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Freyn AW, Atyeo C, Earl PL, Americo JL, Chuang GY, Natarajan H, Frey TR, Gall JG, Moliva JI, Hunegnaw R, Asthagiri Arunkumar G, Ogega CO, Nasir A, Santos G, Levin RH, Meni A, Jorquera PA, Bennett H, Johnson JA, Durney MA, Stewart-Jones G, Hooper JW, Colpitts TM, Alter G, Sullivan NJ, Carfi A, Moss B. An mpox virus mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine confers protection against lethal orthopoxviral challenge. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadg3540. [PMID: 37792954 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adg3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Mpox virus (MPXV) caused a global outbreak in 2022. Although smallpox vaccines were rapidly deployed to curb spread and disease among those at highest risk, breakthrough disease was noted after complete immunization. Given the threat of additional zoonotic events and the virus's evolving ability to drive human-to-human transmission, there is an urgent need for an MPXV-specific vaccine that confers protection against evolving MPXV strains and related orthopoxviruses. Here, we demonstrate that an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle vaccine encoding a set of four highly conserved MPXV surface proteins involved in virus attachment, entry, and transmission can induce MPXV-specific immunity and heterologous protection against a lethal vaccinia virus (VACV) challenge. Compared with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), which forms the basis for the current MPXV vaccine, immunization with an mRNA-based MPXV vaccine generated superior neutralizing activity against MPXV and VACV and more efficiently inhibited spread between cells. We also observed greater Fc effector TH1-biased humoral immunity to the four MPXV antigens encoded by the vaccine, as well as to the four VACV homologs. Single MPXV antigen-encoding mRNA vaccines provided partial protection against VACV challenge, whereas multivalent vaccines combining mRNAs encoding two, three, or four MPXV antigens protected against disease-related weight loss and death equal or superior to MVA vaccination. These data demonstrate that an mRNA-based MPXV vaccine confers robust protection against VACV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia L Earl
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Americo
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jason G Gall
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Juan I Moliva
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, 21702 MD, USA
| | | | | | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | | | - Bernard Moss
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
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Powell TJ, Jacobs A, Tang J, Cardenas E, Palath N, Daniels J, Boyd JG, Bergeron HC, Jorquera PA, Tripp RA. Microparticle RSV Vaccines Presenting the G Protein CX3C Chemokine Motif in the Context of TLR Signaling Induce Protective Th1 Immune Responses and Prevent Pulmonary Eosinophilia Post-Challenge. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122078. [PMID: 36560488 PMCID: PMC9785538 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Layer-by-layer microparticle (LbL-MP) fabrication was used to produce synthetic vaccines presenting a fusion peptide containing RSV G protein CX3C chemokine motif and a CD8 epitope of the RSV matrix protein 2 (GM2) with or without a covalently linked TLR2 agonist (Pam3.GM2). Immunization of BALB/c mice with either GM2 or Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP in the absence of adjuvant elicited G-specific antibody responses and M2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Following challenge with RSV, mice immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine developed a Th2-biased immune response in the lungs with elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and a pulmonary influx of eosinophils. By comparison, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP vaccine had considerably lower to non-detectable levels of the Th2 cytokines and chemokines and very low numbers of eosinophils in the BAL fluid post-RSV challenge. In addition, mice immunized with the Pam3.GM2 LbL-MP also had higher levels of RSV G-specific IgG2a and IgG2b in the post-challenge BAL fluid compared to those immunized with the GM2 LbL-MP vaccine. While both candidates protected mice from infection following challenge, as evidenced by the reduction or elimination of RSV plaques, the inclusion of the TLR2 agonist yielded a more potent antibody response, greater protection, and a clear shift away from Th2/eosinophil responses. Since the failure of formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccines tested in the 1960s has been hypothesized to be partly due to the ablation of host TLR engagement by the vaccine and inappropriate Th2 responses upon subsequent viral infection, these findings stress the importance of appropriate engagement of the innate immune response during initial exposure to RSV G CX3C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Jacobs
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Edwin Cardenas
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jennifer Daniels
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - James G. Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies, 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Harrison C. Bergeron
