enzymes activate oncogenic pathways, driving cancer stemness, metastasis, and immune suppression. The influence of tumor NOS2/COX2 expression on the landscape of immune markers using multiplex fluorescence imaging of 21 ER- breast tumors were stratified for survival. A powerful relationship between tumor NOS2/COX2 expression and distinct CD8+ T cell phenotypes was observed at 5 years post-diagnosis. These results were confirmed in a validation cohort using gene expression data showing that ratios of NOS2 to CD8 and COX2 to CD8 are strongly associated with poor outcomes in high NOS2/COX2-expressing tumors. Importantly, multiplex imaging identified distinct CD8+ T cell phenotypes relative to tumor NOS2/COX2 expression in Deceased vs Alive patient tumors at 5-year survival. CD8+NOS2-COX2- phenotypes defined fully inflamed tumors with significantly elevated CD8+ T cell infiltration in Alive tumors expressing low NOS2/COX2. In contrast, two distinct phenotypes including inflamed CD8+NOS2+COX2+ regions with stroma-restricted CD8+ T cells and CD8-NOS2-COX2+ immune desert regions with abated CD8+ T cell penetration, were significantly elevated in Deceased tumors with high NOS2/COX2 expression. These results were supported by applying an unsupervised nonlinear dimensionality-reduction technique, UMAP, correlating specific spatial CD8/NOS2/COX2 expression patterns with patient survival. Moreover, spatial analysis of the CD44v6 and EpCAM cancer stem cell (CSC) markers within the CD8/NOS2/COX2 expression landscape revealed positive correlations between EpCAM and inflamed stroma-restricted CD8+NOS2+COX2+ phenotypes at the tumor/stroma interface in deceased patients. Also, positive correlations between CD44v6 and COX2 were identified in immune desert regions in deceased patients. Furthermore, migrating tumor cells were shown to occur only in the CD8-NOS2+COX2+ regions, identifying a metastatic hot spot. Taken together, this study shows the strength of spatial localization analyses of the CD8/NOS2/COX2 landscape, how it shapes the tumor immune microenvironment and the selection of aggressive tumor phenotypes in distinct regions that lead to poor clinical outcomes. This technique could be beneficial for describing tumor niches with increased aggressiveness that may respond to clinically available NOS2/COX2 inhibitors or immune-modulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Robert Ys Cheng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Adelaide L Wink
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource (CPTR) Nanoscale Protein Analysis, OSTR, CCR, NCI, NIH
| | - Milind Pore
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Fatima Imtiaz
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Elise L Femino
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Ana L Gonzalez
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Leandro Coutinho
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Donna Butcher
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
| | - M Cristina Rangel
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, ICESP/HC, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Danial W McVicar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sharon A Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jenny C Chang
- Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
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Ridnour LA, Cheng RYS, Heinz WF, Pore M, Gonzalez AL, Femino EL, Moffat R, Wink AL, Imtiaz F, Coutinho L, Butcher D, Edmondson EF, Rangel MC, Wong STC, Lipkowitz S, Glynn S, Vitek MP, McVicar DW, Li X, Anderson SK, Paolocci N, Hewitt SM, Ambs S, Billiar TR, Chang JC, Lockett SJ, Wink DA. Spatial analysis of NOS2 and COX2 interaction with T-effector cells reveals immunosuppressive landscapes associated with poor outcome in ER- breast cancer patients. bioRxiv 2023:2023.12.21.572867. [PMID: 38187660 PMCID: PMC10769421 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms exist in the tumor microenvironment that drive poor outcomes and decrease treatment efficacy. The co-expression of NOS2 and COX2 is a strong predictor of poor prognosis in ER- breast cancer and other malignancies. Together, they generate pro-oncogenic signals that drive metastasis, drug resistance, cancer stemness, and immune suppression. Using an ER- breast cancer patient cohort, we found that the spatial expression patterns of NOS2 and COX2 with CD3+CD8+PD1- T effector (Teff) cells formed a tumor immune landscape that correlated with poor outcome. NOS2 was primarily associated with the tumor-immune interface, whereas COX2 was associated with immune desert regions of the tumor lacking Teff cells. A higher ratio of NOS2 or COX2 to Teff was highly correlated with poor outcomes. Spatial analysis revealed that regional clustering of NOS2 and COX2 was associated with stromal-restricted Teff, while only COX2 was predominant in immune deserts. Examination of other immunosuppressive elements, such as PDL1/PD1, Treg, B7H4, and IDO1, revealed that PDL1/PD1, Treg, and IDO1 were primarily associated with restricted Teff, whereas B7H4 and COX2 were found in tumor immune deserts. Regardless of the survival outcome, other leukocytes, such as CD4 T cells and macrophages, were primarily in stromal lymphoid aggregates. Finally, in a 4T1 model, COX2 inhibition led to a massive cell infiltration, thus validating the hypothesis that COX2 is an essential component of the Teff exclusion process and, thus, tumor evasion. Our study indicates that NOS2/COX2 expression plays a central role in tumor immunosuppression. Our findings indicate that new strategies combining clinically available NOS2/COX2 inhibitors with various forms of immune therapy may open a new avenue for the treatment of aggressive ER-breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Milind Pore
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Ana L Gonzalez
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Elise L Femino
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Rebecca Moffat
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Adelaide L Wink
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Fatima Imtiaz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - Leandro Coutinho
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Donna Butcher
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
| | - M Cristina Rangel
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sharon Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
| | - Nazareno Paolocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Pathology CCR, NCI, NIH
| | | | - Stefan Ambs
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Jenny C Chang
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute
- Houston Methodist Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston TX
- Women's Malignancies Branch, CCR, NCI, NIH
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- (Mike Duke)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
- Laboratory of Pathology CCR, NCI, NIH
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
- Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD
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Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Wink AL, Gonzalez AL, Femino EL, Rittscher H, Somasundaram V, Heinz WF, Coutinho L, Rangel MC, Edmondson EF, Butcher D, Kinders RJ, Li X, Wong STC, McVicar DW, Anderson SK, Pore M, Hewitt SM, Billiar TR, Glynn SA, Chang JC, Lockett SJ, Ambs S, Wink DA. Interferon-gamma is quintessential for NOS2 and COX2 expression in ER - breast tumors that lead to poor outcome. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:319. [PMID: 37169743 PMCID: PMC10175544 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05834-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A strong correlation between NOS2 and COX2 tumor expression and poor clinical outcomes in ER breast cancer has been established. However, the mechanisms of tumor induction of these enzymes are unclear. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed correlations between NOS2 and COX2 expression and Th1 cytokines. Herein, single-cell RNAseq analysis of TNBC cells shows potent NOS2 and COX2 induction by IFNγ combined with IL1β or TNFα. Given that IFNγ is secreted by cytolytic lymphocytes, which improve clinical outcomes, this role of IFNγ presents a dichotomy. To explore this conundrum, tumor NOS2, COX2, and CD8+ T cells were spatially analyzed in aggressive ER-, TNBC, and HER2 + breast tumors. High expression and clustering of NOS2-expressing tumor cells occurred at the tumor/stroma interface in the presence of stroma-restricted CD8+ T cells. High expression and clustering of COX2-expressing tumor cells extended into immune desert regions in the tumor core where CD8+ T cell penetration was limited or absent. Moreover, high NOS2-expressing tumor cells were proximal to areas with increased satellitosis, suggestive of cell clusters with a higher metastatic potential. Further in vitro experiments revealed that IFNγ + IL1β/TNFα increased the elongation and migration of treated tumor cells. This spatial analysis of the tumor microenvironment provides important insight into distinct neighborhoods where stroma-restricted CD8+ T cells exist proximal to NOS2-expressing tumor niches that could have increased metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y S Cheng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adelaide L Wink
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ana L Gonzalez
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elise L Femino
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Helene Rittscher
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Leandro Coutinho
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, ICESP/HC, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Rangel
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, ICESP/HC, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; and Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Donna Butcher
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Systems Medicine and Bioengineering Department, Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Milind Pore
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sharon A Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jenny C Chang
- Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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4
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Cheng RY, Ridnour LA, Wink AL, Gonzalez AL, Femino EL, Rittscher H, Somasundarum V, Heinz WF, Coutinho L, Cristina Rangel M, Edmondson EF, Butcher D, Kinders RJ, Li X, Wong STC, McVicar DW, Anderson SK, Pore M, Hewitt SM, Billiar TR, Glynn S, Chang JC, Lockett SJ, Ambs S, Wink DA. Interferon-gamma is Quintessential for NOS2 and COX2 Expression in ER - Breast Tumors that Lead to Poor Outcome. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.06.535916. [PMID: 37066331 PMCID: PMC10104135 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.06.535916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
A strong correlation between NOS2 and COX2 tumor expression and poor clinical outcomes in ER-breast cancer has been established. However, mechanisms of tumor induction of these enzymes are unclear. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed correlations between NOS2 and COX2 expression and Th1 cytokines. Herein, single cell RNAseq analysis of TNBC cells shows potent NOS2 and COX2 induction by IFNγ combined with IL1β or TNFα. Given that IFNγ is secreted by cytolytic lymphocytes, which improve clinical outcomes, this role of IFNγpresents a dichotomy. To explore this conundrum, tumor NOS2, COX2, and CD8 + T cells were spatially analyzed in aggressive ER-, TNBC, and HER2+ breast tumors. High expression and clustering of NOS2-expressing tumor cells occurred at the tumor/stroma interface in the presence of stroma-restricted CD8 + T cells. High expression and clustering of COX2-expressing tumor cells extended into immune desert regions in the tumor core where CD8 + T cell penetration was limited or absent. Moreover, high NOS2-expressing tumor cells were proximal to areas with increased satellitosis suggestive of cell clusters with a higher metastatic potential. Further in vitro experiments revealed that IFNγ+IL1β/TNFα increased elongation and migration of treated tumor cells. This spatial analysis of the tumor microenvironment provides important insight of distinct neighborhoods where stroma-restricted CD8 + T cells exist proximal to NOS2-expressing tumor niches that could have increased metastatic potential.
