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Chaves N, Nogales L, Montero-Fernández I, Blanco-Salas J, Alías JC. Mediterranean Shrub Species as a Source of Biomolecules against Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecules 2023; 28:8133. [PMID: 38138621 PMCID: PMC10745362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are associated with oxidative stress, due to an imbalance in the oxidation-reduction reactions at the cellular level. Various treatments are available to treat these diseases, although they often do not cure them and have many adverse effects. Therefore, it is necessary to find complementary and/or alternative drugs that replace current treatments with fewer side effects. It has been demonstrated that natural products derived from plants, specifically phenolic compounds, have a great capacity to suppress oxidative stress and neutralize free radicals thus, they may be used as alternative alternative pharmacological treatments for pathological conditions associated with an increase in oxidative stress. The plant species that dominate the Mediterranean ecosystems are characterized by having a wide variety of phenolic compound content. Therefore, these species might be important sources of neuroprotective biomolecules. To evaluate this potential, 24 typical plant species of the Mediterranean ecosystems were selected, identifying the most important compounds present in them. This set of plant species provides a total of 403 different compounds. Of these compounds, 35.7% are phenolic acids and 55.6% are flavonoids. The most relevant of these compounds are gallic, vanillic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids, apigenin, kaempferol, myricitrin, quercetin, isoquercetin, quercetrin, rutin, catechin and epicatechin, which are widely distributed among the analyzed plant species (in over 10 species) and which have been involved in the literature in the prevention of different neurodegenerative pathologies. It is also important to mention that three of these plant species, Pistacea lentiscus, Lavandula stoechas and Thymus vulgaris, have most of the described compounds with protective properties against neurodegenerative diseases. The present work shows that the plant species that dominate the studied geographic area can provide an important source of phenolic compounds for the pharmacological and biotechnological industry to prepare extracts or isolated compounds for therapy against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Chaves
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain; (L.N.); (I.M.-F.); (J.B.-S.); (J.C.A.)
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Dorado FJ, Alías JC, Chaves N, Solla A. Warming Scenarios and Phytophthora cinnamomi Infection in Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.). Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:556. [PMID: 36771639 PMCID: PMC9921032 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The main threats to chestnut in Europe are climate change and emerging pathogens. Although many works have separately addressed the impacts on chestnut of elevated temperatures and Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands (Pc) infection, none have studied their combined effect. The objectives of this work were to describe the physiology, secondary metabolism and survival of 6-month-old C. sativa seedlings after plants were exposed to ambient temperature, high ambient temperature and heat wave events, and subsequent infection by Pc. Ten days after the warming scenarios, the biochemistry of plant leaves and roots was quantified and the recovery effect assessed. Plant growth and root biomass under high ambient temperature were significantly higher than in plants under ambient temperature and heat wave event. Seven secondary metabolite compounds in leaves and three in roots were altered significantly with temperature. Phenolic compounds typically decreased in response to increased temperature, whereas ellagic acid in roots was significantly more abundant in plants exposed to ambient and high ambient temperature than in plants subjected to heat waves. At recovery, leaf procyanidin and catechin remained downregulated in plants exposed to high ambient temperature. Mortality by Pc was fastest and highest in plants exposed to ambient temperature and lowest in plants under high ambient temperature. Changes in the secondary metabolite profile of plants in response to Pc were dependent on the warming scenarios plants were exposed to, with five compounds in leaves and three in roots showing a significant 'warming scenario' × 'Pc' interaction. The group of trees that best survived Pc infection was characterised by increased quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, 3-feruloylquinic acid, gallic acid ethyl ester and ellagic acid. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study addressing the combined effects of global warming and Pc infection in chestnut.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Dorado
- Faculty of Forestry, Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Alías
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Natividad Chaves
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alejandro Solla
- Faculty of Forestry, Institute for Dehesa Research (INDEHESA), Avenida Virgen del Puerto 2, Universidad de Extremadura, 10600 Plasencia, Spain
