1
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Marmion M, Soro AB, Whyte P, Scannell AGM. A culture-based assessment of the microbiota of conventional and free-range chicken meat from Irish processing facilities. Food Microbiol 2023; 114:104306. [PMID: 37290880 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chicken meat is the most popularly consumed meat worldwide, with free-range and ethically produced meat a growing market among consumers. However, poultry is frequently contaminated with spoilage microbes and zoonotic pathogens which impact the shelf-life and safety of the raw product, constituting a health risk to consumers. The free-range broiler microbiota is subject to various influences during rearing such as direct exposure to the external environment and wildlife which are not experienced during conventional rearing practices. Using culture-based microbiology approaches, this study aimed to determine whether there is a detectable difference in the microbiota from conventional and free-range broilers from selected Irish processing plants. This was done through analysis of the microbiological status of bone-in chicken thighs over the duration of the meat shelf-life. It was found that the shelf-life of these products was 10 days from arrival in the laboratory, with no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) evident between free-range and conventionally raised chicken meat. A significant difference, however, was established in the presence of pathogenesis-associated genera in different meat processors. These results reinforce past findings which indicate that the processing environment and storage during shelf-life are key determinants of the microflora of chicken products reaching the consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marmion
- UCD School of Agriculture Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Ireland; UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
| | - A B Soro
- UCD School of Agriculture Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Ireland; Teagasc Ashtown Food Research Centre, Ashtown, D15DY05, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Ireland
| | - A G M Scannell
- UCD School of Agriculture Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Ireland; UCD Institute of Food and Health, Ireland; UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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2
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Marmion M, Macori G, Ferone M, Whyte P, Scannell A. Survive and thrive: Control mechanisms that facilitate bacterial adaptation to survive manufacturing-related stress. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 368:109612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Greene G, Koolman L, Whyte P, Lynch H, Coffey A, Lucey B, Egan J, O'Connor L, Bolton D. An in vitro investigation of the survival and/or growth of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler digestate from different feed types. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 72:36-40. [PMID: 32964486 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and poultry are the primary reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the survival and/or growth of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 in broiler digestate prepared from commercial starter, grower and finisher feed formulations. Bolton broth and digestates were prepared, inoculated with C. jejuni NCTC 11168 (approximately 3 log10 CFU per ml) and incubated under microaerobic conditions at 42°C for 24 h. Samples were taken at t = 0 (immediately after inoculation) and every 3 h thereafter, serially diluted and plated onto mCCDA. Campylobacter jejuni grew as expected in Bolton broth (control) reaching the early stationary phase after approximately 15 h. In contrast, although bacterial concentrations were maintained for at least 9 h, none of the feed digestates supported the growth of C. jejuni, which were not detected after 15 h. It is suggested that the nutrients available in the feed digestates are not enough to support C. jejuni growth and that additional factors may be at play in the avian gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Greene
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Koolman
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Lynch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - A Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - B Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - L O'Connor
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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4
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Esteves E, Whyte P, Gupta TB, Bolton DJ. An investigation into the ecological niches and seasonal nature of Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes in the Irish beef farm environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:660-666. [PMID: 32608530 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Blown pack spoilage (BPS) of vacuum packaged beef is caused by psychrotolerant and psychrophilic Clostridium species, primarily Clostridium estertheticum and Clostridium gasigenes. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental niches and impact of season on these BPS Clostridium spp. on Irish beef farms. On each of five different beef farms, faecal (10), soil (5), silage (5), air (5), bedding straw (5), drinking water (5) and puddle/ditch water (5) samples were collected during Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter and tested for C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes using culture (direct plating and enrichment) and molecular (conventional PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR)) based techniques. C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes were detected in all sample types, with qPCR detection rates ranging from 4% to 50% and at concentrations of up to 1·5 log10 CFU per g and 3·5 log10 CFU per g, respectively. The impact of season was not clear as the results were mixed depending on the detection method used. It was concluded that BPS-causing C. estertheticum and C. gasigenes are widely distributed in the beef farm environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Esteves
- Department of Food Safety, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin 15, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.,AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - T B Gupta
- AgResearch Ltd, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - D J Bolton
- Department of Food Safety, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Dublin 15, Ireland
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5
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Lynch CT, Lynch H, Egan J, Whyte P, Bolton D, Coffey A, Lucey B. Antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates recovered from broilers in the Republic of Ireland in 2017 and 2018: an update. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:550-556. [PMID: 32329627 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1758300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
1. Campylobacteriosis is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis. Broilers are considered the most important source of human Campylobacter infection. In the 2008 European baseline survey Ireland had a 98% prevalence of campylobacter-contaminated broiler carcases. 2. Randomly-selected Campylobacter isolates (296 C. jejuni, 54 C. coli) recovered in 2017 and 2018, from Irish broiler neck skin and caeca were tested for their resistance to tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and streptomycin. 3. Overall, 45% of the Campylobacter spp. isolates tested were resistant to at least one antimicrobial. Tetracycline resistance (38%) was most prevalent in C. jejuni, followed by ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid resistance (29%). In C. coli, resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid (26%) was most prevalent followed by resistance to tetracycline (13%). Gentamicin resistance was undetected and resistance to streptomycin was low for C. jejuni (1%) and C. coli (4%). All C. jejuni isolates examined were erythromycin-sensitive, while 9% of C. coli isolates were erythromycin-resistant. Three multidrug-resistant C. coli isolates were recovered. 4. While antibiotic resistance rates were somewhat similar to figures reported nationally over the past 20 years, the prevalence of tetracycline resistance in C. jejuni has increased. The persistence of substantial ciprofloxacin resistance in the Irish broiler population was noteworthy, despite fluoroquinolones having been banned for growth promotion in Europe since 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Lynch