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5
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Moissoglu K, Lockett SJ, Mili S. Visualizing and Quantifying mRNA Localization at the Invasive Front of 3D Cancer Spheroids. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2608:263-280. [PMID: 36653713 PMCID: PMC10411857 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Localization of mRNAs at the front of migrating cells is a widely used mechanism that functionally supports efficient cell movement. It is observed in single cells on two-dimensional surfaces, as well as in multicellular three-dimensional (3D) structures and in tissue in vivo. 3D multicellular cultures can reveal how the topology of the extracellular matrix and cell-cell contacts influence subcellular mRNA distributions. Here we describe a method for mRNA imaging in an inducible system of collective cancer cell invasion. MDA-MB-231 cancer cell spheroids are embedded in Matrigel, induced to invade, and processed to image mRNAs with single-molecule sensitivity. An analysis algorithm is used to quantify and compare mRNA distributions at the front of invasive leader cells. The approach can be easily adapted and applied to analyze RNA distributions in additional settings where cells polarize along a linear axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstadinos Moissoglu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stavroula Mili
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Somasundaram V, Ridnour LA, Cheng RY, Walke AJ, Kedei N, Bhattacharyya DD, Wink AL, Edmondson EF, Butcher D, Warner AC, Dorsey TH, Scheiblin DA, Heinz W, Bryant RJ, Kinders RJ, Lipkowitz S, Wong ST, Pore M, Hewitt SM, McVicar DW, Anderson SK, Chang J, Glynn SA, Ambs S, Lockett SJ, Wink DA. Systemic Nos2 Depletion and Cox inhibition limits TNBC disease progression and alters lymphoid cell spatial orientation and density. Redox Biol 2022; 58:102529. [PMID: 36375380 PMCID: PMC9661390 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor immune polarization is a key predictor of clinical outcomes to cancer therapy. An emerging concept influencing clinical outcome involves the spatial location of CD8+ T cells, within the tumor. Our earlier work demonstrated immunosuppressive effects of NOS2 and COX2 tumor expression. Here, we show that NOS2/COX2 levels influence both the polarization and spatial location of lymphoid cells including CD8+ T cells. Importantly, elevated tumor NOS2/COX2 correlated with exclusion of CD8+ T cells from the tumor epithelium. In contrast, tumors expressing low NOS2/COX2 had increased CD8+ T cell penetration into the tumor epithelium. Consistent with a causative relationship between these observations, pharmacological inhibition of COX2 with indomethacin dramatically reduced tumor growth of the 4T1 model of TNBC in both WT and Nos2- mice. This regimen led to complete tumor regression in ∼20-25% of tumor-bearing Nos2- mice, and these animals were resistant to tumor rechallenge. Th1 cytokines were elevated in the blood of treated mice and intratumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were higher in mice that received indomethacin when compared to control untreated mice. Multiplex immunofluorescence imaging confirmed our phenotyping results and demonstrated that targeted Nos2/Cox2 blockade improved CD8+ T cell penetration into the 4T1 tumor core. These findings are consistent with our observations in low NOS2/COX2 expressing breast tumors proving that COX2 activity is responsible for limiting the spatial distribution of effector T cells in TNBC. Together these results suggest that clinically available NSAID's may provide a cost-effective, novel immunotherapeutic approach for treatment of aggressive tumors including triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Somasundaram
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Ys Cheng
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Abigail J Walke
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Collaborative Protein Technology Resource Nanoscale Protein Analysis, Office of Science Technology Resources, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dibyangana D Bhattacharyya
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adelaide L Wink
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elijah F Edmondson
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Donna Butcher
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Andrew C Warner
- Molecular Histopathology Laboratories, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany H Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Scheiblin
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Richard J Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert J Kinders
- Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, NCI, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Stephen Tc Wong
- Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Neal Cancer Center and Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Milind Pore
- Imaging Mass Cytometry Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, USA
| | | | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jenny Chang
- Mary and Ron Neal Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sharon A Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, CCR, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA.
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7
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Sjoberg HT, Philippou Y, Magnussen AL, Tullis IDC, Bridges E, Chatrian A, Lefebvre J, Tam KH, Murphy EA, Rittscher J, Preise D, Agemy L, Yechezkel T, Smart SC, Kinchesh P, Gilchrist S, Allen DP, Scheiblin DA, Lockett SJ, Wink DA, Lamb AD, Mills IG, Harris A, Muschel RJ, Vojnovic B, Scherz A, Hamdy FC, Bryant RJ. Tumour irradiation combined with vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy enhances antitumour effects in pre-clinical prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:534-546. [PMID: 34155340 PMCID: PMC8367986 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need to improve the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) and reduce treatment side effects. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) is a focal therapy for low-risk low-volume localised PCa, which rapidly disrupts targeted tumour vessels. There is interest in expanding the use of VTP to higher-risk disease. Tumour vasculature is characterised by vessel immaturity, increased permeability, aberrant branching and inefficient flow. FRT alters the tumour microenvironment and promotes transient 'vascular normalisation'. We hypothesised that multimodality therapy combining fractionated radiotherapy (FRT) and VTP could improve PCa tumour control compared against monotherapy with FRT or VTP. METHODS We investigated whether sequential delivery of FRT followed by VTP 7 days later improves flank TRAMP-C1 PCa tumour allograft control compared to monotherapy with FRT or VTP. RESULTS FRT induced 'vascular normalisation' changes in PCa flank tumour allografts, improving vascular function as demonstrated using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. FRT followed by VTP significantly delayed tumour growth in flank PCa allograft pre-clinical models, compared with monotherapy with FRT or VTP, and improved overall survival. CONCLUSION Combining FRT and VTP may be a promising multimodal approach in PCa therapy. This provides proof-of-concept for this multimodality treatment to inform early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna T Sjoberg
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anette L Magnussen
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Esther Bridges
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrea Chatrian
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joel Lefebvre
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ka Ho Tam
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma A Murphy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jens Rittscher
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, NDM Research Building, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Dina Preise
- Department of Core Facilities, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lilach Agemy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Yechezkel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sean C Smart
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Kinchesh
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Danny P Allen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A Scheiblin
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Centre for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Boris Vojnovic
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Bryant
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Gilmore AC, Flaherty SJ, Somasundaram V, Scheiblin DA, Lockett SJ, Wink DA, Heinz WF. An in vitro tumorigenesis model based on live-cell-generated oxygen and nutrient gradients. Commun Biol 2021; 4:477. [PMID: 33859337 PMCID: PMC8050328 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is multi-cellular, spatially heterogenous, and contains cell-generated gradients of soluble molecules. Current cell-based model systems lack this complexity or are difficult to interrogate microscopically. We present a 2D live-cell chamber that approximates the TME and demonstrate that breast cancer cells and macrophages generate hypoxic and nutrient gradients, self-organize, and have spatially varying phenotypes along the gradients, leading to new insights into tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Gilmore
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Office of Science and Technology Resources, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sarah J Flaherty
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Office of Science and Technology Resources, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David A Scheiblin
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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Philippou Y, Sjoberg HT, Murphy E, Alyacoubi S, Jones KI, Gordon-Weeks AN, Phyu S, Parkes EE, Gillies McKenna W, Lamb AD, Gileadi U, Cerundolo V, Scheiblin DA, Lockett SJ, Wink DA, Mills IG, Hamdy FC, Muschel RJ, Bryant RJ. Impacts of combining anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy and radiotherapy on the tumour immune microenvironment in a murine prostate cancer model. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1089-1100. [PMID: 32641865 PMCID: PMC7525450 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy enhances innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. It is unclear whether this effect may be harnessed by combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy fractions used to treat prostate cancer. We investigated tumour immune microenvironment responses of pre-clinical prostate cancer models to radiotherapy. Having defined this landscape, we tested whether radiotherapy-induced tumour growth delay could be enhanced with anti-PD-L1. METHODS Hypofractionated radiotherapy was delivered to TRAMP-C1 and MyC-CaP flank allografts. Tumour growth delay, tumour immune microenvironment flow-cytometry, and immune gene expression were analysed. TRAMP-C1 allografts were then treated with 3 × 5 Gy ± anti-PD-L1. RESULTS 3 × 5 Gy caused tumour growth delay in TRAMP-C1 and MyC-CaP. Tumour immune microenvironment changes in TRAMP-C1 at 7 days post-radiotherapy included increased tumour-associated macrophages and dendritic cells and upregulation of PD-1/PD-L1, CD8+ T-cell, dendritic cell, and regulatory T-cell genes. At tumour regrowth post-3 × 5 Gy the tumour immune microenvironment flow-cytometry was similar to control tumours, however CD8+, natural killer and dendritic cell gene transcripts were reduced. PD-L1 inhibition plus 3 × 5 Gy in TRAMP-C1 did not enhance tumour growth delay versus monotherapy. CONCLUSION 3 × 5 Gy hypofractionated radiotherapy can result in tumour growth delay and immune cell changes in allograft prostate cancer models. Adjuncts beyond immunomodulation may be necessary to improve the radiotherapy-induced anti-tumour response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna T Sjoberg
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Murphy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Said Alyacoubi
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Keaton I Jones
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Su Phyu
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Alastair D Lamb
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David A Scheiblin
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Ian G Mills
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Freddie C Hamdy
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J Muschel
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard J Bryant
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Somasundaram V, Basudhar D, McGinity C, Cheng RY, Ridnour LA, Lockett SJ, Wink DA. Abstract 2754: Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase potentiate immune responses that control aggressive mammary tumor in a murine model. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-2754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Progression of aggressive, triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) is driven by inflammation and the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) improves survival. Recent studies show that TNBCs show high levels of TILs but these cells are exhausted as evident from decreased IFNγ, Ki67 and granzyme B. High expression of the inflammation-associated protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and co-expression with high cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) means poor prognosis in ER- breast cancer. Interestingly, NOS2 and COX2 are upregulated in different cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, we hypothesized that the tandem use of NOS2 and COX2 inhibitors would curtail tumor progression by targeting different cell types within the TME simultaneously. As COX2 has also been reported to regulate tumor infiltration of myeloid cells, this could regulate both the lymphoid and myeloid arms of the immune system for better response. We investigated the effects of NOS2 and COX2 on tumorigenesis and pulmonary metastasis in a murine model of TNBC by injecting 4T1 cells into the fourth mammary fat pad of wild type (WT) and NOS2 knockout (NOS2-/-) BALB/c mice followed by treatment with COX inhibitor, indomethacin. Changes in infiltrating immune cells was analyzed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. We measured the levels of serum cytokines using bead-based, LegendPlex assay. We found that NOS2-/- mice developed fewer pulmonary metastatic lesions than WT mice while indomethacin directly reduced primary tumor growth in both WT and NOS2-/- mice. Indomethacin treated NOS2-/- mice showed better median survival (60 days compared 51 in WT mice). Two NOS2-/-, indomethacin treated mice showed complete remission and long term (5-months) tumor growth delay after 4T1 re-challenge, indicating immune activation in mice lacking NOS2 and COX2 function. Flow cytometry of primary tumors showed higher infiltration of activated CD4, CD8 cells, macrophages and reduction of Tregs in treated mice. Microscopy revealed a physical ‘walling -off' of TILs by CD11b+ cells in untreated tumors that was abrogated upon indomethacin treatment. As many TNBC patients succumb to pulmonary metastasis and because we found reduced metastasis in NOS2-/- mice, we studied the immune cells in metastatic lungs. Lung niche of NOS2-/- mice had more activated T-cells, bone marrow-derived macrophages and neutrophils that are not conducive to establishment of metastasis. Serum of NOS2-/- mice had elevated IL-6 that drove increased IL17A subsequently contributing to reduced metastasis and this effect was improved upon indomethacin treatment. IL6 is also a potential inhibitor of Tregs thus further improving immune surveillance. COX inhibition can treat aggressive TNBC directly by reducing cancer cell proliferation and indirectly by immune activation. Tandem NOS2 inhibition can render the pulmonary microenvironment unfavorable for metastatic spread and induce a favorable systemic cytokine storm that further improves outcome.
