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Biedenkopf N, Bukreyev A, Chandran K, Di Paola N, Formenty PBH, Griffiths A, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, Netesov SV, Palacios G, Pawęska JT, Smither S, Takada A, Wahl V, Kuhn JH. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Filoviridae 2024. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38305775 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Filoviridae is a family of negative-sense RNA viruses with genomes of about 13.1-20.9 kb that infect fish, mammals and reptiles. The filovirid genome is a linear, non-segmented RNA with five canonical open reading frames (ORFs) that encode a nucleoprotein (NP), a polymerase cofactor (VP35), a glycoprotein (GP1,2), a transcriptional activator (VP30) and a large protein (L) containing an RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP) domain. All filovirid genomes encode additional proteins that vary among genera. Several filovirids (e.g., Ebola virus, Marburg virus) are pathogenic for humans and highly virulent. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Filoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/filoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Anthony Griffiths
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janusz T Pawęska
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | | | - Ayato Takada
- International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Bach S, Demper JC, Grünweller A, Becker S, Biedenkopf N, Hartmann RK. Erratum for Bach et al., "Regulation of VP30-Dependent Transcription by RNA Sequence and Structure in the Genomic Ebola Virus Promoter". J Virol 2023; 97:e0125623. [PMID: 37787531 PMCID: PMC10617568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01256-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
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von Creytz I, Gerresheim GK, Lier C, Schneider J, Schauflinger M, Benz M, Kämper L, Rohde C, Eickmann M, Biedenkopf N. Rescue and characterization of the first West African Marburg virus 2021 from Guinea. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19613. [PMID: 37810116 PMCID: PMC10558868 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) is a causative agent of a severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates endemic in central Africa. Current outbreaks of MARV in Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania underline the relevance of MARV as a public health emergency pathogen. In 2021, the first known human MARV case was confirmed in Guinea, West Africa. Since no infectious virus could be isolated from that fatal case in 2021, we generated recombinant (rec) MARV Guinea by reverse genetics in order to study and characterize this new MARV, which occurred in West Africa for the first time, in terms of its growth properties, detection by antibodies, and therapeutic potential compared to known MARV strains. Our results showed a solid viral replication of recMARV Guinea in human, bat, and monkey cell lines in comparison to other known MARV strains. We further demonstrated that replication of recMARV Guinea in cells can be inhibited by the nucleoside analogue remdesivir. Taken together, we could successfully reconstitute de novo the first West African MARV from Guinea showing similar replication kinetics in cells compared to other central African MARV strains. Our reverse genetics approach has proven successful in characterizing emerging viruses, especially when virus isolates are missing and viral genome sequences are incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel von Creytz
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Lier
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana Schneider
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Marcel Benz
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lennart Kämper
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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4
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Biedenkopf N, Bukreyev A, Chandran K, Di Paola N, Formenty PBH, Griffiths A, Hume AJ, Mühlberger E, Netesov SV, Palacios G, Pawęska JT, Smither S, Takada A, Wahl V, Kuhn JH. Renaming of genera Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus to Orthoebolavirus and Orthomarburgvirus, respectively, and introduction of binomial species names within family Filoviridae. Arch Virol 2023; 168:220. [PMID: 37537381 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Filoviridae Study Group continues to prospectively refine the established nomenclature for taxa included in family Filoviridae in an effort to decrease confusion of genus, species, and virus names and to adhere to amended stipulations of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN). Recently, the genus names Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus were changed to Orthoebolavirus and Orthomarburgvirus, respectively. Additionally, all established species names in family Filoviridae now adhere to the ICTV-mandated binomial format. Virus names remain unchanged and valid. Here, we outline the revised taxonomy of family Filoviridae as approved by the ICTV in April 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janusz T Pawęska
- Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Sophie Smither
- CBR Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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5
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Kuhn JH, Abe J, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Kumar Baranwal V, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Blouin AG, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Cao M, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Kumar Chaturvedi K, Chooi KM, Crane A, Dal Bó E, Carlos de la Torre J, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Debat H, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, Laura García M, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Gaskin TR, Gong W, Gonzalez JPJ, de Bellocq J, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther I, Günther S, Hammond J, Hasegawa Y, Hayashi K, Hepojoki J, Higgins CM, Hongō S, Horie M, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Ikeda K, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Klempa B, Klingström J, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kurath G, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Liu R, Lukashevich IS, MacDiarmid RM, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mühlberger E, Nabeshima T, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro B, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Nunes MRT, Ochoa-Corona FM, Okada T, Palacios G, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Rabbidge LO, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Rodrigues TCS, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Runstadler JA, Sabanadzovic S, Sadiq S, Salvato MS, Sasaya T, Schwemmle M, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Shimomoto Y, Kavi Sidharthan V, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Takeyama S, Tatara A, Tesh RB, Thornburg NJ, Tian X, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tu C, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Maria Vaira A, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Waltzek TB, Whitfield AE, Wolf YI, Xia H, Xylogianni E, Yanagisawa H, Yano K, Ye G, Yuan Z, Zerbini FM, Zhang G, Zhang S, Zhang YZ, Zhao L, Økland AL. Annual (2023) taxonomic update of RNA-directed RNA polymerase-encoding negative-sense RNA viruses (realm Riboviria: kingdom Orthornavirae: phylum Negarnaviricota). J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001864. [PMID: 37622664 PMCID: PMC10721048 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In April 2023, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by one new family, 14 new genera, and 140 new species. Two genera and 538 species were renamed. One species was moved, and four were abolished. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Division of Clinical Research (DCR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Junya Abe
- Ornamental Plants and Vegetables Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Takikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Scott Adkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Sergey V. Alkhovsky
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya National Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - María A. Ayllón
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón; Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Insitute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Ballinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS,, Mississippi State, USA
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Éric Bergeron
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carol D. Blair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kim R. Blasdell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Arnaud G. Blouin
- Virology-Phytoplasmology Laboratory, Agroscope, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Paul A. Brown
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France
| | - Ursula J. Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J. Buchmeier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Felicity Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Inmaculada Casas
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rémi N. Charrel
- Unite des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207), Marseille, France
| | - Krishna Kumar Chaturvedi
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kar Mun Chooi
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena Dal Bó
- CIDEFI. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William M. de Souza
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Humberto Debat
- Instituto de Patología Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (IPAVE-CIAP-INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Unidad de Fitopatología y Modelización Agrícola, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nolwenn M. Dheilly
- UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Ralf G. Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michele Digiaro
- CIHEAM, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - J. Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Paul Duprex
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Toufic Elbeaino
- CIHEAM, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Koray Ergünay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, USA
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution–National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Guozhong Feng
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Selma Gago-Zachert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - María Laura García
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Aura R. Garrison
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thomas R. Gaskin
- Brandenburg State Office of Rural Development, Agriculture and Land Consolidation (LELF), Frankfurt, Germany
- Division Phytomedicine, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Graduate Research Organization, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ines Günther
- Division Phytomedicine, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John Hammond
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, USNA, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Yusuke Hasegawa
- Department of Clinical Plant Science, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan
| | - Kazusa Hayashi
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Colleen M. Higgins
- The School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Seiji Hongō
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University; International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Holly R. Hughes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Adam J. Hume
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy H. Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Kenichi Ikeda
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Dàohóng Jiāng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Gilda B. Jonson
- International Rice Research Institute, College, Los Baños, 4032, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hideki Kondō
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Kenji Kubota
- Institute for Plant Protection, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Gael Kurath
- US Geological Survey Western Fisheries Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lies Laenen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Zoonotic Infectious Diseases unit; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amy J. Lambert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jiànróng Lǐ
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Min Li
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, PR China
| | - Ran Liu
- Illumina (China), Beijing, PR China
| | - Igor S. Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Robin M. MacDiarmid
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Zoonotic Infectious Diseases unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sergio H. Marshall
- Instituto de Biología-Laboratorio de Genética Molecular-Pontificia Universidad Católica de ValparaísoCampus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Shin-Yi L. Marzano
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Rayapati Naidu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
| | | | - Beatriz Navarro
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - José A. Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yutaro Neriya
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | | | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Francisco M. Ochoa-Corona
- Institute for Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics. Stillwater, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tomoyuki Okada
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Papa