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Chaves N, Santiago A, Alías JC. Quantification of the Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts: Analysis of Sensitivity and Hierarchization Based on the Method Used. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E76. [PMID: 31952329 PMCID: PMC7023273 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have a large number of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. Studies for the determination of the antioxidant activity of different plant species could contribute to revealing the value of these species as a source of new antioxidant compounds. There is a large variety of in vitro methods to quantify antioxidant activity, and it is important to select the proper method to determine which species have the highest antioxidant activity. The aim of this work was to verify whether different methods show the same sensitivity and/or capacity to discriminate the antioxidant activity of the extract of different plant species. To that end, we selected 12 species with different content of phenolic compounds. Their extracts were analyzed using the following methods: 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity assay, ferric reducing (FRAP) assay, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (ABTS) assay, and reducing power (RP) assay. The four methods selected could quantify the antioxidant capacity of the 12 study species, although there were differences between them. The antioxidant activity values quantified through DPPH and RP were higher than the ones obtained by ABTS and FRAP, and these values varied among species. Thus, the hierarchization or categorization of these species was different depending on the method used. Another difference established between these methods was the sensitivity obtained with each of them. A cluster revealed that RP established the largest number of groups at the shortest distance from the root. Therefore, as it showed the best discrimination of differences and/or similarities between species, RP is considered in this study as the one with the highest sensitivity among the four studied methods. On the other hand, ABTS showed the lowest sensitivity. These results show the importance of selecting the proper antioxidant activity quantification method for establishing a ranking of species based on this parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natividad Chaves
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Antonio Santiago
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Alías
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Alías JC, Sosa T, Valares C, Escudero JC, Chaves N. Seasonal Variation of Cistus ladanifer L. Diterpenes. Plants (Basel) 2012; 1:6-15. [PMID: 27137636 PMCID: PMC4844260 DOI: 10.3390/plants1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exudate of Cistus ladanifer L. consists mainly of two families of secondary metabolites: flavonoids and diterpenes. The amount of flavonoids present in the leaves has a marked seasonal variation, being maximum in summer and minimum in winter. In the present study, we demonstrate that the amount of diterpenes varies seasonally, but with a different pattern: maximum concentration in winter and minimum in spring-summer. The experiments under controlled conditions have shown that temperature influences diterpene production, and in particular, low temperatures. Given this pattern, the functions that these compounds perform in C. ladanifer are probably different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Alías
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Teresa Sosa
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Cristina Valares
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - José Carlos Escudero
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Natividad Chaves
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain.
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Dinis M, Trigo G, Chaves N, Fonseca AJMM, Ribeiro A, Tavares D, Cabrita AMS, Ferreira P. rEnolase maternal immunization confers caries protection on offspring. J Dent Res 2011; 90:325-30. [PMID: 21297015 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510391793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccination with Streptococcus sobrinus recombinant enolase (rEnolase) protects rats from dental caries. Here, we investigated the effect that maternal rEnolase vaccination before pregnancy had on the offspring's immune response to S. sobrinus oral infection and dental caries progression. Female Wistar rats were immunized by intranasal and subcutaneous routes with rEnolase adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant or similarly treated with the adjuvant alone (sham-immunized). Ten days after the last administration, the immunized females were paired with a male rat. The oral immune responses to S. sobrinus infection and dental caries in the offspring were evaluated. The results showed that pups born from rEnolase-immunized mothers had higher levels of rEnolase-specific salivary IgA and IgG antibodies (indicating a placental antibody transfer) and lower sulcal and proximal enamel caries scores than rats born from sham-immunized mothers. In conclusion, rEnolase maternal immunization before pregnancy provides offspring with protection against S. sobrinus-induced dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dinis
- Laboratory of Immunology, ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Largo Prof. Abel Salazar 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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Sosa T, Alías JC, Escudero JC, Chaves N. Interpopulational variation in the flavonoid composition of Cistus ladanifer L. exudate. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2004.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sosa T, Chaves N, Alias JC, Escudero JC, Henao F, Gutiérrez-Merino C. Inhibition of Mouth Skeletal Muscle Relaxation by Flavonoids of Cistus ladanifer L.: A Plant Defense Mechanism Against Herbivores. J Chem Ecol 2004; 30:1087-101. [PMID: 15303316 DOI: 10.1023/b:joec.0000030265.45127.