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Rohner R, Kneihsl M, Goeldlin MB, Hakim A, Branca M, Abend S, Valenzuela Pinilla W, Fenzl S, Rezny-Kasprzak B, Strbian D, Trelle S, Paciaroni M, Thomalla G, Michel P, Nedeltchev K, Gattringer T, Sandset EC, Bonati L, Aguiar de Sousa D, Sylaja PN, Ntaios G, Koga M, Gdovinova Z, Lemmens R, Bornstein NM, Kelly P, Katan M, Horvath T, Dawson J, Fischer U. Early Versus Late Initiation of Direct Oral Anticoagulants After Ischemic Stroke in People With Atrial Fibrillation and Hemorrhagic Transformation: Prespecified Subanalysis of the Randomized-controlled ELAN Trial. Circulation 2024. [PMID: 38753452 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.124.069324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether hemorrhagic transformation (HT) modifies the treatment effect of early versus late initiation of direct oral anticoagulation (DOAC) in people with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation is unknown. METHODS This is a post-hoc analysis of the ELAN trial. The primary outcome was a composite of recurrent ischemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), major extracranial bleeding, systemic embolism, or vascular death within 30 days. Secondary outcomes were the individual components, 30- and 90-day functional outcome. We estimated outcomes based on HT, subclassified as hemorrhagic infarction (HI) or parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) on pre-randomization imaging (core-lab rating) using adjusted risk differences (aRD) between treatment arms. RESULTS Overall, 247/1970 (12.5%) participants had HT (114 HI 1, 77 HI 2, 34 PH 1, 22 PH 2). For the primary outcome, the estimated aRD (early versus late) was -2.2% (-7.8 to 3.5%) in people with HT (HI: -4.7%, -10.8 to 1.4%; PH: 6.1%, -8.4 to 20.7%), and -0.9% (-2.6 to 0.8%) in people without. Numbers of sICH were identical in people with and without HT. With early treatment, the estimated aRD for poor 90-day functional outcome (mRS 3-6) was 11.4% (-0.9 to 23.7%) in participants with HT (HI: 7.2%, -6.6 to 21.0%; PH: 25.1%, 0.2 to 50.0%), and -2.6% (-7.1 to 1.8%) in people without HT. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of major treatment effect heterogeneity or safety concerns with early versus late DOAC initiation in people with and without HT. However, early DOAC initiation may worsen functional outcomes in people with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Rohner
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kneihsl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arsany Hakim
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mattia Branca
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Abend
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Waldo Valenzuela Pinilla
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Fenzl
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beata Rezny-Kasprzak
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sven Trelle
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Paciaroni
- Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Patrik Michel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Else C Sandset
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leo Bonati
- Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden, Switzerland
| | - Diana Aguiar de Sousa
- Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital and Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P N Sylaja
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - George Ntaios
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zuzana Gdovinova
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik University, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital L. Pasteur Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Robin Lemmens
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter Kelly
- Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin/Department of Neurology, Mater University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mira Katan
- Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Horvath
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jesse Dawson
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Prats-Sanchez L, Camps-Renom P, Nash PS, Wilson D, Ambler G, Best JG, Guasch-Jiménez M, Ramos-Pachón A, Martinez-Domeño A, Lambea-Gil Á, Díaz GE, Guisado-Alonso D, Du H, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GY, Ay H, Jung S, Bornstein NM, Gattringer T, Eppinger S, van Dam-Nolen DH, Koga M, Toyoda K, Fluri F, Phan TG, Srikanth VK, Heo JH, Bae HJ, Kelly PJ, Imaizumi T, Staals J, Köhler S, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Smith EE, Wardlaw JM, Chappell FM, Makin SD, Mas JL, Calvet D, Bordet R, Chen CP, Veltkamp R, Kandiah N, Simister RJ, De Leeuw FE, Engelter ST, Peters N, Soo YO, Zietz A, Hendrikse J, Mess WH, Werring DJ, Marti-Fabregas J. Statin Therapy for Secondary Prevention in Ischemic Stroke Patients With Cerebral Microbleeds. Neurology 2024; 102:e209173. [PMID: 38471056 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The association between statin use and the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICrH) following ischemic stroke (IS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) in patients with cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) remains uncertain. This study investigated the risk of recurrent IS and ICrH in patients receiving statins based on the presence of CMBs. METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network, comprising 32 hospital-based prospective studies fulfilling the following criteria: adult patients with IS or TIA, availability of appropriate baseline MRI for CMB quantification and distribution, registration of statin use after the index stroke, and collection of stroke event data during a follow-up period of ≥3 months. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of recurrent symptomatic stroke (IS or ICrH), while secondary endpoints included IS alone or ICrH alone. We calculated incidence rates and performed Cox regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, and use of antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs to explore the association between statin use and stroke events during follow-up in patients with CMBs. RESULTS In total, 16,373 patients were included (mean age 70.5 ± 12.8 years; 42.5% female). Among them, 10,812 received statins at discharge, and 4,668 had 1 or more CMBs. The median follow-up duration was 1.34 years (interquartile range: 0.32-2.44). In patients with CMBs, statin users were compared with nonusers. Compared with nonusers, statin therapy was associated with a reduced risk of any stroke (incidence rate [IR] 53 vs 79 per 1,000 patient-years, adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.68 [95% CI 0.56-0.84]), a reduced risk of IS (IR 39 vs 65 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51-0.82]), and no association with the risk of ICrH (IR 11 vs 16 per 1,000 patient-years, aHR 0.73 [95% CI 0.46-1.15]). The results in aHR remained consistent when considering anatomical distribution and high burden (≥5) of CMBs. DISCUSSION These observational data suggest that secondary stroke prevention with statins in patients with IS or TIA and CMBs is associated with a lower risk of any stroke or IS without an increased risk of ICrH. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that for patients with IS or TIA and CMBs, statins lower the risk of any stroke or IS without increasing the risk of ICrH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Prats-Sanchez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Pol Camps-Renom
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Philip S Nash
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Duncan Wilson
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gareth Ambler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan G Best
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Guasch-Jiménez
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Ramos-Pachón
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Martinez-Domeño
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Álvaro Lambea-Gil
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Garbiñe Ezcurra Díaz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Guisado-Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Houwei Du
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Rolf Jäger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Y Lip
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hakan Ay
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Jung
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dianne H van Dam-Nolen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Fluri
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Thanh G Phan
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Staals
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Dilek Necioglu Orken
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Eric E Smith
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen D Makin
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David Calvet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher P Chen
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Simister
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik De Leeuw
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nils Peters
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Yannie O Soo
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Werner H Mess
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - David J Werring
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- From the Department of Neurology (L.P.-S., P.C.-R., A.R.-P., A.M.-D., J.M.-F.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Stroke Research Centre (P.S.N., D.W., D.J.W.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Department of Statistical Science (G.A., J.G.B.), University College London, United Kingdom; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (M.G.-J., Á.L.-G., G.E.D., D.G.-A.), Barcelona, Spain; UCL Stroke Research Centre (H.D.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Stroke Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (R.A.-S.S.), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Neuroradiological Academic Unit (H.R.J.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London; Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, The National Hospital of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square London; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool (G.Y.L.), Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom; and Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark; A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging (H.A.), Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, MA; Department of Neurology (S.J.), University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neurology (N.M.B.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Department of Neurology (T.G., S.E.); Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (D.H.D.-N.), Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M.K., K.T.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (F.F.), University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany; Stroke and Ageing Research Group (T.G.P.), School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health; Peninsula Clinical School (V.K.S.), Peninsula Health, Monash University; National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Neurology (J.H.H.), Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Neurology (H.-J.B.), Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea; The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board (P.J.K.), Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin; Department of Neurosurgery (T.I.), Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan; Department of Neurology (J.S., S.K.), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology (Y.Y.), Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (D.N.O.), Istanbul Arel University, Turkey; Calgary Stroke Program (E.E.S.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary; Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.M.W., F.M.C.), Edinburgh Imaging; and UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh; Centre for Rural Health (S.D.M.), University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (J.-L.M., D.C.), GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte Anne, Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266; Univ. Lille (R.B.), Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France; Memory Aging and Cognition Centre (C.P.C.), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore,; Department of Brain Sciences (R.V.), Imperial College London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany; Department of Neurology (N.K.), National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore; Stroke Research Centre (R.J.S.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (F.-E.D.L.), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (S.T.E.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER; University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (N.P.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel; Stroke Center Klinik Hirslanden Zürich, Switzerland; Division of Neurology (Y.O.S.), Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre (A.Z.), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (J.H.), University Medical Center Utrecht; and Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (W.H.M.), Maastricht University Medical Center/Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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Ben Pazi H, Jahashan S, Har Nof S, Zibman S, Yanai-Kohelet O, Prigan L, Intrator N, Bornstein NM, Ribo M. Pre-hospital stroke monitoring past, present, and future: a perspective. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1341170. [PMID: 38585364 PMCID: PMC10995241 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1341170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrated brain-machine interface signifies a transformative advancement in neurological monitoring and intervention modalities for events such as stroke, the leading cause of disability. Historically, stroke management relied on clinical evaluation and imaging. While today's stroke landscape integrates artificial intelligence for proactive clinical decision-making, mainly in imaging and stroke detection, it depends on clinical observation for early detection. Cardiovascular monitoring and detection systems, which have become standard throughout healthcare and wellness settings, provide a model for future cerebrovascular monitoring and detection. This commentary reviews the progression of continuous stroke monitoring, spotlighting contemporary innovations and prospective avenues, and emphasizes the influential roles of cutting-edge technologies in shaping stroke care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sagi Har Nof
- Neurosurgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Natan M. Bornstein
- Stroke Unit, Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Tel Aviv Medical School, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc Ribo
- Stroke Unit, Neurology, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Soo Y, Zietz A, Yiu B, Mok VCT, Polymeris AA, Seiffge D, Ambler G, Wilson D, Leung TWH, Tsang SF, Chu W, Abrigo J, Cheng C, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak H, Collet R, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Demirelli DS, Bornstein NM, Assayag EB, Hallevi H, Molad J, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Coutts SB, Kappelle LJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jager R, Lip GYH, Goeldlin MB, Panos LD, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Bellut M, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams D, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Nederkoorn PJ, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Mendyk AM, Köhler S, van Oostenburgge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, Hendrikse J, Wardlaw J, Kelly P, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Smith EE, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Toyoda K, Yoshimura S, Bae HJ, Martí-Fàbregas J, Prats-Sánchez L, Lyrer P, Best J, Werring D, Engelter ST, Peters N. Impact of Cerebral Microbleeds in Stroke Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:61-74. [PMID: 36928609 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cerebral microbleeds are associated with the risks of ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage, causing clinical dilemmas for antithrombotic treatment decisions. We aimed to evaluate the risks of intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke associated with microbleeds in patients with atrial fibrillation treated with vitamin K antagonists, direct oral anticoagulants, antiplatelets, and combination therapy (i.e. concurrent oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet). METHODS We included patients with documented atrial fibrillation from the pooled individual patient data analysis by the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network. Risks of subsequent intracranial hemorrhage and ischemic stroke were compared between patients with and without microbleeds, stratified by antithrombotic use. RESULTS A total of 7,839 patients were included. The presence of microbleeds was associated with an increased relative risk of intracranial hemorrhage (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.76-4.26) and ischemic stroke (aHR = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.04-1.59). For the entire cohort, the absolute incidence of ischemic stroke was higher than intracranial hemorrhage regardless of microbleed burden. However, for the subgroup of patients taking combination of anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy, the absolute risk of intracranial hemorrhage exceeded that of ischemic stroke in those with 2 to 4 microbleeds (25 vs 12 per 1,000 patient-years) and ≥ 11 microbleeds (94 vs 48 per 1,000 patient-years). INTERPRETATION Patients with atrial fibrillation and high burden of microbleeds receiving combination therapy have a tendency of higher rate of intracranial hemorrhage than ischemic stroke, with potential for net harm. Further studies are needed to help optimize stroke preventive strategies in this high-risk group. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:61-74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannie Soo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Annaelle Zietz
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brian Yiu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Vincent C T Mok
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Wai Hong Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Suk Fung Tsang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Cyrus Cheng
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- APHP, Lariboisière Hospital, Translational Neurovascular Centre, F-75475 Paris, France, FHU NeuroVasc, Université de Paris and INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg/Mannheim Hospital, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Roger Collet
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Y K Lam
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Adrian Wong
- Gerald Choa Neuroscience Institute, Margaret K. L. Cheung Research Centre for Management of Parkinsonism, Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Lau Tat-chuen Research Centre of Brain Degenerative Diseases in Chinese, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Eppinger
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ender Uysal
- Antalya Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Radiology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Derya Selçuk Demirelli
- Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rolf Jager
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Martina B Goeldlin
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas D Panos
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neuroradiology Department, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chris Karayiannis
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maximilian Bellut
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Centre for Rural Health, Institute for Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- Acute Medical Unit and Department of Age-related Healthcare, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland and Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Browning
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil Man Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenburgge
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Regis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Dementia Research Centre (Singapore), Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Division of Neuroimaging Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, Edinburgh, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh and NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, National Centre for Healthy Ageing, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- GHU-Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Neurology Department and Stroke Unit, Sainte-Anne Hospital, and Université de Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
- A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ji-Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Hakan Ay
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Université de Paris-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Lariboisière, FHU NeuroVasc, INSERM NeuroDiderot U1141, Paris, France
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Sohei Yoshimura
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joan Martí-Fàbregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Prats-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Best
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - David Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Stroke Center, Klinik Hirslanden, Zürich, Switzerland
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5
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Fischer U, Koga M, Strbian D, Branca M, Abend S, Trelle S, Paciaroni M, Thomalla G, Michel P, Nedeltchev K, Bonati LH, Ntaios G, Gattringer T, Sandset EC, Kelly P, Lemmens R, Sylaja PN, Aguiar de Sousa D, Bornstein NM, Gdovinova Z, Yoshimoto T, Tiainen M, Thomas H, Krishnan M, Shim GC, Gumbinger C, Vehoff J, Zhang L, Matsuzono K, Kristoffersen E, Desfontaines P, Vanacker P, Alonso A, Yakushiji Y, Kulyk C, Hemelsoet D, Poli S, Paiva Nunes A, Caracciolo N, Slade P, Demeestere J, Salerno A, Kneihsl M, Kahles T, Giudici D, Tanaka K, Räty S, Hidalgo R, Werring DJ, Göldlin M, Arnold M, Ferrari C, Beyeler S, Fung C, Weder BJ, Tatlisumak T, Fenzl S, Rezny-Kasprzak B, Hakim A, Salanti G, Bassetti C, Gralla J, Seiffge DJ, Horvath T, Dawson J. Early versus Later Anticoagulation for Stroke with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2023. [PMID: 37222476 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2303048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of early as compared with later initiation of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in persons with atrial fibrillation who have had an acute ischemic stroke is unclear. METHODS We performed an investigator-initiated, open-label trial at 103 sites in 15 countries. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to early anticoagulation (within 48 hours after a minor or moderate stroke or on day 6 or 7 after a major stroke) or later anticoagulation (day 3 or 4 after a minor stroke, day 6 or 7 after a moderate stroke, or day 12, 13, or 14 after a major stroke). Assessors were unaware of the trial-group assignments. The primary outcome was a composite of recurrent ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, major extracranial bleeding, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, or vascular death within 30 days after randomization. Secondary outcomes included the components of the composite primary outcome at 30 and 90 days. RESULTS Of 2013 participants (37% with minor stroke, 40% with moderate stroke, and 23% with major stroke), 1006 were assigned to early anticoagulation and 1007 to later anticoagulation. A primary-outcome event occurred in 29 participants (2.9%) in the early-treatment group and 41 participants (4.1%) in the later-treatment group (risk difference, -1.18 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -2.84 to 0.47) by 30 days. Recurrent ischemic stroke occurred in 14 participants (1.4%) in the early-treatment group and 25 participants (2.5%) in the later-treatment group (odds ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.07) by 30 days and in 18 participants (1.9%) and 30 participants (3.1%), respectively, by 90 days (odds ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.33 to 1.06). Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred in 2 participants (0.2%) in both groups by 30 days. CONCLUSIONS In this trial, the incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, major extracranial bleeding, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, or vascular death at 30 days was estimated to range from 2.8 percentage points lower to 0.5 percentage points higher (based on the 95% confidence interval) with early than with later use of DOACs. (Funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation and others; ELAN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03148457.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Fischer
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Daniel Strbian
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Mattia Branca
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Stefanie Abend
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Sven Trelle
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Maurizio Paciaroni
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Götz Thomalla
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Patrik Michel
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Krassen Nedeltchev
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Leo H Bonati
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - George Ntaios
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Else-Charlotte Sandset
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Peter Kelly
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Robin Lemmens
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - P N Sylaja
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Diana Aguiar de Sousa
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Zuzana Gdovinova
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Takeshi Yoshimoto
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Marjaana Tiainen
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Helen Thomas
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Manju Krishnan
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Gek C Shim
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Christoph Gumbinger
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Jochen Vehoff
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Liqun Zhang
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Kosuke Matsuzono
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Espen Kristoffersen
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Philippe Desfontaines
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Peter Vanacker
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Angelika Alonso
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Caterina Kulyk
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Dimitri Hemelsoet
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Sven Poli
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Ana Paiva Nunes
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Nicoletta Caracciolo
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Peter Slade
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Jelle Demeestere
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Alexander Salerno
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Markus Kneihsl
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Timo Kahles
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Daria Giudici
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Kanta Tanaka
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Silja Räty
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Rea Hidalgo
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - David J Werring
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Martina Göldlin
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Marcel Arnold
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Cecilia Ferrari
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Seraina Beyeler
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Christian Fung
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Bruno J Weder
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Sabine Fenzl
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Beata Rezny-Kasprzak
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Arsany Hakim
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Georgia Salanti
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Claudio Bassetti
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Jan Gralla
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - David J Seiffge
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Thomas Horvath
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
| | - Jesse Dawson
- From the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel (U.F., T.K.), the Department of Neurology (U.F., S.A., K.N., M.G., M.A., C. Ferrari, S.B., C.B., D.J.S., T.H.), the Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (B.J.W.), and the Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology (S.F., B.R.-K., A.H., J.G.), University Hospital Bern, and CTU Bern (M.B., S.T.), Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (G.S.), University of Bern, Bern, the Department of Neurology, University Hospital Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne (P.M., A.S.), the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau (K.N., T.K.), the Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden, Rheinfelden (L.H.B.), and the Department of Neurology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen (J.V.) - all in Switzerland; the Departments of Cerebrovascular Medicine (M. Koga, K.T.) and Neurology (T.Y.), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi (K.M.), and the Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata (Y.Y.) - all in Japan; the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, and University of Helsinki, Helsinki (D.S., M.T., S.R.); Internal, Vascular, and Emergency Medicine, Stroke Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia (M.P., D.G.), and the Department of Human Neurosciences, University La Sapienza, Rome (N.C.) - both in Italy; the Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (G.T.), the Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital (C.G.), and the Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg (A.A.), Heidelberg, the Department of Neurology and Stroke and the Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tübingen University, Tübingen (S.P.), and the Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg (C. Fung) - all in Germany; the Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.); the Department of Neurology, and the Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz (T.G., M. Kneihsl), and the Department of Neurology 2, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University, Linz (C.K.) - both in Austria; the Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital (E.-C.S.), the Department of General Practice, University of Oslo (E.K.), and the Norwegian Air Ambulance Foundation (E.-C.S.), Oslo, and the Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog (E.K.) - all in Norway; the Department of Neurology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin (P.K.); KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, and the Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (R.L., J. Demeestere), the Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Unit, CHC MontLégia Hospital, Liège (P.D.), the Department of Neurology, Algemeen Ziekenhuis Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk (P.V.), the Neurovascular Center and Stroke Unit Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp (P.V.), and the Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent (D.H.) - all in Belgium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India (P.N.S.); the Stroke Center, Lisbon Central University Hospital (D.A.S., A.P.N.) and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon (D.A.S.) - both in Lisbon, Portugal; the Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem (N.M.B.); the Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, and University Hospital Louis Pasteur - both in Košice, Slovakia (Z.G.); Glan Clwyd Hospital, Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl (H.T., R.H.), the Stroke Unit, Morriston Hospital, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea (M. Krishnan, P.S.), the Stroke Department, University Hospital of North Durham, Durham (G.C.S.), the Department of Neurology, St. George's University Hospital (L.Z.), and the Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London (D.J.W.), London, and the School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow (J. Dawson) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, and the Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital - both in Gothenburg, Sweden (T.T.)