- National Reference Centre for Arboviruses and Haemorrhagic Fever viruses, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Colin R. Parrish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Janusz T. Pawęska
- Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Daniel R. Pérez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Florian Pfaff
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Georgia State University Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas S. Postler
- Vaccine Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Lee O. Rabbidge
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited; The School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sheli R. Radoshitzky
- Division of Antivirals, Office of Infectious Diseases, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Marius Rehanek
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renato O. Resende
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carina A. Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Thaís C. S. Rodrigues
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Víctor Romanowski
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luisa Rubino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Mississippi State, USA
| | - Sabrina Sadiq
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Maria S. Salvato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Takahide Sasaya
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephen R. Sharpe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mang Shi
- Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, PR China
| | | | | | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS “E. Medea”, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Sophie Smither
- CBR Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirsten M. Spann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark D. Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sawana Takeyama
- Institute for Plant Protection, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akio Tatara
- Faculty of Agricultural Production and Management, Shizuoka Professional University of Agriculture, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Robert B. Tesh
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Xin Tian
- National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Nicole D. Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yasuhiro Tomitaka
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keizō Tomonaga
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Changchun Tu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, PR China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, PR China
| | - Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Italy
| | - Ioannis E. Tzanetakis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Italy
| | | | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX,, USA
| | - Martin Verbeek
- Wageningen University and Research, Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Susanne von Bargen
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas B. Waltzek
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Anna E. Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yuri I. Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Evanthia Xylogianni
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, School of Agricultural Production, Infrastructure and Environment, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kazutaka Yano
- Kochi Agricultural Research Center, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Gongyin Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - F. Murilo Zerbini
- Dep. de Fitopatologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilin Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinjiang Military Command Area, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Song Zhang
- National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, PR China
- Guangxi Academy of Specialty Crops, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Veeck C, Biedenkopf N, Rohde C, Becker S, Halwe S. Inhibition of Rab1B Impairs Trafficking and Maturation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040824. [PMID: 37112806 PMCID: PMC10145535 DOI: 10.3390/v15040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) utilizes cellular trafficking pathways to process its structural proteins and move them to the site of assembly. Nevertheless, the exact process of assembly and subcellular trafficking of SARS-CoV-2 proteins remains largely unknown. Here, we have identified and characterized Rab1B as an important host factor for the trafficking and maturation of the spike protein (S) after synthesis at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using confocal microscopy, we showed that S and Rab1B substantially colocalized in compartments of the early secretory pathway. Co-expression of dominant-negative (DN) Rab1B N121I leads to an aberrant distribution of S into perinuclear spots after ectopic expression and in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells caused by either structural rearrangement of the ERGIC or Golgi or missing interaction between Rab1B and S. Western blot analyses revealed a complete loss of the mature, cleaved S2 subunit in cell lysates and culture supernatants upon co-expression of DN Rab1B N121I. In sum, our studies indicate that Rab1B is an important regulator of trafficking and maturation of SARS-CoV-2 S, which not only improves our understanding of the coronavirus replication cycle but also may have implications for the development of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Veeck
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Rohde
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sandro Halwe
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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7
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Kuhn JH, Adkins S, Alkhovsky SV, Avšič-Županc T, Ayllón MA, Bahl J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ballinger MJ, Bandte M, Beer M, Bejerman N, Bergeron É, Biedenkopf N, Bigarré L, Blair CD, Blasdell KR, Bradfute SB, Briese T, Brown PA, Bruggmann R, Buchholz UJ, Buchmeier MJ, Bukreyev A, Burt F, Büttner C, Calisher CH, Candresse T, Carson J, Casas I, Chandran K, Charrel RN, Chiaki Y, Crane A, Crane M, Dacheux L, Bó ED, de la Torre JC, de Lamballerie X, de Souza WM, de Swart RL, Dheilly NM, Di Paola N, Di Serio F, Dietzgen RG, Digiaro M, Drexler JF, Duprex WP, Dürrwald R, Easton AJ, Elbeaino T, Ergünay K, Feng G, Feuvrier C, Firth AE, Fooks AR, Formenty PBH, Freitas-Astúa J, Gago-Zachert S, García ML, García-Sastre A, Garrison AR, Godwin SE, Gonzalez JPJ, de Bellocq JG, Griffiths A, Groschup MH, Günther S, Hammond J, Hepojoki J, Hierweger MM, Hongō S, Horie M, Horikawa H, Hughes HR, Hume AJ, Hyndman TH, Jiāng D, Jonson GB, Junglen S, Kadono F, Karlin DG, Klempa B, Klingström J, Koch MC, Kondō H, Koonin EV, Krásová J, Krupovic M, Kubota K, Kuzmin IV, Laenen L, Lambert AJ, Lǐ J, Li JM, Lieffrig F, Lukashevich IS, Luo D, Maes P, Marklewitz M, Marshall SH, Marzano SYL, McCauley JW, Mirazimi A, Mohr PG, Moody NJG, Morita Y, Morrison RN, Mühlberger E, Naidu R, Natsuaki T, Navarro JA, Neriya Y, Netesov SV, Neumann G, Nowotny N, Ochoa-Corona FM, Palacios G, Pallandre L, Pallás V, Papa A, Paraskevopoulou S, Parrish CR, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Pawęska JT, Pérez DR, Pfaff F, Plemper RK, Postler TS, Pozet F, Radoshitzky SR, Ramos-González PL, Rehanek M, Resende RO, Reyes CA, Romanowski V, Rubbenstroth D, Rubino L, Rumbou A, Runstadler JA, Rupp M, Sabanadzovic S, Sasaya T, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Schwemmle M, Seuberlich T, Sharpe SR, Shi M, Sironi M, Smither S, Song JW, Spann KM, Spengler JR, Stenglein MD, Takada A, Tesh RB, Těšíková J, Thornburg NJ, Tischler ND, Tomitaka Y, Tomonaga K, Tordo N, Tsunekawa K, Turina M, Tzanetakis IE, Vaira AM, van den Hoogen B, Vanmechelen B, Vasilakis N, Verbeek M, von Bargen S, Wada J, Wahl V, Walker PJ, Whitfield AE, Williams JV, Wolf YI, Yamasaki J, Yanagisawa H, Ye G, Zhang YZ, Økland AL. 2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2857-2906. [PMID: 36437428 PMCID: PMC9847503 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05546-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Scott Adkins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Sergey V Alkhovsky
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology of N.F. Gamaleya National Center on Epidemiology and Microbiology of Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana Avšič-Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - María A Ayllón
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Insitute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthew J Ballinger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Martina Bandte
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Éric Bergeron
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laurent Bigarré
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France
| | - Carol D Blair
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kim R Blasdell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul A Brown
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ursula J Buchholz
- RNA Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael J Buchmeier
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Felicity Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - Carmen Büttner
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jeremy Carson
- Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Inmaculada Casas
- Respiratory Virus and Influenza Unit, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rémi N Charrel
- Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Yuya Chiaki
- Division of Fruit Tree and Tea Pest Control Research, Institute for Plant Protection, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Mark Crane
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurent Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, National Reference Center for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Rabies, Paris, France
| | - Elena Dal Bó
- CIDEFI. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Carlos de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Emergents (Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - William M de Souza
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Rik L de Swart
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Nolwenn M Dheilly
- UMR 1161 Virology ANSES/INRAE/ENVA, ANSES Animal Health Laboratory, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicholas Di Paola
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Francesco Di Serio
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michele Digiaro
- CIHEAM, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - J Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Paul Duprex
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Easton
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Toufic Elbeaino
- CIHEAM, Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Koray Ergünay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution, Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, USA
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution-National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Guozhong Feng
- China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Selma Gago-Zachert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - María Laura García
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Aura R Garrison
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Scott E Godwin
- Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Jean-Paul J Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Graduate Research Organization, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Anthony Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Günther
- Department of Virology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - John Hammond
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, USNA, Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jussi Hepojoki
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Medicum, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie M Hierweger
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Seiji Hongō
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masayuki Horie
- Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Holly R Hughes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Adam J Hume
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Policy and Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Dàohóng Jiāng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gilda B Jonson
- International Rice Research Institute, College, Los Baños, 4032, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fujio Kadono
- Clinical Plant Science Center, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - David G Karlin
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Klempa
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michel C Koch
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hideki Kondō
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jarmila Krásová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Archaeal Virology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Kenji Kubota
- Institute for Plant Protection, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ivan V Kuzmin
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Lies Laenen
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Zoonotic Infectious Diseases unit, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jiànróng Lǐ
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Min Li
- Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | | | - Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, and the Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dongsheng Luo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unit Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, Paris, France
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven, Rega Institute, Zoonotic Infectious Diseases unit, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Sergio H Marshall