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - H Lynch
- NRL Campylobacter, Backweston Laboratory Complex , Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Egan
- NRL Campylobacter, Backweston Laboratory Complex , Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre , Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - B Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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6
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Waqas S, Muldoon EG, Conneely M, Bergin D, Whyte P, Carton E, Tuite H. HIV and Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP) Managed With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). Ir Med J 2020; 113:42. [PMID: 32815702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Presentation A 40-year-old Irish female presented with a new diagnosis of HIV, advanced immunosuppression and severe respiratory failure. Diagnosis Patient was subsequently diagnosed with Pneumocystis jiroveci Pneumonia (PJP). Treatment The patient was treated for HIV and PJP and required mechanical ventilation. She continued to deteriorate and veno-venous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (V-V ECMO) was deployed in her management after 18 days of mechanical ventilation. Conclusion HIV presenting with extensive pneumonia secondary to PJP and advanced immunosuppression is still a treatable condition. All available respiratory support including ECMO should be considered for patients even if they have been on mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Waqas
- Infectious Diseases Department, St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin, Ireland
- Infectious Diseases Department, University College Hospital Galway; Galway, Ireland
| | - E G Muldoon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital; Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Conneely
- Infectious Diseases Department, St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Bergin
- Department of Radiology, University College Hospital Galway; Galway, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- Intensive Care Unit, University College Hospital Galway; Galway, Ireland
| | - E Carton
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital; Dublin, Ireland
| | - H Tuite
- Infectious Diseases Department, St. Vincent's University Hospital; Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Pedrós-Garrido S, Clemente I, Calanche J, Condón-Abanto S, Beltrán J, Lyng J, Brunton N, Bolton D, Whyte P. Antimicrobial activity of natural compounds against listeria spp. and their effects on sensory attributes in salmon (Salmo salar) and cod (Gadus morhua). Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an important bacterial pathogen in seafood products, but limited information is currently available on the thermal resistance of relevant isolates in seafood. Thermal inactivation studies were undertaken (i) to provide much needed thermal inactivation data for L. monocytogenes in crab meat and (ii) to investigate whether tryptone soya broth (TSB) is representative of crab meat in thermal inactivation studies involving L. monocytogenes. D-values were obtained for a cocktail of two crab isolates (serotypes 1/2a and 4b) at 50, 55, and 60°C. In crab meat, D-values were 174.4, 28.2, and 1.6 min, respectively. Similar D-values of 176.4, 28.8, and 1.4 min were obtained in TSB. The corresponding z-values were 4.9°C (crab meat) and 4.8°C (TSB), respectively. The conclusions were that (i) current pasteurization conditions (e.g., 70°C for 2 min) would achieve complete destruction of any L. monocytogenes present in crab meat and (ii) TSB could be used as a model matrix for assessing the thermal inactivation of L. monocytogenes in crab meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McDermott
- 1 Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland.,2 School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - P Whyte
- 2 School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - N Brunton
- 3 School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - D J Bolton
- 1 Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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9
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McDermott A, Whyte P, Brunton N, Lyng J, Fagan J, Bolton D. The effect of organic acid and sodium chloride dips on the shelf-life of refrigerated Irish brown crab (Cancer pagurus) meat. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Condón-Abanto S, Arroyo C, Álvarez I, Brunton N, Whyte P, Lyng JG. An assessment of the application of ultrasound in the processing of ready-to-eat whole brown crab (Cancer pagurus). Ultrason Sonochem 2018; 40:497-504. [PMID: 28946451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the potential of incorporating ultrasound as a processing aid in the production of whole cooked brown crab (Cancer pagurus). The FDA recommended heat treatment to reduce Listeria monocytogenes by 6 log10 cycles in this product is a F707.5 of 2min. An equivalent F value was applied at 75°C in presence and absence of ultrasound in water alone or in water with 5% w/v NaCl added. Heat penetration, turbidity and conductivity of the cook water and also salt and moisture content of the crab meat (white and brown) were determined. Ultrasound assisted cooking allowed a reduction of the cooking time by up to 15% while still maintaining an F707.5 of 2min. Ultrasound also enhanced the rate and total amount of compounds released from the crab, which suggests that crabs cooked in the presence of ultrasound would be expected to be cleaner. Ultrasound also proved to be effective in reducing the salt content but hardly affected the final moisture content of the crab meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Condón-Abanto
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Arroyo
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - I Álvarez
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 - (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - N Brunton
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J G Lyng
- UCD Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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11
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Reid R, Fanning S, Whyte P, Kerry J, Bolton D. An investigation of the effect of rapid slurry chilling on blown pack spoilage of vacuum-packaged beef primals. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:177-181. [PMID: 27981595 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate if rapid slurry chilling would retard or prevent blown pack spoilage (BPS) of vacuum-packaged beef primals. Beef primals were inoculated with Clostridium estertheticum subspp. estertheticum (DSMZ 8809), C. estertheticum subspp. laramenise (DSMZ 14864) and C. gasigenes (DSMZ 12272), and vacuum-packaged with and without heat shrinkage (90°C for 3 s). These packs were then subjected to immediate chilling in an ice slurry or using conventional blast chilling systems and stored at 2°C for up to 100 days. The onset and progress of BPS was monitored using the following scale; 0-no gas bubbles in drip; 1-gas bubbles in drip; 2-loss of vacuum; 3-'blown'; 4-presence of sufficient gas inside the packs to produce pack distension and 5-tightly stretched, 'overblown' packs/packs leaking. Rapid slurry chilling (as compared to conventional chilling) did not significantly affect (P > 0.05) the time to the onset or progress of BPS. It was therefore concluded that rapid chilling of vacuum-packaged beef primals, using an ice slurry system, may not be used as a control intervention to prevent or retard blown pack spoilage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study adds to our growing understanding of blown pack spoilage of vacuum-packaged beef primals and suggests that rapid chilling of vacuum-packaged beef primals is not a control option for the beef industry. The results suggest that neither eliminating the heat shrinkage step nor rapid chilling of vacuum-packaged beef retard the time to blown pack spoilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reid
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - S Fanning
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J Kerry
- University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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12
