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Spencer BG, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Finnie JW. Retinal photoreceptor damage produced in guinea pigs by tunicamycin. Aust Vet J 2020; 98:424-428. [PMID: 32643145 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Corynetoxins, members of the tunicamycin group of antibiotics, produce a severe and frequently fatal neurological disorder in ruminant livestock, and guinea pigs are a useful model to study the pathology and pathogenesis of this disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether tunicamycin produced ocular damage in this species, which could have pharmacotherapeutic and diagnostic value. Four 8-week-old guinea pigs were treated with tunicamycin, and two control animals were given the drug vehicle only. Guinea pigs were injected subcutaneously with 400 μg/kg of tunicamycin, in dimethyl sulphoxide, and killed 48 h post-injection. The eyes were then examined by light microscopy. Immunohistochemistry for rhodopsin was also performed. The principal pathological finding was marked retinal photoreceptor damage, which was characterised by disruption and disorganisation of rods, sometimes progressing to necrosis and separation of the outer segment. The cytoplasm of some rods was focally distended by accumulated, proteinaceous material. Rhodopsin immunopositivity in injured rods was markedly diminished and associated with shrinkage and shortening of the injured rod's outer segment. Ocular pathology, in the form of reproducible and extensive retinal photoreceptor damage, was found in guinea pigs given tunicamycin, extending the range of species found to be susceptible to this toxic injury. The guinea pig could prove to be a good animal model to test potential therapeutic interventions, and as brain lesions are often minimal and liver pathology non-specific in intoxicated ruminants, any spontaneously arising ophthalmic injury found in these species could be diagnostically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Spencer
- Flinders Medical Centre Department of Ophthalmology, Southern Area Local Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P C Blumbergs
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Manavis
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J W Finnie
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Hassiotis S, Manavis J, Blumbergs PC, Hattersley KJ, Carosi JM, Kamei M, Sargeant TJ. Lysosomal LAMP1 immunoreactivity exists in both diffuse and neuritic amyloid plaques in the human hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:1043-1053. [PMID: 29570886 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal vesicles around neuritic plaques are thought to drive Alzheimer's disease by providing ideal microenvironments for generation of amyloid-β. Although lysosomal vesicles are present at every amyloid plaque in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, the number of amyloid plaques that contain lysosomal vesicles in the human brain remains unknown. This study aimed to quantify lysosomal vesicles at amyloid plaques in the human hippocampus. Lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1)-positive vesicles accumulated in both diffuse (Aβ42-positive/AT8-negative) and neuritic (Aβ42-positive/AT8-positive) plaques in all regions were analysed. In contrast to mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, however, not all amyloid plaques accumulated LAMP1-positive lysosomal vesicles. Even at neuritic plaques, LAMP1 immunoreactivity was more abundant than phospho-tau (AT8). Further, lysosomal vesicles colocalised weakly with phospho-tau such that accumulation of lysosomal vesicles and phospho-tau appeared to be spatially distinct events that occurred within dystrophic neurites. This quantitative study shows that diffuse plaques, as well as neuritic plaques, contain LAMP1 immunoreactivity in the human hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Hassiotis
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jim Manavis
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Peter C Blumbergs
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Hattersley
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Julian M Carosi
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Makoto Kamei
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Nutrition and Metabolism Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Abstract
The finding of tomacula, focal areas of sausage-shaped hypermyelination in peripheral nerves, is reported for the first time in avian riboflavin deficiency. Day-old, meat-type chickens were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet (1.8 mg/kg) and were killed on postnatal days 6, 11, 16, and 21, while control chickens were fed a conventional diet containing 5.0 mg/kg riboflavin. Tomacula were found in sciatic and brachial nerves from day 11 onward, became more frequent and prominent with increasing time, and preceded the onset of segmental demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J. Temporal Sequence of Autolysis in the Cerebellar Cortex of the Mouse. J Comp Pathol 2016; 154:323-8. [PMID: 27156898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the temporal sequence of post-mortem changes in the cerebellar cortical granular and Purkinje cell layers of mice kept at a constant ambient temperature for up to 4 weeks. Nuclei of granule cell microneurons became pyknotic early after death, increasing progressively until, by 7 days, widespread nuclear lysis resulted in marked cellular depletion of the granular layer. Purkinje cells were relatively unaltered until about 96 h post mortem, at which time there was shrinkage and multivacuolation of the amphophilic cytoplasm, nuclear hyperchromasia and, sometimes, a perinuclear clear space. By 7 days, Purkinje cells had hypereosinophilic cytoplasm and frequent nuclear pyknosis. By 2 weeks after death, Purkinje cells showed homogenization, the cytoplasm being uniformly eosinophilic, progressing to a 'ghost-like' appearance in which the cytoplasm had pale eosinophilic staining with indistinct cell boundaries, and nuclei often absent. The results of this study could assist in differentiating post-mortem autolysis from ante-mortem lesions in the cerebellar cortex and determining the post-mortem interval. Moreover, this information could be useful when interpreting brain lesions in valuable mice found dead unexpectedly during the course of biomedical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - P C Blumbergs
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Manavis
- SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases and Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Wells AJ, Vink R, Helps SC, Knox SJ, Blumbergs PC, Turner RJ. Elevated Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Edema following Permanent MCA Occlusion in an Ovine Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130512. [PMID: 26121036 PMCID: PMC4486455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke has a disproportionately high mortality due to the rapid development of refractory space-occupying cerebral edema. Animal models are essential in developing successful anti-edema therapies; however to date poor clinical translation has been associated with the predominately used rodent models. As such, large animal gyrencephalic models of stroke are urgently needed. The aim of the study was to characterize the intracranial pressure (ICP) response to MCA occlusion in our recently developed ovine stroke model. MATERIALS AND METHODS 30 adult female Merino sheep (n = 8-12/gp) were randomized to sham surgery, temporary or permanent proximal MCA occlusion. ICP and brain tissue oxygen were monitored for 24 hours under general anesthesia. MRI, infarct volume with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and histology were performed. RESULTS No increase in ICP, radiological evidence of ischemia within the MCA territory but without space-occupying edema, and TTC infarct volumes of 7.9+/-5.1% were seen with temporary MCAO. Permanent MCAO resulted in significantly elevated ICP, accompanied by 30% mortality, radiological evidence of space-occupying cerebral edema and TTC infarct volumes of 27.4+/-6.4%. CONCLUSIONS Permanent proximal MCAO in the sheep results in space-occupying cerebral edema, raised ICP and mortality similar to human malignant MCA stroke. This animal model may prove useful for pre-clinical testing of anti-edema therapies that have shown promise in rodent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Wells