- Instituto de Biología-Laboratorio de Genética Molecular-Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Shin-Yi L Marzano
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - John W McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Peter G Mohr
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nick J G Moody
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, East Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Richard N Morrison
- Centre for Aquatic Animal Health and Vaccines, Department of Natural Resources and Environment Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rayapati Naidu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Irrigated Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
| | | | - José A Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yutaro Neriya
- School of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
| | - Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Francisco M Ochoa-Corona
- Institute for Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics. Stillwater, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurane Pallandre
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Heath Safety ANSES, Laboratory of Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, Ploufragan, France
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidat Politècnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Papa
- National Reference Centre for Arboviruses and Haemorrhagic Fever viruses, Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Paraskevopoulou
- Methods Development and Research Infrastructure, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Colin R Parrish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Janusz T Pawęska
- Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Sandringham-Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Daniel R Pérez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Richard K Plemper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas S Postler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Marius Rehanek
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renato O Resende
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carina A Reyes
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Unversidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Víctor Romanowski
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular, CONICET-UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Unversidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dennis Rubbenstroth
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luisa Rubino
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Bari, Italy
| | - Artemis Rumbou
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease & Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Melanie Rupp
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sead Sabanadzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Takahide Sasaya
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Seuberlich
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen R Sharpe
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mang Shi
- Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manuela Sironi
- Bioinformatics Unit, Scientific Institute IRCCS "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Sophie Smither
- CBR Division, Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirsten M Spann
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark D Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Robert B Tesh
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jana Těšíková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Nicole D Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida and Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yasuhiro Tomitaka
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keizō Tomonaga
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noël Tordo
- Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416, Conakry, Guinea
| | | | - Massimo Turina
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Italy
| | - Ioannis E Tzanetakis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Anna Maria Vaira
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP-CNR), Torino, Italy
| | - Bernadette van den Hoogen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Martin Verbeek
- Wageningen University and Research, Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne von Bargen
- Division Phytomedicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiro Wada
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Wahl
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Peter J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna E Whitfield
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - John V Williams
- School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuri I Wolf
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Junki Yamasaki
- Environmental Agriculture Promotion Division, Department of Agricultural Development, Kochi Prefectural Government, Kochi, Kochi, Japan
| | | | - Gongyin Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Zhen Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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8
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Bach S, Demper JC, Klemm P, Schlereth J, Lechner M, Schoen A, Kämper L, Weber F, Becker S, Biedenkopf N, Hartmann RK. Identification and characterization of short leader and trailer RNAs synthesized by the Ebola virus RNA polymerase. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010002. [PMID: 34699554 PMCID: PMC8547711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of non-segmented negative sense (NNS) RNA viruses follows a stop-start mechanism and is thought to be initiated at the genome’s very 3’-end. The synthesis of short abortive leader transcripts (leaderRNAs) has been linked to transcription initiation for some NNS viruses. Here, we identified the synthesis of abortive leaderRNAs (as well as trailer RNAs) that are specifically initiated opposite to (anti)genome nt 2; leaderRNAs are predominantly terminated in the region of nt ~ 60–80. LeaderRNA synthesis requires hexamer phasing in the 3’-leader promoter. We determined a steady-state NP mRNA:leaderRNA ratio of ~10 to 30-fold at 48 h after Ebola virus (EBOV) infection, and this ratio was higher (70 to 190-fold) for minigenome-transfected cells. LeaderRNA initiation at nt 2 and the range of termination sites were not affected by structure and length variation between promoter elements 1 and 2, nor the presence or absence of VP30. Synthesis of leaderRNA is suppressed in the presence of VP30 and termination of leaderRNA is not mediated by cryptic gene end (GE) signals in the 3’-leader promoter. We further found different genomic 3’-end nucleotide requirements for transcription versus replication, suggesting that promoter recognition is different in the replication and transcription mode of the EBOV polymerase. We further provide evidence arguing against a potential role of EBOV leaderRNAs as effector molecules in innate immunity. Taken together, our findings are consistent with a model according to which leaderRNAs are abortive replicative RNAs whose synthesis is not linked to transcription initiation. Rather, replication and transcription complexes are proposed to independently initiate RNA synthesis at separate sites in the 3’-leader promoter, i.e., at the second nucleotide of the genome 3’-end and at the more internally positioned transcription start site preceding the first gene, respectively, as reported for Vesicular stomatitis virus. The RNA polymerase (RdRp) of Ebola virus (EBOV) initiates RNA synthesis at the 3’-leader promoter of its encapsidated, non-segmented negative sense (NNS) RNA genome, either at the penultimate 3’-end position of the genome in the replicative mode or more internally (position 56) at the transcription start site (TSS) in its transcription mode. Here we identified the synthesis of abortive replicative RNAs that are specifically initiated opposite to genome nt 2 (termed leaderRNAs) and predominantly terminated in the region of nt ~ 60–80 near the TSS. The functional role of abortive leaderRNA synthesis is still enigmatic; a role in interferon induction could be excluded. Our findings indirectly link leaderRNA termination to nucleoprotein (NP) availability for encapsidation of nascent replicative RNA or to NP removal from the template RNA. Our findings further argue against the model that leaderRNA synthesis is a prerequisite for each transcription initiation event at the TSS. Rather, our findings are in line with the existence of distinct replicase and transcriptase complexes of RdRp that interact differently with the 3’-leader promoter and intiate RNA synthesis independently at different sites (position 2 or 56 of the genome), mechanistically similar to another NNS virus, Vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bach
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana-Christin Demper
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Paul Klemm
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia Schlereth
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Lechner
- Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schoen
- Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Lennart Kämper
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NB); (RKH)
| | - Roland K. Hartmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NB); (RKH)
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9
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Batra J, Mori H, Small GI, Anantpadma M, Shtanko O, Mishra N, Zhang M, Liu D, Williams CG, Biedenkopf N, Becker S, Gross ML, Leung DW, Davey RA, Amarasinghe GK, Krogan NJ, Basler CF. Non-canonical proline-tyrosine interactions with multiple host proteins regulate Ebola virus infection. EMBO J 2021; 40:e105658. [PMID: 34260076 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ebola virus VP30 protein interacts with the viral nucleoprotein and with host protein RBBP6 via PPxPxY motifs that adopt non-canonical orientations, as compared to other proline-rich motifs. An affinity tag-purification mass spectrometry approach identified additional PPxPxY-containing host proteins hnRNP L, hnRNPUL1, and PEG10, as VP30 interactors. hnRNP L and PEG10, like RBBP6, inhibit viral RNA synthesis and EBOV infection, whereas hnRNPUL1 enhances. RBBP6 and hnRNP L modulate VP30 phosphorylation, increase viral transcription, and exert additive effects on viral RNA synthesis. PEG10 has more modest inhibitory effects on EBOV replication. hnRNPUL1 positively affects viral RNA synthesis but in a VP30-independent manner. Binding studies demonstrate variable capacity of the PPxPxY motifs from these proteins to bind VP30, define PxPPPPxY as an optimal binding motif, and identify the fifth proline and the tyrosine as most critical for interaction. Competition binding and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry studies demonstrate that each protein binds a similar interface on VP30. VP30 therefore presents a novel proline recognition domain that is targeted by multiple host proteins to modulate viral transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Batra
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Microbiology, NEIDL, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel I Small
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manu Anantpadma
- Department of Microbiology, NEIDL, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olena Shtanko
- Host-Pathogen Interactions, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nawneet Mishra
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mengru Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caroline G Williams
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,John T. Milliken Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert A Davey
- Department of Microbiology, NEIDL, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Dolnik O, Gerresheim GK, Biedenkopf N. New Perspectives on the Biogenesis of Viral Inclusion Bodies in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infections. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061460. [PMID: 34200781 PMCID: PMC8230417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by negative strand RNA viruses (NSVs) induce the formation of viral inclusion bodies (IBs) in the host cell that segregate viral as well as cellular proteins to enable efficient viral replication. The induction of those membrane-less viral compartments leads inevitably to structural remodeling of the cellular architecture. Recent studies suggested that viral IBs have properties of biomolecular condensates (or liquid organelles), as have previously been shown for other membrane-less cellular compartments like stress granules or P-bodies. Biomolecular condensates are highly dynamic structures formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Key drivers for LLPS in cells are multivalent protein:protein and protein:RNA interactions leading to specialized areas in the cell that recruit molecules with similar properties, while other non-similar molecules are excluded. These typical features of cellular biomolecular condensates are also a common characteristic in the biogenesis of viral inclusion bodies. Viral IBs are predominantly induced by the expression of the viral nucleoprotein (N, NP) and phosphoprotein (P); both are characterized by a special protein architecture containing multiple disordered regions and RNA-binding domains that contribute to different protein functions. P keeps N soluble after expression to allow a concerted binding of N to the viral RNA. This results in the encapsidation of the viral genome by N, while P acts additionally as a cofactor for the viral polymerase, enabling viral transcription and replication. Here, we will review the formation and function of those viral inclusion bodies upon infection with NSVs with respect to their nature as biomolecular condensates.