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Molad J, Hallevi H, Seyman E, Rotschild O, Bornstein NM, Tene O, Giladi N, Hausdorff JM, Mirelman A, Ben Assayag E. CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism-a possible protective factor from gait impairment amongst post-stroke patients. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:692-701. [PMID: 36380716 PMCID: PMC10107159 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke and small vessel disease cause gait disturbances and falls. The naturally occurring loss-of-function mutation in the C-C chemokine receptor 5 gene (CCR5-Δ32) has recently been reported as a protective factor in post-stroke motor and cognitive recovery. We sought to examine whether it also influences gait and balance measures up to 2 years after stroke. METHOD Participants were 575 survivors of first-ever, mild-moderate ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack from the TABASCO prospective study, who underwent a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and were examined by a multi-professional team 6, 12 and 24 months after the event, using neurological, neuropsychological and mobility examinations. Gait rhythm and the timing of the gait cycle were measured by force-sensitive insoles. CCR5-Δ32 status and gait measures were available for 335 patients. RESULTS CCR5-Δ32 carriers (16.4%) had higher gait speed and decreased (better) stride and swing time variability 6 and 12 months after the index event compared to non-carriers (p < 0.01 for all). The association remained significant after adjustment for age, gender, education, ethnicity and stroke severity. CONCLUSIONS Significant associations were found between gait measurements and CCR5-Δ32 loss-of-function mutation amongst stroke survivors. This is the first study showing that genetic predisposition may predict long-term gait function after ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Estelle Seyman
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ofer Rotschild
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oren Tene
- Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Giladi
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M Hausdorff
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for the Study of Movement, Cognition, and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Saver JL, Duncan PW, Stein J, Cramer SC, Eng JJ, Lifshitz A, Hochberg A, Bornstein NM. EMAGINE-Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial for determining the efficacy of a frequency tuned electromagnetic field treatment in facilitating recovery within the subacute phase following ischemic stroke. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1148074. [PMID: 37213907 PMCID: PMC10196621 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1148074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability with limited effective interventions that improve recovery in the subacute phase. This protocol aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a non-invasive, extremely low-frequency, low-intensity, frequency-tuned electromagnetic field treatment [Electromagnetic Network Targeting Field (ENTF) therapy] in reducing disability and promoting recovery in people with subacute ischemic stroke (IS) with moderate-severe disability and upper extremity (UE) motor impairment. Following a sample-size adaptive design with a single interim analysis, at least 150 and up to 344 participants will be recruited to detect a 0.5-point (with a minimum of 0.33 points) difference on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) between groups with 80% power at a 5% significance level. This ElectroMAGnetic field Ischemic stroke-Novel subacutE treatment (EMAGINE) trial is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel two-arm study to be conducted at approximately 20 United States sites, and enroll participants with subacute IS and moderate-severe disability with UE motor impairment. Participants will be assigned to active (ENTF) or sham treatment, initiated 4-21 days after stroke onset. The intervention, applied to the central nervous system, is designed for suitability in multiple clinical settings and at home. Primary endpoint is change in mRS score from baseline to 90 days post-stroke. Secondary endpoints: change from baseline to 90 days post-stroke on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment - UE (lead secondary endpoint), Box and Block Test, 10-Meter Walk, and others, to be analyzed in a hierarchical manner. EMAGINE will evaluate whether ENTF therapy is safe and effective at reducing disability following subacute IS. Trial registration www.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05044507 (14 September 2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L. Saver
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey L. Saver
| | - Pamela W. Duncan
- School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joel Stein
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, White Plains, NY, United States
| | - Steven C. Cramer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- California Rehabilitation Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Janice J. Eng
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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8
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Fischer U, Trelle S, Branca M, Salanti G, Paciaroni M, Ferrari C, Abend S, Beyeler S, Strbian D, Thomalla G, Ntaios G, Bonati LH, Michel P, Nedeltchev K, Gattringer T, Sandset EC, Kelly P, Lemmens R, Koga M, Sylaja PN, de Sousa DA, Bornstein NM, Gdovinova Z, Seiffge DJ, Gralla J, Horvath T, Dawson J. Early versus Late initiation of direct oral Anticoagulants in post-ischaemic stroke patients with atrial fibrillatioN (ELAN): Protocol for an international, multicentre, randomised-controlled, two-arm, open, assessor-blinded trial. Eur Stroke J 2022; 7:487-495. [PMID: 36478762 PMCID: PMC9720853 DOI: 10.1177/23969873221106043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are highly effective in preventing ischaemic strokes in people with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it is unclear how soon they should be started after acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). Early initiation may reduce early risk of recurrence but might increase the risk of haemorrhagic complications. AIM To estimate the safety and efficacy of early initiation of DOACs compared to late guideline-based initiation in people with AIS related to AF. METHODS AND DESIGN An international, multicentre, randomised (1:1) controlled, two-arm, open, assessor-blinded trial is being conducted. Early treatment is defined as DOAC initiation within 48 h of a minor or moderate stroke, or at day 6-7 following major stroke. Late treatment is defined as DOAC initiation after day 3-4 following minor stroke, after day 6-7 following moderate stroke and after day 12-14 following major stroke. Severity of stroke is defined according to imaging assessment of infarct size. SAMPLE SIZE ELAN will randomise 2000 participants 1:1 to early versus late initiation of DOACs. This assumes a risk difference of 0.5% favouring the early arm, allowing an upper limit of the 95% confidence interval up to 1.5% based on the Miettinen & Nurminen formula. OUTCOMES The primary outcome is a composite of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, major extracranial bleeding, recurrent ischaemic stroke, systemic embolism or vascular death at 30 ± 3 days after randomisation. Secondary outcomes include the individual components of the primary outcome at 30 ± 3 and 90 ± 7 days and functional status at 90 ± 7 days. DISCUSSION ELAN will estimate whether there is a clinically important difference in safety and efficacy outcomes following early anticoagulation with a DOAC compared to late guideline-based treatment in neuroimaging-selected people with an AIS due to AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Trelle
- CTU Bern, University of Bern, Bern,
Switzerland
| | | | - Georgia Salanti
- Institute of Social and Preventive
Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Cecilia Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Abend
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Seraina Beyeler
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Strbian
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki
University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Götz Thomalla
- Department of Neurology, University
Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - George Ntaios
- Department of Internal Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa,
Greece
| | - Leo H Bonati
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Research Department, Reha Rheinfelden,
Rheinfelden, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Michel
- Department of Neurology, Lausanne
University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krassen Nedeltchev
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Cantonal
Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gattringer
- Department of Neurology, and Division
of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology,
Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Else Charlotte Sandset
- Department of Neurology, Oslo
University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian Air Ambulance
Foundation, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter Kelly
- Department of Neurology, Dublin Mater
Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Brain and Disease
Research, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular
Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Padmavathy N Sylaja
- Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra
Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Diana Aguiar de Sousa
- Stroke Center, Central Lisbon
University Hospital Center, and University of LIsbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Shaare-Zedek
Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Zuzana Gdovinova
- Department of Neurology, P.J. Safarik
University and University Hospital L. Pasteur Kosice, Slovakia
| | - David J Seiffge
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gralla
- Department of Diagnostic and
Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, and University of Bern,
Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Horvath
- Department of Neurology, University
Hospital Bern, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and
Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of
Glasgow, UK
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Weisinger B, Pandey DP, Saver JL, Hochberg A, Bitton A, Doniger GM, Lifshitz A, Vardi O, Shohami E, Segal Y, Reznik Balter S, Djemal Kay Y, Alter A, Prasad A, Bornstein NM. Frequency-tuned electromagnetic field therapy improves post-stroke motor function: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1004677. [PMID: 36452175 PMCID: PMC9702345 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1004677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Impaired upper extremity (UE) motor function is a common disability after ischemic stroke. Exposure to extremely low frequency and low intensity electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) in a frequency-specific manner (Electromagnetic Network Targeting Field therapy; ENTF therapy) is a non-invasive method available to a wide range of patients that may enhance neuroplasticity, potentially facilitating motor recovery. This study seeks to quantify the benefit of the ENTF therapy on UE motor function in a subacute ischemic stroke population. METHODS In a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind trial, ischemic stroke patients in the subacute phase with moderately to severely impaired UE function were randomly allocated to active or sham treatment with a novel, non-invasive, brain computer interface-based, extremely low frequency and low intensity ENTF therapy (1-100 Hz, < 1 G). Participants received 40 min of active ENTF or sham treatment 5 days/week for 8 weeks; ~three out of the five treatments were accompanied by 10 min of concurrent physical/occupational therapy. Primary efficacy outcome was improvement on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment - Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) from baseline to end of treatment (8 weeks). RESULTS In the per protocol set (13 ENTF and 8 sham participants), mean age was 54.7 years (±15.0), 19% were female, baseline FMA-UE score was 23.7 (±11.0), and median time from stroke onset to first stimulation was 11 days (interquartile range (IQR) 8-15). Greater improvement on the FMA-UE from baseline to week 4 was seen with ENTF compared to sham stimulation, 23.2 ± 14.1 vs. 9.6 ± 9.0, p = 0.007; baseline to week 8 improvement was 31.5 ± 10.7 vs. 23.1 ± 14.1. Similar favorable effects at week 8 were observed for other UE and global disability assessments, including the Action Research Arm Test (Pinch, 13.4 ± 5.6 vs. 5.3 ± 6.5, p = 0.008), Box and Blocks Test (affected hand, 22.5 ± 12.4 vs. 8.5 ± 8.6, p < 0.0001), and modified Rankin Scale (-2.5 ± 0.7 vs. -1.3 ± 0.7, p = 0.0005). No treatment-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS ENTF stimulation in subacute ischemic stroke patients was associated with improved UE motor function and reduced overall disability, and results support its safe use in the indicated population. These results should be confirmed in larger multicenter studies. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04039178, identifier: NCT04039178.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dharam P. Pandey
- Manipal Hospital Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, New Delhi, India
| | - Jeffrey L. Saver
- Department of Neurology, UCLA Comprehensive Stroke and Vascular Neurology Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Ofir Vardi
- BrainQ Technologies, Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- BrainQ Technologies, Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Segal
- BrainQ Technologies, Ltd., Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Atul Prasad
- Department of Neurology, B. L. Kapur Super Specialty Hospital (BLK), National Capital Territory of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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10
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Bornstein NM, Csiba L, Baracchini C, Kierulf Brækken S, Malojcic B. David Russell 1948–2022. Eur Stroke J 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23969873221108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Branko Malojcic
- Department of Neurology, Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Masiliūnas R, Vilionskis A, Bornstein NM, Rastenytė D, Jatužis D. The impact of a comprehensive national policy on improving acute stroke patient care in Lithuania. Eur Stroke J 2022; 7:134-142. [PMID: 35647307 PMCID: PMC9134776 DOI: 10.1177/23969873221089158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reperfusion therapy (RT) is a mainstay treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). We aimed to evaluate the impact of a comprehensive national policy (CNP) to improve access to RT for AIS patients across Lithuania. Patients and methods: Aggregated anonymized data on AIS cases treated in Lithuanian hospitals between 2006 and 2019 were retrospectively obtained from the Institute of Hygiene and the Stroke Integrated Care Management Committee. Through an interrupted time series analysis, we examined the trends in AIS hospital admissions, RT, and in-hospital case fatality rates prior to the enactment of CNP in 2014, changes immediately after the intervention, and differences in trends between the pre- and post-intervention periods. Mean yearly door-to-needle times were calculated post-intervention. Results: 114,436 cases were treated for AIS in Lithuanian hospitals before, and 65,084 after the government intervention. We observed a significant decreasing post-intervention trend change in AIS hospital admission rate per 100,000 population (regression coefficient ± standard error: β = –16.47 ± 3.95, p = 0.002) and an increasing trend change in the proportion of AIS patients who received reperfusion treatment: intravenous thrombolysis (β = 1.42 ± 0.96, p < 0.001) and endovascular therapy (β = 0.85 ± 0.05, p < 0.001). The proportion of patients treated in stroke centers increased immediately after the intervention (β = 4.95 ± 1.14, p = 0.001), but the long-term post-intervention trend did not change. In addition, there was a significant decreasing trend in all cause in-hospital case fatality rate within primary and comprehensive stroke centers after the intervention (β = –0.60 ± 0.18, p = 0.008) despite its prompt initial immediate increase (β = 1.68 ± 0.73, p = 0.043). The mean countrywide door-to-needle time decreased from 68 min in 2014 to 43 min in 2019. Conclusion: The comprehensive national stroke patient care policy could be associated with an immediate increase in stroke center treatment rate, increased access to RT, and improved stroke care performance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandras Vilionskis
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Neurological Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daiva Rastenytė
- Department of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Jatužis
- Center of Neurology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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12
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Ben Assayag E, Tene O, Korczyn AD, Solomon Z, Bornstein NM, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Seyman E, Niry D, Molad J, Hallevi H. Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After Stroke: The Effects of Anatomy and Coping Style. Stroke 2022; 53:1924-1933. [PMID: 35264011 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.036635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be triggered by life-threatening medical emergencies, such as stroke. Data suggest that up to 25% of stroke survivors will develop PTSD symptomatology, but little is known about predisposing factors. We sought to examine whether neuroimaging measures and coping styles are related to PTSD symptoms after stroke. METHODS Participants were survivors of first-ever, mild-moderate ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack from the TABASCO study (Tel Aviv Brain Acute Stroke Cohort). All participants underwent a 3T magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and were examined 6, 12, and 24 months thereafter, using neurological, neuropsychological, and functional evaluations. At baseline, coping styles were evaluated by a self-reported questionnaire. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PTSD checklist. Data were available for 436 patients. RESULTS Forty-eight participants (11%) developed probable PTSD (PTSD checklist ≥44) during the first year after the stroke/transient ischemic attack. Stroke was more likely to cause PTSD than transient ischemic attack. Stroke severity, larger white matter lesion volume, and worse hippocampal connectivity were associated with PTSD severity, while infarct volume or location was not. In a multivariate analysis, high-anxious and defensive coping styles were associated with a 6.66-fold higher risk of developing poststroke PTSD ([95% CI, 2.08-21.34]; P<0.01) compared with low-anxious and repressive coping styles, after adjusting for age, education, stroke severity, brain atrophy, and depression. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, PTSD was a common sequela among stroke survivors. We suggest that risk factors for PTSD development include stroke severity, white matter damage, and premorbid coping styles. Early identification of at-risk patients is key to effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einor Ben Assayag
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., O.T., S.S.-T., E.S., D.N., J.M., H.H.).,Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. (E.B.A., O.T., A.D.K., S.S.-T., D.N., H.H.)
| | - Oren Tene
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., O.T., S.S.-T., E.S., D.N., J.M., H.H.).,Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. (E.B.A., O.T., A.D.K., S.S.-T., D.N., H.H.)