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cistus ladanifer exudate is a potent inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (Ca2+-pump) of rabbit skeletal muscle, a well-established model for active transport that plays a leading role in skeletal muscle relaxation. The low concentration of exudate needed to produce 50% of the maximum inhibition of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase activity, 40-60 microg/ml, suggests that eating only a few milligrams of C. ladanifer leaves can impair the relaxation of the mouth skeletal muscle of herbivores, as the exudate reaches up to 140 mg/g of dry leaves in summer season. The flavonoid fraction of the exudate accounts fully for the functional impairment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum produced by the exudate (up to a dose of 250-300 microg/ml). The flavonoids present in this exudate impair the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum function at two different levels: (i) by inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase activity, and (ii) by decreasing the steady state ATP-dependent Ca2+-accumulation. Among the exudate flavonoids, apigenin and 3,7-di-O-methyl kaempferol are the most potent inhibitors of the skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. We conclude that the flavonoids of this exudate can elicit an avoidance reaction of the herbivores eating C. ladanifer leaves through impairment of mouth skeletal muscle relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sosa
- Area of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Chaves N, Weeramanthri T, Mak D, Bunn L, Lines D, Morgan S, Girrabul J, Allen O. Diabetes audit can aid practice development in a range of indigenous health care settings. Aust J Rural Health 2001; 9:251-3. [PMID: 11736850 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1584.2001.00397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N Chaves
- Monash University, Victoria and Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
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Abstract
Eleven allelochemicals (ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, methyl propionate, oxalic acid, methylmalonic acid, p-anisic acid, butyric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and azulene) were identified in the exudate of Cistus ladanifer L. We studied the effect of each on germination, cotyledon emergence, root length, and cotyledon length of Rumex crispus. Three groups were distinguished with respect to phytotoxic activity: compounds with low activity (ferulic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, oxalic acid, methylmalonic acid, p-anisic acid, hydroxybutyric acid, and azulene), with intermediate activity (cinnamic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid), and with high activity (methyl propionate and butyric acid). The effect of the interaction of the compounds was studied. When acting conjointly, all combinations tested produced a more negative effect on both germination and seedling growth than when acting alone. The interaction affected cotyledon emergence and root length more negatively than germination and cotyledon length. When hydroxycinnamic acid and cinnamic acid were added to these mixtures there was an enhancement in the phytotoxic activity, accentuating the effect of the other allelochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chaves
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain
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Abstract
Of the aglycone flavonoids identified in the exudate of cistus ladanifer, two, the flavone apigenin-4'-(O)-methyl and the flavonol kaempferol-3,7-di(O)-methyl inhibit development of the seedlings of Rumex crispus at 0.5 and 1 mM. Additive effects were observed between the major flavonols of the exudate kaempferol-3-(O)-methyl and kaempferol-3,7-di-(O)-methyl in inhibiting the size of the cotyledons and delaying the germination and cotyledon emergence. The presence of apigenin-4'-(O)-methyl, kaempferol-3,7-di-(O)-methyl, and kaempferol-3-(O)-methyl was detected in the soils associated with C. ladanifer during the summer and autumn months. That these compounds are present in the soil and are not restricted to the leaves provides support for the hypothesis that C. ladanifer has allelopathic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chaves
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06080 Badajoz, Spain.
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Chaves N, Escudero JC, Gutierrez-Merino C. Role of Ecological Variables in the Seasonal Variation of Flavonoid Content of Cistus ladanifer Exudate. J Chem Ecol 1997. [DOI: 10.1023/b:joec.0000006398.79306.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Lago ES, De Araujo TM, Bion FM, De Freitas LP, Nascimento JS, Vieira R, Chaves N. [Biological value of a soy-corn-wheat based noodle (macaroni) supplemented with lysine (author's transl)]. Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1977; 10:15-9. [PMID: 557219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The biological value of a soy-corn-wheat based noodle (macaroni) prepared by the General Food Corporation was studied. The protein level of the noodle was of 20.5g%. Thirty-six Albino rats were used in this experimental. The animals were divided into sex groups of six animals each. The experimental groups were fed: a) cooked macaroni without lysine; and b) macaroni supplemented with increasing levels of L-lysine HCL. The control group received commercial casein. The protein level of the experimental diets was of 10g%. At the end of the fourth week of the experiment some rats showed a slight difference in the growth curve, specially the animals fed macaroni without lysine. However, statistical analysis did not show a significant difference. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the experimental groups was similar to that of the control group, but when the lysine level of the diets increased there was a corresponding increase in the PER. No significant difference was noted too. These results suggest that lysine do not improve the biological value of the noodle.