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Patricia A. Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Atherton LJ, Jorquera PA, Bakre AA, Tripp RA. Determining Immune and miRNA Biomarkers Related to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Vaccine Types. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2323. [PMID: 31649663 PMCID: PMC6794384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) causes serious respiratory tract illness and substantial morbidity and some mortality in populations at the extremes of age, i.e., infants, young children, and the elderly. To date, RSV vaccine development has been unsuccessful, a feature linked to the lack of biomarkers available to assess the safety and efficacy of RSV vaccine candidates. We examined microRNAs (miR) as potential biomarkers for different types of RSV vaccine candidates. In this study, mice were vaccinated with a live attenuated RSV candidate that lacks the small hydrophobic (SH) and attachment (G) proteins (CP52), an RSV G protein microparticle (GA2-MP) vaccine, a formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine or were mock-treated. Several immunological endpoints and miR expression profiles were determined in mouse serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) following vaccine priming, boost, and RSV challenge. We identified miRs that were linked with immunological parameters of disease and protection. We show that miRs are potential biomarkers providing valuable insights for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia J Atherton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Abhijeet A Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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4
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Jorquera PA, Mishin VP, Chesnokov A, Nguyen HT, Mann B, Garten R, Barnes J, Hodges E, De La Cruz J, Xu X, Katz J, Wentworth DE, Gubareva LV. Insights into the antigenic advancement of influenza A(H3N2) viruses, 2011-2018. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2676. [PMID: 30804469 PMCID: PMC6389938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H3N2) viruses evade human immunity primarily by acquiring antigenic changes in the haemagglutinin (HA). HA receptor-binding features of contemporary A(H3N2) viruses hinder traditional antigenic characterization using haemagglutination inhibition and promote selection of HA mutants. Thus, alternative approaches are needed to reliably assess antigenic relatedness between circulating viruses and vaccines. We developed a high content imaging-based neutralization test (HINT) to reduce antigenic mischaracterization resulting from virus adaptation to cell culture. Ferret reference antisera were raised using clinical specimens containing viruses representing recent vaccine strains. Analysis of viruses circulating during 2011–2018 showed that gain of an N158-linked glycosylation in HA was a molecular determinant of antigenic distancing between A/Hong Kong/4801/2014-like (clade 3C.2a) and A/Texas/50/2012-like viruses (clade 3C.1), while multiple evolutionary HA F193S substitution were linked to antigenic distancing from A/Switzerland/97152963/2013-like (clade 3C.3a) and further antigenic distancing from A/Texas/50/2012-like viruses. Additionally, a few viruses carrying HA T135K and/or I192T showed reduced neutralization by A/Hong Kong/4801/2014-like antiserum. Notably, this technique elucidated the antigenic characteristics of clinical specimens, enabling direct characterization of viruses produced in vivo, and eliminating in vitro culture, which rapidly alters the genotype/phenotype. HINT is a valuable new antigenic analysis tool for vaccine strain selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,CNI Advantage, LLC. 17 Executive Park Dr NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Vasiliy P Mishin
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Anton Chesnokov
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Ha T Nguyen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Brian Mann
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - John Barnes
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Erin Hodges
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,CNI Advantage, LLC. 17 Executive Park Dr NE, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Juan De La Cruz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.,Battelle Memorial Institute, 2987 Clairmont Rd, Suite 450, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jackie Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - David E Wentworth
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Larisa V Gubareva
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
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Jorquera PA, Mathew C, Pickens J, Williams C, Luczo JM, Tamir S, Ghildyal R, Tripp RA. Verdinexor (KPT-335), a Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export, Reduces Respiratory Syncytial Virus Replication In Vitro. J Virol 2019; 93:e01684-18. [PMID: 30541831 PMCID: PMC6364025 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01684-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization of infants and young children, causing considerable respiratory disease and repeat infections that may lead to chronic respiratory conditions such as asthma, wheezing, and bronchitis. RSV causes ∼34 million new episodes of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in children younger than 5 years of age, with >3 million hospitalizations due to severe RSV-associated LRTI. The standard of care is limited to symptomatic relief as there are no approved vaccines and few effective antiviral drugs; thus, a safe and efficacious RSV therapeutic is needed. Therapeutic targeting of host proteins hijacked by RSV to facilitate replication is a promising antiviral strategy as targeting the host reduces the likelihood