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. (E.B.A., O.T., A.D.K., S.S.-T., D.N., H.H.)
| | - Zahava Solomon
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Israel. (Z.S.)
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.)
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., O.T., S.S.-T., E.S., D.N., J.M., H.H.).,Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. (E.B.A., O.T., A.D.K., S.S.-T., D.N., H.H.)
| | - Estelle Seyman
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., O.T., S.S.-T., E.S., D.N., J.M., H.H.)
| | - Dana Niry
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., O.T., S.S.-T., E.S., D.N., J.M., H.H.).,Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. (E.B.A., O.T., A.D.K., S.S.-T., D.N., H.H.)
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., O.T., S.S.-T., E.S., D.N., J.M., H.H.)
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., O.T., S.S.-T., E.S., D.N., J.M., H.H.).,Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. (E.B.A., O.T., A.D.K., S.S.-T., D.N., H.H.)
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13
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Weisinger B, Bornstein NM, Shohami E, Segal Y, Alter A, Lifshitz A, Prasad A, Pandey DP. Novel and non-invasive brain-computer interface-based stimulation device using frequency tuned electromagnetic fields to significantly reduce disability following sub-acute ischemic stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Brain Stimul 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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14
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Zamir E, Libruder C, Murad H, Hershkovitz Y, Zamir A, Tanne D, Bornstein NM, Zucker I. Diabetes associated risk for mortality increases with time among first stroke survivors - Findings from the Israeli National Stroke Registry. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107999. [PMID: 34344621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2021.107999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a major risk factor for ischemic stroke and may affect post-stroke survival. Previous large scale studies of long-term post-stroke survival are limited and most of them excluded older patients from the study population. OBJECTIVES To compare the risk factors and sociodemographic characteristics between first ischemic stroke cases with and without diabetes and to assess the mortality risk associated with diabetes. METHODS Using population-based National Stroke Registry in Israel, all patients hospitalized for a first event of ischemic stroke between the years 2014-2018 were followed for all-cause mortality. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the differences in risk factors, sociodemographic profile and cumulative mortality between patients with and without diabetes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratio for mortality in selected timeframes. RESULTS Among 41,639 patients with a first event of ischemic stroke, 44.5% were previously diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetic patients were more likely to be males, members of the Arab ethnic group, with lower socioeconomic status and a higher prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities, anemia, leukocytosis and abnormal kidney function. Diabetes was associated with a higher mortality risk in the first year and long term, but not in the first month following stroke. Diabetes-associated mortality risk interacted with time and age, was higher in younger age and increased with time. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that diabetes is associated with a higher prevalence of comorbidities among patients with first ischemic stroke and with a higher risk for mortality in the mid and long term, which is more profound in younger age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Zamir
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Carmit Libruder
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Havi Murad
- Biostatistics and Biomathematics Unit, Gertner Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Hershkovitz
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amit Zamir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel, Affiliated to the Hebrew University and Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Technion Israel Institute of Technology, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Inbar Zucker
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel; Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
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15
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Tene O, Hallevi H, Molad J, Usher S, Seyman E, Bornstein NM, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Ben Assayag E. CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism: a possible protective factor for post-stroke depressive symptoms. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2021; 46:E431-E440. [PMID: 34291627 PMCID: PMC8519488 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.200197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A naturally occurring loss-of-function mutation in the gene for C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5-Δ32) has recently been reported as a protective factor in post-stroke motor and cognitive recovery. We sought to examine whether this mutation also prevented the development of depressive symptoms up to 2 years after a stroke. METHODS Participants were survivors of a first-ever mild to moderate ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack from the TABASCO prospective study who underwent a 3 T MRI at baseline and were examined by a multiprofessional team 6, 12 and 24 months after the event, including an evaluation of depressive symptoms using the Geriatric Depression Scale. RESULTS CCR5-Δ32 status and a baseline depression evaluation were available for 435 patients. Compared with noncarriers, CCR5-Δ32 carriers (16.1%) had fewer depressive symptoms at admission (p = 0.035) and at 6 months (p < 0.001), 12 months (p < 0.001) and 24 months (p = 0.006) after the index event. This association remained significant at 6 and 12 months after adjustment for age, sex, education, antidepressant use, ethnicity and the presence of cortical infarcts. These findings were more robust in women. Compared to baseline, depressive symptoms in CCR5-Δ32 noncarriers tended to remain stable or grow worse over time, but in CCR5-Δ32 carriers, symptoms tended to improve. LIMITATIONS A limitation of this study was the exclusion of patients who had a severe stroke or who had pre-stroke depression. CONCLUSION Carriers of the CCR5-Δ32 allele had a lower tendency to develop depressive symptoms post-stroke, and this phenomenon was more prominent in women. These findings could have clinical implications; they suggest a mechanism-based treatment target for post-stroke depression. Drugs mimicking this loss-of-function mutation exist and could serve as a novel antidepressant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Tene
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
| | - Hen Hallevi
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
| | - Jeremy Molad
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
| | - Saly Usher
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
| | - Estelle Seyman
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- From the Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Molad, Usher, Seyman, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel (Tene, Hallevi, Bornstein, Shenhar-Tsarfaty, Ben Assayag); and the Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (Bornstein)
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16
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Libruder C, Ram A, Hershkovitz Y, Tanne D, Bornstein NM, Leker RR, Horev A, Hallevi H, Peretz S, Orion D, Zucker I. Reduction in Acute Stroke Admissions during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Data from a National Stroke Registry. Neuroepidemiology 2021; 55:354-360. [PMID: 34237727 PMCID: PMC8339012 DOI: 10.1159/000516753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic overwhelmed health-care systems worldwide, and medical care for other acute diseases was negatively impacted. We aimed to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 outbreak on admission rates and in-hospital care for acute stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) in Israel, shortly after the start of the pandemic. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study, based on data reported to the Israeli National Stroke Registry from 7 tertiary hospitals. All hospital admissions for acute stroke or TIA that occurred between January 1 and April 30, 2020 were included. Data were stratified into 2 periods according to the timing of COVID-19 restrictions as follows: (1) “pre-pandemic” − January 1 to March 7, 2020 and (2) “pandemic” − March 8 to April 30, 2020. We compared the weekly counts of hospitalizations between the 2 periods. We further investigated changes in demographic characteristics and in some key parameters of stroke care, including the percentage of reperfusion therapies performed, time from hospital arrival to brain imaging and to thrombolysis, length of hospital stay, and in-hospital mortality. Results 2,260 cases were included: 1,469 in the pre-COVID-19 period and 791 in the COVID-19 period. Hospital admissions significantly declined between the 2 periods, by 48% for TIA (rate ratio [RR] = 0.52; 95% CI 0.43–0.64) and by 29% for stroke (RR = 0.71; 95% CI 0.64–0.78). No significant changes were detected in demographic characteristics and in most parameters of stroke management. While the percentage of reperfusion therapies performed remained unchanged, the absolute number of patients treated with reperfusion therapies seemed to decrease. Higher in-hospital mortality was observed only for hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion The marked decrease in admissions for acute stroke and TIA, occurring at a time of a relatively low burden of COVID-19, is of great concern. Public awareness campaigns are needed as patients reluctant to seek urgent stroke care are deprived of lifesaving procedures and secondary prevention treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Libruder
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Amit Ram
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Hershkovitz
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Ronen R Leker
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Horev
- Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - David Orion
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Inbar Zucker
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Kelly P, Weimar C, Lemmens R, Murphy S, Purroy F, Arsovska A, Bornstein NM, Czlonkowska A, Fischer U, Fonseca AC, Forbes J, Hill MD, Jatuzis D, Kõrv J, Kruuse C, Mikulik R, J Nederkoorn P, O’Donnell M, Sandercock P, Tanne D, Tsivgoulis G, Walsh C, Williams D, Zedde M, Price CI. Colchicine for prevention of vascular inflammation in Non-CardioEmbolic stroke (CONVINCE) - study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Eur Stroke J 2021; 6:222-228. [PMID: 34414298 PMCID: PMC8370082 DOI: 10.1177/2396987320972566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation contributes to unstable atherosclerotic plaque and stroke. In randomised trials in patients with coronary disease, canukinumab (an interleukin-1B antagonist) and colchicine (a tubulin inhibitor with pleiotropic anti-inflammatory effects) reduced recurrent vascular events.Hypothesis: Anti-inflammatory therapy with low-dose colchicine plus usual care will reduce recurrent vascular events in patients with non-severe, non-cardioembolic stroke and TIA compared with usual care alone. DESIGN CONVINCE is a multi-centre international (in 17 countries) Prospective, Randomised Open-label, Blinded-Endpoint assessment (PROBE) controlled Phase 3 clinical trial in 3154 participants. The intervention is colchicine 0.5 mg/day and usual care versus usual care alone (antiplatelet, lipid-lowering, antihypertensive treatment, lifestyle advice). Included patients are at least 40 years, with non-severe ischaemic stroke (modified Rankin score ≤3) or high-risk TIA (ABCD2 > 3, or positive DWI, or cranio-cervical artery stenosis) within 72 hours-28 days of randomisation, with qualifying stroke/TIA most likely caused by large artery stenosis, lacunar disease, or cryptogenic embolism. Exclusions are stroke/TIA caused by cardio-embolism or other defined cause (e.g. dissection), contra-indication to colchicine (including potential drug interactions), or incapacity for participation in a clinical trial. The anticipated median follow-up will be 36 months. The primary analysis will be by intention-to-treat. OUTCOME The primary outcome is time to first recurrent ischaemic stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, or hospitalisation with unstable angina (non-fatal or fatal). SUMMARY CONVINCE will provide high-quality randomised data on the efficacy and safety of anti-inflammatory therapy with colchicine for secondary prevention after stroke. SCHEDULE First-patient first-visit was December 2016. Recruitment to complete in 2021, follow-up to complete in 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kelly
- Mater University Hospital and University College Dublin, Ireland
- Health Research Board Stroke Clinical Trials Network, Ireland
| | - Christian Weimar
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robin Lemmens
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sean Murphy
- Mater University Hospital and University College Dublin, Ireland
- Health Research Board Stroke Clinical Trials Network, Ireland
| | - Francisco Purroy
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospitalt Universitari Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Spain
- Universitat de Lleida, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida (IRBLleida) , Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Spain
| | - Anita Arsovska
- University Clinic of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University “Ss Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Anna Czlonkowska
- Second Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urs Fischer
- Stroke Centre and Clinical Trial Unit, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ana Catarina Fonseca
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Forbes
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Michael D Hill
- University of Calgary & Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dalius Jatuzis
- Centre of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Lithuania
| | - Janika Kõrv
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Robert Mikulik
- International Clinical Research Center and Neurology Department, St. Anne’s University Hospital and Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (AUMC), Department of Neurology | Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin O’Donnell
- HRB Clinical Research Facility Galway and National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland
| | | | - David Tanne
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh UK
| | - Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, “Attikon” Hospital, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Cathal Walsh
- Mathematics Applications Consortium for Science and Industry and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - David Williams
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- Neurology Unit, Stroke Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Molad J, Hallevi H, Korczyn AD, Seyman E, Bornstein NM, Niry D, Eldor R, Ben Assayag E. The Interrelation Between Chronic Headache, Cognitive Scores, and MRI Markers Among Stroke Survivors. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 81:1555-1566. [PMID: 33967050 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is known to mildly increase the risk for ischemic stroke and is associated with vascular MRI markers. However, the potential effect of chronic headache (CH) on stroke outcomes has not been studied. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the interrelation between CH and post-stroke cognitive impairment. METHODS Data from 455 patients with a first ever stroke from the TABASCO study was available. All patients underwent 3T brain MRI, blood analysis, and a serial cognitive assessment at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after. RESULTS Eighty-five (18.7%) patients reported suffering from CH, of whom 53 (62.4%) reported symptoms of photophobia or nausea, and 34 (40%) reported an aura. CH was associated with female sex, lower prevalence of T2DM (p < 0.001), and lower HbA1C levels (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis, controlling for age, sex, education, vascular risk factors, and the presence of acute lesions in MRI, revealed that CH was an independent predictor of better cognitive scores 6, 12, and 24 months post-stroke (p = 0.015, p = 0.01, and p = 0.012, respectively). Stroke patients suffering from CH had also higher normalized gray, white matter, and thalamus volumes, and better white matter microstructural integrity (p < 0.001, p = 0.037, p < 0.001, p = 0.008, respectively)Conclusion:In this study, CH was consistently associated with better long term cognitive scores among post stroke subjects. These surprising findings may partially arise from the higher prevalence of T2DM among subjects without CH, that may represent the existence of chronic cerebrovascular disease, and may reflect mechanisms involving glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Estelle Seyman
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Niry
- Department of Radiology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Eldor
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Diabetes Unit, Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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19
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Best JG, Ambler G, Wilson D, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Li L, Lovelock C, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak HKF, Prats-Sanchez L, Martínez-Domeño A, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Tanriverdi Z, Bornstein NM, Ben Assayag E, Hallevi H, Molad J, Nishihara M, Tanaka J, Coutts SB, Polymeris A, Wagner B, Seiffge DJ, Lyrer P, Algra A, Kappelle LJ, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Fischer U, El-Koussy M, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Gunkel S, Christ N, Abrigo J, Leung T, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams DJ, Mess WH, Nederkoorn PJ, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Maaijwee N, Guevarra AC, Yatawara C, Mendyk AM, Delmaire C, Köhler S, van Oostenbrugge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, Hendrikse J, Kelly PJ, Wardlaw J, Soo Y, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Engelter ST, Peters N, Smith EE, Hara H, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Mok V, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Gomez-Anson B, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Rothwell PM, Toyoda K, Bae HJ, Marti-Fabregas J, Werring DJ. Development of imaging-based risk scores for prediction of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in patients taking antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:294-303. [PMID: 33743239 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balancing the risks of recurrent ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage is important for patients treated with antithrombotic therapy after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. However, existing predictive models offer insufficient performance, particularly for assessing the risk of intracranial haemorrhage. We aimed to develop new risk scores incorporating clinical variables and cerebral microbleeds, an MRI biomarker of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke risk. METHODS We did a pooled analysis of individual-patient data from the Microbleeds International Collaborative Network (MICON), which includes 38 hospital-based prospective cohort studies from 18 countries. All studies recruited participants with previous ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, acquired baseline MRI allowing quantification of cerebral microbleeds, and followed-up participants for ischaemic stroke and intracranial haemorrhage. Participants not taking antithrombotic drugs were excluded. We developed Cox regression models to predict the 5-year risks of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke, selecting candidate predictors on biological relevance and simplifying models using backward elimination. We derived integer risk scores for clinical use. We assessed model performance in internal validation, adjusted for optimism using bootstrapping. The study is registered on PROSPERO, CRD42016036602. FINDINGS The included studies recruited participants between Aug 28, 2001, and Feb 4, 2018. 15 766 participants had follow-up for intracranial haemorrhage, and 15 784 for ischaemic stroke. Over a median follow-up of 2 years, 184 intracranial haemorrhages and 1048 ischaemic strokes were reported. The risk models we developed included cerebral microbleed burden and simple clinical variables. Optimism-adjusted c indices were 0·73 (95% CI 0·69-0·77) with a calibration slope of 0·94 (0·81-1·06) for the intracranial haemorrhage model and 0·63 (0·62-0·65) with a calibration slope of 0·97 (0·87-1·07) for the ischaemic stroke model. There was good agreement between predicted and observed risk for both models. INTERPRETATION The MICON risk scores, incorporating clinical variables and cerebral microbleeds, offer predictive value for the long-term risks of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke in patients prescribed antithrombotic therapy for secondary stroke prevention; external validation is warranted. FUNDING British Heart Foundation and Stroke Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Best
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym Neurological Institute, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Linxin Li
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Lovelock
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire NeuroVasc, Université de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Henry Ka Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Luis Prats-Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Domeño
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- A A Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging, Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Yin Ka Lam
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Adrian Wong
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Seoul Hospital, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Center for Brain & Disease Research; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ender Uysal
- Department of Radiology, Saglık Bilimleri University, Sisli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tanriverdi
- Department of Neurology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Education and Research Hospital, İzmir Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Masashi Nishihara
- Department of Radiology, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alexandros Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Wagner
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J Seiffge
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ale Algra
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans R Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El-Koussy
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Christ
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Thomas Leung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Medical Gerontology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, University of Medicine and Health Sciences Dublin, Ireland; Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - Werner H Mess
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Nederkoorn
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simone Browning
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noortje Maaijwee
- Department for Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Neurocenter, Lucerne State Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France; Department of Radiology, Fondation A de Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenbrugge
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging & Cognition Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders, University of Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yannie Soo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, INSERM, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent I H Kwa
- Department of Neurology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Geriatric Medicine FELIX PLATTER, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Saga, Japan; Department of Neurology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vincent Mok
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Hakan Ay
- A A Martinos Center for Biomedial Imaging, Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA; Takeda, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Beatriz Gomez-Anson
- Unit of Neuroradiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Federation Hospitalo-Universitaire NeuroVasc, Université de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- Wolfson Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Centre, Suita, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David J Werring
- UCL Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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20
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Weisinger BS, Bornstein NM, Shohami E, Segal Y, Alter A, Lifshitz A, Prasad A, Pandey D. Abstract P194: Artificial Intelligence-Powered Non-Invasive and Frequency-Tuned Electromagnetic Field Therapy Improves Upper Extremity Motor Function in Sub-Acute Stroke Patients: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke 2021. [DOI: 10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Neural oscillations at specific frequencies have been associated with increased neuroplasticity. Additionally, exposure to extremely low frequency and low intensity electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) increases plasticity-related processes, with associated clinical improvements.