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Nyambe S, Burgess C, Whyte P, O'Kiely P, Bolton D. The fate of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli C600φ3538(Δvtx 2 ::cat) and its vtx 2 prophage during grass silage preparation. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1197-1206. [PMID: 28245080 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Silage is grass, preserved by fermentation and used as winter feed for cattle. The impact of a range of current grass silage preparation practices on the survival of Escherichia coli C600φ3538(Δvtx2 ::cat) and on the induction, release and infectivity of free phage were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Wilted and fresh grass samples, from plots with and without slurry application, were ensiled with or without formic acid. Each treatment combination was inoculated with approximately 6 log10 CFU per g E. coli C600φ3538(Δvtx2 ::cat) (donor strain) and E. coli C600::kanamycinR (recipient strain) in test-tube model silos and incubated in the dark at 15°C. The physico-chemical (pH, ammonia, ethanol, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids) and microbiological (total viable counts, TVC, total Enterobacteriaceae counts, TEC, E. coli counts, ECC and lactic acid bacteria, LAB) properties of each fermentation were monitored throughout the experiment as were the concentrations of E. coli C600φ3538(Δvtx2 ::cat), E. coli C600::kanamycinR , free phage and transductants, using culture and PCR-based methods. Over the course of the experiment the pH of the grass samples typically decreased by 2 pH units. TVC, TEC and ECC decreased by up to 2·3, 6·4 and 6·2 log10 CFU per g, respectively, while the LAB counts remained relatively stable at 5·2-7·1 log10 CFU per g. Both donor and recipient strains decreased by approximately 5 log10 CFU per g. Free phages were detected in all treatments and transductants were detected and confirmed by PCR in the silo containing wilted grass, pretreated with slurry and ensiled without formic acid. CONCLUSIONS Verocytotoxigenic E. coli may survive the ensiling process and the conditions encountered are sufficient to induce vtx2 bacteriophage leading to low levels of phage-mediated vtx2 gene transfer. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These studies suggest that the ensiling of grass may create an environment which facilitates the emergence of new verocytotoxigenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nyambe
- Food Safety Department, Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P O'Kiely
- Teagasc Grange Research Centre, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Food Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Battersby T, Whyte P, Bolton D. Protecting broilers against Campylobacter infection by preventing direct contact between farm staff and broilers. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Nyambe S, Burgess C, Whyte P, Bolton D. Survival studies of a temperate and lytic bacteriophage in bovine faeces and slurry. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1144-51. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Nyambe
- Food Safety Department; Teagasc Food Research Centre; Ashtown; Dublin Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - C. Burgess
- Food Safety Department; Teagasc Food Research Centre; Ashtown; Dublin Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - D. Bolton
- Food Safety Department; Teagasc Food Research Centre; Ashtown; Dublin Ireland
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15
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Nyambe S, Burgess C, Whyte P, Bolton D. The Survival of a Temperate vtx Bacteriophage and an Anti-Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157 Lytic Phage in Water and Soil Samples. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 63:632-640. [PMID: 27334728 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Verocytotoxigenic (vtx) Escherichia coli (VTEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens with the vtx operon encoded by lambdoid bacteriophage (phage). Despite much research on the host bacteria, similar data on the persistence of verocytotoxin converting phage and the ecological niches where transduction occurs are lacking and novel VTEC of important public health significance, have and continue to emerge. This study investigated the survival of a temperate vtx bacteriophage (24B ::kanamycinR ) in water (raw farm, pasteurized farm, laboratory tap and autoclaved purified water) and soil (sandy loam and loam soil). It also examined the persistence of an anti-VTEC lytic phage (e11/2) in the same matrices as this may be one option for controlling the emergence of novel VTEC, especially in farm ecological niches where other control options, such as chemical, heat or high pressure treatments, are not feasible. Samples inoculated with 24B ::kanamycinR and e11/2 bacteriophage (8 log10 pfu/ml or pfu/g) separately were incubated at 4°C and 14°C, representative Irish Winter and Summer temperatures, respectively, and tested every 2 days for 40 days. The transduction of 24B ::kanamycinR was also continuously assessed. Both phages survived with reductions observed, regardless of matrix or storage temperature. Moreover, 24B ::kanamycinR was able to transduce its host E. coli strain. It was therefore concluded that aquatic and soil environments on farms may serve as a vtx phage reservoir and transduction point but anti-VTEC phage is a possible biocontrol option.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nyambe
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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McAloon CG, Whyte P, O'Grady L, Lorenz I, Green MG, Hogan I, Johnson A, Doherty ML. Relationship between selected perinatal paratuberculosis management interventions and passive transfer of immunity in dairy calves. Vet Rec 2016; 179:47. [PMID: 27259758 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this cohort study was to assess the relationship between perinatal calf management practices relevant to the control of paratuberculosis and passive transfer of immunoglobulin in calves born in an endemically infected Irish dairy herd. Data from 176 calves were used to assess the effect of time spent in the calving area, individual versus non-designated calving and colostrum pasteurisation on serum total protein, zinc sulphate turbidity, globulin and γ-glutamyltransferase. In addition, the effects of colostrum quality, volume of colostrum fed, method of colostrum administration and calving season on passive transfer were quantified. Serum samples were collected as part of routine herd health monitoring from calves aged between one and seven days. Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of each variable on the test result and failure of passive transfer as determined using a cut-off point for each diagnostic test. Colostrum pasteurisation and calving area were not significantly associated with passive transfer, whereas increased time spent in the calving pen was consistently associated with a detrimental effect. In addition, a strong seasonal effect was apparent, which appeared to be unrelated to colostrum quality and calf management. The authors are unaware of published studies documenting such a significant seasonal effect on passive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - L O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - I Lorenz
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - M G Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - I Hogan
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - A Johnson
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, Knockalisheen, Limerick, Ireland
| | - M L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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17
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McAloon CG, Doherty ML, Donlon J, Lorenz I, Meade J, O'Grady L, Whyte P. Microbiological contamination of colostrum on Irish dairy farms. Vet Rec 2016; 178:474. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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18
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Battersby T, Whyte P, Bolton D. The pattern of Campylobacter
contamination on broiler farms; external and internal sources. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:1108-18. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Battersby
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research; Ashtown Dublin 15 Ireland
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - D.J. Bolton
- Teagasc Ashtown Food Research; Ashtown Dublin 15 Ireland