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Stephen C. Helps
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Steven J. Knox
- Department of Radiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Peter C. Blumbergs
- Tissue Pathology, South Australia Pathology, Adelaide, South, Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Renée J. Turner
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Court-Kowalski S, Finnie JW, Manavis J, Blumbergs PC, Helps SC, Vink R. Effect of long-term (2 years) exposure of mouse brains to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on astrocytic immunoreactivity. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:245-50. [PMID: 25703451 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether long-term (2 years) brain exposure to mobile telephone radiofrequency (RF) fields produces any astrocytic activation as these glia react to a wide range of neural perturbations by astrogliosis. Using a purpose-designed exposure system at 900 MHz, mice were given a single, far-field whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg on five successive days per week for 104 weeks. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile in a cage to control any stress caused by immobilization in the exposure module. Brains were perfusion-fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and three coronal levels immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These brain slices were then examined by light microscopy and the amount of this immunomarker quantified using a color deconvolution method. There was no change in astrocytic GFAP immunostaining in brains after long-term exposure to mobile telephony microwaves compared to control (sham-exposed or freely moving caged mice). It was concluded that long-term (2 years) exposure of murine brains to mobile telephone RF fields did not produce any astrocytic reaction (astrogliosis) detectable by GFAP immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Court-Kowalski
- Schools of Medical and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia; SA Pathology, Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Adelaide, SA, Australia; NH&MRC Australian Centre for Electromagnetic Bioeffects Research, Australia
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Leonard AV, Manavis J, Blumbergs PC, Vink R. Changes in substance P and NK1 receptor immunohistochemistry following human spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2013; 52:17-23. [PMID: 24216617 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2013.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An immunohistological assessment of substance P (SP), its NK1 receptor and claudin-5 in human spinal cord injury (SCI) tissue. OBJECTIVE To determine whether SP and NK1 receptor immunoreactivity are altered following human traumatic SCI. SETTING Australia. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA SP has been implicated in the development of neurogenic inflammation and subsequent edema development following both traumatic brain injury and ischemic stroke. In these conditions, inhibition of its NK1 receptor has been shown to be neuroprotective as reflected in a reduction of edema and improved functional outcome. However, the role of SP following human SCI has not yet been assessed. METHODS Archived human SCI tissue was grouped according to survival times: control (no injury; n=5); immediate (death within an hour of the incident; n=6); 2-5 h (n=3); 3 days (n=5); 1 week (n=3); and 3-4 weeks (n=6). Sections were assessed for SP, its NK1 receptor and claudin-5 using immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS Following SCI, dorsal horn SP immunoreactivity demonstrated a profound decrease compared with control tissue, indicating the loss of SP with SCI. A marked increase in perivascular NK1 staining was demonstrated after SCI compared with control levels. No obvious change in claudin-5 immunoreactivity was present immediately following injury, however, by 1 week post-SCI, decreased levels were noted. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that severe acute traumatic human SCI results in decreased SP and an immediate increase in NK1 receptor immunoreactivity, suggesting that there is a neurogenic inflammatory component following human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Leonard
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - J Manavis
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases/SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - P C Blumbergs
- 1] School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia [2] Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases/SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - R Vink
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Corrigan F, Thornton E, Roisman LC, Leonard AV, Vink R, Blumbergs PC, van den Heuvel C, Cappai R. The neuroprotective activity of the amyloid precursor protein against traumatic brain injury is mediated via the heparin binding site in residues 96-110. J Neurochem 2013; 128:196-204. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Corrigan
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Emma Thornton
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Laila C. Roisman
- Department of Pathology and Bio21 Molecular Science and BioTechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
| | - Anna V. Leonard
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Peter C. Blumbergs
- Centre for Neurological Diseases; Hanson Institute; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Corinna van den Heuvel
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology; School of Medical Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pathology and Bio21 Molecular Science and BioTechnology Institute; The University of Melbourne; Victoria Australia
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Abstract
A case of chondromatosis of the choroid plexus in a 19 year old woman presenting with focal seizures is reported. Benign intracranial cartilaginous lesions are reviewed and the differential diagnosis of chondromatosis of the choroid plexus and intraventricular chondromas discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baskaran
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide SA, Australia
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Wells AJ, Vink R, Blumbergs PC, Brophy BP, Helps SC, Knox SJ, Turner RJ. A surgical model of permanent and transient middle cerebral artery stroke in the sheep. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42157. [PMID: 22848737 PMCID: PMC3407087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal models are essential to study the pathophysiological changes associated with focal occlusive stroke and to investigate novel therapies. Currently used rodent models have yielded little clinical success, however large animal models may provide a more suitable alternative to improve clinical translation. We sought to develop a model of acute proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke in sheep, including both permanent occlusion and transient occlusion with reperfusion. Materials and Methods 18 adult male and female Merino sheep were randomly allocated to one of three groups (n = 6/gp): 1) sham surgery; 2) permanent proximal MCA occlusion (MCAO); or 3) temporary MCAO with aneurysm clip. All animals had invasive arterial blood pressure, intracranial pressure and brain tissue oxygen monitoring. At 4 h following vessel occlusion or sham surgery animals were killed by perfusion fixation. Brains were processed for histopathological examination and infarct area determination. 6 further animals were randomized to either permanent (n = 3) or temporary MCAO (n = 3) and then had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 4 h after MCAO. Results Evidence of ischemic injury in an MCA distribution was seen in all stroke animals. The ischemic lesion area was significantly larger after permanent (28.8%) compared with temporary MCAO (14.6%). Sham animals demonstrated no evidence of ischemic injury. There was a significant reduction in brain tissue oxygen partial pressure after permanent vessel occlusion between 30 and 210 mins after MCAO. MRI at 4 h demonstrated complete proximal MCA occlusion in the permanent MCAO animals with a diffusion deficit involving the whole right MCA territory, whereas temporary MCAO animals demonstrated MRA evidence of flow within the right MCA and smaller predominantly cortical diffusion deficits. Conclusions Proximal MCAO can be achieved in an ovine model of stroke via a surgical approach. Permanent occlusion creates larger infarct volumes, however aneurysm clip application allows for reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wells
- Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Turner RJ, Helps S, Vink R, Byard RW, Chidlow G, Sandoz B, Dutschke J, Anderson RWG. Neuropathological changes in a lamb model of non-accidental head injury (the shaken baby syndrome). J Clin Neurosci 2012; 19:1159-64. [PMID: 22705132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-accidental head injury (NAHI), also termed the "shaken baby syndrome", is a major cause of death and severe neurological dysfunction in children under three years of age, but it is debated whether shaking alone is sufficient to produce brain injury and mortality or whether an additional head impact is required. In an attempt to resolve this question, we used a lamb model of NAHI since these animals have a relatively large gyrencephalic brain and weak neck muscles resembling those of a human infant. Three anaesthetised lambs of lower body weight than others in the experimental group died unexpectedly after being shaken, proving that shaking alone can be lethal. In these lambs, axonal injury, neuronal reaction and albumin extravasation were widely distributed in the hemispheric white matter, brainstem and at the craniocervical junction, and of much greater magnitude than in higher body weight lambs which did not die. Moreover, in the eyes of these shaken lambs, there was damage to retinal inner nuclear layer neurons, mild, patchy ganglion cell axonal injury, widespread Muller glial reaction, and uveal albumin extravasation. This study proved that shaking of a subset of lambs can result in death, without an additional head impact being required.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, SA Pathology, P.O. Box 14 Rundle Mall, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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Corrigan F, Vink R, Blumbergs PC, Masters CL, Cappai R, van den Heuvel C. sAPPα rescues deficits in amyloid precursor protein knockout mice following focal traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2012; 122:208-20. [PMID: 22519988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is thought to be neuroprotective following traumatic brain injury (TBI), although definitive evidence at moderate to severe levels of injury is lacking. In the current study, we investigated histological and functional outcomes in APP-/- mice compared with APP+/+ mice following a moderate focal injury, and whether administration of sAPPα restored the outcomes in knockout animals back to the wildtype state. Following moderate controlled cortical impact injury, APP-/- mice demonstrated greater impairment in motor and cognitive outcome as determined by the ledged beam and Barnes Maze tests respectively (p < 0.05). This corresponded with the degree of neuronal damage, with APP-/- mice having significantly greater lesion volume (25.0 ± 1.6 vs. 20.3 ± 1.6%, p < 0.01) and hippocampal damage, with less remaining CA neurons (839 ± 245 vs. 1353 ± 142 and 1401 ± 263). This was also associated with an impaired neuroreparative response, with decreased GAP-43 immunoreactivity within the cortex around the lesion edge compared with APP+/+ mice. The deficits observed in the APP-/- mice related to a lack of sAPPα, as treatment with exogenously added sAPPα post-injury improved APP-/- mice histological and functional outcome to the point that they were no longer significantly different to APP+/+ mice (p < 0.05). This study shows that endogenous APP is potentially protective at moderate levels of TBI, and that this neuroprotective activity is related to the presence of sAPPα. Importantly, it indicates that the mechanism of action of exogenously added sAPPα is independent of the presence of endogenous APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Corrigan
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide South Australia, Australia.
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Corrigan F, Vink R, Blumbergs PC, Masters CL, Cappai R, van den Heuvel C. Characterisation of the effect of knockout of the amyloid precursor protein on outcome following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2012; 1451:87-99. [PMID: 22424792 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) increases following traumatic brain injury (TBI), although the functional significance of this remains unclear largely because the functions of the subsequent APP metabolites are so different: Aβ is neurotoxic whilst sAPPα is neuroprotective. To investigate this further, APP wildtype and knockout mice were subjected to mild diffuse TBI and their outcomes compared. APP knockout mice displayed significantly worse cognitive and motor deficits, as demonstrated by the Barnes Maze and rotarod respectively, than APP wildtype mice. This was associated with a significant increase in hippocampal and cortical cell loss, as well as axonal injury, in APP knockout mice and an impaired neuroreparative response as indicated by diminished GAP-43 immunoreactivity when compared to APP wildtype mice. This study is the first to demonstrate that endogenous APP is beneficial following mild TBI, suggesting that the upregulation of APP observed following injury is an acute protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Corrigan
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA, Australia
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Lee HJ, Suk JE, Lee KW, Park SH, Blumbergs PC, Gai WP, Lee SJ. Transmission of Synucleinopathies in the Enteric Nervous System of A53T Alpha-Synuclein Transgenic Mice. Exp Neurobiol 2011; 20:181-8. [PMID: 22355263 PMCID: PMC3268152 DOI: 10.5607/en.2011.20.4.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are characterized by abnormal deposition of α-synuclein aggregates in many regions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Accumulating evidence suggests that the α-synuclein pathology initiates in a few discrete regions and spreads to larger areas in the nervous system. Recent pathological studies of PD patients have raised the possibility that the enteric nervous system is one of the initial sites of α-synuclein aggregation and propagation. Here, we evaluated the induction and propagation of α-synuclein aggregates in the enteric nervous system of the A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice after injection of human brain tissue extracts into the gastric walls of the mice. Western analysis of the brain extracts showed that the DLB extract contained detergent-stable α-synuclein aggregates, but the normal brain extract did not. Injection of the DLB extract resulted in an increased deposition of α-synuclein in the myenteric neurons, in which α-synuclein formed punctate aggregates over time up to 4 months. In these mice, inflammatory responses were increased transiently at early time points. None of these changes were observed in the A53T mice injected with saline or the normal brain extract, nor were these found in the wild type mice injected with the DLB extract. These results demonstrate that pathological α-synuclein aggregates present in the brain of DLB patient can induce the aggregation of endogenous α-synuclein in the myenteric neurons in A53T mice, suggesting the transmission of synucleinopathy lesions in the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Kessell AE, Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Jerrett IV. Neuroaxonal dystrophy in Australian Merino lambs. J Comp Pathol 2011; 147:62-72. [PMID: 22055697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) is a morphological abnormality in man and animals that is characterized by the occurrence of numerous axonal swellings (spheroids) in the nervous system. NAD has been described in Suffolk lambs in the USA, Merino lambs in Australia and several breeds of sheep in New Zealand. This paper describes the clinicopathological changes of only the second occurrence of NAD reported in Merino lambs. There were some features (myelin loss, gliosis and visual impairment) in these Australian cases that have not been reported previously in ovine NAD. Application of immunohistochemical markers of axonal transport suggested that disruption of this transport mechanism contributed to spheroid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kessell