Citation Format: Veena Somasundaram, Debashree Basudhar, Christopher McGinity, Robert Y. Cheng, Lisa A. Ridnour, Stephen J. Lockett, David A. Wink. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase potentiate immune responses that control aggressive mammary tumor in a murine model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2754.
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Somasundaram V, Gilmore AC, Basudhar D, Palmieri EM, Scheiblin DA, Heinz WF, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Altan-Bonnet G, Lockett SJ, McVicar DW, Wink DA. Inducible nitric oxide synthase-derived extracellular nitric oxide flux regulates proinflammatory responses at the single cell level. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101354. [PMID: 31683257 PMCID: PMC6920088 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of nitric oxide (NO) in cancer progression has largely been studied in the context of tumor NOS2 expression. However, pro- versus anti-tumor signaling is also affected by tumor cell-macrophage interactions. While these cell-cell interactions are partly regulated by NO, the functional effects of NO flux on proinflammatory (M1) macrophages are unknown. Using a triple negative murine breast cancer model, we explored the potential role of macrophage Nos2 on 4T1 tumor progression. The effects of NO on macrophage phenotype were examined in bone marrow derived macrophages from wild type and Nos2−/− mice following in vitro stimulation with cytokine/LPS combinations to produce low, medium, and high NO flux. Remarkably, Nos2 induction was spatially distinct, where Nos2high cells expressed low cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox2) and vice versa. Importantly, in vitro M1 polarization with IFNγ+LPS induced high NO flux that was restricted to cells harboring depolarized mitochondria. This flux altered the magnitude and spatial extent of hypoxic gradients. Metabolic and single cell analyses demonstrated that single cell Nos2 induction limited the generation of hypoxic gradients in vitro, and Nos2-dependent and independent features may collaborate to regulate M1 functionality. It was found that Cox2 expression was important for Nos2high cells to maintain NO tolerance. Furthermore, Nos2 and Cox2 expression in 4T1 mouse tumors was spatially orthogonal forming distinct cellular neighborhoods. In summary, the location and type of Nos2high cells, NO flux, and the inflammatory status of other cells, such as Cox2high cells in the tumor niche contribute to Nos2 inflammatory mechanisms that promote disease progression of 4T1 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Somasundaram
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - Anne C Gilmore
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Office of Science and Technology Resources, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, USA
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - Erika Mariana Palmieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - David A Scheiblin
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - Grégoire Altan-Bonnet
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, USA.
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Somasundaram V, Gilmore C, Palmieri EM, Basudhar D, Heinz W, Cheng RY, Ridnour LA, Lockett SJ, McVicar DW, Wink DA. Abstract 1186: Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase at the single cell level modulates the inflammatory microenvironment. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The anti-cancer versus pro-tumor behavior of cancer tissues is dependent largely on tumor cell-macrophage interactions in the tumor/inflammatory microenvironment and is regulated by Nitric Oxide (NO). High inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Previously, we found that murine macrophages can be activated by different inflammatory cytokines/LPS to produce distinct NO fluxes (entirely Nos2-derived), suggesting flux-specific biological ramifications of NO. However, the effects of these NO fluxes on M1 phenotype have not been delineated. LC/MS analysis of M1 stimulated, wild type (wt) and Nos2-/- macrophages showed that Nos2 was the only source of citrulline. Metabolic analyses and microscopy showed that flattened cell phenotype characteristic of M1 macrophages and mitochondrial respiration are Nos2 dependent and regulated in a NO flux-dependent manner, while proinflammatory cytokine profile and aerobic glycolysis are Nos2 independent. We show for the first time that induction of Nos2 expression occurs only in specific stimulated cells that also harbor depolarized mitochondria. NO production has been linked to decreased oxygen consumption in hypoxic environments. We utilized a novel, in vitro chamber system that forms cell-generated hypoxic and metabolic gradients in two-dimensions by restricting the diffusive exchange of oxygen and metabolites to a monolayer of cells in a small volume- analogous to diffusion between a capillary and nearby tissue. We investigated interactions between Nos2 in M1-stimulated macrophages and hypoxia and demonstrated that treatment with IFNγ+LPS increases Nos2 expression and alters the magnitude and spatial extent of hypoxic gradients. A modified scratch assay revealed that low doses (1-50μM) of NO increased and high doses (1000μM) inhibited the migratory capacity of 4T1 tumor cells. However, in vivo, Nos2-/- mice did not show difference in primary tumor or metastatic burden compared to wt mice but bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) from wt tumor bearing mice produced significantly lower levels of NO compared to BMDMs from tumor bearing- Nos2-/- mice. In summary, we find that the right flux NO is required to tune the inflammatory microenvironment. Nos2 and citrulline are robust intracellular readouts of extracellular NO flux. Nos2 dependent and independent events cooperate to regulate inflammatory macrophages. Autocrine, single cell effects on metabolism build up to cause paracrine effects including alleviation of hypoxia. 4T1 primary tumor and lung metastasis were not Nos2-regulated but host Nos2 hampered the ability of BMDMs to respond to proinflammatory stimuli hinting at possible systemic effects of Nos2. Hence, to make a reliable prognostic prediction, it is important to know the exact NO flux, which cells within the tumor express Nos2 and what other cells associate with Nos2hi cells.
Citation Format: Veena Somasundaram, Caroline Gilmore, Erika M. Palmieri, Debashree Basudhar, Will Heinz, Robert Y. Cheng, Lisa A. Ridnour, Stephen J. Lockett, Daniel W. McVicar, David A. Wink. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase at the single cell level modulates the inflammatory microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1186.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Gilmore
- 2Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Will Heinz
- 3Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | | | | | - Stephen J. Lockett
- 3Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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Basudhar D, Somasundaram V, Scheiblin DA, Cheng RY, Lockett SJ, Wink D, Ridnour LA. Abstract 1197: Role of NOS2-COX2 inhibition in radiation-induced tumor growth delay and immuno-modulation in the tumor micro-environment. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with lack of expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), and do not respond to hormonal therapy. It is one of the most aggressive breast cancer phenotypes and remains a major health hazard among women with drug resistance being a limiting factor in treatment. Inflammation is a key driver of poor survival among TNBC patients through increase in metastasis and chemo-resistance. We recently demonstrated that co-expression of pro-inflammatory enzymes nitric oxide synthase2 (NOS2) and cycloxygenase2 (COX2) is a powerful prognostic marker of poor outcome (HR=21) among ER(-) patients where we showed that inflammatory loops involving these proteins globally drive major oncogenic pathways [1].
Apart from intramural signaling, the crosstalk of tumor cells with immune cells is a key driver of immuno-suppression. Tumor progression is associated with tumor infiltrating M2 macrophages and Th2 cells leading to immuno-suppression, aberrant activation of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors thus creating a conducive environment for tumor growth and metastasis. Our goal is to modulate the tumor micro-environment (TME) to increase efficacy of current radiation- and immunotherapy.