of developing drug resistance. The nuclear export of the RSV M protein, mediated by the nuclear export protein exportin 1 (XPO1), is crucial for RSV assembly and budding. Inhibition of RSV M protein export by leptomycin B correlated with reduced RSV replication in vitro In this study, we evaluated the anti-RSV efficacy of Verdinexor (KPT-335), a small molecule designed to reversibly inhibit XPO1-mediated nuclear export. KPT-335 inhibited XPO1-mediated transport and reduced RSV replication in vitro KPT-335 was effective against RSV A and B strains and reduced viral replication following prophylactic or therapeutic administration. Inhibition of RSV replication by KPT-335 was due to a combined effect of reduced XPO1 expression, disruption of the nuclear export of RSV M protein, and inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.IMPORTANCE RSV is an important cause of LRTI in infants and young children for which there are no suitable antiviral drugs offered. We evaluated the efficacy of KPT-335 as an anti-RSV drug and show that KPT-335 inhibits XPO1-mediated nuclear export, leading to nuclear accumulation of RSV M protein and reduction in RSV levels. KPT-335 treatment also resulted in inhibition of proinflammatory pathways, which has important implications for its effectiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Cynthia Mathew
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jennifer Pickens
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Colin Williams
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jasmina M Luczo
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sharon Tamir
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Inc., Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Respiratory Virology Group, Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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Abstract
One of the most commonly used approaches for determining the quantity of infectious RSV particles in a given sample is the plaque assay. RSV infectious particles can be quantified by various direct and indirect methods. Here, we explain two simple methods for RSV titration: plaque assay and immunostaining assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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7
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Gubareva LV, Besselaar TG, Daniels RS, Fry A, Gregory V, Huang W, Hurt AC, Jorquera PA, Lackenby A, Leang SK, Lo J, Pereyaslov D, Rebelo-de-Andrade H, Siqueira MM, Takashita E, Odagiri T, Wang D, Zhang W, Meijer A. Global update on the susceptibility of human influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors, 2015-2016. Antiviral Res 2017; 146:12-20. [PMID: 28802866 PMCID: PMC5667636 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Four World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centres for Reference and Research on Influenza and one WHO Collaborating Centre for the Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza (WHO CCs) assessed antiviral susceptibility of 14,330 influenza A and B viruses collected by WHO-recognized National Influenza Centres (NICs) between May 2015 and May 2016. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay was used to determine 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) data for NA inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir. Furthermore, NA sequences from 13,484 influenza viruses were retrieved from public sequence databases and screened for amino acid substitutions (AAS) associated with reduced inhibition (RI) or highly reduced inhibition (HRI) by NAIs. Of the viruses tested by WHO CCs 93% were from three WHO regions: Western Pacific, the Americas and Europe. Approximately 0.8% (n = 113) exhibited either RI or HRI by at least one of four NAIs. As in previous seasons, the most common NA AAS was H275Y in A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, which confers HRI by oseltamivir and peramivir. Two A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses carried a rare NA AAS, S247R, shown in this study to confer RI/HRI by the four NAIs. The overall frequency of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses containing NA AAS associated with RI/HRI was approximately 1.8% (125/6915), which is slightly higher than in the previous 2014-15 season (0.5%). Three B/Victoria-lineage viruses contained a new AAS, NA H134N, which conferred HRI by zanamivir and laninamivir, and borderline HRI by peramivir. A single B/Victoria-lineage virus harboured NA G104E, which was associated with HRI by all four NAIs. The overall frequency of RI/HRI phenotype among type B viruses was approximately 0.6% (43/7677), which is lower than that in the previous season. Overall, the vast majority (>99%) of the viruses tested by WHO CCs were susceptible to all four NAIs, showing normal inhibition (NI). Hence, NAIs remain the recommended antivirals for treatment of influenza virus infections. Nevertheless, our data indicate that it is prudent to continue drug susceptibility monitoring using both NAI assay and sequence analysis. A total of 14,330 influenza viruses were collected worldwide, May 2015–May 2016. Approximately 0.8% showed reduced inhibition by at least one NA inhibitor. The frequency of viruses with reduced inhibition was slightly higher than in 2014–15 (0.5%). NA inhibitors remain an appropriate choice for influenza treatment. Global surveillance of influenza antiviral susceptibility should be continued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa V Gubareva
- WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton RD NE, MS-G16, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States.