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19
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Skinner SR, Davies C, Cooper S, Stoney T, Marshall H, Jones J, Collins J, Hutton H, Parrella A, Zimet G, Regan DG, Whyte P, Brotherton JML, Richmond P, McCaffrey K, Garland SM, Leask J, Kang M, Braunack-Mayer A, Kaldor J, McGeechan K. HPV.edu study protocol: a cluster randomised controlled evaluation of education, decisional support and logistical strategies in school-based human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of adolescents. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:896. [PMID: 26373926 PMCID: PMC4572679 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The National Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Program in Australia commenced in 2007 for females and in 2013 for males, using the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (HPV 6,11,16,18). Thus far, we have demonstrated very substantial reductions in genital warts and in the prevalence of HPV among young Australian women, providing early evidence for the success of this public health initiative. Australia has a long history of school-based vaccination programs for adolescents, with comparatively high coverage. However, it is not clear what factors promote success in a school vaccination program. The HPV.edu study aims to examine: 1) student knowledge about HPV vaccination; 2) psycho-social outcomes and 3) vaccination uptake. Methods/Design HPV.edu is a cluster randomised trial of a complex intervention in schools aiming to recruit 40 schools with year-8 enrolments above 100 students (approximately 4400 students). The schools will be stratified by Government, Catholic, and Independent sectors and geographical location, with up to 20 schools recruited in each of two states, Western Australia (WA) and South Australia (SA), and randomly allocated to intervention or control (usual practice). Intervention schools will receive the complex intervention which includes an adolescent intervention (education and distraction); a decisional support tool for parents and adolescents and logistical strategies (consent form returns strategies, in-school mop-up vaccination and vaccination-day guidelines). Careful process evaluation including an embedded qualitative evaluation will be undertaken to explore in depth possible mechanisms for any observed effect of the intervention on primary and secondary outcomes. Discussion This study is the first to evaluate the relative effectiveness of various strategies to promote best practice in school-based vaccination against HPV. The study aims to improve vaccination-related psychosocial outcomes, including adolescent knowledge and attitudes, decision-making involvement, self-efficacy, and to reduce fear and anxiety. The study also aims to improve school vaccination program logistics including reduction in time spent vaccinating adolescents and increased number of consent forms returned (regardless of decision). Less anxiety in adolescents will likely promote more efficient vaccination, which will be more acceptable to teachers, nurses and parents. Through these interventions, it is hoped that vaccination uptake will be increased. Trial registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12614000404628, 14.04.2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2168-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rachel Skinner
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2054, Australia.
| | - Cristyn Davies
- Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2054, Australia.
| | - Spring Cooper
- CUNY School of Public Health, City University New York, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Tanya Stoney
- Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Helen Marshall
- Vaccinology & Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's & Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Jane Jones
- Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Joanne Collins
- Vaccinology & Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's & Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Heidi Hutton
- Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Adriana Parrella
- Vaccinology & Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's & Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Gregory Zimet
- Pediatrics & Clinical Psychology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - David G Regan
- The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Patti Whyte
- Deakin University, SRC Population Health, Deakin Health Economics, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Julia M L Brotherton
- National HPV Vaccination Program Register, VCS, and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Peter Richmond
- Vaccine Trials Group, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia. .,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Kirsten McCaffrey
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Julie Leask
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Melissa Kang
- Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - John Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kevin McGeechan
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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20
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Skinner SR, Davies C, Cooper S, Stoney T, Marshall H, Jones J, Collins J, Hutton H, Parrella A, Zimet G, Regan DG, Whyte P, Brotherton JML, Richmond P, McCaffery K, Garland SM, Braunack-Mayer A, Kaldor J, McGeechan K. LB1.1 Randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention to improve school-based hpv vaccination for adolescents: the hpv. edu study. Sex Transm Infect 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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21
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Koolman L, Whyte P, Bolton D. An investigation of broiler caecal Campylobacter
counts at first and second thinning. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:876-81. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Koolman
- Teagasc Food Research Centre; Dublin 15 Ireland
- Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - D.J. Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre; Dublin 15 Ireland
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22
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Halpin R, Cregenzán-Alberti O, Whyte P, Lyng J, Noci F. Combined treatment with mild heat, manothermosonication and pulsed electric fields reduces microbial growth in milk. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Haughton PN, Lyng J, Fanning S, Whyte P. Potential of a commercially available water acidification product for reducing Campylobacter in broilers prior to slaughter. Br Poult Sci 2013; 54:319-24. [PMID: 23796116 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2013.786806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
1. This study investigated the potential of a commercially available acidified water treatment (PWT) for reducing the number of Campylobacter in vitro and other bacteria in the gut of live broilers. 2. In vitro tests indicated that PWT was highly effective for reducing Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli at the recommended concentration in water, reducing populations by greater than 7 log10 CFU/ml after 24 h exposure. The decrease in the number of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis and Escherichia coli was not significant. 3. Addition of PWT to the broiler drinking water for the first 7 d, 2 d before and 2 d after each feed change and at feed withdrawal prior to slaughter or only after feed withdrawal had no effect on the number of Campylobacter in caecal samples on farm before thinning and depopulation compared to untreated controls. 4. Although PWT was effective for reducing Campylobacter in water, the results suggest that it does not reduce the number of Campylobacter in the caeca of broilers prior to slaughter under the conditions used in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Haughton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Thomas KM, McCann MS, Collery MM, Moschonas G, Whyte P, McDowell DA, Duffy G. Transfer of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 from fleece to carcass during sheep slaughter in an Irish export abattoir. Food Microbiol 2013; 34:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Thomas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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25