Aim:
The purpose of this double-blind sham-controlled trial was to explore the benefit of BrainQ’s novel and non-invasive, artificial intelligence-powered, frequency-tuned ELF-EMF treatment (BQ) in improving upper extremity motor function (UEMF) in a sub-acute ischemic stroke population.
Methods:
Study was planned for 50 subjects, but was discontinued due to COVID-19 at 25 subjects. Participants were randomized to receive 40 minutes of BQ treatment (active or sham) 5 days/week, for 8 weeks, in conjunction with 10 minutes of physical therapy. The BQ treatment uses artificial intelligence-based algorithms to extract motor-related spectral features in EEG for use as treatment frequencies. BQ treatment is delivered via a wearable device that transmits frequency-tuned ELF-EMF, facilitating neuroplasticity processes within the central nervous system. Primary endpoint: Fugl-Meyer Assessment - Upper Extremity (FMA-UE); Secondary endpoints: mRS, Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Box and Block Test (BBT), NIHSS.
Results:
FMA-UE scores improved significantly (and sooner) in the treatment group versus sham at week 4 (23.2±3.91 vs. 9.9±3.2; 13.6 points greater than sham p=0.0070) and after 8 weeks of treatment (31.5±2.97 vs. 23.1±4.99; p=0.0611). For mRS, at week 9 the treatment group showed a mean improvement of 2.5±0.18 points versus 1.3±0.16 points in the sham group (p=0.0005), i.e. a mean of 1.2 points higher than that of the sham group. Significant improvements were also observed in the ARAT-Pinch subscale (week 9: p=0.0082), BBT (week 6: p=0.0169; week 9: p<0.0001), and NIHSS (week 9: p=0.0340). No related adverse events were reported, supporting the safety of the treatment.
Conclusion:
Our results show that BQ treatment significantly improves UEMF in a sub-acute ischemic stroke population across multiple clinical metrics. Further studies are planned and ongoing with larger study populations, and in related indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ariela Alter
- MedTech Raanana Innovation Cntr, Raanana, Israel
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21
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Molad J, Hallevi H, Korczyn AD, Kliper E, Auriel E, Bornstein NM, Ben Assayag E. Vascular and Neurodegenerative Markers for the Prediction of Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment: Results from the TABASCO Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 70:889-898. [PMID: 31282420 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke is a major cause of cognitive impairment and dementia. However, the underlying mechanisms beyond post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) are not fully explained to date. OBJECTIVE We studied the contribution of vascular pathology measures to PSCI, separate from and in conjunction with pathologic markers associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Data from 397 cognitively intact ischemic stroke patients were available. All patients underwent 3T MRI and evaluated for white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV) and integrity, ischemic lesions, small vessel disease (SVD) markers and grey matter (GM), hippocampal and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volumes. Comprehensive cognitive tests were performed on admission and after two years. We used multiple regression to evaluate the contributions of vascular pathology measures (Framingham risk score, WMHV, and existence of SVD) and AD-associated markers (apolipoprotein E4 status and hippocampal volume). RESULTS During two years follow-up, 80 participants (20.2%) developed PSCI. Low GM and cortex volume and high WMHV and CSF volume, but not the new lesion volume, predicted the development of PSCI in a dose-dependent relationship (p = 0.001). Vascular related imaging markers and risk factors predicted PSCI better than AD related markers (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Brain structural measures, including total GM volume, WMHV, and CSF volume were independently associated with PSCI and may serve as early biomarkers for risk prediction. In our sample, vascular pathology measures contributed significantly better to PSCI prediction than markers associated with AD. The newly detected ischemic lesion has not emerged as biomarker for PSCI risk, thus maybe a part of the ongoing vascular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Kliper
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eitan Auriel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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22
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Kraushar D, Molad J, Hallevi H, Bornstein NM, Ben-Assayag E, Auriel E. Cerebral microinfarcts disruption of remote cortical thickness. J Neurol Sci 2020; 420:117170. [PMID: 33032831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.117170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral microinfarcts (CMI) are common lesions, carrying an important contribution to small-vessel-related cognitive impairment. CMIs were previously found to cause local microstructural damage and disruption of white matter integrity. This study examines CMIs influence on cortical thickness in remote brain areas. METHODS Six small silent diffuse weighted imaging (DWI) lesions corresponding to subacute CMI were identified among five patients who underwent baseline and follow-up MRI scans from the Tel-Aviv Acute Brain Stroke Cohort (TABASCO). Regions of interest (ROIs) corresponding to the site of the DWI lesions and of the non-lesioned contralateral hemisphere (control ROI) were co-registered. DTI tractography was additionally performed to reconstruct the white matter tracts containing the ROIs. The normalized cortical thickness was calculated for the DWI lesional tract as well as for the contralateral non-lesional tract, and the lesion-to-control cortical thickness ratio (CTR) was calculated. RESULTS Post-lesional scans, performed 25.1 ± 1.2 months after CMI detection, demonstrated reduced mean CTR within the ROI from 1.8 to 1.1 (p = 0.032). There was no difference between the CTR of the right hemisphere relative to those on the left hemisphere, or between the CTR change of the cortical and non-cortical CMI. DISCUSSION This study demonstrated the prolonged influence of CMI on cortical thickness in remote ROI. The total number of CMIs is difficult to determine, however it has been shown that detecting even a single CMI suggests the existence of hundreds to thousands lesions. Therefore, the cumulative impact of these widely distributed lesions on cerebral cortex may have a significant contribution to the development of vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kraushar
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - J Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - H Hallevi
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - N M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Shaare-Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - E Ben-Assayag
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - E Auriel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
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23
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Hachinski V, Bornstein NM, Markus HS. IN MEMORIAM JOHN W NORRIS (1933–2020). Eur Stroke J 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2396987320925183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Hachinski V, Bornstein NM, Markus HS. In Memoriam: John W Norris (1933-2020). Int J Stroke 2020:1747493020925315. [PMID: 32597703 DOI: 10.1177/1747493020925315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Baracchini C, Pieroni A, Kneihsl M, Azevedo E, Diomedi M, Pascazio L, Wojczal J, Lucas C, Bartels E, Bornstein NM, Csiba L, Valdueza J, Tsivgoulis G, Malojcic B. Practice recommendations for neurovascular ultrasound investigations of acute stroke patients in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic: an expert consensus from the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamics. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1776-1780. [PMID: 32426890 PMCID: PMC7276863 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and purpose Patients with acute ischemic stroke are at high‐risk for contracting COVID‐19 infection. Additionally, healthcare professionals including neurovascular ultrasound providers are also at risk of being infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 virus. Yet, preparedness to continue to guarantee hyperacute treatment is vital for patients outcome. In light of this situation, the European Society of Neurosonology and Cerebral Hemodynamic (ESNCH) appointed a task force to provide consensus recommendations for the performance of neurovascular ultrasound investigations in acute ischemic stroke during the COVID‐19 pandemic with the aim of protecting both patients and ultrasound providers. Methods The “ultrasound in acute stroke working group” of the ESNCH examined literature articles and reviews using the following key words: “corona virus” or “COVID‐19” or “SARS‐CoV‐2 virus”, and “acute stroke” or “cerebrovascular disease”, and “ultrasound”. Thereafter, a thorough discussion was conducted with the “education and guidelines working group” of the ESNCH. Results We propose rapid up‐to‐date recommendations for healthcare personnel involved in the pre‐hospital and intra‐hospital assessment of stroke patients, with a particular attention to neurovascular ultrasound performance. Conclusion The ESNCH provides a guidance summary for the performance of neurovascular ultrasound investigations in acute ischemic stroke in the time of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baracchini
- Stroke Unit and Neurosonology Laboratory, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - A Pieroni
- Stroke Unit and Neurosonology Laboratory, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy
| | - M Kneihsl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - E Azevedo
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Diomedi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - L Pascazio
- Stroke Unit, Neurology I, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - J Wojczal
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - C Lucas
- Neurology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Bartels
- Center for Neurological Vascular Diagnostics, München, Germany
| | | | - L Csiba
- Department of Neurology, Debrecen University, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - J Valdueza
- Neurological Center, Segeberger Kliniken, Bad Segeberg, Germany
| | - G Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - B Malojcic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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26
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von Oertzen TJ, Trinka E, Bornstein NM. Levetiracetam and non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation and epilepsy: a reasonable combination. Eur Heart J 2020; 40:3800-3801. [PMID: 31539052 PMCID: PMC6898883 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tim J von Oertzen
- Department of Neurology 1, Kepler Universitätsklinikum, Wagner-JureggWeg 15, Linz, Austria, and European Academy of Neurology (EAN), Scientific Panel Epilepsy
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, University Hospital Paracelsus Medical University, Ignaz-Harrer-Straße 79, Salzburg, Austria, International League Against Epilepsy Europe (ILAE-EUROPE) and EAN Scientific Panel Epilepsy
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Shaarei Zedek Medical Center, 12 Shmuel Bait St., Jerusalem, Israel and EAN Scientific Panel Stroke
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27
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Hachinski V, Bornstein NM, Markus HS. John W. Norris: 1933-2020. Stroke 2020; 51:1913-1915. [PMID: 32441207 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Hachinski
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Canada (V.H.)
| | | | - Hugh S Markus
- Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.S.M.)