| | - Terry G Besselaar
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Rod S Daniels
- The Francis Crick Institute, Worldwide Influenza Centre (WIC), WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Fry
- WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton RD NE, MS-G16, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Vicki Gregory
- The Francis Crick Institute, Worldwide Influenza Centre (WIC), WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Weijuan Huang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Aeron C Hurt
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Patricia A Jorquera
- WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton RD NE, MS-G16, Atlanta, GA, 30329, United States
| | - Angie Lackenby
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, NW9 5HT, United Kingdom
| | - Sook-Kwan Leang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, At the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Janice Lo
- Public Health Laboratory Centre, 382 Nam Cheong Street, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dmitriy Pereyaslov
- Division of Health Emergencies and Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, UN City, Marmorvej 51, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helena Rebelo-de-Andrade
- Influenza Pathogenesis and Antiviral Resistance Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof Gama Pinto, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marilda M Siqueira
- National Influenza Center, Laboratorio de Virus Respiratorios, Oswaldo Cruz Institute/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emi Takashita
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Dayan Wang
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Collaboration Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Adam Meijer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. Although the development of a RSV vaccine has been a priority for >50 years, there is still no vaccine available. Treatment of RSV LRTI has remained mostly supportive, i.e. hydration and oxygenation. Palivizumab and ribavirin are the only options currently available for prevention and treatment of RSV infection, but evidence suggests that they are not fully effective. This creates a significant unmet medical need for new therapeutics for prevention and treatment of RSV worldwide. Areas covered: This article reviews the antiviral drugs and monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for RSV that are in different stages of clinical development. Expert commentary: Over the last 10 years, new antiviral drugs and mAb have shown clinical promise against RSV, and may become available in the coming years. Although the RSV fusion protein has been the most popular target for inhibitors and mAbs, new approaches targeting other viral proteins have shown promising results. To overcome the emergence of RSV escape mutants, combination antiviral therapy may be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Abstract
Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) to detect and quantify antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and RSV proteins in human plasma or sera are described. The first EIA uses RSV lysate antigens produced in HEp-2 cell line. The second EIA uses RSV F or G gene-expressed antigen in HEp-2 cells. The third EIA uses 30-amino acid synthetic peptides from central conserved region of G protein of RSV A2 or RSV B1 virus and a peptide from the SARS CoV nucleoprotein as a negative control peptide. All three EIAs have been evaluated for detecting and quantifying the respective antibodies in human sera or plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A. Tripp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia USA
| | - Patricia A. Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Georgia USA
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Abstract
Several studies have shown that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can modulate the host innate immune response by dysregulation of host microRNAs (miRNAs) related to the antiviral response, a feature that also affects the memory immune response to RSV (Thornburg et al. MBio 3(6), 2012). miRNAs are small, endogenous, noncoding RNAs that function in posttranscriptional gene regulation. Here, we explain a compilation of methods for the purification, quantification, and characterization of miRNA expression profiles in biofluids, whole blood samples, and tissue samples obtained from in vivo studies. In addition, this chapter describes methods for the isolation of exosomal miRNA populations. Understanding alterations in miRNA expression profiles and identifying miRNA targets genes, and their contribution to the pathogenesis of RSV, may help elucidate novel mechanism of host-virus interaction (Rossi et al., Pediatr Pulmonol, 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Anderson
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Patricia A Jorquera
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Animal Health Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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11