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Muñoz A, Palgan I, Noci F, Cronin D, Morgan D, Whyte P, Lyng J. Combinations of selected non-thermal technologies and antimicrobials for microbial inactivation in a buffer system. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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26
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Haughton P, Lyng J, Cronin D, Morgan D, Fanning S, Whyte P. Efficacy of pulsed electric fields for the inactivation of indicator microorganisms and foodborne pathogens in liquids and raw chicken. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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27
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Thomas KM, McCann MS, Collery MM, Logan A, Whyte P, McDowell DA, Duffy G. Tracking verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 in Irish cattle. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 153:288-96. [PMID: 22209630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate carriage and transfer of verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) O157, O26, O111, O103 and O145 from faeces and hide to dressed carcasses of Irish cattle as well as establishing the virulence potential of VTEC carried by these cattle. Individual cattle was tracked and faecal samples, hide and carcass (pre-evisceration and post-wash) swabs were analysed for verotoxin (vt1 and vt2) genes using a duplex real-time PCR assay. Positive samples were screened for the five serogroups of interest by real-time PCR. Isolates were recovered from PCR positive samples using immunomagnetic separation and confirmed by latex agglutination and PCR. Isolates were subject to a virulence screen (vt1, vt2, eaeA and hlyA) by PCR. Isolates carrying vt genes were examined by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Of the VTEC isolated, E. coli O157 was the most frequently recovered from hide (17.6%), faeces (2.3%) and pre-evisceration/post-wash carcass (0.7%) samples. VTEC O26 was isolated from 0.2% of hide swabs and 1.5% of faeces samples. VTEC O145 was isolated from 0.7% of faeces samples. VTEC O26 and VTEC O145 were not recovered from carcass swabs. Non-VTEC O103 was recovered from all sample types (27.1% hide, 8.5% faeces, 5.5% pre-evisceration carcass, 2.2% post-wash carcass), with 0.2% of hide swabs and 1.0% of faeces samples found to be positive for VTEC O103 isolates. E. coli O111 was not detected in any samples. For the four serogroups recovered, the direct transfer from hide to carcass was not observed. This study shows that while VTEC O157 are being carried by cattle presented for slaughter in Ireland, a number of other verotoxin producing strains are beginning to emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Thomas
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
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28
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Palgan I, Caminiti I, Muñoz A, Noci F, Whyte P, Morgan D, Cronin D, Lyng J. Combined effect of selected non-thermal technologies on Escherichia coli and Pichia fermentans inactivation in an apple and cranberry juice blend and on product shelf life. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Muñoz A, Palgan I, Noci F, Morgan D, Cronin D, Whyte P, Lyng J. Combinations of High Intensity Light Pulses and Thermosonication for the inactivation of Escherichia coli in orange juice. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1200-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Haughton PN, Lyng JG, Cronin DA, Morgan DJ, Fanning S, Whyte P. Efficacy of UV light treatment for the microbiological decontamination of chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. J Food Prot 2011; 74:565-72. [PMID: 21477470 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UV light was investigated for the decontamination of raw chicken, associated packaging, and contact surfaces. The UV susceptibilities of a number of Campylobacter isolates (seven Campylobacter jejuni isolates and three Campylobacter coli isolates), Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 10376 in liquid media were also investigated. From an initial level of 7 log CFU/ml, no viable Campylobacter cells were detected following exposure to the most intense UV dose (0.192 J/cm(2)) in liquid media (skim milk subjected to ultrahigh-temperature treatment and diluted 1:4 with maximum recovery diluent). Maximum reductions of 4.8 and 6.2 log CFU/ml were achieved for E. coli and serovar Enteritidis, respectively, in liquid media. Considerable differences in susceptibilities were found between the Campylobacter isolates examined, with variations of up to 4 log CFU/ml being observed. UV treatment of raw chicken fillet (0.192 J/cm(2)) reduced C. jejuni, E. coli, serovar Enteritidis, total viable counts, and Enterobacteriaceae by 0.76, 0.98, 1.34, 1.76, and 1.29 log CFU/g, respectively. Following UV treatment of packaging and surface materials, reductions of up to 3.97, 4.50, and 4.20 log CFU/cm(2) were obtained for C. jejuni, E. coli, and serovar Enteritidis, respectively (P < 0.05). Overall, the color of UV-treated chicken was not significantly affected (P ≥ 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that Campylobacter is susceptible to UV technology and that differences in sensitivities exist between investigated isolates. Overall, UV could be used for improving the microbiological quality of raw chicken and for decontaminating associated packaging and surface materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Haughton
- Institute of Food & Health, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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31
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Palgan I, Caminiti I, Muñoz A, Noci F, Whyte P, Morgan D, Cronin D, Lyng J. Effectiveness of High Intensity Light Pulses (HILP) treatments for the control of Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua in apple juice, orange juice and milk. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Fanning S, Whyte P, O'Mahony M. Essential veterinary education on the development of antimicrobial and antiparasitic resistance: consequences for animal health and food safety and the need for vigilance. REV SCI TECH OIE 2010; 28:575-82. [PMID: 20128466 DOI: 10.20506/rst.28.2.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The role played by the veterinary profession in protecting animal and public health, along with food safety, is unique. Thus, it is important that veterinarians have the necessary knowledge to be pro-active in responding to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Many current veterinary educational programmes do not attempt to enhance the understanding of undergraduate students of this complex situation. As a first step, a modern veterinary education programme should provide students with a holistic view of the ecology of resistance and clearly describe how antimicrobial resistance emerges. Understanding the relationships between drug use, natural selection and antimicrobial-resistant organisms, as well as gene mobilisation and recombination, and how these contribute to the emergence of resistant organisms are important facets of a modern veterinary education.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fanning
- Herd & Veterinary Public Health Section, Centres for Food Safety and Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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33
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Acke E, McGill K, Lawlor A, Jones BR, Fanning S, Whyte P. Genetic diversity among Campylobacter jejuni
isolates from pets in Ireland. Vet Rec 2010; 166:102-6. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Acke
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences; Massey University; Private Bag 11222 Palmerston North 4442 New Zealand
| | - K. McGill
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - A. Lawlor
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - B. R. Jones
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - P. Whyte
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin, Belfield; Dublin 4 Ireland
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34
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McGill K, Kelly L, Madden R, Moran L, Carroll C, O'Leary A, Moore J, McNamara E, O'Mahony M, Fanning S, Whyte P. Comparison of disc diffusion and epsilometer (E-test) testing techniques to determine antimicrobial susceptibiliy of Campylobacter isolates of food and human clinical origin. J Microbiol Methods 2009; 79:238-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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35