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11
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Bach S, Demper JC, Grünweller A, Becker S, Biedenkopf N, Hartmann RK. Regulation of VP30-Dependent Transcription by RNA Sequence and Structure in the Genomic Ebola Virus Promoter. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02215-20. [PMID: 33268520 PMCID: PMC8092829 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02215-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral transcription and replication of Ebola virus (EBOV) is balanced by transcription factor VP30, an RNA binding protein. An RNA hairpin at the transcription start site (TSS) of the first gene (NP hairpin) in the 3'-leader promoter is thought to mediate the VP30 dependency of transcription. Here, we investigated the constraints of VP30 dependency using a series of monocistronic minigenomes with sequence, structure and length deviations from the native NP hairpin. Hairpin stabilizations decreased while destabilizations increased transcription in the absence of VP30, but in all cases, transcription activity was higher in the presence versus absence of VP30. This also pertains to a mutant that is unable to form any RNA secondary structure at the TSS, demonstrating that the activity of VP30 is not simply determined by the capacity to form a hairpin structure at the TSS. Introduction of continuous 3'-UN5 hexamer phasing between promoter elements PE1 and PE2 by a single point mutation in the NP hairpin boosted VP30-independent transcription. Moreover, this point mutation, but also hairpin stabilizations, impaired the relative increase of replication in the absence of VP30. Our results suggest that the native NP hairpin is optimized for tight regulation by VP30 while avoiding an extent of hairpin stability that impairs viral transcription, as well as for enabling the switch from transcription to replication when VP30 is not part of the polymerase complex.IMPORTANCE A detailed understanding is lacking how the Ebola virus (EBOV) protein VP30 regulates activity of the viral polymerase complex. Here, we studied how RNA sequence, length and structure at the transcription start site (TSS) in the 3'-leader promoter influence the impact of VP30 on viral polymerase activity. We found that hairpin stabilizations tighten the VP30 dependency of transcription but reduce transcription efficiency and attenuate the switch to replication in the absence of VP30. Upon hairpin destabilization, VP30-independent transcription - already weakly detectable at the native promoter - increases, but never reaches the same extent as in the presence of VP30. We conclude that the native hairpin structure involving the TSS (i) establishes an optimal balance between efficient transcription and tight regulation by VP30, (ii) is linked to hexamer phasing in the promoter, and (iii) favors the switch to replication when VP30 is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bach
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana-Christin Demper
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg
| | - Roland K Hartmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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12
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Bach S, Demper JC, Biedenkopf N, Becker S, Hartmann RK. RNA secondary structure at the transcription start site influences EBOV transcription initiation and replication in a length- and stability-dependent manner. RNA Biol 2020; 18:523-536. [PMID: 32882148 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1818459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) RNA has the potential to form hairpin structures at the transcription start sequence (TSS) and reinitiation sites of internal genes, both on the genomic and antigenomic/mRNA level. Hairpin formation involving the TSS and the spacer sequence between promotor elements (PE) 1 and 2 was suggested to regulate viral transcription. Here, we provide evidence that such RNA structures form during RNA synthesis by the viral polymerase and affect its activity. This was analysed using monocistronic minigenomes carrying hairpin structure variants in the TSS-spacer region that differ in length and stability. Transcription and replication were measured via reporter activity and by qRT-PCR quantification of the distinct viral RNA species. We demonstrate that viral RNA synthesis is remarkably tolerant to spacer extensions of up to ~54 nt, but declines beyond this length limit (~25% residual activity for a 66-nt extension). Minor incremental stabilizations of hairpin structures in the TSS-spacer region and on the mRNA/antigenomic level were found to rapidly abolish viral polymerase activity, which may be exploited for antisense strategies to inhibit viral RNA synthesis. Finally, balanced viral transcription and replication can still occur when any RNA structure formation potential at the TSS is eliminated, provided that hexamer phasing in the promoter region is maintained. Altogether, the findings deepen and refine our insight into structure and length constraints within the EBOV transcription and replication promoter and suggest a remarkable flexibility of the viral polymerase in recognition of PE1 and PE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bach
- Institut fuür Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jana-Christin Demper
- Institut fuür Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut fuü;r Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut fuü;r Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland K Hartmann
- Institut fuür Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Bach S, Biedenkopf N, Grünweller A, Becker S, Hartmann RK. Hexamer phasing governs transcription initiation in the 3'-leader of Ebola virus. RNA 2020; 26:439-453. [PMID: 31924730 PMCID: PMC7075260 DOI: 10.1261/rna.073718.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The genomic, bipartite replication promoter of Ebola virus (EBOV) consists of elements 1 (PE1) and 2 (PE2). PE1 (55 nt at the 3'-terminus) is separated from PE2 (harboring eight 3'-UN5 hexamers) by the transcription start sequence (TSS) of the first nucleoprotein (NP) gene plus a spacer sequence. Insertions or deletions in the spacer were reported to support genome replication if comprising 6 or 12, but not 1/2/3/5/9 nt. This gave rise to the formulation of the "rule of 6" for the EBOV replication promoter. Here, we studied the impact of such hexamer phasing on viral transcription using a series of replication-competent and -deficient monocistronic minigenomes, in which the spacer of the NP gene was mutated or replaced with that of internal EBOV genes and mutated variants thereof. Beyond reporter gene assays, we conducted qRT-PCR to determine the levels of mRNA, genomic and antigenomic RNA. We demonstrate that hexamer phasing is also essential for viral transcription, that UN5 hexamer periodicity extends into PE1 and that the spacer region can be expanded by 48 nt without losses of transcriptional activity. Making the UN5 hexamer phasing continuous between PE1 and PE2 enhanced the efficiency of transcription and replication. We show that the 2 nt preceding the TSS are essential for transcription. We further propose a role for UN5 hexamer phasing in positioning NP during initiation of RNA synthesis, or in dissociation/reassociation of NP from the template RNA strand while threading the RNA through the active site of the elongating polymerase during replication and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bach
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland K Hartmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Poetsch JH, Dahlke C, Zinser ME, Kasonta R, Lunemann S, Rechtien A, Ly ML, Stubbe HC, Krähling V, Biedenkopf N, Eickmann M, Fehling SK, Olearo F, Strecker T, Sharma P, Lang KS, Lohse AW, Schmiedel S, Becker S, Addo MM. Detectable Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses Following VSV-Ebola Virus Vaccination in Humans. J Infect Dis 2019; 219:556-561. [PMID: 30452666 PMCID: PMC6350948 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to the Ebola virus (EBOV) crisis of 2013–2016, a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)–based EBOV vaccine was clinically tested (NCT02283099). A single-dose regimen of VSV-EBOV revealed a safe and immunogenic profile and demonstrated clinical efficacy. While EBOV-specific immune responses to this candidate vaccine have previously been investigated, limited human data on immunity to the VSV vector are available. Within the scope of a phase 1 study, we performed a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of adaptive immune responses to internal VSV proteins following VSV-EBOV immunization. While no preexisting immunity to the vector was observed, more than one-third of subjects developed VSV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Poetsch
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Christine Dahlke
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Madeleine E Zinser
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Rahel Kasonta
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg
| | - Anne Rechtien
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.,Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Hamburg
| | - My L Ly
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Hans C Stubbe
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich
| | - Verena Krähling
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen
| | - Markus Eickmann
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen
| | - Sarah K Fehling
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen
| | - Flaminia Olearo
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg
| | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen
| | - Piyush Sharma
- Institute of Immunology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karl S Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute for Virology, Philipps University Marburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen
| | | | - Marylyn M Addo
- First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.,German Center for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems.,Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf
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15
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Kruse T, Biedenkopf N, Hertz EPT, Dietzel E, Stalmann G, López-Méndez B, Davey NE, Nilsson J, Becker S. The Ebola Virus Nucleoprotein Recruits the Host PP2A-B56 Phosphatase to Activate Transcriptional Support Activity of VP30. Mol Cell 2017; 69:136-145.e6. [PMID: 29290611 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of the Ebola virus genome depends on the viral transcription factor VP30 in its unphosphorylated form, but the underlying molecular mechanism of VP30 dephosphorylation is unknown. Here we show that the Ebola virus nucleoprotein (NP) recruits the host PP2A-B56 protein phosphatase through a B56-binding LxxIxE motif and that this motif is essential for VP30 dephosphorylation and viral transcription. The LxxIxE motif and the binding site of VP30 in NP are in close proximity, and both binding sites are required for the dephosphorylation of VP30. We generate a specific inhibitor of PP2A-B56 and show that it suppresses Ebola virus transcription and infection. This work dissects the molecular mechanism of VP30 dephosphorylation by PP2A-B56, and it pinpoints this phosphatase as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kruse
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Emil Peter Thrane Hertz
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Dietzel
- Institute of Virology, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gertrud Stalmann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Blanca López-Méndez
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Norman E Davey
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jakob Nilsson
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany.