Radiation therapy is a commonly used treatment option in different types of cancer including breast cancer. Focal radiation limits systemic side effects commonly associated with chemotherapy. It also activates the immune system. A key component of the immune system mediated tumor clearance is cytotoxic CD8 T cells. More recently a study found that increased CD8 cells and Th17 cells are specifically associated with TNBC patients [2]. However, they undergo functional reprogramming in the TME evident from decreased cytotoxic (IFN-γ) and proliferation marker (granzyme B).
We used confocal microscopy and flow-cytometry techniques to investigate the role of NOS2 and COX2 in radiation induced tumor growth delay and metastasis. We also examined the ability of NOS2 and COX2 in regulation of the immune profile of the TME, thus emphasizing their importance in tumor growth and immune-surveillance. Lastly, we evaluated the role of COX2 and NOS2 inhibition using commercially available inhibitors on radiation induced tumor growth delay in murine models of ER- breast cancer.
[1] Basudhar, D. et al, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2017, 114 (49), 13030-13035.
[2] Gil Del Alcazar, et al., Cancer discovery 2017, 7 (10), 1098-1115.
Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.
Citation Format: Debashree Basudhar, Veena Somasundaram, David A. Scheiblin, Robert Y. Cheng, Stephen J. Lockett, David Wink, Lisa A. Ridnour. Role of NOS2-COX2 inhibition in radiation-induced tumor growth delay and immuno-modulation in the tumor micro-environment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1197.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David Wink
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
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Matarlo JS, Krumpe LRH, Heinz WF, Oh D, Shenoy SR, Thomas CL, Goncharova EI, Lockett SJ, O'Keefe BR. The Natural Product Butylcycloheptyl Prodiginine Binds Pre-miR-21, Inhibits Dicer-Mediated Processing of Pre-miR-21, and Blocks Cellular Proliferation. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1133-1142.e4. [PMID: 31155509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of RNA-interacting pharmacophores could provide chemical probes and, potentially, small molecules for RNA-based therapeutics. Using a high-throughput differential scanning fluorimetry assay, we identified small-molecule natural products with the capacity to bind the discrete stem-looped structure of pre-miR-21. The most potent compound identified was a prodiginine-type compound, butylcycloheptyl prodiginine (bPGN), with the ability to inhibit Dicer-mediated processing of pre-miR-21 in vitro and in cells. Time-dependent RT-qPCR, western blot, and transcriptomic analyses showed modulation of miR-21 expression and its target genes such as PDCD4 and PTEN upon treatment with bPGN, supporting on-target inhibition. Consequently, inhibition of cellular proliferation in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells was also observed when treated with bPGN. The discovery that bPGN can bind and modulate the expression of regulatory RNAs such as miR-21 helps set the stage for further development of this class of natural product as a molecular probe or therapeutic agent against miRNA-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Matarlo
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lauren R H Krumpe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - William F Heinz
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Oh
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shilpa R Shenoy
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Cheryl L Thomas
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ekaterina I Goncharova
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Biomedical Informatics and Data Science Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Kulkarni RA, Briney CA, Crooks DR, Bergholtz SE, Mushti C, Lockett SJ, Lane AN, Fan TW, Swenson RE, Marston Linehan W, Meier JL. Cover Feature: Photoinducible Oncometabolite Detection (ChemBioChem 3/2019). Chembiochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe A. Briney
- Chemical Biology LaboratoryNational Cancer InstituteNIH Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Daniel R. Crooks
- Urologic Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNIH Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Sarah E. Bergholtz
- Chemical Biology LaboratoryNational Cancer InstituteNIH Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Imaging Probe Development CenterNational Heart Lung and Blood InstituteNIH Rockville MD 20850 USA
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis LaboratoryFrederick National Laboratory for Cancer ResearchLeidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick MD 21702 USA
| | - Andrew N. Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems BiochemistryDepartment of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, andMarkey Cancer CenterUniversity of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Teresa W.‐M. Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems BiochemistryDepartment of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, andMarkey Cancer CenterUniversity of Kentucky Lexington KY 40536 USA
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development CenterNational Heart Lung and Blood InstituteNIH Rockville MD 20850 USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology BranchNational Cancer InstituteNIH Bethesda MD 20817 USA
| | - Jordan L. Meier
- Chemical Biology LaboratoryNational Cancer InstituteNIH Frederick MD 21702 USA
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16
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Kulkarni RA, Briney CA, Crooks DR, Bergholtz SE, Mushti C, Lockett SJ, Lane AN, Fan TWM, Swenson RE, Linehan WM, Meier JL. Photoinducible Oncometabolite Detection. Chembiochem 2019; 20:360-365. [PMID: 30358041 PMCID: PMC8141106 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolism can fuel cancer by altering the production of bioenergetic building blocks and directly stimulating oncogenic gene-expression programs. However, relatively few optical methods for the direct study of metabolites in cells exist. To address this need and facilitate new approaches to cancer treatment and diagnosis, herein we report an optimized chemical approach to detect the oncometabolite fumarate. Our strategy employs diaryl tetrazoles as cell-permeable photoinducible precursors to nitrileimines. Uncaging these species in cells and cell extracts enables them to undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with endogenous dipolarophile metabolites such as fumarate to form pyrazoline cycloadducts that can be readily detected by their intrinsic fluorescence. The ability to photolytically uncage diaryl tetrazoles provides greatly improved sensitivity relative to previous methods, and enables the facile detection of dysregulated fumarate metabolism through biochemical activity assays, intracellular imaging, and flow cytometry. Our studies showcase an intersection of bioorthogonal chemistry and metabolite reactivity that can be applied for biological profiling, imaging, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe A. Briney
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Daniel R. Crooks
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Sarah E. Bergholtz
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Mushti
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew N. Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Teresa W-M. Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, and Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Imaging Probe Development Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - W. Marston Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20817, USA
| | - Jordan L. Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick MD, 21702, USA
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17
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Basudhar D, Bharadwaj G, Somasundaram V, Cheng RYS, Ridnour LA, Fujita M, Lockett SJ, Anderson SK, McVicar DW, Wink DA. Understanding the tumour micro-environment communication network from an NOS2/COX2 perspective. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:155-176. [PMID: 30152521 PMCID: PMC6295414 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that co-expression of NOS2 and COX2 is a strong prognostic indicator in triple-negative breast cancer patients. These two key inflammation-associated enzymes are responsible for the biosynthesis of NO and PGE2 , respectively, and can exert their effect in both an autocrine and paracrine manner. Impairment of their physiological regulation leads to critical changes in both intra-tumoural and intercellular communication with the immune system and their adaptation to the hypoxic tumour micro-environment. Recent studies have also established a key role of NOS2-COX2 in causing metabolic shift. This review provides an extensive overview of the role of NO and PGE2 in shaping communication between the tumour micro-environment composed of tumour and immune cells that in turn favours tumour progression and metastasis. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Basudhar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Gaurav Bharadwaj
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Veena Somasundaram
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Robert Y S Cheng
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Mayumi Fujita
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological SciencesNational Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and TechnologyChiba‐kenJapan
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc. for the National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Stephen K Anderson
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - Daniel W McVicar
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
| | - David A Wink
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthFrederickMDUSA
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18
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Basudhar D, Glynn S, Greer M, Somasundaram V, No JH, Scheiblin DA, Garrido P, Heinz WF, Ryan AE, Weiss JM, Cheng RY, Ridnour LA, Lockett SJ, McVicar DW, Ambs S, Wink DA. Abstract 3789: Role of NOS2-COX2 crosstalk in tumor microenvironment of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer and its therapeutic implications. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumor is often described as a wound that never heals. This leads to a chronic inflammatory tumor microenvironment characterized by infiltration of M2 macrophages and Th2 cells causing dysregulated release of multiple cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, thus creating a conducive environment for tumor growth and metastasis. In spite of significant progress in breast cancer treatment, metastatic breast cancer still remains a major health hazard with a high mortality rate among women. Moreover, there is cellular heterogeneity within and among different breast tumors, which poses a significant challenge in developing effective therapeutics, thus making it important to understand subtype-specific mechanisms. Our laboratory and other groups have previously shown that inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2), an enzyme involved in production and regulation of endogenous nitric oxide (NO), is a predictor of poor survival among highly metastatic ER-negative (ER-) breast cancer patients. Another proinflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2,) responsible for conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), is also highly expressed in breast cancer and is detectable in ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive breast carcinoma, and metastatic lesions. We investigated the role of inflammation associated enzymes, NOS2 and COX2, and established that their simultaneous elevated expression significantly reduced patient survival (33%) when compared to greater than 95% survival of ER- patients with low NOS2/COX2 tumor expression. We further investigated their tumor subtype specific novel signaling mechanism in vitro and showed TNFα and/or endoplasmic reticulum stress as key players. Proinflammatory cytokines present in tumor microenvironment play a key role in regulation of this pathway and effectiveness of chemotherapeutics. Moreover, the ability of NOS2 and COX2 to regulate different cytokines in the tumor microenvironment further emphasizes the importance of their crosstalk in tumor progression, metastasis and ability of cancer cells to escape immune surveillance. Last, we demonstrated that simultaneous inhibition of COX2 and NOS2 using commercially available inhibitors significantly reduced tumor growth in murine models of ER- breast cancer, thus suggesting the beneficial effects of dual NOS2/COX2 therapy.