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Acke E, McGill K, Golden O, Jones BR, Fanning S, Whyte P. A comparison of different culture methods for the recovery of Campylobacter species from pets. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:490-5. [PMID: 19243565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Five culture methods for the recovery of Campylobacter species (spp.) were evaluated on 361 rectal swabs collected from cats and dogs in Ireland. Speciation using PCR methods was performed on all isolates to assess the sensitivity of each culture method for isolation of Campylobacter spp., and to establish the prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. upsaliensis, C. lari and C. helveticus. Overall 163 of 361 (45.2%) samples were confirmed Campylobacter spp. positive. Direct plating onto modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) with cefoperazone, amphotericin and teicoplanin (CAT) selective supplement yielded a significantly higher prevalence of Campylobacter spp. (33.0%) than each of the other four methods (P < or = 0.05). This method was also the most sensitive method for isolation of C. upsaliensis compared with any of the other four methods used in the current study (P < or = 0.05). A direct plating method onto mCCDA agar with CCDA selective supplement and a filtration method onto blood agar after pre-enrichment in CAT supplemented broth yielded lower Campylobacter spp. prevalences of 19.7% and 17.5% respectively. A filtration method onto CAT agar and pre-enrichment in Preston broth before plating onto mCCDA agar were less sensitive for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. Speciation results of Campylobacter isolates revealed the majority of Campylobacter isolates were C. upsaliensis (50.0%) and C. jejuni (41.9%). A small number of isolates were C. coli (2.6%), C. lari (1.5%) and C. helveticus (1.1%). The overall detection of Campylobacter spp. in the 361 pets sampled was significantly increased by using a combination of isolation methods (P < or = 0.05), producing a more accurate determination of the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in pets in Ireland and of the actual Campylobacter species. As the majority of Campylobacter spp. were recovered by direct plating onto mCCDA agar with CAT supplement, this method is the method of choice if only a single method is selected for isolation of the most common Campylobacter spp. detected in pets and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Acke
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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36
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Acke E, McGill K, Golden O, Jones BR, Fanning S, Whyte P. Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter
species in household cats and dogs in Ireland. Vet Rec 2009; 164:44-7. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.164.2.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Acke
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
| | - K. McGill
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
| | | | - B. R. Jones
- Small Animal Clinical Studies; School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine; University College Dublin; Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - S. Fanning
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
| | - P. Whyte
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Laboratory
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37
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Mullane N, Healy B, Meade J, Whyte P, Wall PG, Fanning S. Dissemination of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) in a powdered milk protein manufacturing facility. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:5913-7. [PMID: 18641152 PMCID: PMC2565973 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00745-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbial contamination of air filters and possible links to contaminated product in a powdered milk protein-processing facility were investigated. Over a 10-month period, seven air filters, the environment, and powdered product were analyzed for the presence of Cronobacter spp. The effects of air filter installation, maintenance, and subsequent dissemination of Cronobacter were investigated. A total of 30 isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). PFGE revealed the presence of three clonal populations distributed throughout the manufacturing site. This study highlights the need for proper installation of air filters to limit the dissemination of microorganisms into processing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mullane
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Murphy M, Buckley JF, Whyte P, O’Mahony M, Anderson W, Wall PG, Fanning S. Surveillance of Dairy Production Holdings Supplying Raw Milk to the Farmhouse Cheese Sector for Escherichia coli O157, O26 and O111. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:358-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis depends on oestrogenic stimulation for its continued growth, accounting for its prevalence during reproductive years. There is doubt among clinicians regarding its existence in postmenopausal women in the absence of exogenous or endogenous sex hormones. We postulated that endometriosis occurring in postmenopausal women would show a different morphologic and immunohistochemical profile to the disease occurring in premenopausal women. METHODS We reviewed the most recent 100 cases of endometriosis in our department plus all cases occurring in women aged > or =50 dating back to 1999. Cases were divided into <50 (n = 91), 50-59 (8) and > or =60 (6), and analysed for extent of disease, proportions of epithelium and stroma, and amount of haemorrhage. Immunohistochemistry for oestrogen receptor (OR), progesterone receptor (PR) and CD10 was performed and analysed on all cases aged > or =50 and on controls <50. RESULTS There was statistically less disease in older women when cases occurring in the cervix and in scars were excluded (p = 0.0191). There was no statistical difference in the proportions of epithelium or stroma, but there was a statistical difference in the amount of haemorrhage (p = 0.0154) with older women showing less haemorrhage. There was no significant difference in immunohistochemical profile. CONCLUSIONS Endometriosis does occur in postmenopausal women but is less common, is present in smaller volumes, and is less active. It has the same immunohistochemical profile as the disease occurring in premenopausal women and we infer from this that it has the potential to reactivate given the appropriate stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cumiskey
- Department of Histopathology, National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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40
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Buchkovich K, Dyson N, Whyte P, Harlow E. Cellular proteins that are targets for transformation by DNA tumour viruses. Ciba Found Symp 2007; 150:262-71; discussion 271-8. [PMID: 2142644 DOI: 10.1002/9780470513927.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Small DNA tumour viruses produce proteins that redirect cellular gene expression and growth control. The E1A polypeptides of adenovirus perform the functions of transcriptional activation and cellular transformation. These two functions are carried out by different domains within the E1A protein. The E1A protein associates with several cellular proteins, including the product of the retinoblastoma gene, pRb-1. Mutational analysis correlates transformation with the sites required for binding pRb and two other cellular proteins, p107 and a 300 kDa polypeptide. This correlation suggests that these proteins are targets for E1A-mediated transformation. Transforming proteins from other small DNA tumour viruses interact with pRb, raising the possibility that a common event in viral transformation is the inactivation of proteins that inhibit cellular proliferation. The role of the E1A-associated 60 kDa protein, p60, in transformation is being investigated. In the absence of E1A, p60 binds to the human homologue of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc2 gene product, p34, to form a complex that has kinase activity that oscillates during the cell cycle. Ongoing studies of the effect of adenovirus infection, and specifically E1A expression, on this cellular kinase may provide clues to how E1A overcomes cell cycle controls and transforms cells.