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Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is understood to be a significant human pathogen in infants, young children, and the elderly and the immunocompromised. Over the last decade many important mechanisms contributing to RSV infection, replication, and disease pathogenesis have been revealed; however, there is still insufficient knowledge which has in part hampered vaccine development. Considerable information is accumulating regarding how RSV proteins modulate molecular signaling and immune responses to infection. Understanding how RSV interacts with its host is crucial to facilitate the development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutic treatments.In this chapter, we provide a brief introduction into RSV replication, pathogenesis, and host immune response, and summarize the state of RSV vaccine and antiviral compounds in clinical stages of development. This chapter frames features of this book and the molecular methods used for understanding RSV interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lydia Anderson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Research Center, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Shim BS, Wu W, Kyriakis CS, Bakre A, Jorquera PA, Perwitasari O, Tripp RA. MicroRNA-555 has potent antiviral properties against poliovirus. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:659-668. [PMID: 26683768 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with live-attenuated polio vaccine has been the primary reason for the drastic reduction of poliomyelitis worldwide. However, reversion of this attenuated poliovirus vaccine occasionally results in the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses that may cause poliomyelitis. Thus, the development of anti-poliovirus agents remains a priority for control and eradication of the disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to regulate viral infection through targeting the viral genome or reducing host factors required for virus replication. However, the roles of miRNAs in poliovirus (PV) replication have not been fully elucidated. In this study, a library of 1200 miRNA mimics was used to identify miRNAs that govern PV replication. High-throughput screening revealed 29 miRNAs with antiviral properties against Sabin-2, which is one of the oral polio vaccine strains. In particular, miR-555 was found to have the most potent antiviral activity against three different oral polio attenuated vaccine strains tested. The results show that miR-555 reduced the level of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C1/C2 (hnRNP C) required for PV replication in the infected cells, which in turn resulted in reduction of PV positive-strand RNA synthesis and production of infectious progeny. These findings provide the first evidence for the role of miR-555 in PV replication and reveal that miR-555 could contribute to the development of antiviral therapeutic strategies against PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Shik Shim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Weilin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Constantinos S Kyriakis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Olivia Perwitasari
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, 30602 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important cause of lower respiratory tract infections causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in young children and the elderly. Despite decades of research there is no licensed RSV vaccine. Although significant advances have been made in understanding the immune factors responsible for inducing vaccine-enhanced disease in animal models, less information is available for humans. In this review, we discuss the different types of RSV vaccines and their target population, the need for establishing immune correlates for vaccine efficacy, and how the use of different animal models can help predict vaccine efficacy and clinical outcomes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
| | - Lydia Anderson
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- a Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine , University of Georgia , Athens , GA , Georgia
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Jorquera PA, Oakley KE, Powell TJ, Palath N, Boyd JG, Tripp RA. Layer-By-Layer Nanoparticle Vaccines Carrying the G Protein CX3C Motif Protect against RSV Infection and Disease. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:829-49. [PMID: 26473935 PMCID: PMC4693221 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children; however no effective treatment or vaccine is currently available. Previous studies have shown that therapeutic treatment with a monoclonal antibody (clone 131-2G) specific to the RSV G glycoprotein CX3C motif, mediates virus clearance and decreases leukocyte trafficking to the lungs of RSV-infected mice. In this study, we show that vaccination with layer-by-layer nanoparticles (LbL-NP) carrying the G protein CX3C motif induces blocking antibodies that prevent the interaction of the RSV G protein with the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) and protect mice against RSV replication and disease pathogenesis. Peptides with mutations in the CX3C motif induced antibodies with diminished capacity to block G protein-CX3CR1 binding. Passive transfer of these anti-G protein antibodies to mice infected with RSV improved virus clearance and decreased immune cell trafficking to the lungs. These data suggest that vaccination with LbL-NP loaded with the CX3C motif of the RSV G protein can prevent manifestations of RSV disease by preventing the interaction between the G protein and CX3CR1 and recruitment of immune cells to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Katie E Oakley