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J. Aquaporin-4 expression after experimental contusional injury in an ovine impact-acceleration head injury model. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:947-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Donkin JJ, Cernak I, Blumbergs PC, Vink R. A substance P antagonist reduces axonal injury and improves neurologic outcome when administered up to 12 hours after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:217-24. [PMID: 21175297 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the compound N-acetyl-L-tryptophan (NAT) reduces brain edema and improves functional outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study we examined whether this effect was mediated via the neurokinin-1 receptor, and whether there was an effect on axonal injury. We also explored whether the compound was effective, even when administered at delayed time points. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subject to acceleration-induced, diffuse TBI and administered NAT, its inactive D-enantiomer, or saline vehicle. In contrast to NAT (2.5 mg/kg), the inactive D-enantiomer was ineffective at improving rotarod motor performance after TBI. NAT also improved cognitive outcome as assessed by the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests, and reduced axonal injury at 5 and 24 h after TBI as assessed by amyloid precursor protein immunohistochemistry. However, efficacy of the membrane-impermeable NAT was limited to administration within 5 h, whereas administration of a form of NAT, L-732,138 (47 mg/kg), in which a trifluoromethyl benzyl ester group has been added, making it highly lipid soluble and able to cross the intact blood-brain barrier, significantly improved motor outcome, even when administration was delayed by as much as 12 h. We conclude that the neuroprotective effects of NAT are receptor-mediated, and that administration of the membrane-permeable form of the compound can be effective even up to 12 h after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Donkin
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Abstract
The finding of Alzheimer type II astrocytes, in addition to the pathognomonic combination of laminar cerebrocortical necrosis and eosinophil infiltration, in the brains of pigs is reported for the first time in cases of indirect salt poisoning following water deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- Veterinary Services Division, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Rundle Mall, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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19
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Saggu SK, Chotaliya HP, Blumbergs PC, Casson RJ. Wallerian-like axonal degeneration in the optic nerve after excitotoxic retinal insult: an ultrastructural study. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:97. [PMID: 20707883 PMCID: PMC2930628 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excitotoxicity is involved in the pathogenesis of a number neurodegenerative diseases, and axonopathy is an early feature in several of these disorders. In models of excitotoxicity-associated neurological disease, an excitotoxin delivered to the central nervous system (CNS), could trigger neuronal death not only in the somatodendritic region, but also in the axonal region, via oligodendrocyte N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. The retina and optic nerve, as approachable regions of the brain, provide a unique anatomical substrate to investigate the "downstream" effect of isolated excitotoxic perikaryal injury on central nervous system (CNS) axons, potentially providing information about the pathogenesis of the axonopathy in clinical neurological disorders. Herein, we provide ultrastructural information about the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) somata and their axons, both unmyelinated and myelinated, after NMDA-induced retinal injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were killed at 0 h, 24 h, 72 h and 7 days after injecting 20 nM NMDA into the vitreous chamber of the left eye (n = 8 in each group). Saline-injected right eyes served as controls. After perfusion fixation, dissection, resin-embedding and staining, ultrathin sections of eyes and proximal (intraorbital) and distal (intracranial) optic nerve segments were evaluated by transmission electron tomography (TEM). Results TEM demonstrated features of necrosis in RGCs: mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum swelling, disintegration of polyribosomes, rupture of membranous organelle and formation of myelin bodies. Ultrastructural damage in the optic nerve mimicked the changes of Wallerian degeneration; early nodal/paranodal disturbances were followed by the appearance of three major morphological variants: dark degeneration, watery degeneration and demyelination. Conclusion NMDA-induced excitotoxic retinal injury causes mainly necrotic RGC somal death with Wallerian-like degeneration of the optic nerve. Since axonal degeneration associated with perikaryal excitotoxic injury is an active, regulated process, it may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabjit K Saggu
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Hanson Institute, and The University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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20
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Blair IP, Williams KL, Warraich ST, Durnall JC, Thoeng AD, Manavis J, Blumbergs PC, Vucic S, Kiernan MC, Nicholson GA. FUS mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: clinical, pathological, neurophysiological and genetic analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81:639-45. [PMID: 19965854 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.194399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FUS gene mutations were recently identified in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The present studies sought to define the clinical, post-mortem and neurophysiological phenotypes in ALS families with FUS mutations and to determine the frequency of FUS mutations in familial and sporadic ALS. METHODS FUS was screened for mutations in familial and sporadic ALS cases. Clinical, post-mortem and neurophysiological features of large families with FUS mutations are described. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS FUS mutations were evident in 3.2% (4/124) of familial ALS, representing the second most common gene abnormality to be described in familial ALS after SOD1. No mutations were present in 247 sporadic ALS cases. The clinical presentation in 49 affected patients was consistent with a predominantly lower motor neuron disorder, supported by post-mortem findings. Upper motor neuron involvement varied, with Wallerian degeneration of corticospinal tracts present in one post-mortem case but absent in a second case from the same family. Features of cortical hyperexcitability demonstrated upper motor neuron involvement consistent with other forms of familial and sporadic ALS. One case presented with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) indicating that this may be a rare presenting feature in families with FUS mutation. Ubiquitin-positive cytoplasmic skein-like inclusions were present in lower motor neurons, but in contrast to sporadic ALS, no TDP-43 pathology was evident. Mutation-specific clinical features were identified. Patients with a R521C mutation were significantly more likely to develop disease at a younger age, and dropped-head syndrome was a frequent feature. Reduced disease penetrance was evident among most affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Blair