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16
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Agnandji ST, Fernandes JF, Bache EB, Obiang Mba RM, Brosnahan JS, Kabwende L, Pitzinger P, Staarink P, Massinga-Loembe M, Krähling V, Biedenkopf N, Fehling SK, Strecker T, Clark DJ, Staines HM, Hooper JW, Silvera P, Moorthy V, Kieny MP, Adegnika AA, Grobusch MP, Becker S, Ramharter M, Mordmüller B, Lell B, Krishna S, Kremsner PG. Safety and immunogenicity of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine in adults and children in Lambaréné, Gabon: A phase I randomised trial. PLoS Med 2017; 14:e1002402. [PMID: 28985239 PMCID: PMC5630143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine prevented Ebola virus disease when used at 2 × 107 plaque-forming units (PFU) in a trial in Guinea. This study provides further safety and immunogenicity data. METHODS AND FINDINGS A randomised, open-label phase I trial in Lambaréné, Gabon, studied 5 single intramuscular vaccine doses of 3 × 103, 3 × 104, 3 × 105, 3 × 106, or 2 × 107 PFU in 115 adults and a dose of 2 × 107 PFU in 20 adolescents and 20 children. The primary objective was safety and tolerability 28 days post-injection. Immunogenicity, viraemia, and shedding post-vaccination were evaluated as secondary objectives. In adults, mild-to-moderate adverse events were frequent, but there were no serious or severe adverse events related to vaccination. Before vaccination, Zaire Ebola virus (ZEBOV)-glycoprotein (GP)-specific and ZEBOV antibodies were detected in 11% and 27% of adults, respectively. In adults, 74%-100% of individuals who received a dose 3 × 104, 3 × 105, 3 × 106, or 2 × 107 PFU had a ≥4.0-fold increase in geometric mean titres (GMTs) of ZEBOV-GP-specific antibodies at day 28, reaching GMTs of 489 (95% CI: 264-908), 556 (95% CI: 280-1,101), 1,245 (95% CI: 899-1,724), and 1,503 (95% CI: 931-2,426), respectively. Twenty-two percent of adults had a ≥4-fold increase of ZEBOV antibodies, with GMTs at day 28 of 1,015 (647-1,591), 1,887 (1,154-3,085), 1,445 (1,013-2,062), and 3,958 (2,249-6,967) for the same doses, respectively. These antibodies persisted up to day 180 for doses ≥3 × 105 PFU. Adults with antibodies before vaccination had higher GMTs throughout. Neutralising antibodies were detected in more than 50% of participants at doses ≥3 × 105 PFU. As in adults, no serious or severe adverse events related to vaccine occurred in adolescents or children. At day 2, vaccine RNA titres were higher for adolescents and children than adults. At day 7, 78% of adolescents and 35% of children had recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus RNA detectable in saliva. The vaccine induced high GMTs of ZEBOV-GP-specific antibodies at day 28 in adolescents, 1,428 (95% CI: 1,025-1,989), and children, 1,620 (95% CI: 806-3,259), and in both groups antibody titres increased up to day 180. The absence of a control group, lack of stratification for baseline antibody status, and imbalances in male/female ratio are the main limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS Our data confirm the acceptable safety and immunogenicity profile of the 2 × 107 PFU dose in adults and support consideration of lower doses for paediatric populations and those who request boosting. TRIAL REGISTRATION Pan African Clinical Trials Registry PACTR201411000919191.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selidji T. Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - José F. Fernandes
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Jessica S. Brosnahan
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Lumeka Kabwende
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Paul Pitzinger
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pieter Staarink
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Verena Krähling
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Strecker
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - David J. Clark
- Centre for Diagnostics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henry M. Staines
- Centre for Diagnostics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jay W. Hooper
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Silvera
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - Akim A. Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P. Grobusch
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Becker
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
- Institute for Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ramharter
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bernhard Nocht Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | | | - Sanjeev Krishna
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre for Diagnostics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Institute for Infection & Immunity, St. George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SK); (PGK)
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF) partner sites Universitätsklinikum Tübingen and Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
- * E-mail: (SK); (PGK)
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17
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Lier C, Becker S, Biedenkopf N. Dynamic phosphorylation of Ebola virus VP30 in NP-induced inclusion bodies. Virology 2017; 512:39-47. [PMID: 28915404 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zaire Ebolavirus (EBOV) causes a severe feverish disease with high case fatality rates. Transcription of EBOV is dependent on the activity of the nucleocapsid protein VP30 which represents an essential viral transcription factor. Activity of VP30 is regulated via phosphorylation at six N-terminal serine residues. Recent data demonstrated that dynamic phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of serine residue 29 is essential for transcriptional support activity of VP30. To analyze the spatio/temporal dynamics of VP30 phosphorylation, we generated a peptide antibody recognizing specifically VP30 phosphorylated at serine 29. Using this antibody we could demonstrate that (i) the majority of VP30 molecules in EBOV-infected cells is dephosphorylated at the crucial position serine 29, (ii) both, VP30 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation take place in viral inclusion bodies that are induced by the nucleoprotein NP and (iii) NP influences the phosphorylation state of VP30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Lier
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany; German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg, Germany.
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18
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Hempel F, Maurer M, Brockmann B, Mayer C, Biedenkopf N, Kelterbaum A, Becker S, Maier UG. From hybridomas to a robust microalgal-based production platform: molecular design of a diatom secreting monoclonal antibodies directed against the Marburg virus nucleoprotein. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:131. [PMID: 28750668 PMCID: PMC5531009 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0745-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ideal protein expression system should provide recombinant proteins in high quality and quantity involving low production costs only. However, especially for complex therapeutic proteins like monoclonal antibodies many challenges remain to meet this goal and up to now production of monoclonal antibodies is very costly and delicate. Particularly, emerging disease outbreaks like Ebola virus in Western Africa in 2014–2016 make it necessary to reevaluate existing production platforms and develop robust and cheap alternatives that are easy to handle. Results In this study, we engineered the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum to produce monoclonal IgG antibodies against the nucleoprotein of Marburg virus, a close relative of Ebola virus causing severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates in humans. Sequences for both chains of a mouse IgG antibody were retrieved from a murine hybridoma cell line and implemented in the microalgal system. Fully assembled antibodies were shown to be secreted by the alga and antibodies were proven to be functional in western blot, ELISA as well as IFA studies just like the original hybridoma produced IgG. Furthermore, synthetic variants with constant regions of a rabbit IgG and human IgG with optimized codon usage were produced and characterized. Conclusions This study highlights the potential of microalgae as robust and low cost expression platform for monoclonal antibodies secreting IgG antibodies directly into the culture medium. Microalgae possess rapid growth rates, need basically only water, air and sunlight for cultivation and are very easy to handle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0745-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hempel
- LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Maurer
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Brockmann
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28/E8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Anne Kelterbaum
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Uwe G Maier
- LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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19
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Hempel F, Maurer M, Brockmann B, Mayer C, Biedenkopf N, Kelterbaum A, Becker S, Maier UG. From hybridomas to a robust microalgal-based production platform: molecular design of a diatom secreting monoclonal antibodies directed against the Marburg virus nucleoprotein. Microb Cell Fact 2017. [PMID: 28750668 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0745-742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ideal protein expression system should provide recombinant proteins in high quality and quantity involving low production costs only. However, especially for complex therapeutic proteins like monoclonal antibodies many challenges remain to meet this goal and up to now production of monoclonal antibodies is very costly and delicate. Particularly, emerging disease outbreaks like Ebola virus in Western Africa in 2014-2016 make it necessary to reevaluate existing production platforms and develop robust and cheap alternatives that are easy to handle. RESULTS In this study, we engineered the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum to produce monoclonal IgG antibodies against the nucleoprotein of Marburg virus, a close relative of Ebola virus causing severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates in humans. Sequences for both chains of a mouse IgG antibody were retrieved from a murine hybridoma cell line and implemented in the microalgal system. Fully assembled antibodies were shown to be secreted by the alga and antibodies were proven to be functional in western blot, ELISA as well as IFA studies just like the original hybridoma produced IgG. Furthermore, synthetic variants with constant regions of a rabbit IgG and human IgG with optimized codon usage were produced and characterized. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of microalgae as robust and low cost expression platform for monoclonal antibodies secreting IgG antibodies directly into the culture medium. Microalgae possess rapid growth rates, need basically only water, air and sunlight for cultivation and are very easy to handle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hempel
- LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Maurer
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology of the University of Heidelberg (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Björn Brockmann