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Thomas J Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - James G Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies Inc., 5 Science Park, Suite 13, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 111 Carlton Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious lower respiratory track illness causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in infants and the elderly. Despite decades of research there is no licensed RSV vaccine. To enable the development of RSV vaccines, several major obstacles must be overcome including immature and waning immunity to RSV infection, the capacity of RSV to evade immunity and the failure of RSV infection to induce robust enduring immunity. Since the failure of the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine trial, more cautious and deliberate progress has been made toward RSV vaccine development using a variety of experimental approaches. The scientific rational and the state of development of these approaches are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Animal Health Research Center, 111 Carlton Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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16
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Jorquera PA, Choi Y, Oakley KE, Powell TJ, Boyd JG, Palath N, Haynes LM, Anderson LJ, Tripp RA. Nanoparticle vaccines encompassing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein CX3C chemokine motif induce robust immunity protecting from challenge and disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74905. [PMID: 24040360 PMCID: PMC3769300 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle vaccines were produced using layer-by-layer fabrication and incorporating respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein polypeptides comprising the CX3C chemokine motif. BALB/c mice immunized with G protein nanoparticle vaccines produced a neutralizing antibody response that inhibited RSV replication in the lungs following RSV challenge. ELISPOT analysis showed that G nanoparticle vaccinated mice had increased levels of RSV G protein-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting cells compared to controls following RSV challenge. Remarkably, RSV challenge of G protein nanoparticle vaccinated mice resulted in increased RSV M2-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting T cells, and increased M2-specific H-2Kd-tetramer positive CD8+ T cells in the lungs compared to controls. Cell type analysis showed vaccination was not associated with increased pulmonary eosinophilia following RSV challenge. These results demonstrate that vaccination of mice with the RSV G protein nanoparticle vaccines induces a potent neutralizing antibody response, increased G protein- and M2- specific T cell responses, and a reduction in RSV disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Jorquera
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Youngjoo Choi
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Katie E. Oakley
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Powell
- Artificial Cell Technologies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - James G. Boyd
- Artificial Cell Technologies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Naveen Palath
- Artificial Cell Technologies, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Lia M. Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Choi Y, Mason CS, Jones LP, Crabtree J, Jorquera PA, Tripp RA. Antibodies to the central conserved region of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein block RSV G protein CX3C-CX3CR1 binding and cross-neutralize RSV A and B strains. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:193-203. [PMID: 22551066 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a primary cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide, and despite decades of effort, there remains no safe and effective vaccine. RSV modifies the host immune response during infection by CX3C chemokine mimicry adversely affecting pulmonary leukocyte chemotaxis and CX3CR1+ RSV-specific T-cell responses. In this study we investigated whether immunization of mice with RSV G protein polypeptides from strain A2 could induce antibodies that block G protein-CX3CR1 interactions of both RSV A and B strains. The results show that mice immunized with RSV A2 G polypeptides generate antibodies that block binding of RSV A2 and B1 native G proteins to CX3CR1, and that these antibodies effectively cross-neutralize both A and B strains of RSV. These findings suggest that vaccines that induce RSV G protein-CX3CR1 blocking antibodies may provide a disease intervention strategy in the efforts to develop safe and efficacious RSV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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