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Finnie JW, Manavis J, Blumbergs PC. Diffuse neuronal perikaryal amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity in an ovine model of non-accidental head injury (the shaken baby syndrome). J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:237-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Finnie JW, Cai Z, Manavis J, Helps S, Blumbergs PC. Microglial activation as a measure of stress in mouse brains exposed acutely (60 minutes) and long-term (2 years) to mobile telephone radiofrequency fields. Pathology 2010; 42:151-4. [DOI: 10.3109/00313020903494086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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23
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Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J. Expression of the water channel protein, aquaporin-4, in mouse brains exposed to mobile telephone radiofrequency fields. Pathology 2009; 41:473-5. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020902885045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kleinig TJ, Helps SC, Ghabriel MN, Manavis J, Leigh C, Blumbergs PC, Vink R. Hemoglobin crystals: a pro-inflammatory potential confounder of rat experimental intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 2009; 1287:164-72. [PMID: 19576188 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In vivo rat hemoglobin crystallization has been reported in lung, liver and kidney, but never following central nervous system injury. In the present study, we examined hemoglobin crystallization following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its effects on inflammation. Ninety-one rat brains, subjected to either autologous or collagenase ICH, and vehicle controls, were retrospectively examined. In both models, hemoglobin crystals were present in most brains at 24 and 48 h. They were especially prominent at 24 h in autologous ICH brains (2.5% of the hematoma vs 0.6% in collagenase animals; p=0.0001) and, at 5 h, were only present in autologous ICH brains. Crystals were diminishing at 48 h and were absent at 7 days. Crystals appeared in clusters around blood vessels. In both models, at 24 h, crystals appeared strongly chemotactic for neutrophils. This effect was most pronounced in autologous ICH brains (2628+/-182 neutrophils/mm(2) hematoma crystals vs 327+/-54 neutrophils/mm(2) hematoma; p<0.0001). In these animals up to 30% of the total neutrophilic infiltrate was located around crystals. A greater overall neutrophilic infiltrate was seen in autologous ICHs with higher percentages of crystalline hemoglobin (p=0.04 for trend). Although hemoglobin crystallization occurs in both models of ICH, it is particularly prominent following autologous ICH. Accordingly, hemoglobin crystallization may exaggerate the importance of inflammation in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Kleinig
- Discipline of Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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Finnie JW, Chidlow G, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Cai Z. Heat shock protein induction in fetal mouse brain as a measure of stress after whole of gestation exposure to mobile telephony radiofrequency fields. Pathology 2009; 41:276-9. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020902756261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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Kleinig TJ, Thompson PD, Matar W, Duggins A, Kimber TE, Morris JG, Kneebone CS, Blumbergs PC. The distinctive movement disorder of ovarian teratoma-associated encephalitis. Mov Disord 2009; 23:1256-61. [PMID: 18442127 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The movement disorder observed in four cases of ovarian teratoma associated encephalitis is described. The illness began with neuropsychiatric symptoms and was followed by prolonged unresponsiveness, respiratory failure, and autonomic instability. The movement disorder consisted of semirhythmic repetitive bulbar and limb movements and persisted during prolonged periods of unresponsiveness, diminishing as awareness returned. The characteristics of the movement disorder differed from recognized dyskinesias. It is suggested that interruption of forebrain corticostriatal inputs by anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibodies removes tonic inhibition of brainstem pattern generators releasing primitive patterns of bulbar and limb movement. Recognition of the distinctive movements should prompt a search for an ovarian teratoma since the condition is responsive to tumor resection and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Kleinig
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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27
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Power JHT, Blumbergs PC. Cellular glutathione peroxidase in human brain: cellular distribution, and its potential role in the degradation of Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 117:63-73. [PMID: 18853169 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1) is regarded as one of the mammalian cell's main antioxidant enzymes inactivating hydrogen peroxide and protecting against oxidative stress. Using control, Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia with Lewy bodies tissue (DLB) we have shown that GPx-1 is a 21-kD protein under reducing conditions in all tissues examined but is not in high abundance in human brain. Using immunohistochemistry we have mapped the cellular distribution of GPx-1 and have shown it to be in highest levels in microglia and with lower levels in neurons. Only a trace amount was detectable in astrocytes using immunofluorescence and GPx-1 was not detectable in oligodendrocytes. GPx-1 positive microglia were hypertrophied and more abundant in PD and DLB tissues and were seen to be making multiple contacts with neurons. In some cases neurons containing Lewy bodies were surrounded by microglia. Unstructured Lewy bodies were enveloped with a layer of GPx-1 that was partially colocalized with alpha-synuclein whereas concentric Lewy bodies had discrete deposits of GPx-1 around the periphery which appeared to be involved in the degradation of the Lewy bodies. These results suggest that abnormal alpha-synuclein as found in Lewy bodies produce hydrogen peroxide and these neurons are capable of directing antioxidant enzymes to regions of oxidative stress. These results also suggest that GPx-1 positive microglia are involved in neuroprotection in PD and DLB and that GPx-1 is an important antioxidant enzyme in neuronal defences.
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Pountney DL, Raftery MJ, Chegini F, Blumbergs PC, Gai WP. NSF, Unc-18-1, dynamin-1 and HSP90 are inclusion body components in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease identified by anti-SUMO-1-immunocapture. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 116:603-14. [PMID: 18836734 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Revised: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, a progressive ataxia that may be familial or sporadic, is characterized by numerous neuronal intranuclear inclusion bodies similar to those found in polyglutamine repeat diseases. Previously, we found that the intranuclear inclusion bodies are intensely immunopositive for SUMO-1, a protein which covalently conjugates to other proteins in a similar way to ubiquitin. To identify the SUMO-1-associated proteins in the inclusion bodies, we isolated intranuclear inclusion bodies from fresh, frozen brain tissue of a case with familial neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease and solubilized the proteins. SUMO-1-associated inclusion body proteins were then immunocaptured using an anti-SUMO-1 antibody. The proteins, NSF, dynamin-1 and Unc-18-1 (rbSEC1), involved in membrane trafficking of proteins, and the chaperone HSP90, were identified following anti-SUMO-1-immunocapture by using tandem mass spectrometry and database searching. Immunohistochemistry of brain sections and crude brain homogenates of three cases of familial neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease confirmed the presence of these proteins in intranuclear inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Pountney
- School of Medical Science, Griffith Institute of Health and Medical Research, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, QLD, 4222, Australia.