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28/E8, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Anne Kelterbaum
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), partner site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Uwe G Maier
- LOEWE Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie (SYNMIKRO), Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 6, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Department for Cell Biology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
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20
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Biedenkopf N, Lange-Grünweller K, Schulte FW, Weißer A, Müller C, Becker D, Becker S, Hartmann RK, Grünweller A. The natural compound silvestrol is a potent inhibitor of Ebola virus replication. Antiviral Res 2016; 137:76-81. [PMID: 27864075 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A, which is part of the heterotrimeric translation initiation complex in eukaryotes, is an important novel drug target in cancer research because its helicase activity is required to unwind extended and highly structured 5'-UTRs of several proto-oncogenes. Silvestrol, a natural compound isolated from the plant Aglaia foveolata, is a highly efficient, non-toxic and specific inhibitor of eIF4A. Importantly, 5'-capped viral mRNAs often contain structured 5'-UTRs as well, which may suggest a dependence on eIF4A for their translation by the host protein synthesis machinery. In view of the recent Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in West Africa, the identification of potent antiviral compounds is urgently required. Since Ebola mRNAs are 5'-capped and harbor RNA secondary structures in their extended 5'-UTRs, we initiated a BSL4 study to analyze silvestrol in EBOV-infected Huh-7 cells and in primary human macrophages for its antiviral activity. We observed that silvestrol inhibits EBOV infection at low nanomolar concentrations, as inferred from large reductions of viral titers. This correlated with an almost complete disappearance of EBOV proteins, comparable in effect to the translational shutdown of expression of the proto-oncoprotein PIM1, a cellular kinase known to be affected by silvestrol. Effective silvestrol concentrations were non-toxic in the tested cell systems. Thus, silvestrol appears to be a promising first-line drug for the treatment of acute EBOV and possibly other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) at the Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Lange-Grünweller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Falk W Schulte
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Aileen Weißer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Gießen, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) at the Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) at the Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF) at the Partner Site Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Roland K Hartmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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21
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Henß L, Beck S, Weidner T, Biedenkopf N, Sliva K, Weber C, Becker S, Schnierle BS. Suramin is a potent inhibitor of Chikungunya and Ebola virus cell entry. Virol J 2016; 13:149. [PMID: 27581733 PMCID: PMC5007819 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes high fever, rash, and recurrent arthritis in humans. It has efficiently adapted to Aedes albopictus, which also inhabits temperate regions and currently causes large outbreaks in the Caribbean and Latin America. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of the filovirus family. It causes the Ebola virus disease (EDV), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever in humans and has a mortality rate of up to 70 %. The last outbreak in Western Africa was the largest in history and has caused approximately 25,000 cases and 10,000 deaths. For both viral infections no specific treatment or licensed vaccine is currently available. The bis-hexasulfonated naphthylurea, suramin, is used as a treatment for trypanosome-caused African river blindness. As a competitive inhibitor of heparin, suramin has been described to have anti-viral activity. METHODS We tested the activity of suramin during CHIKV or Ebola virus infection, using CHIKV and Ebola envelope glycoprotein pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and wild-type CHIKV and Ebola virus. RESULTS Suramin efficiently inhibited CHIKV and Ebola envelope-mediated gene transfer while vesicular stomatitis virus G protein pseudotyped vectors were only marginally affected. In addition, suramin was able to inhibit wild-type CHIKV and Ebola virus replication in vitro. Inhibition occurred at early time points during CHIKV infection. CONCLUSION Suramin, also known as Germanin or Bayer-205, is a market-authorized drug, however shows significant side effects, which probably prevents its use as a CHIKV drug, but due to the high lethality of Ebola virus infections, suramin might be valuable against Ebola infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henß
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Simon Beck
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weidner
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) at the Philipps University Marburg, partner site, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Katja Sliva
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Christopher Weber
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043, Marburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) at the Philipps University Marburg, partner site, Gießen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Barbara S Schnierle
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich Strasse 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany.
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Abstract
The transcription factor VP30 of the non-segmented RNA negative strand Ebola virus balances viral transcription and replication. Here, we comprehensively studied RNA binding by VP30. Using a novel VP30:RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we tested truncated variants of 2 potential natural RNA substrates of VP30 - the genomic Ebola viral 3'-leader region and its complementary antigenomic counterpart (each ∼155 nt in length) - and a series of other non-viral RNAs. Based on oligonucleotide interference, the major VP30 binding region on the genomic 3'-leader substrate was assigned to the internal expanded single-stranded region (∼ nt 125-80). Best binding to VP30 was obtained with ssRNAs of optimally ∼ 40 nt and mixed base composition; underrepresentation of purines or pyrimidines was tolerated, but homopolymeric sequences impaired binding. A stem-loop structure, particularly at the 3'-end or positioned internally, supports stable binding to VP30. In contrast, dsRNA or RNAs exposing large internal loops flanked by entirely helical arms on both sides are not bound. Introduction of a 5´-Cap(0) structure impaired VP30 binding. Also, ssDNAs bind substantially weaker than isosequential ssRNAs and heparin competes with RNA for binding to VP30, indicating that ribose 2'-hydroxyls and electrostatic contacts of the phosphate groups contribute to the formation of VP30:RNA complexes. Our results indicate a rather relaxed RNA binding specificity of filoviral VP30, which largely differs from that of the functionally related transcription factor of the Paramyxoviridae which binds to ssRNAs as short as 13 nt with a preference for oligo(A) sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schlereth
- a Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- a Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- b Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- b Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Roland K Hartmann
- a Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Marburg , Germany
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23
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Ewer K, Rampling T, Venkatraman N, Bowyer G, Wright D, Lambe T, Imoukhuede EB, Payne R, Fehling SK, Strecker T, Biedenkopf N, Krähling V, Tully CM, Edwards NJ, Bentley EM, Samuel D, Labbé G, Jin J, Gibani M, Minhinnick A, Wilkie M, Poulton I, Lella N, Roberts R, Hartnell F, Bliss C, Sierra-Davidson K, Powlson J, Berrie E, Tedder R, Roman F, De Ryck I, Nicosia A, Sullivan NJ, Stanley DA, Mbaya OT, Ledgerwood JE, Schwartz RM, Siani L, Colloca S, Folgori A, Di Marco S, Cortese R, Wright E, Becker S, Graham BS, Koup RA, Levine MM, Volkmann A, Chaplin P, Pollard AJ, Draper SJ, Ballou WR, Lawrie A, Gilbert SC, Hill AVS. A Monovalent Chimpanzee Adenovirus Ebola Vaccine Boosted with MVA. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1635-46. [PMID: 25629663 PMCID: PMC5798586 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1411627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The West African outbreak of Ebola virus disease that peaked in 2014 has caused more than 11,000 deaths. The development of an effective Ebola vaccine is a priority for control of a future outbreak. METHODS In this phase 1 study, we administered a single dose of the chimpanzee adenovirus 3 (ChAd3) vaccine encoding the surface glycoprotein of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) to 60 healthy adult volunteers in Oxford, United Kingdom. The vaccine was administered in three dose levels--1×10(10) viral particles, 2.5×10(10) viral particles, and 5×10(10) viral particles--with 20 participants in each group. We then assessed the effect of adding a booster dose of a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) strain, encoding the same Ebola virus glycoprotein, in 30 of the 60 participants and evaluated a reduced prime-boost interval in another 16 participants. We also compared antibody responses to inactivated whole Ebola virus virions and neutralizing antibody activity with those observed in phase 1 studies of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine expressing a ZEBOV glycoprotein (rVSV-ZEBOV) to determine relative potency and assess durability. RESULTS No safety concerns were identified at any of the dose levels studied. Four weeks after immunization with the ChAd3 vaccine, ZEBOV-specific antibody responses were similar to those induced by rVSV-ZEBOV vaccination, with a geometric mean titer of 752 and 921, respectively. ZEBOV neutralization activity was also similar with the two vaccines (geometric mean titer, 14.9 and 22.2, respectively). Boosting with the MVA vector increased virus-specific antibodies by a factor of 12 (geometric mean titer, 9007) and increased glycoprotein-specific CD8+ T cells by a factor of 5. Significant increases in neutralizing antibodies were seen after boosting in all 30 participants (geometric mean titer, 139; P<0.001). Virus-specific antibody responses in participants primed with ChAd3 remained positive 6 months after vaccination (geometric mean titer, 758) but were significantly higher in those who had received the MVA booster (geometric mean titer, 1750; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The ChAd3 vaccine boosted with MVA elicited B-cell and T-cell immune responses to ZEBOV that were superior to those induced by the ChAd3 vaccine alone. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02240875.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Ewer
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Tommy Rampling
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Navin Venkatraman