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Chaves N, Guimarães ED, Aguiar F, Viana T, Matos E, de Medeiros RB, Martins GC, Bazante MO, Pimenta DP. [Influence of nutrition on hormone secretion. II. Study in Ribeirão, Pernambuco, Brazil (author's transl)]. Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1975; 8:353-62. [PMID: 1241147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
1. Ten children from Ribeirão of both sexes, aged 1 to 6 years, suffering from 2nd and 3rd degree malnutrition were studied. The mean circulating growth hormone levels were significantly higher in both groups before dietary therapy, but the highest values were found in children with 3rd degree malnutrition. It was demonstrated that serum growth hormone levels were significantly related to the severity of malnutrition. A positive correlation was found between the nutritional status and the growth hormone levels. 2. The mean circulating insulin levels were lower before dietary therapy, but a significant correlation was not noted between the nutritional status and the insulin levels. 3. After the dietary therapy the hormone levels progressively returned to normal. These children showed a better recovery than those of the previous study, Agua Preta. This observation may be due to the active participation of the mothers in the nutritional recuperation of their children.
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Chaves N, Guimarães ED, Aguiar F, Viana T, Matos E, Basto de Medeiros R, Martins GC, Bazante MO, Pimenta PP. [Influence of nutrition on hormone secretion. I. Study in Agua Preta (author's transl)]. Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1975; 8:261-70. [PMID: 56017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A positive correlation between the circulating growth hormone levels and the nutritional status was reported in 9 children of both sexes, aged 1 to 6 years, suffering from 2nd degree malnutrition. The mean serum insulin levels, the mean urinary 17-KS and 17-OHCS levels were low before the dietary therapy. No significant correlation between the levels of these hormones and the nutritional status was found. The hormone levels gradually returned to normal after the dietary therapy and the nutritional status of the children improved, according to the observed biochemical, clinical and anthropometric data.
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de Araujo TM, Lago ES, Bion FM, Nascimento JS, Costa LP, Antunes NL, Chaves N, de Mello AV. [Biological value of manihot flour enriched with fish flour and soybean isolated protein, and casein (author's transl)]. Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1975; 8:139-42. [PMID: 1237156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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de Arujo TM, Lago ES, Bion FM, Nascimento JS, Costa LP, Antunes NL, Chaves N, de Mello AV. [Nutritional values of some special regional beans (feijão macáçar, feijão mulatinho) and manihot flour, supplemented with methionine at different levels (author's transl)]. Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1975; 8:143-7. [PMID: 1178934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Vieira de Méllo A, Chaves N, Ferraz de Lucena MA, Mayer Varela R, Costa T, Costa Salzano A, Carvalho Martins G, Alencar Monteiro E. The testing of Nutriene V, a plant protein mixture, in the recuperation of undernourished children. Am J Clin Nutr 1973; 26:1024-9. [PMID: 4740858 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/26.9.1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Nascimento JS, Lago ES, da Costa LP, Bion FM, de Araujo TM, Antunes NL, Chaves N. [Nutritive value of a soybean diet]. Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1973; 6:187-90. [PMID: 4738046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lapa MA, de Freitas CP, Guerra NB, Vieira R, Coelho MA, Tojal e Seara L, Chaves N. [Study of the nutritional value of avocado--Persea americana Miller]. Rev Bras Pesqui Med Biol 1972; 5:205-10. [PMID: 4659314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bunce GE, Caasi P, Hall B, Chaves N. Prevention of cataract in the progeny of rats fed a maternal diet based on vegetable proteins. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1972; 140:1103-7. [PMID: 5064698 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-140-36620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chaves N. [Nutrition and the brain]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1971; 71:21-35. [PMID: 4254523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Chaves N. [Nutrition and physical work]. Hospital (Rio J) 1969; 75:1535-46. [PMID: 5306481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Chaves N. [Neuro-humoral regulation of the adenohypophysis]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 1969; 18:55-63. [PMID: 4916453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chaves N. [Neurohumoral regulation of the anterior pituitary gland]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 1969; 18:55-63. [PMID: 4397567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chaves N. [Protein food in Brazil: sources, production and transport]. Rev Bras Med 1968; 25:372-9. [PMID: 5724224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chaves N. [Culture and nutrition]. Rev Bras Med 1968; 25:281-5. [PMID: 4917139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chaves N. [Nutrition and brain development]. Rev Bras Med 1968; 25:169-73. [PMID: 5740556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chaves N. [Nutrition in the Northwest of Brazil]. Rev Bras Med 1968; 25:108-13. [PMID: 5656164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Chaves N, Barreto SP, Leal MR, Lapa AG, da Costa LP, Mayer R, Costa S, Lopes MC. [Reproduction, growth and ocular changes in rats fed with combinations of plants with various levels of proteins. I]. Rev Bras Med 1965; 22:672-82. [PMID: 5859455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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