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28
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Mikulík R, Caso V, Bornstein NM, Svobodová V, Pezzella FR, Grecu A, Simsic S, Gdovinova Z, Członkowska A, Mishchenko TS, Flomin Y, Milanov IG, Andonova S, Tiu C, Arsovska A, Budinčević H, Groppa SA, Bereczki D, Kõrv J, Kharitonova T, Vosko MR. Enhancing and accelerating stroke treatment in Eastern European region: Methods and achievement of the ESO EAST program. Eur Stroke J 2020; 5:204-212. [PMID: 32637654 DOI: 10.1177/2396987319897156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the availability of prevention and therapies of stroke, their implementation in clinical practice, even of low-cost ones, remains poor. In 2015, the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) initiated the ESO Enhancing and Accelerating Stroke Treatment (EAST) program, which aims to improve stroke care quality, primarily in Eastern Europe. Here, we describe its methods and milestones. Patients and methods The ESO EAST program is using an implementation strategy based on a 'detecting-understanding-reducing disparities' conceptual framework: stroke care quality is first measured (after developing a platform for data collection), gaps are identified in the current service delivery, and ultimately feedback is provided to participating hospitals, followed by the application of interventions to reduce disparities. The ESO EAST program is carried out by establishing a stroke quality registry, stroke management infrastructure, and creating education and training opportunities for healthcare professionals. Results Program management and leadership infrastructure has been established in 19 countries (Country Representatives in 22 countries, National Steering Committee in 19 countries). A software platform for data collection and analysis: Registry of Stroke Care Quality was developed, and launched in 2016, and has been used to collect data from over 90,000 patients from >750 hospitals and 56 countries between September 2016 and May 2019. Training in thrombolysis, nursing and research skills has been initiated. Discussion ESO EAST is the first pan-Eastern European (and beyond) multifaceted quality improvement intervention putting evidence-informed policies into practice. Continuous monitoring of stroke care quality allows hospital-to-hospital and country-to-country benchmarking and identification of the gaps and needs in health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mikulík
- International Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Valeria Caso
- Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Shaare Zedek Medical center, Jerusalem, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Veronika Svobodová
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Andreea Grecu
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steven Simsic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gdovinova
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurology, P.J. Šafárik University, University Hospital L. Pasteur, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Anna Członkowska
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tamara S Mishchenko
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Psychiatry and Narcology, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Flomin
- Comprehensive Stroke Unit, MC 'Universal Clinic 'Oberig', Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ivan G Milanov
- Neurology Clinic, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silva Andonova
- Medical University - Varna, University Hospital "St. Marina" Second Clinic of Neurology with ICU and Stroke Unit, Varna, Bulgaria
| | - Cristina Tiu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anita Arsovska
- University Clinic of Neurology, Medical Faculty, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Hrvoje Budinčević
- Department of Neurology, Stroke and Intensive Care Unit, Sveti Duh University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stanislav A Groppa
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, National Center of Epileptology, Institute of Emergency Medicine, Chisinau, Moldova.,Laboratory of Neurobiology and Medical Genetics, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Nicolae Testemiţanu," Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Daniel Bereczki
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janika Kõrv
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tatiana Kharitonova
- Department of Acute Cerebrovascular Pathology and Emergency Neurology, Research Institute of Emergency Medicine n.a. I.I. Dzhanelidze, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Milan R Vosko
- Department of Neurology, Med Campus III, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
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29
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Joy MT, Ben Assayag E, Shabashov-Stone D, Liraz-Zaltsman S, Mazzitelli J, Arenas M, Abduljawad N, Kliper E, Korczyn AD, Thareja NS, Kesner EL, Zhou M, Huang S, Silva TK, Katz N, Bornstein NM, Silva AJ, Shohami E, Carmichael ST. CCR5 Is a Therapeutic Target for Recovery after Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury. Cell 2020; 176:1143-1157.e13. [PMID: 30794775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested a newly described molecular memory system, CCR5 signaling, for its role in recovery after stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI). CCR5 is uniquely expressed in cortical neurons after stroke. Post-stroke neuronal knockdown of CCR5 in pre-motor cortex leads to early recovery of motor control. Recovery is associated with preservation of dendritic spines, new patterns of cortical projections to contralateral pre-motor cortex, and upregulation of CREB and DLK signaling. Administration of a clinically utilized FDA-approved CCR5 antagonist, devised for HIV treatment, produces similar effects on motor recovery post stroke and cognitive decline post TBI. Finally, in a large clinical cohort of stroke patients, carriers for a naturally occurring loss-of-function mutation in CCR5 (CCR5-Δ32) exhibited greater recovery of neurological impairments and cognitive function. In summary, CCR5 is a translational target for neural repair in stroke and TBI and the first reported gene associated with enhanced recovery in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Joy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dalia Shabashov-Stone
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sigal Liraz-Zaltsman
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Israel; Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Jose Mazzitelli
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marcela Arenas
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nora Abduljawad
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Efrat Kliper
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nikita S Thareja
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Efrat L Kesner
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miou Zhou
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tawnie K Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Noomi Katz
- Institute for Health and Medical Professions, Ono Academic College, Kiryat Ono, Israel
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory and Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, The Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Thomas Carmichael
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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30
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Saver JL, Kharaishvili N, Janelidze T, Beridze M, Zarqua N, Solberg Y, Bornstein NM. Refined Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulator Placement and Intensity Setting to Augment Blood Flow and Neurologic Function. Stroke 2019; 50:3512-3518. [PMID: 31739771 PMCID: PMC7597988 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.027177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Two large, randomized trials indicated that sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) stimulation improves final disability outcome in acute anterior circulation patients with ischemic stroke with confirmed cortical involvement. This study evaluated 2 refinements in SPG stimulation treatment technique: (1) SPG electrode placement with real-time optical tracking guidance; and (2) stimulation intensity comfortable tolerance level selection using non-noxious facial physiological markers. Methods- This study was a single, active arm trial at 4 centers, enrolling patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 1 to 6 including arm weakness subitem score ≥1, not receiving recanalization therapies, and within 24 hours of onset. Stimulation level was set based on ipsilateral facial tingling sensation or lacrimation. SPG stimulation effects were assessed by measuring volumetric blood flow in the ipsilateral common carotid artery by ultrasound and grasp and pinch strength in the affected hand before and during stimulation, and by change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale from day 1 to 7. Results- Among 50 enrolled patients, age was median 66 years (interquartile range, 60-74), 44% were female, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale median was 5 (interquartile range, 4-5), and median onset-to-screening time was 18 hours (interquartile range, 9-20). Median implantation skin-to-skin time was 4 minutes (interquartile range, 3-7), and all 50 implants were placed correctly. Comfortable tolerance level was found based on physiological biomarkers in 96% of patients, including 86% in the optimal, low-medium intensity range. SPG stimulation significantly increased common carotid artery peak systolic and end-diastolic blood flow (44%, P<0.0001; and 52%, P<0.0001) and improved pinch strength (42%, P<0.0001) and grasp strength (26%, P<0.0001). Degree of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale recovery by day 7 was greater than in matched historic controls, median 75% versus 50%, P=0.0003. Conclusions- SPG stimulator placement with real-time optical tracking guidance was fast and accurate, and selection of stimulation intensity levels based on non-noxious facial tingling and lacrimation was feasible in nearly all patients. SPG stimulation led to cervico-cranial blood flow augmentation and improved hand motor function. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT03551093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Saver
- From the Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA (J.L.S.)
| | | | - Tamar Janelidze
- Department of Neurology, Kutaisi Referral Hospital, Georgia (T.J.)
| | - Maia Beridze
- Department of Neurology, First University Clinic, Tbilisi, Georgia (M.B.)
| | - Natia Zarqua
- Department of Neurology, Zugdidi Referral Hospital, Georgia (N.Z.)
| | - Yoram Solberg
- Department of Clinical Affairs, BrainsGate Ltd, Caesarea, Israel (Y.S.)
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Brain Division, Shaarei Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.)
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31
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Zetola VF, Lange MC, Scavasine VC, Bazan R, Braga GP, Leite ACCB, Fabio SRC, Pontes Neto OM, Moro CHC, Sampaio G, Bor-Seng Shu E, de Lima Oliveira M, A de Miranda Alves M, Gomes DL, Pereira de Jesus PA, Oliveira-Filho J, Avelar WM, de Freitas GR, Borsoi R, Puppo C, Cocorullo SV, Brunser A, Massaro A, Bornstein NM, Razumovsky A, Del Sette M. Latin American Consensus Statement for the Use of Contrast-Enhanced Transcranial Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Test for Detection of Right-to-Left Shunt. Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 48:99-108. [PMID: 31694010 DOI: 10.1159/000503851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of patent foramen ovale is a field of debate and current publications have increasing controversies about the patients' management in young undetermined stroke. Work up with echocardiography and transcranial Doppler (TCD) can aid the decision with better anatomical and functional characterization of right-to-left shunt (RLS). Medical and interventional strategy may benefit from this information. SUMMARY a group of experts from the Latin American participants of the Neurosonology Research Group (NSRG) of World Federation of Neurology created a task force to review literature and describe the better methodology of contrast TCD (c-TCD). All signatories of the present consensus statement have published at least one study on TCD as an author or co-author in an indexed journal. Two meetings were held while the consensus statement was being drafted, during which controversial issues were discussed and voted on by the statement signatories. The statement paper was reviewed and approved by the Executive Committee of the NSRG of the World Federation of Neurology. The main objective of this consensus statement is to establish a standardization of the c-TCD technique and its interpretation, in order to improve the informative quality of the method, resulting in expanding the application of TCD in the clinical setting. These recommendations optimize the comparison of different diagnostic methods and encourage the use of c-TCD for RLS screening and complementary diagnosis in multicenter studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Bazan
- Division of Neurology, School of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pereira Braga
- Division of Neurology, Maria Aparecida Pedrossian University Hospital, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Soraia R Cabette Fabio
- Division of Neurology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Heloisa Cabral Moro
- Division of Neurology, Hospital Municipal Sao Jose, University of Joinville Region, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Gisele Sampaio
- Division of Neurology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Bor-Seng Shu
- Division of Neurology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Lima Oliveira
- Division of Neurology, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Laranja Gomes
- Division of Neurology, Hospital São Paulo, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gabriel R de Freitas
- Division of Neurology, Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Borsoi
- Cardiopulmonary Unit, Hospital de Clínicas, Echocardiographic Service, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Corina Puppo
- Centro de Tratamento Intensivo, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Alejandro Brunser
- Division of Neurology, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, University of Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayrton Massaro
- Division of Neurology, Hospital Sirio Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
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32
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Ntaios G, Pearce LA, Meseguer E, Endres M, Amarenco P, Ozturk S, Lang W, Bornstein NM, Molina CA, Pagola J, Mundl H, Berkowitz SD, Liu YY, Sen S, Connolly SJ, Hart RG. Aortic Arch Atherosclerosis in Patients With Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: An Exploratory Analysis of the NAVIGATE ESUS Trial. Stroke 2019; 50:3184-3190. [PMID: 31526123 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Aortic arch atherosclerosis (AAA) is a possible source of embolism in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source. Previous studies reported high rates of embolic events in patients with AAA, especially those with high-risk AAA. This exploratory analysis of NAVIGATE ESUS (New Approach Rivaroxaban Inhibition of Factor Xa in a Global Trial Versus ASA to Prevent Embolism in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source) focused on patients with AAA and assessed their characteristics, stroke recurrence rates, and response to treatment. Methods- The detection of AAA and the assessment of its features were based on transesophageal echocardiography that was done in 19% of participants. AAA plaques were considered to have complex features when reported as complex or ulcerated or were ≥4 mm in thickness or had a mobile thrombus present. Results- Among 1382 participants who had transesophageal echocardiography, 397 (29%) had AAA and 112 (8%) had complex AAA. Mean (SD) age (63 [10] versus 67 [9] versus 69 [9]; P<0.001), prevalence of diabetes mellitus (19% versus 26%, versus 32%; P=0.002), and aortic valvulopathy (10 versus 20 versus 20; P<0.001) increased across no versus noncomplex versus complex AAA, respectively. In multivariable analyses, increasing age, diabetes mellitus, aortic valvulopathy, statin use before randomization, chronic infarcts on imaging, and region were independently associated with any AAA versus no AAA and also with complex AAA versus no AAA. Multiterritorial qualifying infarcts rather than single-territory infarcts were observed in 21% with complex AAA versus 17% noncomplex versus 13% no AAA (P=0.07). Annualized rates of ischemic stroke recurrence were 7.2% versus 4.2% versus 5.6% for complex versus noncomplex versus no AAA, respectively. While prevalence of complex AAA increased with increasing risk score, after adjusting for risk score, we did not observe increased risk of recurrent stroke for patients with complex AAA (hazard ratio, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.53-2.4), although the number of outcomes was limited. In patients with complex AAA, 4 strokes occurred among rivaroxaban-assigned patients and 4 strokes among aspirin-assigned patients. Conclusions- Complex AAA is prevalent in embolic stroke of undetermined source patients and is associated with atherosclerotic burden. Whether complex AAA independently increases recurrent stroke risk and whether a non-vitamin-K oral anticoagulant as compared with aspirin may be effective for reducing recurrent stroke requires additional study. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02313909.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ntaios
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.)
| | | | - Elena Meseguer
- Neurology Service, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France (E.M.)
| | - Matthias Endres
- Department of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.E.).,German Center for Cardiovascular Research and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Partner Site Berlin (M.E.)
| | - Pierre Amarenco
- APHP, Bichat Hospital, Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité university, France (P.A.)
| | - Serefnur Ozturk
- Department of Neurology, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey (S.O.)
| | - Wilfried Lang
- Medical Faculty and Hospital St. John of God, Sigmund Freud University, Vienna, Austria (W.L.)
| | | | - Carlos A Molina
- Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.A.M., J.P.)
| | - Jorge Pagola
- Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebron, Barcelona, Spain (C.A.M., J.P.)
| | - Hardi Mundl
- Bayer AG, Clinical Development, Wuppertal, Germany (H.M.)
| | - Scott D Berkowitz
- Bayer U.S., LLC, Whippany, NJ (S.D.B., Y.Y.L.).,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (S.D.B., Y.Y.L.)
| | - Yan Yun Liu
- Bayer U.S., LLC, Whippany, NJ (S.D.B., Y.Y.L.).,Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (S.D.B., Y.Y.L.)
| | - Souvik Sen
- University of South Carolina, Columbia (S.S.)
| | - Stuart J Connolly
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology (S.J.C.), McMaster University/Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert G Hart
- Department of Medicine-Neurology (R.G.H.), McMaster University/Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Bornstein NM, Saver JL, Diener HC, Gorelick PB, Shuaib A, Solberg Y, Devlin T, Leung T, Molina CA, Skoloudik D, Fiksa J, Krieger D, Andersen G, Berrouschot J, Hobohm C, Schneider D, Griewing B, Endres M, Hausler KG, Kimmig H, Ringleb P, Weimar C, Schilling M, Kohrmann M, Hetzel A, Kaps M, Cheung R, Sobolewski P, Nyke W, Czlonkowska A, Stepien A, Waldemar B, Słowik A, Zbigniewem S, Lubiński I, Portela P, Segure T, Marti-Fabregas J, Alonso M, Nunez A, Miguel MB, Campello A, Arenillas J, Marshall N, Chiu D, Shownkeen H, Rymer M, Sen S, Roubec M, Kuliha M, Lakomý C, Tyl D, Kemlink D, Doležal O, Rekova P, Krejčí V, Christensen A, Belhage B, Maschmann C, Kruse Larsen C, Pott F, Christensen H, Marstrand J, Nielsen JK, Meden P, Prytz S, Rosenbaum S, Hedemann Sorensen JC, Stenhoj Meier K, Schmift Ettrup K, Dupont Hougaard K, Von Wietzel P, Stoll A, Schwetlick H, Pradel H, Hemprich A, Schulz A, Frerich B, Hobohm C, Weise C, Michalski D, Schaller F, Schiefke F, Helmrich J, Pelz J, Schnieder M, Schneider M, Matzen P, Langos R, Müller-Duerwald S, Lukhaup S, Bauer U, Kloppig W, Hiermann E, Mucha G, Soda H, Weinhardt R, Mucha T, Ziegler V, Abbushi A, Hotter B, Winter B, Anthofer B, Noack C, Laubisch D, Heldge Schneider G, Jan Jungehulsing G, Mueller H, Dreier J, Fiebach J, Flechsenhar J, Villringer K, Ebinger M, Rozanski M, Vajkoczy P, Klingebiel R, Steinicke R, Pittl S, Hoffmann S, Maul S, Krause T, Liman T, Plath T, Nowe T, Schmidt W, Fritzsch C, Haas C, Will HG, Haußmann-Betz K, Bayat M, Pordzik T, Hug A, Staff CJ, Lichy C, Eggers G, Kloss M, Bendszus M, Herrmann O, Seeberger R, Schwarting S, Rhode S, Rizos T, Hacke W, Frank B, Bozkurt B, Holle D, Mueller D, Koch D, Shanib H, Sudendey J, Brenck J, Busch K, Gartzen K, Gasser T, Hagenacker T, Buerke B, Prigge G, Minnerup J, Albers J, Wermker K, Schwindt W, Kallmünzer RB, Hauer E, Breuer L, Schellinger P, Kollmar R, Sauer R, Schwab S, Struffert T, Funfack A, Stechmann A, Schlaeger A, Laeppchen C, Schuchardt F, Klingler JH, Reis J, Lambeck J, Friedrich M, Laible M, Wellermeyer P, Beck S, Rutsch S, Niesen WD, Tanislav C, Schaaf H, Kerkmann H, Schirotzek I, Allendörfer J, Wolff S, Yuk-Lun Lau A, Yin Yan Chan A, Siu D, Wong EHC, Chu Wong GK, Leung H, Wong LK, Zhu XL, Yan Soo YO, Ting Tse AC, Kit Leung GK, Leung KM, Ngai Hung K, Wai Mei Kwan M, Man Yu Tse M, Tse P, Hon Chan P, Lee R, Shek Kwan Chang R, Yin Yu Pang S, Fong Kwong Hon S, Cheng TS, Lui WM, Wo Mak WW, Sobota A, Wiater B, Loch B, Wolak G, Łabudzka I, Dabal J, Grzesik M, Sledzinska M, Hatalska-Żerebiec R, Szczuchniak W, Gójska A, Nałęcz D, Gasecki D, Kozera G, Dylewicz Ł, Niekra M, Kwarciany M, Chomik P, Skowron P, Kobayashi A, Chabik G, Makowicz G, Bembenek J, Jędrzejewska J, Karlinski M, Czepiel W, Brodacki B, Staszewski J, Kosek J, Jadczak M, Durka-Kęsy M, Kaluzny K, Ziomek M, Fudala M, Sosnowski Z, Ferens A, Szczygieł E, Banaszkiewicz K, Ziomek M, Wnuk M, Szczepańska-Szerej A, Jach E, Maslanko GE, Wojczal J, Luchowski P, Kowalczyk A, Jakubiak J, Kopcewicz J, Gajda M, Wichlinska-Lubinska M, Rodriguez D, Santamarin E, Pagola J, Lorente Guerrero J, Ribo M, Rubiera M, Maisterra O, Pinero S, Catalina Iglesias V, Plans G, Quesada H, Aparicio Caballero MA, Portela PC, De Diego AB, Garay DS, García Rodriguez MR, Martin OA, Braña SC, Garcia J, Hernandez FM, Catala I, Marti-Vilalta JL, Delgado Mederos R, de Quintana SC, Martinez-Ramirez S, Valcarcel Gonzalez J, Masjuan Vallejo J, Diamantopoulus J, Del Alamo M, Poveda PD, Pastor AG, Carballal CF, Diaz F, Garcia Leal R, Juretschke R, Echabe EA, Sanchez JC, Yanez MR, Garcia RS, Muino RL, Rivas SA, Lopez Gonzalez DM, Cuadrado E, Giralt E, Villalba G, Roquer J, Angel O, Jimenez M, Cedeño RR, Salinas R, Lejarreta S, Silva Y, Fraile A, Calleja A, Cepeda Landínez GA, Tellez N, Garcia Bermejo P, Santos PJ, Herranz RF, Hunt P, Browning D, Violette M, Hoddeson R, Rose J, Zhang J, Mazumdar A, Echiverri H, Chow J, Lovick D, Coleman M, Akhtar N, Sugg R, Zanation A, Germanwala A, Senior B, Huang D, Aucutt-Walter N, Kasner S, LeRoux P, von Kummer R, Palesch Y. Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation to Augment Cerebral Blood Flow. Stroke 2019; 50:2108-2117. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.024582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Many patients with acute ischemic stroke are not eligible for thrombolysis or mechanical reperfusion therapies due to contraindications, inaccessible vascular occlusions, late presentation, or large infarct core. Sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) stimulation to enhance collateral flow and stabilize the blood-brain barrier offers an alternative, potentially more widely deliverable, therapy.