Citation Format: Debashree Basudhar, Sharon Glynn, Madison Greer, Veena Somasundaram, Jae H. No, David A. Scheiblin, Pablo Garrido, William F. Heinz, Aideen E. Ryan, Jonathan M. Weiss, Robert Y. Cheng, Lisa A. Ridnour, Stephen J. Lockett, Daniel W. McVicar, Stefan Ambs, David A. Wink. Role of NOS2-COX2 crosstalk in tumor microenvironment of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer and its therapeutic implications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3789.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Glynn
- 2National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Jae H. No
- 1National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Pablo Garrido
- 2National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, 21702
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20
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Song C, Wang Q, Song C, Lockett SJ, Colburn NH, Li CCH, Wang JM, Rogers TJ. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of valosin-containing protein (VCP/p97) regulated by its N domain and C-terminal region. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014; 1853:222-32. [PMID: 25447673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP or p97), a member of the AAA family (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities), plays a key role in many important cellular activities. A genetic deficiency of VCP can cause inclusion body myopathy associated with Paget's disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD). Previous studies showed that the VCP N domain is essential for the regulation of nuclear entry of VCP. Here we report that IBMPFD mutations, which are mainly located in the N domain, suppress the nuclear entry of VCP. Moreover, the peptide sequence G780AGPSQ in the C-terminal region regulates the retention of VCP in the nucleus. A mutant lacking this sequence can increase the nuclear distribution of IBMPFD VCP, suggesting that this sequence is a potential molecular target for correcting the deficient nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of IBMPFD VCP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Song
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Qing Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Changzheng Song
- Erythrocrine Project of Translational Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250062, China
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nancy H Colburn
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Chou-Chi H Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thomas J Rogers
- Center for Inflammation, Translational and Clinical Lung Research, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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21
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Crites TJ, Padhan K, Muller J, Krogsgaard M, Gudla PR, Lockett SJ, Varma R. TCR Microclusters pre-exist and contain molecules necessary for TCR signal transduction. J Immunol 2014; 193:56-67. [PMID: 24860189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
TCR-dependent signaling events have been observed to occur in TCR microclusters. We found that some TCR microclusters are present in unstimulated murine T cells, indicating that the mechanisms leading to microcluster formation do not require ligand binding. These pre-existing microclusters increase in absolute number following engagement by low-potency ligands. This increase is accompanied by an increase in cell spreading, with the result that the density of TCR microclusters on the surface of the T cell is not a strong function of ligand potency. In characterizing their composition, we observed a constant number of TCRs in a microcluster, constitutive exclusion of the phosphatase CD45, and preassociation with the signaling adapters linker for activation of T cells and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. The existence of TCR microclusters prior to ligand binding in a state that is conducive for the initiation of downstream signaling could explain, in part, the rapid kinetics with which TCR signal transduction occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis J Crites
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kartika Padhan
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - James Muller
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10026
| | - Michelle Krogsgaard
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10026; New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10026; and
| | - Prabhakar R Gudla
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen J Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Rajat Varma
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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22
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Nandy K, Kim J, McCullough DP, McAuliffe M, Meaburn KJ, Yamaguchi TP, Gudla PR, Lockett SJ. Segmentation and quantitative analysis of individual cells in developmental tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1092:235-253. [PMID: 24318825 PMCID: PMC8366556 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-292-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Image analysis is vital for extracting quantitative information from biological images and is used extensively, including investigations in developmental biology. The technique commences with the segmentation (delineation) of objects of interest from 2D images or 3D image stacks and is usually followed by the measurement and classification of the segmented objects. This chapter focuses on the segmentation task and here we explain the use of ImageJ, MIPAV (Medical Image Processing, Analysis, and Visualization), and VisSeg, three freely available software packages for this purpose. ImageJ and MIPAV are extremely versatile and can be used in diverse applications. VisSeg is a specialized tool for performing highly accurate and reliable 2D and 3D segmentation of objects such as cells and cell nuclei in images and stacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Nandy
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, SAIC, Frederick National Lab of Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, and MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary
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24
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Dai L, Lidie KB, Chen Q, Adelsberger JW, Zheng X, Huang D, Yang J, Lempicki RA, Rehman T, Dewar RL, Wang Y, Hornung RL, Canizales KA, Lockett SJ, Clifford Lane H, Imamichi T. 58. Cytokine 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Afonin KA, Viard M, Martins AN, Lockett SJ, Maciag AE, Freed EO, Heldman E, Jaeger L, Blumenthal R, Shapiro BA. Activation of different split functionalities on re-association of RNA-DNA hybrids. Nat Nanotechnol 2013; 8:296-304. [PMID: 23542902 PMCID: PMC3618561 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Split-protein systems, an approach that relies on fragmentation of proteins with their further conditional re-association to form functional complexes, are increasingly used for various biomedical applications. This approach offers tight control of protein functions and improved detection sensitivity. Here we report a similar technique based on a pair of RNA-DNA hybrids that can be used generally for triggering different split functionalities. Individually, each hybrid is inactive but when two cognate hybrids re-associate, different functionalities are triggered inside mammalian cells. As a proof of concept, this work mainly focuses on the activation of RNA interference. However, the release of other functionalities (such as resonance energy transfer and RNA aptamer) is also shown. Furthermore, in vivo studies demonstrate a significant uptake of the hybrids by tumours together with specific gene silencing. This split-functionality approach presents a new route in the development of 'smart' nucleic acid-based nanoparticles and switches for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A. Afonin
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mathias Viard
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Angelica N. Martins
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anna E. Maciag
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Eric O. Freed
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Eliahu Heldman
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Luc Jaeger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA
| | - Robert Blumenthal
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Bruce A. Shapiro
- Center for Cancer Research Nanobiology Program, NCI, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Bruce A. Shapiro, phone 301-846-5536; fax 301-846-5598;
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26
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Dai L, Lidie KB, Chen Q, Adelsberger JW, Zheng X, Huang D, Yang J, Lempicki RA, Rehman T, Dewar RL, Wang Y, Hornung RL, Canizales KA, Lockett SJ, Lane HC, Imamichi T. IL-27 inhibits HIV-1 infection in human macrophages by down-regulating host factor SPTBN1 during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. J Exp Med 2013; 210:517-34. [PMID: 23460728 PMCID: PMC3600911 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of macrophages to HIV-1 infection is modulated during monocyte differentiation. IL-27 is an anti-HIV cytokine that also modulates monocyte activation. In this study, we present new evidence that IL-27 promotes monocyte differentiation into macrophages that are nonpermissive for HIV-1 infection. Although IL-27 treatment does not affect expression of macrophage differentiation markers or macrophage biological functions, it confers HIV resistance by down-regulating spectrin β nonerythrocyte 1 (SPTBN1), a required host factor for HIV-1 infection. IL-27 down-regulates SPTBN1 through a TAK-1-mediated MAPK signaling pathway. Knockdown of SPTBN1 strongly inhibits HIV-1 infection of macrophages; conversely, overexpression of SPTBN1 markedly increases HIV susceptibility of IL-27-treated macrophages. Moreover, we demonstrate that SPTBN1 associates with HIV-1 gag proteins. Collectively, our results underscore the ability of IL-27 to protect macrophages from HIV-1 infection by down-regulating SPTBN1, thus indicating that SPTBN1 is an important host target to reduce HIV-1 replication in one major element of the viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lue Dai
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kristy B. Lidie
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Qian Chen
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Joseph W. Adelsberger
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xin Zheng
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - DaWei Huang
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jun Yang
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Richard A. Lempicki
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Tauseef Rehman
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robin L. Dewar
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ronald L. Hornung
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Kelsey A. Canizales
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - H. Clifford Lane
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tomozumi Imamichi
- Applied and Developmental Directorate and Advanced Technology Program Directorate, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
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27
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Checkley MA, Mitchell JA, Eizenstat LD, Lockett SJ, Garfinkel DJ. Ty1 gag enhances the stability and nuclear export of Ty1 mRNA. Traffic 2013; 14:57-69. [PMID: 22998189 PMCID: PMC3548082 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retrotransposon and retroviral RNA delivery to particle assembly sites is essential for their replication. mRNA and Gag from the Ty1 retrotransposon colocalize in cytoplasmic foci, which are required for transposition and may be the sites for virus-like particle (VLP) assembly. To determine which Ty1 components are required to form mRNA/Gag foci, localization studies were performed in a Ty1-less strain expressing galactose-inducible Ty1 plasmids (pGTy1) containing mutations in GAG or POL. Ty1 mRNA/Gag foci remained unaltered in mutants defective in Ty1 protease (PR) or deleted for POL. However, Ty1 mRNA containing a frameshift mutation (Ty1fs) that prevents the synthesis of all proteins accumulated in the nucleus. Ty1fs RNA showed a decrease in stability that was mediated by the cytoplasmic exosome, nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) and the processing body. Localization of Ty1fs RNA remained unchanged in an nmd2Δ mutant. When Gag and Ty1fs mRNA were expressed independently, Gag provided in trans increased Ty1fs RNA level and restored localization of Ty1fs RNA in cytoplasmic foci. Endogenously expressed Gag also localized to the nuclear periphery independent of RNA export. These results suggest that Gag is required for Ty1 mRNA stability, efficient nuclear export and localization into cytoplasmic foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Checkley
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jessica A. Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Linda D. Eizenstat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | | | - David J. Garfinkel
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
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Cukierski WJ, Nandy K, Gudla P, Meaburn KJ, Misteli T, Foran DJ, Lockett SJ. Ranked retrieval of segmented nuclei for objective assessment of cancer gene repositioning. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13:232. [PMID: 22971117 PMCID: PMC3484015 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct segmentation is critical to many applications within automated microscopy image analysis. Despite the availability of advanced segmentation algorithms, variations in cell morphology, sample preparation, and acquisition settings often lead to segmentation errors. This manuscript introduces a ranked-retrieval approach using logistic regression to automate selection of accurately segmented nuclei from a set of candidate segmentations. The methodology is validated on an application of spatial gene repositioning in breast cancer cell nuclei. Gene repositioning is analyzed in patient tissue sections by labeling sequences with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), followed by measurement of the relative position of each gene from the nuclear center to the nuclear periphery. This technique requires hundreds of well-segmented nuclei per sample to achieve statistical significance. Although the tissue samples in this study contain a surplus of available nuclei, automatic identification of the well-segmented subset remains a challenging task. RESULTS Logistic regression was applied to features extracted from candidate segmented nuclei, including nuclear shape, texture, context, and gene copy number, in order to rank objects according to the likelihood of being an accurately segmented nucleus. The method was demonstrated on a tissue microarray dataset of 43 breast cancer patients, comprising approximately 40,000 imaged nuclei in which the HES5 and FRA2 genes were labeled with FISH probes. Three trained reviewers independently classified nuclei into three classes of segmentation accuracy. In man vs. machine studies, the automated method outperformed the inter-observer agreement between reviewers, as measured by area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Robustness of gene position measurements to boundary inaccuracies was demonstrated by comparing 1086 manually and automatically segmented nuclei. Pearson correlation coefficients between the gene position measurements were above 0.9 (p < 0.05). A preliminary experiment was conducted to validate the ranked retrieval in a test to detect cancer. Independent manual measurement of gene positions agreed with automatic results in 21 out of 26 statistical comparisons against a pooled normal (benign) gene position distribution. CONCLUSIONS Accurate segmentation is necessary to automate quantitative image analysis for applications such as gene repositioning. However, due to heterogeneity within images and across different applications, no segmentation algorithm provides a satisfactory solution. Automated assessment of segmentations by ranked retrieval is capable of reducing or even eliminating the need to select segmented objects by hand and represents a significant improvement over binary classification. The method can be extended to other high-throughput applications requiring accurate detection of cells or nuclei across a range of biomedical applications.