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Georgina Bowyer
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Danny Wright
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Teresa Lambe
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Egeruan B Imoukhuede
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Ruth Payne
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Sarah Katharina Fehling
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Thomas Strecker
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Verena Krähling
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Claire M Tully
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Nick J Edwards
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Emma M Bentley
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Dhanraj Samuel
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Geneviève Labbé
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Jing Jin
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Malick Gibani
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Alice Minhinnick
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Morven Wilkie
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Ian Poulton
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Natalie Lella
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Rachel Roberts
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Felicity Hartnell
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Carly Bliss
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Kailan Sierra-Davidson
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Jonathan Powlson
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Eleanor Berrie
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Richard Tedder
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Francois Roman
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Iris De Ryck
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Alfredo Nicosia
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Daphne A Stanley
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Olivier T Mbaya
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Richard M Schwartz
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Loredana Siani
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Stefano Colloca
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Antonella Folgori
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Stefania Di Marco
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Riccardo Cortese
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Edward Wright
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Stephan Becker
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Barney S Graham
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Richard A Koup
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Myron M Levine
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Ariane Volkmann
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Paul Chaplin
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Simon J Draper
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - W Ripley Ballou
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Alison Lawrie
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- From the Jenner Institute and Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford (K.E., T.R., N.V., G.B., D.W., T.L., E.B.I., R.P., C.M.T., N.J.E., G.L., J.J., M.G., A.M., M.W., I.P., N.L., R.R., F.H., C.B., K.S.-D., J.P., E.B., A.J.P., S.J.D., A.L., S.C.G., A.V.S.H.), and Viral Pseudotype Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster (E.M.B., E.W.), and Virus Reference Department, Public Health Agency (D.S., R.T.), London - all in the United Kingdom; the Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg (S.K.F., T.S., N.B., V.K., S.B.), and German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen (S.B.), Marburg, and Bavarian Nordic, Martinsried (A.V., P.C.) - all in Germany; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium (F.R., I.D.R., W.R.B.); ReiThera, Rome (A.N., L.S., S.C., A.F., S.D.M.), and CEINGE and the Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples (A.N.) - both in Italy; Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda (N.J.S., D.A.S., O.T.M., J.E.L., R.M.S., B.S.G., R.A.K.), and the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.M.L.) - both in Maryland; and Keires, Basel, Switzerland (R.C.)
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Agnandji ST, Huttner A, Zinser ME, Njuguna P, Dahlke C, Fernandes JF, Yerly S, Dayer JA, Kraehling V, Kasonta R, Adegnika AA, Altfeld M, Auderset F, Bache EB, Biedenkopf N, Borregaard S, Brosnahan JS, Burrow R, Combescure C, Desmeules J, Eickmann M, Fehling SK, Finckh A, Goncalves AR, Grobusch MP, Hooper J, Jambrecina A, Kabwende AL, Kaya G, Kimani D, Lell B, Lemaître B, Lohse AW, Massinga-Loembe M, Matthey A, Mordmüller B, Nolting A, Ogwang C, Ramharter M, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Schmiedel S, Silvera P, Stahl FR, Staines HM, Strecker T, Stubbe HC, Tsofa B, Zaki S, Fast P, Moorthy V, Kaiser L, Krishna S, Becker S, Kieny MP, Bejon P, Kremsner PG, Addo MM, Siegrist CA. Phase 1 Trials of rVSV Ebola Vaccine in Africa and Europe. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1647-60. [PMID: 25830326 PMCID: PMC5490784 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1502924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The replication-competent recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vaccine expressing a Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) glycoprotein was selected for rapid safety and immunogenicity testing before its use in West Africa. METHODS We performed three open-label, dose-escalation phase 1 trials and one randomized, double-blind, controlled phase 1 trial to assess the safety, side-effect profile, and immunogenicity of rVSV-ZEBOV at various doses in 158 healthy adults in Europe and Africa. All participants were injected with doses of vaccine ranging from 300,000 to 50 million plaque-forming units (PFU) or placebo. RESULTS No serious vaccine-related adverse events were reported. Mild-to-moderate early-onset reactogenicity was frequent but transient (median, 1 day). Fever was observed in up to 30% of vaccinees. Vaccine viremia was detected within 3 days in 123 of the 130 participants (95%) receiving 3 million PFU or more; rVSV was not detected in saliva or urine. In the second week after injection, arthritis affecting one to four joints developed in 11 of 51 participants (22%) in Geneva, with pain lasting a median of 8 days (interquartile range, 4 to 87); 2 self-limited cases occurred in 60 participants (3%) in Hamburg, Germany, and Kilifi, Kenya. The virus was identified in one synovial-fluid aspirate and in skin vesicles of 2 other vaccinees, showing peripheral viral replication in the second week after immunization. ZEBOV-glycoprotein-specific antibody responses were detected in all the participants, with similar glycoprotein-binding antibody titers but significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers at higher doses. Glycoprotein-binding antibody titers were sustained through 180 days in all participants. CONCLUSIONS In these studies, rVSV-ZEBOV was reactogenic but immunogenic after a single dose and warrants further evaluation for safety and efficacy. (Funded by the Wellcome Trust and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02283099, NCT02287480, and NCT02296983; Pan African Clinical Trials Registry number, PACTR201411000919191.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Selidji T Agnandji
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Angela Huttner
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Madeleine E Zinser
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Patricia Njuguna
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Christine Dahlke
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - José F Fernandes
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Sabine Yerly
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Julie-Anne Dayer
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Verena Kraehling
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Rahel Kasonta
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Akim A Adegnika
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Floriane Auderset
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Emmanuel B Bache
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Nadine Biedenkopf
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Saskia Borregaard
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Jessica S Brosnahan
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Rebekah Burrow
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Christophe Combescure
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Jules Desmeules
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Markus Eickmann
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Sarah K Fehling
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Axel Finckh
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Ana Rita Goncalves
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Jay Hooper
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Alen Jambrecina
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Anita L Kabwende
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Gürkan Kaya
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Domtila Kimani
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Bertrand Lell
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Barbara Lemaître
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Ansgar W Lohse
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Marguerite Massinga-Loembe
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Alain Matthey
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Anne Nolting
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Caroline Ogwang
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Michael Ramharter
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Stefan Schmiedel
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Peter Silvera
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Felix R Stahl
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Henry M Staines
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Thomas Strecker
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Hans C Stubbe
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Benjamin Tsofa
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Sherif Zaki
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Patricia Fast
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Vasee Moorthy
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Sanjeev Krishna
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Stephan Becker
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Marie-Paule Kieny
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Philip Bejon
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Marylyn M Addo