Methods—
In a randomized, sham-controlled, double-masked trial at 41 centers in 7 countries, patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke not treated with reperfusion therapies within 24 hours of onset were randomly allocated to active SPG stimulation or sham control. The primary efficacy outcome was improvement beyond expectations on the modified Rankin Scale of global disability at 90 days (sliding dichotomy), assessed in the modified intention-to-treat population. The initial planned sample size was 660 patients, but the trial was stopped early when technical improvements in device placement occurred, so that analysis of accumulated experience could be conducted to inform a successor trial.
Results—
Among 303 enrolled patients, 253 received at least one active SPG or sham stimulation, constituting the modified intention-to-treat population (153 SPG stimulation and 100 sham control). Age was median 73 years (interquartile range, 64–79), 52.6% were female, deficit severity on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was median 11 (interquartile range, 9–15), and time from last known well median 18.6 hours (interquartile range, 14.5–22.5). For the primary outcome, improved 3-month disability beyond expectations, rates in the SPG versus sham treatment groups were 49.7% versus 40.0%; odds ratio, 1.48 (95% CI, 0.89–2.47);
P
=0.13. A significant treatment interaction with stroke location (cortical versus noncortical) was noted,
P
=0.04. In the 87 patients with confirmed cortical involvement, rates of improvement beyond expectations were 50.0% versus 27.0%; odds ratio, 2.70 (95% CI, 1.08–6.73);
P
=0.03. Similar response patterns were observed for all prespecified secondary efficacy outcomes. No differences in mortality or serious adverse event safety end points were observed.
Conclusions—
SPG stimulation within 24 hours of onset is safe in acute ischemic stroke. SPG stimulation was not shown to statistically significantly improve 3-month disability above expectations, though favorable outcomes were nominally higher with SPG stimulation. Beneficial effects may distinctively be conferred in patients with confirmed cortical involvement. The results of this study need to be confirmed in a larger pivotal study.
Clinical Trial Registration—
URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT03767192.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan M. Bornstein
- From the Brain Division, Shaarei Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical School, Tel Aviv University (N.M.B.)
| | - Jeffrey L. Saver
- Department of Neurology and Comprehensive Stroke Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA (J.L.S.)
| | | | - Philip B. Gorelick
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.B.G.)
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton (A.S.)
| | | | - Thomas Devlin
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Leung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (T.L.)
| | - Carlos A. Molina
- and Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona (C.A.M.)
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Bornstein NM, Saver JL, Diener HC, Gorelick PB, Shuaib A, Solberg Y, Thackeray L, Savic M, Janelidze T, Zarqua N, Yarnitsky D, Molina CA. An injectable implant to stimulate the sphenopalatine ganglion for treatment of acute ischaemic stroke up to 24 h from onset (ImpACT-24B): an international, randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled, pivotal trial. Lancet 2019; 394:219-229. [PMID: 31133406 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation increased cerebral collateral blood flow, stabilised the blood-brain barrier, and reduced infarct size, in preclinical models of acute ischaemic stroke, and showed potential benefit in a pilot randomised trial in humans. The pivotal ImpACT-24B trial aimed to determine whether sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation 8-24 h after acute ischaemic stroke improved functional outcome. METHODS ImpACT-24B is a randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled, pivotal trial done at 73 centres in 18 countries. It included patients (men aged 40-80 years and women aged 40-85 years) with anterior-circulation acute ischaemic stroke, not undergoing reperfusion therapy. Enrolled patients were randomly assigned via web-based randomisation to receive active sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation (intervention group) or sham stimulation (sham-control group) 8-24 h after stroke onset. Patients, clinical care providers, and all outcome assessors were masked to treatment allocation. The primary efficacy endpoint was the difference between active and sham groups in the proportion of patients whose 3-month level of disability improved above expectations. This endpoint was evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population (defined as all patients who received one active or sham treatment session) and the population with confirmed cortical involvement (CCI) and was analysed using the Hochberg multi-step procedure (significance in both populations if p<0·05 in both, and in one population if p<0·025 in that one). Safety endpoints at 3 months were all serious adverse events (SAEs), SAEs related to implant placement or removal, SAEs related to stimulation, neurological deterioration, and mortality. All patients who underwent an attempted sphenopalatine ganglion stimulator or sham stimulator placement procedure were included in the safety analysis. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00826059. FINDINGS Between June 10, 2011, and March 7, 2018, 1078 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the intervention or the sham-control group. 1000 patients received at least one session of sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation or sham stimulation and entered the mITT population (481 [48%] received sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation, 519 [52%] were sham controls), among whom 520 (52%) patients had CCI on imaging. The proportion of patients in the mITT population whose 3-month disability level was better than expected was 49% (234/481) in the intervention group versus 45% (236/519) in the sham-control group (odds ratio 1·14, 95% CI 0·89-1·46; p=0·31). In the CCI population, the proportion was 50% (121/244) in the intervention group versus 40% (110/276) in the sham-control group (1·48, 1·05-2·10; p=0·0258). There was an inverse U-shaped dose-response relationship between attained sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation intensity and the primary outcome in the CCI population: the proportion with favourable outcome increased from 40% to 70% at low-midrange intensity and decreased back to 40% at high intensity stimulation (p=0·0034). There were no differences in mortality or SAEs between the intervention group (n=536) and the sham-control group (n=519) in the safety population. INTERPRETATION Sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation is safe for patients with acute ischaemic stroke 8-24 h after onset, who are ineligible for thrombolytic therapy. Although not reaching significance, the trial's results support that, among patients with imaging evidence of cortical involvement at presentation, sphenopalatine ganglion stimulation is likely to improve functional outcome. FUNDING BrainsGate Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip B Gorelick
- Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ashfaq Shuaib
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | | | - Milan Savic
- Special Hospital for Cerebrovascular Diseases "Sveti Sava", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamar Janelidze
- Department of Neurology, Kutaisi Referral Hospital, Kutaisi, Georgia
| | - Natia Zarqua
- Department of Neurology, Zugdidi Referral Hospital, Zugdidi, Georgia
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Wilson D, Ambler G, Lee KJ, Lim JS, Shiozawa M, Koga M, Li L, Lovelock C, Chabriat H, Hennerici M, Wong YK, Mak HKF, Prats-Sánchez L, Martínez-Domeño A, Inamura S, Yoshifuji K, Arsava EM, Horstmann S, Purrucker J, Lam BYK, Wong A, Kim YD, Song TJ, Schrooten M, Lemmens R, Eppinger S, Gattringer T, Uysal E, Tanriverdi Z, Bornstein NM, Assayag EB, Hallevi H, Tanaka J, Hara H, Coutts SB, Hert L, Polymeris A, Seiffge DJ, Lyrer P, Algra A, Kappelle J, Al-Shahi Salman R, Jäger HR, Lip GYH, Mattle HP, Panos LD, Mas JL, Legrand L, Karayiannis C, Phan T, Gunkel S, Christ N, Abrigo J, Leung T, Chu W, Chappell F, Makin S, Hayden D, Williams DJ, Kooi ME, van Dam-Nolen DHK, Barbato C, Browning S, Wiegertjes K, Tuladhar AM, Maaijwee N, Guevarra C, Yatawara C, Mendyk AM, Delmaire C, Köhler S, van Oostenbrugge R, Zhou Y, Xu C, Hilal S, Gyanwali B, Chen C, Lou M, Staals J, Bordet R, Kandiah N, de Leeuw FE, Simister R, van der Lugt A, Kelly PJ, Wardlaw JM, Soo Y, Fluri F, Srikanth V, Calvet D, Jung S, Kwa VIH, Engelter ST, Peters N, Smith EE, Yakushiji Y, Orken DN, Fazekas F, Thijs V, Heo JH, Mok V, Veltkamp R, Ay H, Imaizumi T, Gomez-Anson B, Lau KK, Jouvent E, Rothwell PM, Toyoda K, Bae HJ, Marti-Fabregas J, Werring DJ. Cerebral microbleeds and stroke risk after ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:653-665. [PMID: 31130428 PMCID: PMC6562236 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral microbleeds are a neuroimaging biomarker of stroke risk. A crucial clinical question is whether cerebral microbleeds indicate patients with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in whom the rate of future intracranial haemorrhage is likely to exceed that of recurrent ischaemic stroke when treated with antithrombotic drugs. We therefore aimed to establish whether a large burden of cerebral microbleeds or particular anatomical patterns of cerebral microbleeds can identify ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack patients at higher absolute risk of intracranial haemorrhage than ischaemic stroke. METHODS We did a pooled analysis of individual patient data from cohort studies in adults with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Cohorts were eligible for inclusion if they prospectively recruited adult participants with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack; included at least 50 participants; collected data on stroke events over at least 3 months follow-up; used an appropriate MRI sequence that is sensitive to magnetic susceptibility; and documented the number and anatomical distribution of cerebral microbleeds reliably using consensus criteria and validated scales. Our prespecified primary outcomes were a composite of any symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage or ischaemic stroke, symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage, and symptomatic ischaemic stroke. We registered this study with the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews, number CRD42016036602. FINDINGS Between Jan 1, 1996, and Dec 1, 2018, we identified 344 studies. After exclusions for ineligibility or declined requests for inclusion, 20 322 patients from 38 cohorts (over 35 225 patient-years of follow-up; median 1·34 years [IQR 0·19-2·44]) were included in our analyses. The adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] comparing patients with cerebral microbleeds to those without was 1·35 (95% CI 1·20-1·50) for the composite outcome of intracranial haemorrhage and ischaemic stroke; 2·45 (1·82-3·29) for intracranial haemorrhage and 1·23 (1·08-1·40) for ischaemic stroke. The aHR increased with increasing cerebral microbleed burden for intracranial haemorrhage but this effect was less marked for ischaemic stroke (for five or more cerebral microbleeds, aHR 4·55 [95% CI 3·08-6·72] for intracranial haemorrhage vs 1·47 [1·19-1·80] for ischaemic stroke; for ten or more cerebral microbleeds, aHR 5·52 [3·36-9·05] vs 1·43 [1·07-1·91]; and for ≥20 cerebral microbleeds, aHR 8·61 [4·69-15·81] vs 1·86 [1·23-1·82]). However, irrespective of cerebral microbleed anatomical distribution or burden, the rate of ischaemic stroke exceeded that of intracranial haemorrhage (for ten or more cerebral microbleeds, 64 ischaemic strokes [95% CI 48-84] per 1000 patient-years vs 27 intracranial haemorrhages [17-41] per 1000 patient-years; and for ≥20 cerebral microbleeds, 73 ischaemic strokes [46-108] per 1000 patient-years vs 39 intracranial haemorrhages [21-67] per 1000 patient-years). INTERPRETATION In patients with recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack, cerebral microbleeds are associated with a greater relative hazard (aHR) for subsequent intracranial haemorrhage than for ischaemic stroke, but the absolute risk of ischaemic stroke is higher than that of intracranial haemorrhage, regardless of cerebral microbleed presence, antomical distribution, or burden. FUNDING British Heart Foundation and UK Stroke Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Wilson
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London UK; New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gareth Ambler
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Masayuki Shiozawa
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Koga
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Linxin Li
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Caroline Lovelock
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hugues Chabriat
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universtaire NeuroVasc, University Paris Diderot, and INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Michael Hennerici
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yuen Kwun Wong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Henry Ka Fung Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Luis Prats-Sánchez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Martínez-Domeño
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shigeru Inamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yoshifuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Ethem Murat Arsava
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Solveig Horstmann
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Purrucker
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bonnie Yin Ka Lam
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Adrian Wong
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Young Dae Kim
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Song
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Robin Lemmens
- Experimental Neurology and Leuven Institute for Neuroscience and Disease, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, University of Leuven, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ender Uysal
- Department of Neurology, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Tanriverdi
- Department of Neurology, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Jun Tanaka
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
| | - Hideo Hara
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
| | - Shelagh B Coutts
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lisa Hert
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandros Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David J Seiffge
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London UK; Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology and Department of Neurology Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ale Algra
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht Stroke Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kappelle
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht Stroke Centre, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rustam Al-Shahi Salman
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hans R Jäger
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology and the Neuroradiological Academic Unit, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Heinrich P Mattle
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology and Department of Neurology Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas D Panos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology and Department of Neurology Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Mas
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Legrand
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | | | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Gunkel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 11, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Christ
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 11, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jill Abrigo
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Leung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong
| | - Winnie Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong
| | - Francesca Chappell
- Edinburgh Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Makin
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Derek Hayden
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Williams
- Department of Geriatric and Stroke Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Beaumont Hospital Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Eline Kooi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carmen Barbato
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simone Browning
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kim Wiegertjes
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Noortje Maaijwee
- Lucerne State Hospital; Switzerland Center for Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Guevarra
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chathuri Yatawara
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne-Marie Mendyk
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders U1171, Lille, France
| | - Christine Delmaire
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders U1171, Lille, France
| | - Sebastian Köhler
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Robert van Oostenbrugge
- Department of Neurology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Saima Hilal
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bibek Gyanwali
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Julie Staals
- Department of Neurology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU de Lille, Degenerative and vascular cognitive disorders U1171, Lille, France
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Robert Simister
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London UK; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter J Kelly
- The Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Edinburgh Imaging, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; UK Dementia Institute at the University of Edinburgh, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Yannie Soo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Ma Liu Shui, Hong Kong
| | - Felix Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Strasse 11, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Peninsula Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Calvet
- Department of Neurology, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris Descartes University, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology and Department of Neurology Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent I H Kwa
- Department of Neurology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Department of Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric E Smith
- Calgary Stroke Program, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Radiology and Community Health Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yusuke Yakushiji
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saga University Faculty of Medicine, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Franz Fazekas
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Thijs
- Stroke Division, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurosciences, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ji Hoe Heo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Vincent Mok
- Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Roland Veltkamp
- Department of Stroke Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hakan Ay
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Toshio Imaizumi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kushiro City General Hospital, Kushiro, Japan
| | - Beatriz Gomez-Anson
- Unit of Neuroradiology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kui Kai Lau
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eric Jouvent
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universtaire NeuroVasc, University Paris Diderot, and INSERM U1141, Paris, France
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University School of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Joan Marti-Fabregas
- Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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Tsivgoulis G, Katsanos AH, Köhrmann M, Caso V, Lemmens R, Tsioufis K, Paraskevas GP, Bornstein NM, Schellinger PD, Alexandrov AV, Krogias C. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: theoretical construct or useful clinical tool? Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419851381. [PMID: 31205494 PMCID: PMC6535711 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419851381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, the definition of embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS) emerged as a new clinical construct to characterize cryptogenic stroke (CS) patients with complete vascular workup to determine nonlacunar, nonatherosclerotic strokes of presumable embolic origin. NAVIGATE ESUS, the first phase III randomized-controlled, clinical trial (RCT) comparing rivaroxaban (15 mg daily) with aspirin (100 mg daily), was prematurely terminated for lack of efficacy after enrollment of 7213 patients. Except for the lack of efficacy in the primary outcome, rivaroxaban was associated with increased risk of major bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke compared with aspirin. RE-SPECT ESUS was the second phase III RCT that compared the efficacy and safety of dabigatran (110 or 150 mg, twice daily) to aspirin (100 mg daily). The results of this trial have been recently presented and showed similar efficacy and safety outcomes between dabigatran and aspirin. Indirect analyses of these trials suggest similar efficacy on the risk of ischemic stroke (IS) prevention, but higher intracranial hemorrhage risk in ESUS patients receiving rivaroxaban compared to those receiving dabigatran (indirect HR = 6.63, 95% CI: 1.38-31.76). ESUS constitute a heterogeneous group of patients with embolic cerebral infarction. Occult AF represents the underlying mechanism of cerebral ischemia in the minority of ESUS patients. Other embolic mechanisms (paradoxical embolism via patent foramen ovale, aortic plaque, nonstenosing unstable carotid plaque, etc.) may represent alternative mechanisms of cerebral embolism in ESUS, and may mandate different management than oral anticoagulation. The potential clinical utility of ESUS may be challenged since the concept failed to identify patients who would benefit from anticoagulation therapy. Compared with the former diagnosis of CS, ESUS patients required thorough investigations; more comprehensive diagnostic work-up than is requested in current ESUS diagnostic criteria may assist clinicians in uncovering the source of brain embolism in CS patients and individualize treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tsivgoulis
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Aristeidis H. Katsanos