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Abstract
Sheep, particularly lambs, with high circulating levels of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin develop severe neurologic signs and often die suddenly. On microscopic examination, in the brain, there is microvascular endothelial injury and diffuse vasogenic edema. The aquaporin (AQP) family of membrane water-channel proteins, especially AQP-4, is important in the regulation of water balance in the brain and facilitates reabsorption of excess fluid. In rats given epsilon toxin, generalized cerebral edema was demonstrated by marked albumin extravasation and was correlated with widespread upregulation of AQP-4 in astrocytes. These results suggest that AQP-4 has a role in the clearance of edema fluid from brains damaged by this clostridial toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Finnie
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Joseph V, Wells A, Kuo YH, Halcrow S, Brophy B, Scott G, Manavis J, Swift J, Blumbergs PC. The 'rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor' of the fourth ventricle. Neuropathology 2008; 29:309-14. [PMID: 18647265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumors containing both neuronal and glial components are a rare heterogeneous group with unique features that require further subclassification. The rosette-forming glioneuronal tumor of the fourth ventricle is one of a number of recently described glioneuronal tumors, which has been accorded official WHO nosologic status only in 2007. We describe the clinical and pathologic features of two patients with rare rosette-forming glioneuronal tumors of the fourth ventricle, one of which was associated with dysgenetic tricho-rhinopharyngeal type I syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Joseph
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Astill DSJ, Jones N, Vivek J, Blumbergs PC. A supratentorial cyst: part 1. Pathology 2008; 40:520-3. [PMID: 18604740 DOI: 10.1080/00313020802199299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David St J Astill
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, SouthPath, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Australia.
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Cai Z, Cash K, Swift J, Sutton-Smith P, Robinson M, Thompson PD, Blumbergs PC. Focal myelin swellings and tomacula in anti-MAG IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy: Novel teased nerve fiber studies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2001.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Power JHT, Asad S, Chataway TK, Chegini F, Manavis J, Temlett JA, Jensen PH, Blumbergs PC, Gai WP. Peroxiredoxin 6 in human brain: molecular forms, cellular distribution and association with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Acta Neuropathol 2008; 115:611-22. [PMID: 18386021 PMCID: PMC2386158 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-008-0373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 is an antioxidant enzyme and is the 1-cys member of the peroxiredoxin family. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis and Western blotting, we have shown for the first time that, in human control and brain tissue of patient’s with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), this enzyme exists as three major and five minor forms with pIs from 5.3 to 6.1. Using specific cellular markers, we have shown that peroxiredoxin 6 is present in astrocytes with very low levels in neurons, but not detectable in microglia or oligodendrocytes. In control brains, there was a very low level of peroxiredoxin 6 staining in astrocytes that was confined to a “halo” around the nucleus. In AD, there were marked increases in the number and staining intensity of peroxiredoxin 6 positive astrocytes in both gray and white matter in the midfrontal cortex, cingulate, hippocampus and amygdala. Confocal microscopy using antibodies to Aβ peptide, tau and peroxiredoxin 6 showed that peroxiredoxin 6 positive astrocytes are closely involved with diffuse plaques and to a lesser extent with neuritic plaques, suggesting that plaques are producing reactive oxygen species. There appeared to be little astrocytic response to tau containing neurons. Although peroxiredoxin 6 positive astrocytes were seen to make multiple contacts with tau positive neurons, there was no intraneuronal colocalization. In brain tissue of patients with AD, many blood vessels exhibited peroxiredoxin 6 staining that appeared to be due to the astrocytic foot processes. These results suggest that oxidative stress conditions exist in AD and that peroxiredoxin 6 is an important antioxidant enzyme in human brain defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H T Power
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, PO Box 14 Rundle Mall, Adelaide, South Australia 5000
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Song YJC, Lundvig DMS, Huang Y, Gai WP, Blumbergs PC, Højrup P, Otzen D, Halliday GM, Jensen PH. p25alpha relocalizes in oligodendroglia from myelin to cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy. Am J Pathol 2007; 171:1291-303. [PMID: 17823288 PMCID: PMC1988878 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
p25alpha is an oligodendroglial protein that can induce aggregation of alpha-synuclein and accumulates in oligodendroglial cell bodies containing fibrillized alpha-synuclein in the neurodegenerative disease multiple system atrophy (MSA). We demonstrate biochemically that p25alpha is a constituent of myelin and a high-affinity ligand for myelin basic protein (MBP), and in situ immunohistochemistry revealed that MBP and p25alpha colocalize in myelin in normal human brains. Analysis of MSA cases reveals dramatic changes in p25alpha and MBP throughout the course of the disease. In situ immunohistochemistry revealed a cellular redistribution of p25alpha immunoreactivity from the myelin to the oligodendroglial cell soma, with no overall change in p25alpha protein concentration using immunoblotting. Concomitantly, an approximately 80% reduction in the concentration of full-length MBP protein was revealed by immunoblotting along with the presence of immunoreactivity for MBP degradation products in oligodendroglia. The oligodendroglial cell bodies in MSA displayed an enlargement along with the relocalization of p25alpha, and this was enhanced after the deposition of alpha-synuclein in the glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Overall, the data indicate that changes in the cellular interactions between MBP and p25alpha occur early in MSA and contribute to abnormalities in myelin and subsequent alpha-synuclein aggregation and the ensuing neuronal degeneration that characterizes this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ju C Song
- Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Finnie JW, Manavis J, Thompson PD. Novel fibroblastic onion bulbs in a demyelinating avian peripheral neuropathy produced by riboflavin deficiency. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:187-94. [PMID: 17357800 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The finding of novel fibroblastic onion bulb-like structures in peripheral nerves is reported for the first time in avian riboflavin deficiency. Day old broiler meat chickens were fed a riboflavin deficient diet (1.8 mg/kg) and were killed on postnatal days 6, 11, 16, 21 and 31, whereas control chickens were fed a conventional diet containing 5.0 mg/kg riboflavin. The fibroblastic onion bulb-like structures were found in sciatic and brachial nerves from day 11 onwards and consisted of long cytoplasmic processes of hypertrophied fibroblasts surrounding demyelinated, remyelinated and normally myelinated axons. The fibroblast cytoplasmic processes often enveloped more than one nerve fibre to produce a unique compound-like onion bulb structure. These onion bulb-like structures occurred early in the course of segmental demyelination at the same time as tomacula formation and became increasingly more prominent in the later stages of demyelination and remyelination. The molecular basis of formation of these unique structures requires further study as to the basis of the attraction of the fibroblast processes to nerve fibres associated with myelinating Schwann cells. The model may also be useful in investigating the role of endoneurial fibroblasts in endoneurial fibrosis as the early fibroblastic response in the onion bulbs is distinct from the more usual fibroblastic deposition of collagen in end-stage peripheral nerve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