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- From the Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.); Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, and German Center for Infection Research, Tübingen (S.T.A., J.F.F., A.A.A., E.B.B., J.S.B., M.P.G., A.L.K., B. Lell, M.M.-L., B.M., M.R., S.K., P.G.K.), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 1st Department of Medicine (M.E.Z., C.D., R.K., A.W.L., A.N., S.S., H.C.S., M.M.A.), and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (F.R.S.), German Center for Infection Research, partner site Standort Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel (C.D., A.N., J.S.-C., H.C.S., M.M.A.), Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (M.A.), Clinical Trial Center North (S. Borregaard, A.J.), and Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, National Reference Center for Tropical Infectious Diseases (J.S.-C.), Hamburg, Philipps University Marburg, Institute for Virology, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Marburg (V.K., N.B., M.E., S.K.F., T.S., S. Becker), and the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (R.K.) - all in Germany; the Infection Control Program (A.H.), Divisions of Infectious Diseases (A.H., J.-A.D., L.K.), Clinical Epidemiology (C.C.), Rheumatology (A.F.), and Dermatology (G.K.), and Centers for Clinical Research (J.D., A.M.) and Vaccinology (C.-A.S.), Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, the Virology Laboratory, Geneva University Hospitals (S.Y., A.R.G., L.K.), WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine (F.A., B. Lemaître, C.-A.S.), and the WHO (P.F., V.M., M.-P.K.) - all in Geneva; the Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Program, Center for Geographic Medicine
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Schudt G, Dolnik O, Kolesnikova L, Biedenkopf N, Herwig A, Becker S. Transport of Ebolavirus Nucleocapsids Is Dependent on Actin Polymerization: Live-Cell Imaging Analysis of Ebolavirus-Infected Cells. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S160-6. [PMID: 26038396 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transport of ebolavirus (EBOV) nucleocapsids from perinuclear viral inclusions, where they are formed, to the site of budding at the plasma membrane represents an obligatory step of virus assembly. Until now, no live-cell studies on EBOV nucleocapsid transport have been performed, and participation of host cellular factors in this process, as well as the trajectories and speed of nucleocapsid transport, remain unknown. METHODS Live-cell imaging of EBOV-infected cells treated with different inhibitors of cellular cytoskeleton was used for the identification of cellular proteins involved in the nucleocapsid transport. EBOV nucleocapsids were visualized by expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled nucleocapsid viral protein 30 (VP30) in EBOV-infected cells. RESULTS Incorporation of the fusion protein VP30-GFP into EBOV nucleocapsids was confirmed by Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence analyses. Importantly, VP30-GFP fluorescence was readily detectable in the densely packed nucleocapsids inside perinuclear viral inclusions and in the dispersed rod-like nucleocapsids located outside of viral inclusions. Live-cell imaging of EBOV-infected cells revealed exit of single nucleocapsids from the viral inclusions and their intricate transport within the cytoplasm before budding at the plasma membrane. Nucleocapsid transport was arrested upon depolymerization of actin filaments (F-actin) and inhibition of the actin-nucleating Arp2/3 complex, and it was not altered upon depolymerization of microtubules or inhibition of N-WASP. Actin comet tails were often detected at the rear end of nucleocapsids. Marginally located nucleocapsids entered filopodia, moved inside, and budded from the tip of these thin cellular protrusions. CONCLUSIONS Live-cell imaging of EBOV-infected cells revealed actin-dependent long-distance transport of EBOV nucleocapsids before budding at the cell surface. These findings provide useful insights into EBOV assembly and have potential application in the development of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordian Schudt
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Astrid Herwig
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
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26
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Dahlmann F, Biedenkopf N, Babler A, Jahnen-Dechent W, Karsten CB, Gnirß K, Schneider H, Wrensch F, O'Callaghan CA, Bertram S, Herrler G, Becker S, Pöhlmann S, Hofmann-Winkler H. Analysis of Ebola Virus Entry Into Macrophages. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S247-57. [PMID: 25877552 PMCID: PMC4564540 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses constitute a public health threat, particularly in Central and Western Africa. Host cell factors required for spread of ebolaviruses may serve as targets for antiviral intervention. Lectins, TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (Tyro3, Axl, Mer), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (TIM) proteins, integrins, and Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) have been reported to promote entry of ebolaviruses into certain cellular systems. However, the factors used by ebolaviruses to invade macrophages, major viral targets, are poorly defined. Here, we show that mannose-specific lectins, TIM-1 and Axl augment entry into certain cell lines but do not contribute to Ebola virus (EBOV)-glycoprotein (GP)-driven transduction of macrophages. In contrast, expression of Mer, integrin αV, and NPC1 was required for efficient GP-mediated transduction and EBOV infection of macrophages. These results define cellular factors hijacked by EBOV for entry into macrophages and, considering that Mer and integrin αV promote phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, support the concept that EBOV relies on apoptotic mimicry to invade target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Babler
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University
| | | | - Christina B Karsten
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen Institutes for Cellular Chemistry
| | - Kerstin Gnirß
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen
| | | | | | | | | | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
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27
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Dickmann P, Apfel F, Biedenkopf N, Eickmann M, Becker S. Marburg biosafety and biosecurity scale (MBBS): a framework for risk assessment and risk communication. Health Secur 2015; 13:88-95. [PMID: 25813975 DOI: 10.1089/hs.2014.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current risk assessment and risk communication of biosafety and biosecurity concerns lack a convenient metric and conceptual framework. The absence of such a systematic tool makes communication more difficult and can lead to ambiguous public perception of and response to laboratory biosafety incidents and biosecurity threats. A new 7-category scoring scale is proposed for incidents and situations in laboratories related to the handling of human and animal pathogens. The scale aims to help clarify risk categories, facilitate coordination and communication, and improve public understanding of risk related to biosafety and biosecurity.
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Biedenkopf N, Hartlieb B, Hoenen T, Becker S. Phosphorylation of Ebola virus VP30 influences the composition of the viral nucleocapsid complex: impact on viral transcription and replication. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11165-74. [PMID: 23493393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.461285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is a non-segmented negative-sense RNA virus causing severe hemorrhagic fever with high fatality rates in humans and nonhuman primates. For transcription of the viral genome four viral proteins are essential: the nucleoprotein NP, the polymerase L, the polymerase cofactor VP35, and VP30. VP30 represents an essential Ebola virus-specific transcription factor whose activity is regulated via its phosphorylation state. In contrast to viral transcription, VP30 is not required for viral replication. Using a minigenome assay, we show that phosphorylation of VP30 inhibits viral transcription while viral replication is increased. Concurrently, phosphorylation of VP30 reciprocally regulates a newly described interaction of VP30 with VP35, and strengthens the interaction with NP. Our results indicate a critical role of VP30 phosphorylation for viral transcription and replication, suggesting a mechanism by which VP30 phosphorylation modulates the composition of the viral polymerase complex presumably forming a transcriptase in the presence of non-phosphorylated VP30 or a replicase in the presence of phosphorylated VP30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Biedenkopf
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 2, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Aleksandrowicz P, Marzi A, Biedenkopf N, Beimforde N, Becker S, Hoenen T, Feldmann H, Schnittler HJ. Ebola virus enters host cells by macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 3:S957-67. [PMID: 21987776 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus entry into host cells is the first step of infection and a crucial determinant of pathogenicity. Here we show that Ebola virus-like particles (EBOV-VLPs) composed of the glycoprotein GP(1,2) and the matrix protein VP40 use macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis to enter cells. EBOV-VLPs applied to host cells induced actin-driven ruffling and enhanced FITC-dextran uptake, which indicated macropinocytosis as the main entry mechanism. This was further supported by inhibition of entry through inhibitors of actin polymerization (latrunculin A), Na(+)/H(+)-exchanger (EIPA), and PI3-kinase (wortmannin). A fraction of EBOV-VLPs, however, colocalized with clathrin heavy chain (CHC), and VLP uptake was reduced by CHC small interfering RNA transfection and expression of the dominant negative dynamin II-K44A mutant. In contrast, we found no evidence that EBOV-VLPs enter cells via caveolae. This work identifies macropinocytosis as the major, and clathrin-dependent endocytosis as an alternative, entry route for EBOV particles. Therefore, EBOV seems to utilize different entry pathways depending on both cell type and virus particle size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Aleksandrowicz
- Institute of Anatomy and Vascular Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms University Muenster, Vesaliusweg, Germany
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DiCarlo A, Biedenkopf N, Hartlieb B, Klussmeier A, Becker S. Phosphorylation of Marburg virus NP region II modulates viral RNA synthesis. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 3:S927-33. [PMID: 21987771 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the Marburg virus nucleoprotein NP is distributed over 7 regions (I-VII) in its C-terminus. The exact localization of phosphorylated amino acids and function of NP phosphorylation are unknown. Here, we show that the major phosphate acceptor sites in NP region II are serine 446 and serines 453-455; the latter are located in a cluster of 6 serine residues (aa 450-455). The function of phosphorylation in region II was tested using an infectious virus-like particle assay. Phosphorylation influenced reporter gene activity that reflects viral transcription and replication. An NP mutant mimicking 3 phosphorylated serine residues at position 453-455 supported reporter gene activity better than wild-type NP. Negative charges at positions 450-452 and when the serine cluster was completely substituted by alanine inhibited reporter gene activity significantly. These data support the idea that phosphorylation of NP region II modulates viral RNA synthesis in transcription and/or replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea DiCarlo
- Faculty of Medicine, Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerweinstr, Marburg, Germany
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