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41
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Mullane NR, Whyte P, Wall PG, Quinn T, Fanning S. Application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to characterise and trace the prevalence of Enterobacter sakazakii in an infant formula processing facility. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 116:73-81. [PMID: 17307267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakii) contamination of powdered infant formula (PIF) and its processing environment was monitored between April 2005 and March 2006. The purpose of the monitoring programme was to locate points of contamination, investigate clonal persistence, and identify possible dissemination routes along the processing chain. A total of 80 E. sakazakii isolates were recovered from the manufacturing facility. The overall frequency of isolation of E. sakazakii in intermediate and final product was 2.5%, while specific locations in the processing environment were contaminated at frequencies up to 31%. All E. sakazakii isolates were characterised by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). XbaI macrorestriction digests yielded 19 unique pulse-types that could be grouped into 6 clusters of between 5 and 32 isolates. The formation of large clusters was consistent with the presence of a number of clones in the manufacturing environment. While the majority of isolates were of environmental origin (72.5%), no cluster was confined to one specific location and indistinguishable PFGE profiles were generated from isolates cultured from the manufacturing environment, sampling points along the processing chain and from intermediate and final product. These findings suggest that the manufacturing environment serves as a key route for sporadic contamination of PIF. These data will support the development of efficient intervention measures contributing to the reduction of E. sakazakii in the PIF processing chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Mullane
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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42
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Mullane NR, Iversen C, Healy B, Walsh C, Whyte P, Wall PG, Quinn T, Fanning S. Enterobacter sakazakii an emerging bacterial pathogen with implications for infant health. Minerva Pediatr 2007; 59:137-48. [PMID: 17404564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterobacter sakazakii (E. sakazakii) is an opportunistic pathogen and the aetiological agent in rare but life-threatening cases of meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis in infants. Among infants, those at greatest risk are neonates (<28 days), particularly those born prematurely or of low birth weight (<2500 g). Consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) has been epidemiologically linked with cases of infection. Contamination can occur during the manufacturing process or during postmanufacture reconstitution of formula. Development of rapid, sensitive and specific detection methods will facilitate manufacturers efforts to reduce the occurrence of E. sakazakii in the final powdered product. Furthermore, since PIF is not a sterile product, proper precautions should be taken during handling and reconstitution of formula prior to feeding in order to prevent contamination and proliferation of the bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Mullane
- Centre for Food Safety School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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43
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Quantrill SJ, White R, Crawford A, Barry JS, Batra S, Whyte P, Roberts CM. Short burst oxygen therapy after activities of daily living in the home in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2007; 62:702-5. [PMID: 17311844 PMCID: PMC2117261 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.063636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short burst oxygen therapy (SBOT) is widely prescribed in the UK with little evidence of benefit. A study was performed to examine whether SBOT benefits patients when undertaking normal activities at home among those who already use it. METHODS Twenty-two patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were included in the study. All regularly used SBOT at home and claimed that it helps them. Each patient chose two daily living activities for which they used SBOT for relief of breathlessness. Patients were then randomised to use either an air or oxygen gas cylinder. At least 15 min later the same activity was performed using the other gas cylinder. The same process was then repeated for the second chosen activity. The main endpoints were subjective and objective times to recovery, analysed for each activity separately or taking the average over the two activities. A paired statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS All patients used SBOT with nasal prongs after exercise. Using the average recovery time over two activities for each patient, the mean objective recovery time was 38 s lower (95% CI -81 to +5) using oxygen and the mean subjective recovery time was 34 s lower (95% CI -69 to +2). Five patients were correctly able to distinguish oxygen from air after both activities and there was a suggestion that their recovery times were shorter than those who did not correctly identify the gases (91 s vs 20 s using objective recovery times, and 80 s vs 22 s using subjective recovery times), although this was a subgroup analysis based on only five patients with non-significant results. CONCLUSIONS There is some evidence that SBOT shortens recovery time after activities of daily living in a selected group of patients with COPD, but the effect is small. There appears to be a subgroup of patients who may benefit to a much greater degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Quantrill
- Chest Clinic, Whipps Cross University Hospital, London E11 1NR, UK.
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44
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Mullane NR, Murray J, Drudy D, Prentice N, Whyte P, Wall PG, Parton A, Fanning S. Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii in dried infant milk formula by cationic-magnetic-bead capture. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:6325-30. [PMID: 16957259 PMCID: PMC1563671 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03056-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterobacter sakazakii has been associated with life-threatening infections in premature low-birth-weight infants. Contaminated infant milk formula (IMF) has been implicated in cases of E. sakazakii meningitis. Quick and sensitive methods to detect low-level contamination sporadically present in IMF preparations would positively contribute towards risk reduction across the infant formula food chain. Here we report on the development of a simple method, combining charged separation and growth on selective agar, to detect E. sakazakii in IMF. This protocol can reliably detect 1 to 5 CFU of E. sakazakii in 500 g of IMF in less than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Mullane
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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45
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Corcoran D, Quinn T, Cotter L, Whyte P, Fanning S. Antimicrobial resistance profiling andfla-typing of Irish thermophillicCampylobacterspp. of human and poultry origin. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:560-5. [PMID: 17032232 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the genetic relationship between a random collection of Irish human and poultry Campylobacter isolates and to determine the frequency of antibiotic resistance. METHODS AND RESULTS Sixty-six Campylobacter isolates (34 human and 32 poultry) were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism of flagellin-A (flaA) PCR products (flaA-RFLP) and by sequencing of the short variable region of flaA (flaA-SVR). FlaA-RFLP identified 58 distinct profiles, while flaA-SVR identified 28 different alleles. The highest level of antibiotic resistance was found for ampicillin (48.5%) followed by nalidixic acid (42.2%) and ciprofloxacin (31.8%). In general, poultry isolates displayed a higher incidence of resistance to the antimicrobials tested than the human isolates. CONCLUSIONS A high level of genetic diversity existed among the Campylobacter strains confirming the weak clonality of this species. There was no relationship between antimicrobial resistance and specific genotypes determined by flaA typing suggesting that resistance was due to pressures of antimicrobial therapy. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study emphasizes the need for increased surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility among Campylobacter isolates in Ireland and the implementation of more stringent control policies relating to the use of antimicrobials in the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Corcoran
- Centre for Food Safety, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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46