- Second Department of Neurology, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Köhrmann
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Germany
| | - Valeria Caso
- Stroke Unit and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Robin Lemmens
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Catholic University (KU) Leuven-University, Belgium, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium, and Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Konstantinos Tsioufis
- First Cardiology Clinic, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - George P. Paraskevas
- First Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Natan M. Bornstein
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Peter D. Schellinger
- Departments of Neurology and Neurogeriatry, Johannes Wesling Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrei V. Alexandrov
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, USA
| | - Christos Krogias
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Gudrunstr.56, Bochum, 44791, Germany
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Leker RR, Cohen JE, Horev A, Tanne D, Orion D, Raphaeli G, Amsalem J, Streifler JY, Hallevi H, Bornstein NM, Yaghmour NE, Telman G. Impact of previous stroke on outcome after thrombectomy in patients with large vessel occlusion. Int J Stroke 2019; 14:887-892. [DOI: 10.1177/1747493019841244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Many patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) who are otherwise candidates for endovascular treatment (EVT) have had previous strokes. We aimed to examine the effect of previous stroke on outcome after EVT. Methods Consecutive patients with LVO were prospectively entered into a National Acute Stroke registry of patients undergoing EVT. Patients treated with EVT were divided into those with and without previous strokes. The rates of favorable reperfusion status, mortality, and excellent outcome at 90 days post-stroke as well as symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) were evaluated. Results A total of 390 underwent EVT and 35 had previous strokes. Patients with previous strokes were significantly older; more frequently had a history of prior myocardial infarction and more often had pre-existing functional disability. Favorable target vessel recanalization was less frequently achieved in patients with previous strokes (60% vs. 82%; p = 0.005) and ordinal regression analysis for functional outcome revealed higher frequency of deterioration at three months in patients with previous strokes. Nevertheless, 9% of these patients maintained their previous disability state and sICH rates did not differ between the groups. Mortality rates at one year post stroke were significantly higher in patients with previous strokes (37% vs. 16%; p = 0.005). Conclusions Previous strokes are associated with higher likelihoods of mortality and unfavorable outcome in patients with LVO undergoing EVT. However, because some of these patients maintain their previous disability state, the presence of previous stroke should not be used as an exclusion criterion from EVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen R Leker
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jose E Cohen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Horev
- Soroka Medical Center, Beersheba, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - David Orion
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Hen Hallevi
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Nour E Yaghmour
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Tene O, Hallevi H, Korczyn AD, Shopin L, Molad J, Kirschbaum C, Bornstein NM, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Kliper E, Auriel E, Usher S, Stalder T, Ben Assayag E. The Price of Stress: High Bedtime Salivary Cortisol Levels Are Associated with Brain Atrophy and Cognitive Decline in Stroke Survivors. Results from the TABASCO Prospective Cohort Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:1365-1375. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Tene
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Hen Hallevi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos D. Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ludmila Shopin
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Natan M. Bornstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Brain Center, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Kliper
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Sali Usher
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tobias Stalder
- Department of Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University Siegen, Germany
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Leker RR, Cohen JE, Tanne D, Orion D, Telman G, Raphaeli G, Amsalem J, Streifler JY, Hallevi H, Gavriliuc P, Bornstein NM, Horev A, Yaghmour NE. Direct Thrombectomy versus Bridging for Patients with Emergent Large-Vessel Occlusions. Interv Neurol 2018; 7:403-412. [PMID: 30410518 DOI: 10.1159/000489575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aims Patients with emergent large-vessel occlusion (ELVO) that present earlier than 4 h from onset are usually treated with bridging systemic thrombolysis followed by endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Whether direct EVT (dEVT) could improve the chances of favorable outcome remains unknown. Methods Consecutively, prospectively enrolled patients with ELVO presenting within 4 h of onset were entered into a National Acute Stroke Registry of patients undergoing revascularization. Patients treated with bridging were compared to those treated with dEVT. Excellent outcome was defined as having a modified Rankin Scale score ≤1 at 90 days following stroke. Results Out of 392 patients that underwent thrombectomy, 270 (68%) presented within 4 h and were included. Of those, 159 (59%) underwent bridging and 111 (41%) underwent dEVT. Atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure were more common in the dEVT group (43 vs. 30%, p = 0.04 and 20 vs. 8%, p = 0.009, respectively), but other risk factors, demographics, stroke severity and subtypes as well as baseline vessel patency state and time metrics did not differ. Excellent target vessel recanalization defined as TICI 3 (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction score) was more common in the dEVT group (75 vs. 61%, p = 0.03), but in-hospital mortality, discharge destinations, short- and long-term excellent outcome rates did not differ. On multivariate regression analysis, treatment modality did not significantly modify the chances of excellent outcome at discharge (OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.3-1.5) or at 3 months (OR 0.78 95% CI 0.4-1.4). Conclusions The chances of attaining excellent functional outcomes are similar in ELVO patients undergoing dEVT or bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen R Leker
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jose E Cohen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Tanne
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - David Orion
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Hen Hallevi
- Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pavel Gavriliuc
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Anat Horev
- Soroka Medical Center, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nour Eddine Yaghmour
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Monteiro Tavares L, Labreuche J, Albers GW, Abboud H, Anticoli S, Audebert H, Bornstein NM, Caplan LR, Correia M, Donnan GA, Ferro JM, Gongora-Rivera F, Heide W, Hennerici MG, Kelly PJ, Král M, Lin HF, Molina C, Park JM, Purroy F, Rothwell PM, Segura T, Školoudík D, Steg PG, Touboul PJ, Uchiyama S, Vicaut É, Wang Y, Wong LKS. Five-Year Risk of Stroke after TIA or Minor Ischemic Stroke. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:2182-2190. [PMID: 29766771 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1802712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke, the long-term risk of stroke and other vascular events is not well known. In this follow-up to a report on 1-year outcomes from a registry of TIA clinics in 21 countries that enrolled 4789 patients with a TIA or minor ischemic stroke from 2009 through 2011, we examined the 5-year risk of stroke and vascular events. METHODS We evaluated patients who had had a TIA or minor stroke within 7 days before enrollment in the registry. Among 61 sites that participated in the 1-year outcome study, we selected 42 sites that had follow-up data on more than 50% of their enrolled patients at 5 years. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke, acute coronary syndrome, or death from cardiovascular causes (whichever occurred first), with an emphasis on events that occurred in the second through fifth years. In calculating the cumulative incidence of the primary outcome and secondary outcomes (except death from any cause), we treated death as a competing risk. RESULTS A total of 3847 patients were included in the 5-year follow-up study; the median percentage of patients with 5-year follow-up data per center was 92.3% (interquartile range, 83.4 to 97.8). The composite primary outcome occurred in 469 patients (estimated cumulative rate, 12.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.8 to 14.1), with 235 events (50.1%) occurring in the second through fifth years. At 5 years, strokes had occurred in 345 patients (estimated cumulative rate, 9.5%; 95% CI, 8.5 to 10.5), with 149 of these patients (43.2%) having had a stroke during the second through fifth years. Rates of death from any cause, death from cardiovascular causes, intracranial hemorrhage, and major bleeding were 10.6%, 2.7%, 1.1%, and 1.5%, respectively, at 5 years. In multivariable analyses, ipsilateral large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and a baseline ABCD2 score for the risk of stroke (range, 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating greater risk) of 4 or more were each associated with an increased risk of subsequent stroke. CONCLUSIONS In a follow-up to a 1-year study involving patients who had a TIA or minor stroke, the rate of cardiovascular events including stroke in a selected cohort was 6.4% in the first year and 6.4% in the second through fifth years. (Funded by AstraZeneca and others.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Amarenco
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Philippa C Lavallée
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Linsay Monteiro Tavares
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Julien Labreuche
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Gregory W Albers
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Halim Abboud
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Sabrina Anticoli
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Heinrich Audebert
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Louis R Caplan
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Manuel Correia
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Geoffrey A Donnan
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - José M Ferro
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Fernando Gongora-Rivera
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Wolfgang Heide
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Michael G Hennerici
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Peter J Kelly
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Michal Král
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lin
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Carlos Molina
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Jong Moo Park
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Francisco Purroy
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Peter M Rothwell
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Tomas Segura
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - David Školoudík
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - P Gabriel Steg
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Pierre-Jean Touboul
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Shinichiro Uchiyama
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Éric Vicaut
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Yongjun Wang
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
| | - Lawrence K S Wong
- From Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Neurology and Stroke Center (P.A., P.C.L., L.M.T., J.L., P.-J.T.), and the Department of Cardiology (P.G.S.), Bichat Hospital, INSERM Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science-Unité 1148, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire Fibrose Inflammation Remodelage, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, and AP-HP, Department of Biostatistics, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, Fernand Widal Hospital (É.V.), Paris, and Université Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Équipe d'Accueil 2694-Santé Publique: Épidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, Lille (J.L.) - all in France; the Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA (G.W.A.); the Department of Neurology, Hôtel-Dieu de France, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon (H. Abboud); the Stroke Unit, San Camillo Hospital, Rome (S.A.); Ärztliche Leitung der Klinik für Neurologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin (H. Audebert), Klinik für Neurologie, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle (W.H.), and the Department of Neurology, Universitäts Medizin Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg (M.G.H.) - all in Germany; Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B.); the Cerebrovascular Disease Service, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston (L.R.C.); Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santo António-Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto (M.C.), and the Department of Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon, Lisbon (J.M.F.) - both in Portugal; the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia (G.A.D.); the Stroke Unit and Neurology Service, University Hospital José Eleuterio González, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico (F.G.-R.); the Neurovascular Research Unit and Health Research Board, Stroke Clinical Trials Network Ireland, University College Dublin, Dublin (P.J.K.); the Comprehensive Stroke Center, Palacký University and University Hospital Olomouc (M.K.), and the Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Palacký University (D.Š), Olomouc, Czech Republic; the Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital and Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan (H.-F.L.); the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona (C.M.), the Stroke Unit, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida (F.P.), and the Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Albacete University Hospital, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (T.S.) - all in Spain; the Department of Neurology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, South Korea (J.M.P.); the Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford (P.M.R.), and the National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College, Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine and Science Royal Brompton Hospital, London (P.G.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo (S.U.); the Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (Y.W.); and the Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (L.K.S.W.)
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Jones KM, Bhattacharjee R, Krishnamurthi R, Blanton S, Barker-Collo S, Theadom A, Thrift AG, Wolf SL, Venketasubramanian N, Parmar P, Maujean A, Ranta A, Cadilhac D, Sanya EO, MacKay-Lyons M, Pandian JD, Arora D, Obiako RO, Saposnik G, Balalla S, Bornstein NM, Langhorne P, Norrving B, Brown N, Brainin M, Taylor D, Feigin VL. Determining the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a stroke instructional and educational DVD in a multinational context: a randomized controlled pilot study. Clin Rehabil 2018; 32:1086-1097. [PMID: 29843517 DOI: 10.1177/0269215518777565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of conducting a randomized controlled trial of an instructional and educational stroke DVD and determine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of this intervention in a multinational context. DESIGN Non-funded, pilot randomized controlled trial of intervention versus usual care. SETTING International, multicentre, community-based. PARTICIPANTS Community-living adults up to three years post stroke with moderate to severe disability and their nominated informal caregivers. INTERVENTIONS Intervention patients viewed and practised rehabilitation techniques demonstrated in the DVD over six weeks. MAIN MEASURES Trial feasibility by number of active recruitment sites, recruitment efficiency, randomization and follow-up. Intervention feasibility by patient and caregiver impressions. Preliminary efficacy by the quality of life - 5-level EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) health status measure, General Health Questionnaire and Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression at two months. RESULTS In total, 14 recruitment sites were established across eight countries. Recruitment was achieved at nine (64%) sites. Over 16 months, 66 participants were recruited (mean (SD) age = 63.5 (12.47) years) and randomized to intervention ( n = 34) and control ( n = 32) groups. In total, 54 (82%) completed a follow-up assessment. Patient and/or caregiver comments about the benefits and barriers to accessing the intervention were mixed. There were no significant between-group differences in outcomes at two months ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Conducting a multinational trial of a stroke DVD requires full funding. The intervention was acceptable to some patients and their caregivers, yet a generalized education approach did not fully meet their needs and/or expectations. A more individualized method may be required to meet peoples' changing needs during stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Jones
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rohit Bhattacharjee
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rita Krishnamurthi
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Blanton
- 2 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Alice Theadom
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amanda G Thrift
- 4 Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven L Wolf
- 2 Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Priya Parmar
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Annick Maujean
- 6 RECOVER Injury Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Annemarei Ranta
- 7 Department of Neurology, Wellington Regional Hospital, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Dominique Cadilhac
- 4 Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emmanuel O Sanya
- 8 Department of Medicine, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Jeyaraj D Pandian
- 10 Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Deepti Arora
- 10 Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Reginald O Obiako
- 11 Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Gustavo Saposnik
- 12 Stroke Outcomes Research Center, Division of Neurology, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shivanthi Balalla
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,13 School of Public Health and Psychosocial Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- 14 Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Peter Langhorne
- 15 Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Bo Norrving
- 16 Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nita Brown
- 17 Stroke Foundation of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael Brainin
- 18 Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Preventive Medicine, Danube University Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria.,19 Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Denise Taylor
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,20 Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Valery L Feigin
- 1 National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Koton S, Geva D, Streifler JY, Harnof S, Pougach Y, Azrilin O, Hadar S, Bornstein NM, Tanne D. Declining Rate and Severity of Hospitalized Stroke From 2004 to 2013: The National Acute Stroke Israeli Registry. Stroke 2018; 49:1348-1354. [PMID: 29720441 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.019822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and disability. We assessed trends in rates of hospitalized stroke and stroke severity on admission in a prospective national registry of stroke from 2004 to 2013. METHODS All 6693 acute ischemic strokes and intracerebral hemorrhage in the National Acute Stroke Israeli participants ≥20 years old were included. Data were prospectively collected in 2004 (February-March), 2007 (March-April), 2010 (April-May), and 2013 (March-April). Rates of hospitalized stroke from 2004 to 2013 were studied using generalized linear models assuming a quasi-Poisson error distribution with a log link. Stroke severity on admission was determined using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and trends were studied. Analysis was performed for stroke overall and by sex and age-group as well as by stroke type. RESULTS Estimated average annual rates of hospitalized stroke decreased from 24.9/10 000 in 2004 to 19.5/10 000 in 2013. The age and sex-adjusted rates ratio (95% confidence interval) for hospitalized stroke overall was 0.82 (0.76-0.89) for 2007, 0.71 (0.65-0.77) for 2010, and 0.72 (0.66-0.78) for 2013 compared with 2004. Severity on admission decreased over time: rates (95% confidence interval) of severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≥11) decreased from 27% (25%-29%) in 2004 to 19% (17%-21%) in 2013, whereas rates (95% confidence interval) of minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≤5) increased from 46% (44%-49%) in 2004 to 60% (57%-62%) in 2013 (P<0.0001). Findings were consistent by sex, age-group, and stroke type. CONCLUSIONS Based on our national data, rates of hospitalized stroke and severity of stroke on admission have decreased from 2004 to 2013 overall and by stroke type, in men and women. Despite the observed declines in rates and severity, stroke continues to place a considerable burden to the Israeli health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Koton
- From the Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions (S.K.) .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine (S.K., J.Y.S., N.M.B., D.T.), Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Diklah Geva
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G., D.T.)
| | - Jonathan Y Streifler
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine (S.K., J.Y.S., N.M.B., D.T.), Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Neurology Unit (J.Y.S.)
| | - Sagi Harnof
- Department of Neurosurgery (S. Harnof), Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Natan M Bornstein
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine (S.K., J.Y.S., N.M.B., D.T.), Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel (N.M.B)
| | - David Tanne
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine (S.K., J.Y.S., N.M.B., D.T.), Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel (D.G., D.T.)