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Nandy K, Gudla PR, Amundsen R, Meaburn KJ, Misteli T, Lockett SJ. Automatic segmentation and supervised learning-based selection of nuclei in cancer tissue images. Cytometry A 2012; 81:743-54. [PMID: 22899462 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of preferential localization of certain genes within the cell nuclei is emerging as a new technique for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Quantitation requires accurate segmentation of 100-200 cell nuclei in each tissue section to draw a statistically significant result. Thus, for large-scale analysis, manual processing is too time consuming and subjective. Fortuitously, acquired images generally contain many more nuclei than are needed for analysis. Therefore, we developed an integrated workflow that selects, following automatic segmentation, a subpopulation of accurately delineated nuclei for positioning of fluorescence in situ hybridization-labeled genes of interest. Segmentation was performed by a multistage watershed-based algorithm and screening by an artificial neural network-based pattern recognition engine. The performance of the workflow was quantified in terms of the fraction of automatically selected nuclei that were visually confirmed as well segmented and by the boundary accuracy of the well-segmented nuclei relative to a 2D dynamic programming-based reference segmentation method. Application of the method was demonstrated for discriminating normal and cancerous breast tissue sections based on the differential positioning of the HES5 gene. Automatic results agreed with manual analysis in 11 out of 14 cancers, all four normal cases, and all five noncancerous breast disease cases, thus showing the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Nandy
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Nandy K, Gudla PR, Amundsen R, Meaburn KJ, Misteli T, Lockett SJ. Supervised learning framework for screening nuclei in tissue sections. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2011:5989-92. [PMID: 22255704 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Accurate segmentation of cell nuclei in microscope images of tissue sections is a key step in a number of biological and clinical applications. Often such applications require analysis of large image datasets for which manual segmentation becomes subjective and time consuming. Hence automation of the segmentation steps using fast, robust and accurate image analysis and pattern classification techniques is necessary for high throughput processing of such datasets. We describe a supervised learning framework, based on artificial neural networks (ANNs), to identify well-segmented nuclei in tissue sections from a multistage watershed segmentation algorithm. The successful automation was demonstrated by screening over 1400 well segmented nuclei from 9 datasets of human breast tissue section images and comparing the results to a previously used stacked classifier based analysis framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Nandy
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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31
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Turbyville TJ, Gürsel DB, Tuskan RG, Walrath JC, Lipschultz CA, Lockett SJ, Wiemer DF, Beutler JA, Reilly KM. Schweinfurthin A selectively inhibits proliferation and Rho signaling in glioma and neurofibromatosis type 1 tumor cells in a NF1-GRD-dependent manner. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1234-43. [PMID: 20442305 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common genetic disease affecting the nervous system. Patients typically develop many tumors over their lifetime, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The NF1 gene, mutated in NF1, is also commonly mutated in sporadic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Because both NF1 and GBM are currently incurable, new therapeutic approaches are clearly needed. Natural products represent an opportunity to develop new therapies, as they have been evolutionarily selected to play targeted roles in organisms. Schweinfurthin A is a prenylated stilbene natural product that has previously shown specific inhibitory activity against brain and hematopoietic tumor lines. We show that patient-derived GBM and NF1 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) lines, as well as tumor lines derived from the Nf1-/+;Trp53-/+ (NPcis) mouse model of astrocytoma and MPNST are highly sensitive to inhibition by schweinfurthin A and its synthetic analogs. In contrast, primary mouse astrocytes are resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of schweinfurthin A, suggesting that schweinfurthin A may act specifically on tumor cells. Stable transfection of the GTPase-activating protein related domain of Nf1 into Nf1-/-;Trp53-/- astrocytoma cells confers resistance to schweinfurthin A. In addition, the profound effect of schweinfurthin A on dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton led us to discover that schweinfurthin A inhibits growth factor-stimulated Rho signaling. In summary, we have identified a class of small molecules that specifically inhibit growth of cells from both central and peripheral nervous system tumors and seem to act on NF1-deficient cells through cytoskeletal reorganization correlating to changes in Rho signaling.
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Abstract
Genomes are nonrandomly organized within the three-dimensional space of the cell nucleus. Here, we have identified several genes whose nuclear positions are altered in human invasive breast cancer compared with normal breast tissue. The changes in positioning are gene specific and are not a reflection of genomic instability within the cancer tissue. Repositioning events are specific to cancer and do not generally occur in noncancerous breast disease. Moreover, we show that the spatial positions of genes are highly consistent between individuals. Our data indicate that cancer cells have disease-specific gene distributions. These interphase gene positioning patterns may be used to identify cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Meaburn
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Meaburn KJ, Gudla PR, Khan S, Lockett SJ, Misteli T. Disease-specific gene repositioning in breast cancer. J Exp Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1084/jem20613oia35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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34
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Nandy K, Gudla PR, Meaburn KJ, Misteli T, Lockett SJ. Automatic nuclei segmentation and spatial FISH analysis for cancer detection. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009; 2009:6718-21. [PMID: 19963931 PMCID: PMC6318792 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2009.5332922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Spatial analysis of gene localization using fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) labeling is potentially a new method for early cancer detection. Current methodology relies heavily upon accurate segmentation of cell nuclei and FISH signals in tissue sections. While automatic FISH signal detection is a relatively simpler task, accurate nuclei segmentation is still a manual process which is fairly time consuming and subjective. Hence to use the methodology as a clinical application, it is necessary to automate all the steps involved in the process of spatial FISH signal analysis using fast, robust and accurate image processing techniques. In this work, we describe an intelligent framework for analyzing the FISH signals by coupling hybrid nuclei segmentation algorithm with pattern recognition algorithms to automatically identify well segmented nuclei. Automatic spatial statistical analysis of the FISH spots was carried out on the output from the image processing and pattern recognition unit. Results are encouraging and show that the method could evolve into a full fledged clinical application for cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav Nandy
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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35
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Evdokimov E, Sharma P, Lockett SJ, Lualdi M, Kuehn MR. Loss of SUMO1 in mice affects RanGAP1 localization and formation of PML nuclear bodies, but is not lethal as it can be compensated by SUMO2 or SUMO3. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:4106-13. [PMID: 19033381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.038570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to target proteins regulates numerous biological processes and has been implicated in tumorigenesis and metastasis. The three SUMO isoforms in vertebrates, SUMO1 and the highly similar SUMO2 and SUMO3, can be conjugated to unique as well as overlapping subsets of target proteins. Yet, it is still not clear whether roles for each family member are distinct or whether redundancy exists. Here we describe a mutant mouse line that completely lacks SUMO1, but surprisingly is viable and lacks any overt phenotype. Our study points to compensatory utilization of SUMO2 and/or SUMO3 for sumoylation of SUMO1 targets. The ability of SUMO isoforms to substitute for one another has important implications for rational targeting of the SUMO pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenij Evdokimov
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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36
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Lockett SJ. Three-dimensional image visualization and analysis. Curr Protoc Cytom 2008; Chapter 10:Unit 10.10. [PMID: 18770674 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy1010s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This unit introduces the concepts of 3D image analysis and visualization as applied in cytometry. The author discusses the nature of 3D data sets and describes the techniques for visualization and analysis of 3D images. Discussions of noise removal, depth attenuation, and correction and segmentation are also included, as is a brief introduction to 3D analysis options and deconvolution principles. This commentary unit is a good way to begin an understanding of the application of 3D data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Lockett
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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37
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Gudla PR, Nandy K, Collins J, Meaburn KJ, Misteli T, Lockett SJ. A high-throughput system for segmenting nuclei using multiscale techniques. Cytometry A 2008; 73:451-66. [PMID: 18338778 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Automatic segmentation of cell nuclei is critical in several high-throughput cytometry applications whereas manual segmentation is laborious and irreproducible. One such emerging application is measuring the spatial organization (radial and relative distances) of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) DNA sequences, where recent investigations strongly suggest a correlation between nonrandom arrangement of genes to carcinogenesis. Current automatic segmentation methods have varying performance in the presence of nonuniform illumination and clustering, and boundary accuracy is seldom assessed, which makes them suboptimal for this application. The authors propose a modular and model-based algorithm for extracting individual nuclei. It uses multiscale edge reconstruction for contrast stretching and edge enhancement as well as a multiscale entropy-based thresholding for handling nonuniform intensity variations. Nuclei are initially oversegmented and then merged based on area followed by automatic multistage classification into single nuclei and clustered nuclei. Estimation of input parameters and training of the classifiers is automatic. The algorithm was tested on 4,181 lymphoblast nuclei with varying degree of background nonuniformity and clustering. It extracted 3,515 individual nuclei and identified single nuclei and individual nuclei in clusters with 99.8 +/- 0.3% and 95.5 +/- 5.1% accuracy, respectively. Segmented boundaries of the individual nuclei were accurate when compared with manual segmentation with an average RMS deviation of 0.26 microm (approximately 2 pixels). The proposed segmentation method is efficient, robust, and accurate for segmenting individual nuclei from fluorescence images containing clustered and isolated nuclei. The algorithm allows complete automation and facilitates reproducible and unbiased spatial analysis of DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar R Gudla