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Finnie JW, Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. Stress response in mouse brain after longterm (2 year) exposure to mobile telephone radiofrequency fields using the immediate early gene, c-fos. Pathology 2007; 39:271-3. [PMID: 17454762 DOI: 10.1080/00313020701230773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS To study the effect of mobile telephone exposure on blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the immature brain. METHODS Using a purpose-designed exposure system at 900 MHz, pregnant mice were given a single, far-field, whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation. Pregnant control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile in a cage without further restraint and a positive control group with cadmium-induced BBB damage was also included. Immediately prior to parturition on gestational day 19, fetal heads were collected, fixed in Bouin's fixative and paraffin embedded. Disruption of BBB integrity was detected immunohistochemically using endogenous albumin as a vascular tracer in cerebral cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, cerebellum, midbrain and medulla. RESULTS No albumin extravasation was found in exposed or control brains. CONCLUSION In this animal model, whole of gestation exposure to global system for mobile communication-like radiofrequency fields did not produce any increase in vascular permeability in the fetal brain regions studied using endogenous albumin as a light microscopic immunohistochemical marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Finnie
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Warren
- Department of Neurology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Finnie JW, Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. Expression of the immediate early gene, c-fos, in fetal brain after whole of gestation exposure of pregnant mice to global system for mobile communication microwaves. Pathology 2006; 38:333-5. [PMID: 16916723 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600820864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study immediate early gene, c-fos, expression as a marker of neural stress after whole of gestation exposure of the fetal mouse brain to mobile telephone-type radiofrequency fields. METHODS Using a purpose-designed exposure system at 900 MHz, pregnant mice were given a single, far-field, whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation. Pregnant control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile in a cage without further restraint. Immediately prior to parturition on gestational day 19, fetal heads were collected, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and paraffin embedded. Any stress response in the brain was detected by c-fos immunohistochemistry in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hippocampus, midbrain, cerebellum and medulla. RESULTS c-fos expression was of limited, but consistent, neuroanatomical distribution and there was no difference in immunoreactivity between exposed and control brains. CONCLUSION In this animal model, no stress response was detected in the fetal brain using c-fos immunohistochemistry after whole of gestation exposure to mobile telephony.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Finnie
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia
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Luty AA, Kwok JB, Thompson E, Blumbergs PC, Brooks W, Schofield PR. P1–318: A novel Alzheimer's disease locus associated with atypical ‘plaque–predominant’ neuropathology. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes A. Luty
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - John B. Kwok
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- University of New South WalesSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | | | - William Brooks
- Prince of Wales Medical Research InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Garvan Institute of Medical ResearchSydneyNSWAustralia
- Prince of Wales Medical Research InstituteSydneyNSWAustralia
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Turner RJ, Blumbergs PC, Sims NR, Helps SC, Rodgers KM, Vink R. Increased substance P immunoreactivity and edema formation following reversible ischemic stroke. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2006; 96:263-6. [PMID: 16671467 DOI: 10.1007/3-211-30714-1_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous results from our laboratory have shown that neurogenic inflammation is associated with edema formation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). This neurogenic inflammation was characterized by increased substance P (SP) immunoreactivity and could be attenuated with administration of SP antagonists with a resultant decrease in edema formation. Few studies have examined whether neurogenic inflammation, as identified by increased SP immunoreactivity, occurs after stroke and its potential role in edema formation. The present study examines SP immunoreactivity and edema formation following stroke. Experimental stroke was induced in halothane anaesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats using a reversible thread model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. Increased SP immunoreactivity at 24 hours relative to the non-infarcted hemisphere was observed in perivascular, neuronal, and glial tissue, and within the penumbra of the infarcted hemisphere. It was not as apparent in the infarct core. This increased SP immunoreactivity was associated with edema formation. We conclude that neurogenic inflammation, as reflected by increased SP immunoreactivity, occurs following experimental stroke, and that this may be associated with edema formation. As such, inhibition of neurogenic inflammation may represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of edema following reversible, ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Thornton E, Vink R, Blumbergs PC, Van Den Heuvel C. Soluble amyloid precursor protein α reduces neuronal injury and improves functional outcome following diffuse traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2006; 1094:38-46. [PMID: 16697978 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) has previously been shown to increase following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Whereas a number of investigators assume that increased APP may lead to the production of neurotoxic Abeta and be deleterious to outcome, the soluble alpha form of APP (sAPPalpha) is a product of the non-amyloidogenic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein that has previously been shown in vitro to have many neuroprotective and neurotrophic functions. However, no study to date has addressed whether sAPPalpha may be neuroprotective in vivo. The present study examined the effects of in vivo, posttraumatic sAPPalpha administration on functional motor outcome, cellular apoptosis, and axonal injury following severe impact-acceleration TBI in rats. Intracerebroventricular administration of sAPPalpha at 30 min posttrauma significantly improved motor outcome compared to vehicle-treated controls as assessed using the rotarod task. Immunohistochemical analysis using antibodies directed toward caspase-3 showed that posttraumatic treatment with sAPPalpha significantly reduced the number of apoptotic neuronal perikarya within the hippocampal CA3 region and within the cortex 3 days after injury compared to vehicle-treated animals. Similarly, sAPPalpha-treated animals demonstrated a reduction in axonal injury within the corpus callosum at all time points, with the reduction being significant at both 3 and 7 days postinjury. Our results demonstrate that in vivo administration of sAPPalpha improves functional outcome and reduces neuronal cell loss and axonal injury following severe diffuse TBI in rats. Promotion of APP processing toward sAPPalpha may thus be a novel therapeutic strategy in the treatment of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Thornton
- Department of Pathology Level 3, Medical School North, The University of Adelaide South Australia, Australia 5005