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Minihan D, Whyte P, O'mahony M, Cowley D, O'halloran F, Corcoran D, Fanning S, Collins JD. Phenotypic and genotypic anti-microbial resistance profiles of campylobacters from untreated feedlot cattle and their environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:181-7. [PMID: 16629986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance is an emerging public health issue. Farmed animals may act as reservoirs and potential sources of anti-microbial resistant Campylobacters. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-microbial resistance profile of cattle and environmental Campylobacter isolates from normal untreated feedlot cattle, the role of the gyrA Thr-86-Ile mutation in ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolates and the involvement of the tripartite CmeABC efflux system for multi-resistant C. jejuni isolates. The phenotypic anti-microbial resistance testing was carried out on 500 Campylobacter isolates (445 cattle isolates and 55 environmental isolates). In general, there was a higher level of anti-microbial resistance for the environmental isolates compared with the animal isolates, 45% of the animal isolates were resistant to one or more of the seven anti-microbials compared with 84% of the environmental isolates. The combined cattle and environmental Campylobacters had 34 (6.8%) isolates resistant to three or more of the seven anti-microbials tested on all isolates and 11 (2.2%) isolates were resistant to the seven anti-microbials. There was a substantial level of ciprofloxacin-resistant Campylobacters in both animal (8.5%) and environmental (21.8%) isolates. The gyrA Thr-86-Ile mutation was only present in five of 22 ciprofloxacin-resistant C. jejuni isolates investigated. No multi-drug-resistant associated mutation was detected in the CmeB or the CmeR regions investigated. In conclusion, our study observed a substantial level of Campylobacter anti-microbial resistance, highlighting the need for an active anti-microbial surveillance program for food animals in Ireland and the importance of the chosen sampling point can have on the findings of such a program.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Minihan
- Department of Agriculture and Food, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Abbotstown, Castleknock, Dublin 15, Ireland
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47
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McGill K, Cowley D, Moran L, Scates P, O'Leary A, Madden RH, Carroll C, McNamara E, Moore JE, Fanning S, Collins JD, Whyte P. Antibiotic resistance of retail food and human Campylobacter isolates on the island of Ireland from 2001-2002. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 134:1282-91. [PMID: 16623987 PMCID: PMC2870507 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806006200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter isolates recovered from a range of retail food samples (n=374) and humans (n=314) to eight antimicrobial compounds were investigated. High levels of resistance in food C. jejuni isolates were observed for ceftiofur (58%), ampicillin (25%) and nalidixic acid (17%) with lower levels observed for streptomycin (7.9%) and chloramphenicol (8.3%). A total of 80% of human C. jejuni isolates were resistant to ceftiofur, while 17% showed resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid, 8.6% to streptomycin and 4.1% to chloramphenicol. Resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobials such as erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was 6.7, 12, and 15% respectively for all food isolates and was similar to corresponding resistance prevalences observed for human isolates, where 6.4, 12 and 13% respectively were found to be resistant. Comparisons of C. jejuni isolates in each location showed a high degree of similarity although some regional variations did exist. Comparison of total C. jejuni and C. coli populations showed minor differences, with C. jejuni isolates more resistant to ampicillin and ceftiofur. Multidrug resistance patterns showed some profiles common to human and clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McGill
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Research Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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Acke E, Whyte P, Jones BR, McGill K, Collins JD, Fanning S. Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter
species in cats and dogs in two animal shelters in Ireland. Vet Rec 2006; 158:51-4. [PMID: 16415232 DOI: 10.1136/vr.158.2.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Rectal swabs or faecal samples for the isolation of Campylobacter species were taken from 120 dogs and cats in an animal shelter in which only one kitten showed signs of gastrointestinal disease, and rectal swabs were taken from 46 dogs, 22 of which showed signs of gastrointestinal disease, in another shelter. At the first shelter, the swabs from 24 of 47 dogs (51.1 per cent) and 36 of 48 cats (75 per cent) yielded a Campylobacter species. The rate of isolation was significantly higher from dogs and cats less than six months old, and significantly higher from cats than from dogs (P< or =0.05). At the second shelter Campylobacter species were isolated from 40 of 46 dogs (87 per cent), but there was no significant difference between the age groups. Campylobacter species were isolated from 19 (86.4 per cent) of the 22 dogs with signs of gastrointestinal disease and from 21 (87.5 per cent) of the 24 unaffected dogs. Several culture methods were applied to the samples collected from both shelters, and the combination significantly increased the recovery of Campylobacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Acke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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49
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Conaty SJ, Cassell JA, Harrisson U, Whyte P, Sherr L, Fox Z. Women who decline antenatal screening for HIV infection in the era of universal testing: results of an audit of uptake in three London hospitals. J Public Health (Oxf) 2005; 27:114-7. [PMID: 15637109 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdh203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal screening for HIV in early pregnancy is strongly promoted policy in the United Kingdom with a target of 90 per cent uptake. We identified characteristics of women declining screening by conducting an audit at three hospitals in inner north London. In early 2002 midwives were asked to complete an audit form following first antenatal appointment. Of 2,710 women attending 401 (15 per cent) declined an HIV test. Of women who declined 38 per cent reported they had been tested for HIV in the past; 65 per cent accepted every other antenatal test. In multivariable analysis parity (OR: 1.19; 95 per cent CI 1.10-1.29 per additional child), declining other tests (OR: 3.10; 95 per cent CI 2.44-3.93 per test declined) and previous HIV testing (OR: 1.70; 95 per cent CI 1.30-2.23) were predictors of declining an HIV test. Women declining screening were not obviously from high-risk demographic groups: women from sub-Saharan Africa were not at greater risk of declining an HIV test than women from other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Conaty
- Department of Primary Care and Population Science, University College London and Camden and Islington Health Authority, London, UK.
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50
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Whyte P, McGill K, Cowley D, Madden RH, Moran L, Scates P, Carroll C, O'Leary A, Fanning S, Collins JD, McNamara E, Moore JE, Cormican M. Occurrence of Campylobacter in retail foods in Ireland. Int J Food Microbiol 2004; 95:111-8. [PMID: 15282123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 10/01/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A surveillance study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter in a range of retail foods purchased in three Irish cities over a 20-month period between March 2001 and October 2002. In total 2391 food samples were analysed during this period. Campylobacter was isolated from 444 raw chicken (49.9%), 33 turkey (37.5%) and 11 duck samples (45.8%). Lower isolation rates of 7/221 (3.2%), 10/197 (5.1%) and 31/262 (11.8%) were observed for raw beef, pork and lamb, respectively. One sample of pork paté from 120 samples analysed (0.8%) was Campylobacter-positive. A total of three shellfish samples (oysters) from 129 raw specimens examined (2.3%) were found to contain Campylobacter. Low prevalences of the organism (0.9%) were also isolated from fresh mushrooms. Of 62 raw bulk tank milk samples analysed, Campylobacter was recovered in a single sample (1.6%). Campylobacter was not detected in any of the comminuted pork puddings, prepared vegetables and salads, retail sandwiches or cheeses made from unpasteurised milk. In total, 543 Campylobacter were isolated from all of the food samples analysed, of which 453 (83.4%) were confirmed as Campylobacter jejuni and the remaining 90 (16.6%) as Campylobacter coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Whyte
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Research Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ballsbridge, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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