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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38
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McCullough DP, Gudla PR, Harris BS, Collins JA, Meaburn KJ, Nakaya MA, Yamaguchi TP, Misteli T, Lockett SJ. Segmentation of whole cells and cell nuclei from 3-D optical microscope images using dynamic programming. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2008; 27:723-734. [PMID: 18450544 PMCID: PMC2730109 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2007.913135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Communications between cells in large part drive tissue development and function, as well as disease-related processes such as tumorigenesis. Understanding the mechanistic bases of these processes necessitates quantifying specific molecules in adjacent cells or cell nuclei of intact tissue. However, a major restriction on such analyses is the lack of an efficient method that correctly segments each object (cell or nucleus) from 3-D images of an intact tissue specimen. We report a highly reliable and accurate semi-automatic algorithmic method for segmenting fluorescence-labeled cells or nuclei from 3-D tissue images. Segmentation begins with semi-automatic, 2-D object delineation in a user-selected plane, using dynamic programming (DP) to locate the border with an accumulated intensity per unit length greater that any other possible border around the same object. Then the two surfaces of the object in planes above and below the selected plane are found using an algorithm that combines DP and combinatorial searching. Following segmentation, any perceived errors can be interactively corrected. Segmentation accuracy is not significantly affected by intermittent labeling of object surfaces, diffuse surfaces, or spurious signals away from surfaces. The unique strength of the segmentation method was demonstrated on a variety of biological tissue samples where all cells, including irregularly shaped cells, were accurately segmented based on visual inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prabhakar R. Gudla
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA (e-mail: )
| | - Bradley S. Harris
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. He is now with Carl Zeiss, Inc., Thornwood, NY 10594 USA (e-mail: )
| | - Jason A. Collins
- Image Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA (e-mail: )
| | - Karen J. Meaburn
- Cell Biology of Genomes Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA (e-mail: meaburnk@mail. nih.gov)
| | - Masa-Aki Nakaya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. He is now with the Department of Histology and Embryology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University 13-1, Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Terry P. Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702 USA (e-mail: )
| | - Tom Misteli
- Cell Biology of Genomes Group, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA (e-mail: )
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- S. J. Lockett is with the Image Analysis Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC—Frederick, National Cancer Institute, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702 USA (e-mail: )
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Rawat SS, Zimmerman C, Johnson BT, Cho E, Lockett SJ, Blumenthal R, Puri A. Restricted lateral mobility of plasma membrane CD4 impairs HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein mediated fusion. Mol Membr Biol 2008; 25:83-94. [PMID: 18097956 DOI: 10.1080/09687680701613713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of receptor mobility on HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env)-triggered fusion using B16 mouse melanoma cells that are engineered to express CD4 and CXCR4 or CCR5. These engineered cells are resistant to fusion mediated CD4-dependent HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Receptor mobility was measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) using either fluorescently-labeled antibodies or transient expression of GFP-tagged receptors in the cells. No significant differences between B16 and NIH3T3 (fusion-permissive) cells were seen in lateral mobility of CCR5 or lipid probes. By contrast CD4 mobility in B16 cells was about seven-fold reduced compared to its mobility in fusion-permissive NIH3T3 cells. However, a CD4 mutant (RA5) that localizes to non-raft membrane microdomains exhibited a three-fold increased mobility in B16 cells as compared with WT-CD4. Interestingly, the B16 cells expressing the RA5 mutant (but not the wild type CD4) and coreceptors supported HIV-1 Env-mediated fusion. Our data demonstrate that the lateral mobility of CD4 is an important determinant of HIV-1 fusion/entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder S Rawat
- CCRNP, NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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40
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Timofeeva OA, Gaponenko V, Lockett SJ, Tarasov SG, Jiang S, Michejda CJ, Perantoni AO, Tarasova NI. Rationally designed inhibitors identify STAT3 N-domain as a promising anticancer drug target. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:799-809. [PMID: 18154267 DOI: 10.1021/cb700186x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is frequently detected in many cancer types. Activated STAT3 may participate in oncogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and resisting apoptosis, as well as promoting tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and migration. Many STAT3-dependent cellular responses are mediated through interactions with other proteins, and the amino-terminal domain (N-domain) of STAT3 was proposed to be responsible for this. Our NMR studies revealed that synthetic analogs of the STAT4 second alpha-helix bind to the N-domain and perturb its structure. Structural data available for the STAT4 N-domain was used for the rational design of STAT3 helix 2 analogs with enhanced biological activity. Cell-permeable derivatives of the STAT3 second helix were found to directly and specifically bind to STAT3 but not STAT1 as determined by FRET analysis in cells expressing GFP-STAT3 and GFP-STAT1. Furthermore, they potently induced apoptotic death in breast cancer cells but not normal breast cells or STAT3-deficient fibroblasts. The inhibitors caused significant changes in the mitochondrial potential of cancer cells, leading to cell death. These compounds not only are promising drug candidates but also offer a convenient tool for studying the mechanisms of action of STAT transcription factors and have facilitated our understanding of the crucial role of the N-domain in STAT3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Timofeeva
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois in Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Stephen J. Lockett
- Image Analysis Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sergey G. Tarasov
- Biophysics Resource, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Christopher J. Michejda
- Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Alan O. Perantoni
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Nadya I. Tarasova
- Molecular Aspects of Drug Design Section, Structural Biophysics Laboratory, NCI-Frederick, Maryland 21702
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Abstract
Recently, there has been a large expansion in the usage of optical microscopes for obtaining quantitative information from biological samples in order to determine fundamental biological information such as molecular kinetics and interaction, and heterogeneity within cell populations. Consequently, we built a highly stable, uniform, isotropically emitting and convenient-to-use light source, and designed image analysis procedures for calibrating the emission light path of optical microscopes. We used the source and procedures to analyse the quantitative imaging properties of a widely used model of laser scanning confocal microscope. Results showed that the overall performance was as high as could be expected given the inherent limitations of the optical components and photomultiplier tubes. We observed that the photon detection efficiency did not vary with photomultiplier tube gain and that the highest dynamic range was achieved with relatively low gain and 12-bit digitization. Practical applications of the light source for checking the transmission of optical components in the emission light path are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Cho
- Image Analysis Laboratory, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Liepinsh DJ, Grivennikov SI, Klarmann KD, Lagarkova MA, Drutskaya MS, Lockett SJ, Tessarollo L, McAuliffe M, Keller JR, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA. Novel lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) knockout mice with unperturbed tumor necrosis factor expression: reassessing LTalpha biological functions. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4214-25. [PMID: 16705172 PMCID: PMC1489085 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01751-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin alpha (LTalpha) can exist in soluble form and exert tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-like activity through TNF receptors. Based on the phenotypes of knockout (KO) mice, the physiological functions of LTalpha and TNF are considered partly redundant, in particular, in supporting the microarchitecture of the spleen and in host defense. We exploited Cre-LoxP technology to generate a novel neomycin resistance gene (neo) cassette-free LTalpha-deficient mouse strain (neo-free LTalpha KO [LTalphaDelta/Delta]). Unlike the "conventional" LTalpha-/- mice, new LTalphaDelta/Delta animals were capable of producing normal levels of systemic TNF upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and were susceptible to LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN) toxicity. Activated neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages from LTalphaDelta/Delta mice expressed TNF normally at both the mRNA and protein levels as opposed to conventional LTalpha KO mice, which showed substantial decreases in TNF. Additionally, the spleens of the neo-free LTalpha KO mice displayed several features resembling those of LTbeta KO mice rather than conventional LTalpha KO animals. The phenotype of the new LTalphaDelta/Delta mice indicates that LTalpha plays a smaller role in lymphoid organ maintenance than previously thought and has no direct role in the regulation of TNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry J Liepinsh
- Basic Research Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI--Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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Abstract
Microscopic imaging of cells and tissues are generated by the interaction of light with either the sample itself or contrast agents that label the sample. Most contrast agents, however, alter the cell in order to introduce molecular labels, complicating live cell imaging. The interaction of light from multiple laser sources has given rise to microscopy, based on Raman scattering or vibrational resonance, which demonstrates selectivity to specific chemical bonds while imaging unmodified live cells. Here, we discuss the nonlinear optical technique of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy, its instrumentation, and its status in live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G Rodriguez
- Image Analysis Lab, NCI/SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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44
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Ono A, Ablan SD, Lockett SJ, Nagashima K, Freed EO. Phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate regulates HIV-1 Gag targeting to the plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:14889-94. [PMID: 15465916 PMCID: PMC522033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0405596101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical early event in the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) particle assembly pathway is the targeting of the Gag protein to the site of virus assembly. In many cell types, assembly takes place predominantly at the plasma membrane. Cellular factors that regulate Gag targeting remain undefined. The phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] controls the plasma membrane localization of a number of cellular proteins. To explore the possibility that this lipid may be involved in Gag targeting and virus particle production, we overexpressed phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase IV, an enzyme that depletes cellular PI(4,5)P2, or overexpressed a constitutively active form of Arf6 (Arf6/Q67L), which induces the formation of PI(4,5)P2-enriched endosomal structures. Both approaches severely reduced virus production. Upon 5-phosphatase IV overexpression, Gag was no longer localized on the plasma membrane but instead was retargeted to late endosomes. Strikingly, in cells expressing Arf6/Q67L, Gag was redirected to the PI(4,5)P2-enriched vesicles and HIV-1 virions budded into these vesicles. These results demonstrate that PI(4,5)P2 plays a key role in Gag targeting to the plasma membrane and thus serves as a cellular determinant of HIV-1 particle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ono