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Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Cai Z, Manavis J, Kuchel TR. Neonatal mouse brain exposure to mobile telephony and effect on blood-brain barrier permeability. Pathology 2006; 38:262-3. [PMID: 16753752 DOI: 10.1080/00313020600699284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cai Z, Blumbergs PC, Cash K, Rice PJ, Manavis J, Swift J, Ghabriel MN, Thompson PD. Paranodal pathology in Tangier disease with remitting-relapsing multifocal neuropathy. J Clin Neurosci 2006; 13:492-7. [PMID: 16678735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pathological studies of a sural nerve biopsy in a man with Tangier disease presenting as a remitting-relapsing multifocal neuropathy showed abnormalities in the paranodal regions, including lipid deposition (65%) and redundant myelin foldings, with various degrees of myelin splitting and vesiculation (43%) forming small tomacula and abnormal myelin terminal loops (4%). The internodal regions were normal in the majority of myelinated fibres. Abnormal lipid storage was also present in the Schwann cells of the majority of unmyelinated fibres (67%). The evidence suggests that the noncompacted myelin region of the paranode is a preferential site for lipid storage in the myelinated Schwann cell, and that the space-occupying effects of the cholesterol esters leads to paranodal malfunction and tomacula formation as the pathological basis for the multifocal relapsing-remitting clinical course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Cai Z, Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Manavis J, Ghabriel MN, Thompson PD. Early paranodal myelin swellings (tomacula) in an avian riboflavin deficiency model of demyelinating neuropathy. Exp Neurol 2006; 198:65-71. [PMID: 16336963 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disruption of the complex architectural and molecular organization of the paranodal region of myelinated peripheral nerve fiber may initiate the evolving time dependent process of segmental demyelination. In support of this notion was the finding of focal paranodal myelin swellings (tomacula) due to redundant folding of myelin sheaths, early in the time course of an avian riboflavin deficiency model of demyelinating neuropathy. METHODS Newborn broiler meat chickens were maintained either on a routine diet containing 5.0 mg/kg riboflavin (control group) or a riboflavin-deficient diet containing 1.8 mg/kg riboflavin. Riboflavin concentrations in the liver were measured at postnatal day 11. Peripheral nerves were morphologically examined at days 6, 11, 16 and 21 using light and electron microscopy and teased nerve fiber techniques. RESULTS Riboflavin-deficient chickens showed signs of a neuropathy from days 8 and pathological examination of peripheral nerves revealed a demyelinating neuropathy with paranodal tomacula formation starting on day 11. Paranodal tomacula consisted of redundant myelin infoldings or outfoldings, increased in size and frequency after day 11. After day 16, the paranodal swellings showed prominent degenerative changes accompanied by an increased frequency of myelinated fibers showing demyelination. CONCLUSION Tomacula due to redundant myelin folds are generally considered a remyelination phenomenon, yet in this avian riboflavin deficiency model of demyelination, the paranodal tomacula occurred early in the course of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cai
- Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia
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Panegyres PK, Kwok JBJ, Schofield PR, Blumbergs PC. A Western Australian kindred with Dutch cerebral amyloid angiopathy. J Neurol Sci 2005; 239:75-80. [PMID: 16213528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A family from the south of Western Australia is described with Dutch cerebral amyloid angiopathy (HCHWA-D). The proband died at age 60 from recurrent lobar haemorrhages in the brain, as did his sister and five other family members. The APP 693 mutation at position 22 of the Abetapeptide resulting in a glutamine for glutamic acid was identified in the proband and the affected sister. Pathologically lobar haemorrhages were found with cerebrovascular angiopathy; neuritic plaques were found but no neurofibrilary tangles. There was a leukoencephalopathy on MRI scanning. Dementia and cognitive decline has not been observed in this family. This is the first family reported outside of Europe and the Northern Hemisphere. The discovery highlights the importance of detecting this rare cause of fatal cerebral haemorrhage as it has implications for gene testing and general medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Panegyres
- Neurosciences Unit, Cnr Mooro Drive and John XXIII Ave., Mt. Claremont 6019, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
The authors describe a simple and cost-effective method of immunostaining semithin epoxy resin sections of peripheral nerve for light microscopy with antibodies to myelin protein zero, peripheral myelin protein 22, myelin basic protein, and neurofilament protein 200 using a combined technique of surface etching with sodium ethoxide and heat-induced antigen retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Cai
- Centre for Neurological Disease, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Short CL, Scott G, Blumbergs PC, Koblar SA. A case of presumptive primary lateral sclerosis with upper and lower motor neurone pathology. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12:706-9. [PMID: 16098753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2004.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Motor Neurone Disease (MND) is one of the commonest neurodegenerative disorders of adulthood. MND characteristically presents with a combination of both upper and lower motor neurone features. Primary Lateral Sclerosis (PLS) is thought to be a variant of MND presenting with purely upper motor neurone signs. Debate continues over whether PLS constitutes a distinct pathological entity or whether it is part of the spectrum of motor neurone diseases that present as an upper motor neurone-predominant form of MND. We present a case of MND with purely upper motor neurone features and a prominent pain component. A pre-mortem diagnosis of PLS was made, however autopsy findings demonstrated both upper and lower motor neurone involvement. We believe these findings support the view that PLS is not a discrete pathological entity, but that it is a part of the range of motor neurone diseases that present with predominant but not exclusive upper motor neurone involvement. This case also highlights the feature that pain may be associated with MND even though it is not appreciated to have a sensory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy L Short
- Department of Neurology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South Australia
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50
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Van Den Heuvel C, Donkin JJ, Finnie JW, Blumbergs PC, Kuchel T, Koszyca B, Manavis J, Jones NR, Reilly PL, Vink R. Downregulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression following post-traumatic cyclosporin-A administration. J Neurotrauma 2005; 21:1562-72. [PMID: 15684649 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2004.21.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of these studies was to assess and quantitate the effects of cyclosporin-A (CyA) on brain APP messenger RNA and neuronal perikaryal APP antigen expression following controlled focal head impact in sheep. Impact results in a significant increase in both APP mRNA and neuronal perikaryal APP antigen expression. Post-traumatic administration of CyA (intrathecal 10 mg/kg) resulted in a reduction in APP mRNA and neuronal perikaryal antigen expression. At 2 h postinjury, CyA treatment caused a statistically significant (p < 0.05) 1.3 +/- 0.1-fold decrease in APP mRNA in the central gray matter of impacted sheep compared to untreated impacted sheep. A more profound reduction in APP mRNA synthesis (1.6 +/- 0.2 fold) was evident at 6 h (p < 0.05). The mean percentage brain area with APP immunoreactive neuronal perikarya at 6 h post-injury was 94.5% in untreated impacted animals, 10.0% in CyA-treated impacted animals, 5.5% in untreated nonimpacted animals, and 6% in CyA-treated non-impacted controls. These results demonstrate that CyA has a downregulatory effect on increased APP expression caused by TBI.
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