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43
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Molad J, Kliper E, Korczyn AD, Ben Assayag E, Ben Bashat D, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Aizenstein O, Shopin L, Bornstein NM, Auriel E. Only White Matter Hyperintensities Predicts Post-Stroke Cognitive Performances Among Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Markers: Results from the TABASCO Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 56:1293-1299. [PMID: 28157096 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter hyperintensities (WMH) were shown to predict cognitive decline following stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). However, WMH are only one among other radiological markers of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether adding other SVD markers to WMH improves prediction of post-stroke cognitive performances. METHODS Consecutive first-ever stroke or TIA patients (n = 266) from the Tel Aviv Acute Brain Stroke Cohort (TABASCO) study were enrolled. MRI scans were performed within seven days of stroke onset. We evaluated the relationship between cognitive performances one year following stroke, and previously suggested total SVD burden score including WMH, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds (CMB), and perivascular spaces (PVS). RESULTS Significant negative associations were found between WMH and cognition (p < 0.05). Adding other SVD markers (lacunes, CMB, PVS) to WMH did not improve predication of post-stroke cognitive performances. Negative correlations between SVD burden score and cognitive scores were observed for global cognitive, memory, and visual spatial scores (all p < 0.05). However, following an adjustment for confounders, no associations remained significant. CONCLUSION WMH score was associated with poor post-stroke cognitive performance. Adding other SVD markers or SVD burden score, however, did not improve prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Kliper
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Functional Brain Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Einor Ben Assayag
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dafna Ben Bashat
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Functional Brain Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neurosciense, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Orna Aizenstein
- Department of Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ludmila Shopin
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eitan Auriel
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Hallevi H, Molad J, Korczyn A, Kliper E, Shopin L, Auriel E, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Volfson V, Bornstein NM, Ben Assayag E. Abstract TMP92: Keep On Working. Occupational Status Before and After Stroke Protects the Brain, General Health and Cognitive Status. Stroke 2018. [DOI: 10.1161/str.49.suppl_1.tmp92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bornstein NM, Guekht A, Vester J, Heiss WD, Gusev E, Hömberg V, Rahlfs VW, Bajenaru O, Popescu BO, Muresanu D. Safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in early post-stroke recovery: a meta-analysis of nine randomized clinical trials. Neurol Sci 2017; 39:629-640. [PMID: 29248999 PMCID: PMC5884916 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis combines the results of nine ischemic stroke trials, assessing efficacy of Cerebrolysin on global neurological improvement during early post-stroke period. Cerebrolysin is a parenterally administered neuropeptide preparation approved for treatment of stroke. All included studies had a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The patients were treated with 30–50 ml Cerebrolysin once daily for 10–21 days, with treatment initiation within 72 h after onset of ischemic stroke. For five studies, original analysis data were available for meta-analysis (individual patient data analysis); for four studies, aggregate data were used. The combination by meta-analytic procedures was pre-planned and the methods of synthesis were pre-defined under blinded conditions. Search deadline for the present meta-analysis was December 31, 2016. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney (MW) effect size for National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on day 30 (or 21), combining the results of nine randomized, controlled trials by means of the robust Wei-Lachin pooling procedure (maximin-efficient robust test), indicated superiority of Cerebrolysin as compared with placebo (MW 0.60, P < 0.0001, N = 1879). The combined number needed to treat for clinically relevant changes in early NIHSS was 7.7 (95% CI 5.2 to 15.0). The additional full-scale ordinal analysis of modified Rankin Scale at day 90 in moderate to severe patients resulted in MW 0.61 with statistical significance in favor of Cerebrolysin (95% CI 0.52 to 0.69, P = 0.0118, N = 314). Safety aspects were comparable to placebo. Our meta-analysis confirms previous evidence that Cerebrolysin has a beneficial effect on early global neurological deficits in patients with acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan M Bornstein
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alla Guekht
- Russian National Research Medical University and Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Ul. Donskaya 43, Moscow, 115419, Russia
| | - Johannes Vester
- Department of Biometry and Clinical Research, IDV Data Analysis and Study Planning, Konrad-Zuse-Bogen 17, 82152, Krailling, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dieter Heiss
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Gleueler Street 50, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eugene Gusev
- Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Volker Hömberg
- Department of Neurology, SRH Gesundheitszentrum Bad Wimpfen GmbH, Bad Wimpfen, Germany
| | - Volker W Rahlfs
- Department of Biometry and Clinical Research, IDV Data Analysis and Study Planning, Konrad-Zuse-Bogen 17, 82152, Krailling, Germany
| | - Ovidiu Bajenaru
- Department of Neurology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, 050474, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan O Popescu
- Department of Neurology, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bulevardul Eroii Sanitari 8, 050474, Bucharest, Romania.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dafin Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babes Street No. 8, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,"RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, 37 Mircea Eliade Street, 400364, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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46
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Ben Assayag E, Eldor R, Korczyn AD, Kliper E, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Tene O, Molad J, Shapira I, Berliner S, Volfson V, Shopin L, Strauss Y, Hallevi H, Bornstein NM, Auriel E. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Renal Function Are Associated With Brain Alterations and Poststroke Cognitive Decline. Stroke 2017; 48:2368-2374. [PMID: 28801477 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with diseases of the brain, kidney, and vasculature. However, the relationship between T2DM, chronic kidney disease, brain alterations, and cognitive function after stroke is unknown. We aimed to evaluate the inter-relationship between T2DM, impaired renal function, brain pathology on imaging, and cognitive decline in a longitudinal poststroke cohort. METHODS The TABASCO (Tel Aviv brain acute stroke cohort) is a prospective cohort of stroke/transient ischemic attack survivors. The volume and white matter integrity, ischemic lesions, and brain and hippocampal volumes were measured at baseline using 3-T MRI. Cognitive tests were performed on 507 patients, who were diagnosed as having mild cognitive impairment, dementia, or being cognitively intact after 24 months. RESULTS At baseline, T2DM and impaired renal function (estimated creatinine clearance [eCCl] <60 mL/min) were associated with smaller brain and hippocampal volumes, reduced cortical thickness, and worse white matter microstructural integrity. Two years later, both T2DM and eCCl <60 mL/min were associated with poorer cognitive scores, and 19.7% of the participants developed cognitive decline (mild cognitive impairment or dementia). Multiple analysis, controlling for age, sex, education, and apolipoprotein E4, showed a significant association of both T2DM and eCCl <60 mL/min with cognitive decline. Having both conditions doubled the risk compared with patients with T2DM or eCCl <60 mL/min alone and almost quadrupled the risk compared with patients without either abnormality. CONCLUSIONS T2DM and impaired renal function are independently associated with abnormal brain structure, as well as poorer performance in cognitive tests, 2 years after stroke. The presence of both conditions quadruples the risk for cognitive decline. T2DM and lower eCCl have an independent and additive effect on brain atrophy and the risk of cognitive decline. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01926691.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einor Ben Assayag
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.).
| | - Roy Eldor
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Amos D Korczyn
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Efrat Kliper
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Shani Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Oren Tene
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Jeremy Molad
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Itzhak Shapira
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Shlomo Berliner
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Viki Volfson
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Ludmila Shopin
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Yehuda Strauss
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Hen Hallevi
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
| | - Eitan Auriel
- From the Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and the Diabetes Unit, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel (E.B.A., R.E., E.K., S.S.-T., O.T., J.M., I.S., S.B., V.V., L.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel (E.B.A., A.D.K., I.S., S.B., Y.S., H.H., N.M.B., E.A.); and Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel (E.A.)
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47
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Ben Assayag E, Tene O, Korczyn AD, Shopin L, Auriel E, Molad J, Hallevi H, Kirschbaum C, Bornstein NM, Shenhar-Tsarfaty S, Kliper E, Stalder T. High hair cortisol concentrations predict worse cognitive outcome after stroke: Results from the TABASCO prospective cohort study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 82:133-139. [PMID: 28549269 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The role of stress-related endocrine dysregulation in the development of cognitive changes following a stroke needs further elucidation. We explored this issue in a longitudinal study on stroke survivors using hair cortisol concentrations (HCC), a measure of integrated long-term cortisol levels. METHODS Participants were consecutive cognitively intact first-ever mild-moderate ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA) survivors from the Tel Aviv Brain Acute Stroke Cohort (TABASCO) study. They underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and were cognitively assessed at admission, and at 6, 12 and 24 months post-stroke. Scalp hair samples were obtained during the initial hospitalization. RESULTS Full data on baseline HCC, MRI scans and 2 years neuropsychological assessments were available for 65 patients. Higher HCC were significantly associated with a larger lesion volume and with worse cognitive results 6, 12 and 24 months post-stroke on most of the neurocognitive tests. 15.4% of the participants went on to develop clinically significant cognitive decline in the follow-up period, and higher HCC at baseline were found to be a significant risk factor for this decline, after adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and APOE e4 carrier status (HR=6.553, p=0.038). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that individuals with higher HCC, which probably reflect higher long-term cortisol release, are prone to develop cognitive decline following an acute stroke or TIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ben Assayag
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - O Tene
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - A D Korczyn
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - L Shopin
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - E Auriel
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - J Molad
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - H Hallevi
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | | | - N M Bornstein
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - S Shenhar-Tsarfaty
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - E Kliper
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel; The Wohl Institute for Advanced Imaging, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - T Stalder
- Department of Psychology, TU Dresden, Germany; Department of Clinical Psychology, University Siegen, Germany
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48
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Hoshino T, Uchiyama S, Wong LK, Sissani L, Albers GW, Bornstein NM, Caplan LR, Donnan GA, Ferro JM, Hennerici MG, Labreuche J, Lavallée PC, Molina C, Rothwell PM, Steg PG, Touboul PJ, Vicaut É, Amarenco P. Differences in Characteristics and Outcomes Between Asian and Non-Asian Patients in the TIAregistry.org. Stroke 2017; 48:1779-1787. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.016874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
This study provides the contemporary causes and prognosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke in Asians and the direct comparisons with non-Asians.
Methods—
The TIAregistry.org enrolled 4789 patients (1149 Asians and 3640 non-Asians) with a TIA or minor ischemic stroke within 7 days of onset. Every participating facility had systems dedicated to urgent intervention of TIA/stroke patients by specialists. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal stroke, and nonfatal acute coronary syndrome.
Results—
Approximately 80% of patients were evaluated within 24 hours of symptom onset. At 1 year, there were no differences in the rates of composite cardiovascular events (6.8% versus 6.0%;
P
=0.38) and stroke (6.0% versus 4.8%;
P
=0.11) between Asians and non-Asians. Asians had a lower risk of cerebrovascular disease (stroke or TIA) than non-Asians (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.63–0.98;
P
=0.03); the difference was primarily driven by a lower rate of TIA in Asians (4.2% versus 8.3%;
P
<0.001). Moderately severe bleeding was more frequent in Asians (0.8% versus 0.3%;
P
=0.02). In multivariable analysis, multiple acute infarcts (
P
=0.005) and alcohol consumption (
P
=0.02) were independent predictors of stroke recurrence in Asians, whereas intracranial stenosis (
P
<0.001), ABCD
2
score (
P
<0.001), atrial fibrillation (
P
=0.008), extracranial stenosis (
P
=0.03), and previous stroke or TIA (
P
=0.03) were independent predictors in non-Asians.
Conclusions—
The short-term stroke risk after a TIA or minor stroke was lower than expected when urgent evidence-based care was delivered, irrespective of race/ethnicity or region. However, the predictors of stroke were different for Asians and non-Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hoshino
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Shinichiro Uchiyama
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Lawrence K.S. Wong
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Leila Sissani
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Gregory W. Albers
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Natan M. Bornstein
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Louis R. Caplan
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Geoffrey A. Donnan
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - José M. Ferro
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Michael G. Hennerici
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Julien Labreuche
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Philippa C. Lavallée
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Carlos Molina
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Peter M. Rothwell
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Pierre-Jean Touboul
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Éric Vicaut
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
| | - Pierre Amarenco
- From the APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (T.H., L.S., P.C.L., P-J.T., P.A.); Clinical Research Center for Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Center for Brain and Cerebral Vessels, Sanno Hospital and Sanno Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan (S.U.); Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital (L.K.S.W.); Stanford
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Findler M, Molad J, Bornstein NM, Auriel E. Worse Outcome in Patients with Acute Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation Following Thrombolysis. Isr Med Assoc J 2017; 19:293-295. [PMID: 28513116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and a common cause of ischemic stroke. Stroke patients with AF have been shown to have a poorer neurological outcome than stroke patients without AF. OBJECTIVES To determine the impact of pre-existing AF on residual degree of disability in patients treated with IV thrombolysis. METHODS In this case-control study, data of 214 stroke patients (63 with AF and 151 without AF) were collected from the National Acute Stroke Israeli Registry, a nationwide quadrennial stroke database. Stroke severity and outcome were compared using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission and the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) on admission and discharge. Demographics and stroke characteristics were also compared between the groups. RESULTS Stroke severity, as determined by NIHSS at admission, was higher in the AF group than the non-AF. In the group of patients who were treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), more patients had favorable outcomes (mRS = 0-1 on discharge) in the non-AF group than in the AF group (P = 0.058, odds ratio = 2.217, confidence interval 0.973 to 5.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests worse outcome in thrombolized patients with AF compared to non-AF stroke patients. Therefore, AF itself can be a poor prognostic factor for tPA sensitivity regarding the chance of revascularization and recovery after intravenous tPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Findler
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Natan M Bornstein
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eitan Auriel
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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50
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Hobeanu C, Lavallée PC, Rothwell PM, Sissani L, Albers GW, Bornstein NM, Caplan LR, Donnan GA, Ferro JM, Hennerici MG, Labreuche J, Molina C, Steg PG, Touboul PJ, Uchiyama S, Vicaut É, Wong LK, Amarenco P. Symptomatic Patients Remain at Substantial Risk of Arterial Disease Complications Before and After Endarterectomy or Stenting. Stroke 2017; 48:1005-1010. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.015171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
After carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke, recurrent stroke risk falls to a low rate on modern medical treatment.
Methods—
We used data from 4583 patients with recent transient ischemic attack or minor stroke enrolled in the TIAregistry.org to perform a nested case–control analysis to evaluate pre- and post-CEA/CAS risk. Cases were defined as patients with a CEA/CAS during the 1-year follow-up period. For each case, 2 controls with a follow-up time greater than the time from qualifying event to CEA/CAS were randomly selected, matched by age and sex. Primary outcome was defined as major vascular events (MVE, including stroke, cardiovascular death, and myocardial infarction).
Results—
The median delay from symptom onset of qualifying event to CEA/CAS was 11 days (interquartile range, 6–23). Overall, patients with CEA/CAS had a higher 1-year risk of MVE than other patients (14.8% versus 5.8%; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.61–3.60;
P
<0.001). During the matched preprocedural period, MVE occurred in 14 (7.5%) cases and in 13 (3.5%) controls, with an adjusted odds ratio =2.46 (95% confidence interval, 1.07–5.64;
P
=0.03). In the postprocedural period, the risk of MVE was also higher in cases than in controls (adjusted
P
<0.03).
Conclusions—
Patients with CEA/CAS had a higher 12-month risk of MVE, as well as during pre- and postprocedural periods. These results suggest that patients in whom CEA/CAS is anticipated are likely to be an informative population for inclusion in studies testing new antithrombotic strategies started soon after symptom onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hobeanu
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Philippa C. Lavallée
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Peter M. Rothwell
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Leila Sissani
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Gregory W. Albers
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Natan M. Bornstein
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Louis R. Caplan
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Geoffrey A. Donnan
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - José M. Ferro
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Michael G. Hennerici
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Julien Labreuche
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Carlos Molina
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Pierre-Jean Touboul
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Shinichiro Uchiyama
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Éric Vicaut
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Lawrence K.S. Wong
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
| | - Pierre Amarenco
- From APHP, Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Bichat Hospital, INSERM LVTS-U1148, DHU FIRE, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne-Paris Cité, France (C.H., P.C.L., L.S., J.L., P.-J.T., P.A.); Stanford Stroke Center, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center (G.W.A.); Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel (N.M.B.); Department of Neurosciences (Neurology), Hospital Santa Maria, University of Lisbon,
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