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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Saleh A, Davies GE, Pascal V, Wright PW, Hodge DL, Cho EH, Lockett SJ, Abshari M, Anderson SK. Identification of probabilistic transcriptional switches in the Ly49 gene cluster: a eukaryotic mechanism for selective gene activation. Immunity 2004; 21:55-66. [PMID: 15345220 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2004] [Revised: 05/11/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Murine natural killer cells selectively express members of the Ly49 family of class I MHC receptors; however, the molecular mechanism controlling probabilistic expression of Ly49 proteins has not been defined. A pair of overlapping, divergent promoters discovered in the Ly49g gene functions as a molecular switch that can produce a forward transcript containing the coding region of the gene (on position) or a noncoding transcript in the opposite direction (off position), and this element maintains transcription in the chosen direction. Competition of C/EBP and TBP transcription factors for overlapping binding sites determines the relative strength of the competing promoters and the probability of transcription in a given direction. Similar elements precede all Ly49 family members, and the relative strength of the forward promoter in each inhibitory Ly49 gene correlates with the percentage of natural killer cells that express a given receptor, supporting a promoter competition model of selective gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saleh
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Chin K, de Solorzano CO, Knowles D, Jones A, Chou W, Rodriguez EG, Kuo WL, Ljung BM, Chew K, Myambo K, Miranda M, Krig S, Garbe J, Stampfer M, Yaswen P, Gray JW, Lockett SJ. In situ analyses of genome instability in breast cancer. Nat Genet 2004; 36:984-8. [PMID: 15300252 DOI: 10.1038/ng1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition through telomere crisis is thought to be a crucial event in the development of most breast carcinomas. Our goal in this study was to determine where this occurs in the context of histologically defined breast cancer progression. To this end, we assessed genome instability (using fluorescence in situ hybridization) and other features associated with telomere crisis in normal ductal epithelium, usual ductal hyperplasia, ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer. We modeled this process in vitro by measuring these same features in human mammary epithelial cell cultures during ZNF217-mediated transition through telomere crisis and immortalization. Taken together, the data suggest that transition through telomere crisis and immortalization in breast cancer occurs during progression from usual ductal hyperplasia to ductal carcinoma in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koei Chin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
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Catalfamo M, Karpova T, McNally J, Costes SV, Lockett SJ, Bos E, Peters PJ, Henkart PA. Human CD8+ T cells store RANTES in a unique secretory compartment and release it rapidly after TcR stimulation. Immunity 2004; 20:219-30. [PMID: 14975243 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(04)00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2003] [Revised: 01/14/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine RANTES is secreted rapidly after activation of human CD8+ T cells, with a cycloheximide-resistant burst during the first hour. This pattern was observed in purified memory and effector phenotype CD8+ cells from blood as well as in blasts. In contrast, secretion of other chemokines and interferon-gamma by these cells was sensitive to cycloheximide and detectable only after a lag. Immunofluorescence microscopy of CD8+ memory and effector cells and blasts showed RANTES present in intracellular vesicles that do not significantly colocalize with cytotoxic granule markers or other markers of defined cytoplasmic compartments. Immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that RANTES is stored in small vesicles distinct from the lysosomal secretory granules. RANTES+ vesicles polarize rapidly in response to TcR engagement and are more rapidly depleted from the cytoplasm. These results show that CD8+ T cells have two distinct TcR-regulated secretory compartments characterized by different mobilization kinetics, effector molecules, and biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Catalfamo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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48
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Yang HS, Jansen AP, Komar AA, Zheng X, Merrick WC, Costes S, Lockett SJ, Sonenberg N, Colburn NH. The transformation suppressor Pdcd4 is a novel eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A binding protein that inhibits translation. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:26-37. [PMID: 12482958 PMCID: PMC140682 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.1.26-37.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Revised: 09/19/2002] [Accepted: 10/02/2002] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pdcd4 is a novel transformation suppressor that inhibits tumor promoter-induced neoplastic transformation and the activation of AP-1-dependent transcription required for transformation. A yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that Pdcd4 associates with the eukaryotic translation initiation factors eIF4AI and eIF4AII. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy showed that Pdcd4 colocalizes with eIF4A in the cytoplasm. eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase needed to unwind 5' mRNA secondary structure. Recombinant Pdcd4 specifically inhibited the helicase activity of eIF4A and eIF4F. In vivo translation assays showed that Pdcd4 inhibited cap-dependent but not internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation. In contrast, Pdcd4(D418A), a mutant inactivated for binding to eIF4A, failed to inhibit cap-dependent or IRES-dependent translation or AP-1 transactivation. Recombinant Pdcd4 prevented eIF4A from binding to the C-terminal region of eIF4G (amino acids 1040 to 1560) but not to the middle region of eIF4G(amino acids 635 to 1039). In addition, both Pdcd4 and Pdcd4(D418A) bound to the middle region of eIF4G. The mechanism by which Pdcd4 inhibits translation thus appears to involve inhibition of eIF4A helicase, interference with eIF4A association-dissociation from eIF4G, and inhibition of eIF4A binding to the C-terminal domain of eIF4G. Pdcd4 binding to eIF4A is linked to its transformation-suppressing activity, as Pdcd4-eIF4A binding and consequent inhibition of translation are required for Pdcd4 transrepression of AP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Sheng Yang
- Gene Regulation Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Jones A, Garcia-Rodriguez E, Chen PY, Idica A, Lockett SJ, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Ortiz-De-Solorzano C. System for combined three-dimensional morphological and molecular analysis of thick tissue specimens. Microsc Res Tech 2002; 59:522-30. [PMID: 12467029 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We present a new system for simultaneous morphological and molecular analysis of thick tissue samples. The system is composed of a computer-assisted microscope and a JAVA-based image display, analysis, and visualization program that allows acquisition, annotation, meaningful storage, three-dimensional reconstruction, and analysis of structures of interest in thick sectioned tissue specimens. We describe the system in detail and illustrate its use by imaging, reconstructing, and analyzing two complete tissue blocks that were differently processed and stained. One block was obtained from a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lumpectomy specimen and stained alternatively with Hematoxilyn and Eosin (H&E), and with a counterstain and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to the ERB-B2 gene. The second block contained a fully sectioned mammary gland of a mouse, stained for histology with H&E. We show how the system greatly reduces the amount of interaction required for the acquisition and analysis and is, therefore, suitable for studies that require morphologically driven, wide-scale (e.g., whole gland) analysis of complex tissue samples or cultures.
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50
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Nagy P, Vereb G, Sebestyén Z, Horváth G, Lockett SJ, Damjanovich S, Park JW, Jovin TM, Szöllosi J. Lipid rafts and the local density of ErbB proteins influence the biological role of homo- and heteroassociations of ErbB2. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:4251-62. [PMID: 12376557 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ErbB family of transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many cancers. The four members of the family, ErbB1-4, form various homo- and heterodimers during the course of signal transduction. A second hierarchical level of molecular associations involving 10(2)-10(3) molecules, termed large-scale clustering, has also been identified, but the regulatory factors and biological consequences of such structures have not been systematically evaluated. In this report, we describe the states of association of ErbB2 and their relationship to local ErbB3 density and lipid rafts based on quantitative fluorescence microscopy of SKBR-3 breast cancer cells. Clusters of ErbB2 colocalized with lipid rafts identified by the GM1-binding B subunit of cholera toxin. Pixel-by-pixel analysis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between labeled antibodies indicated that the homoassociation (homodimerization) of ErbB2 was proportional to the local density of ErbB2 and inversely proportional to that of ErbB3 and of the raft-specific lipid GM1. Crosslinking lipid rafts with the B subunit of cholera toxin caused dissociation of the rafts and ErbB2 clusters, an effect that was independent of the cytoskeletal anchoring of ErbB2. Crosslinking also decreased ErbB2-ErbB3 heteroassociation and the EGF- and heregulin-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc. When cells were treated with the anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibody 4D5 (parent murine version of Trastuzumab used in the immunotherapy of breast cancer), internalization of the antibody was inhibited by crosslinking of lipid rafts, but the antiproliferative activity of 4D5 was retained and even enhanced. We conclude that local densities of ErbB2 and ErbB3, as well as the lipid environment profoundly influence the association properties and biological function of ErbB2.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/genetics
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cholera Toxin/pharmacology
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/drug effects
- Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Eukaryotic Cells/drug effects
- Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism
- Eukaryotic Cells/ultrastructure
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Humans
- Macromolecular Substances
- Membrane Microdomains/drug effects
- Membrane Microdomains/genetics
- Membrane Microdomains/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins v-erbB/drug effects
- Oncogene Proteins v-erbB/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins v-erbB/metabolism
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Proteins/drug effects
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/drug effects
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, POB 39, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
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