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Park CH, Jeoung YH, Yeddula SGR, Read R, Telugu B. 80 Depletion of. Reprod Fertil Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv35n2ab80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Oeffner R, McCoy A, Millán C, Croll T, Read R. Peering at the data inside the black box. Acta Cryst Sect A 2022. [DOI: 10.1107/s205327332209430x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
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Grzymski JJ, Elhanan G, Morales Rosado JA, Smith E, Schlauch KA, Read R, Rowan C, Slotnick N, Dabe S, Metcalf WJ, Lipp B, Reed H, Sharma L, Levin E, Kao J, Rashkin M, Bowes J, Dunaway K, Slonim A, Washington N, Ferber M, Bolze A, Lu JT. Population genetic screening efficiently identifies carriers of autosomal dominant diseases. Nat Med 2020; 26:1235-1239. [DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Sepandj F, Ceri H, Gibb A, Read R, Olson M. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration versus Minimum Biofilm Eliminating Concentration in Evaluation of Antibiotic Sensitivity of Enterococci Causing Peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080702700417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Sepandj
- Department of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - H. Ceri
- Biofilm Research Group University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A. Gibb
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R. Read
- Department of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Biofilm Research Group University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - M. Olson
- Biofilm Research Group University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Calgary Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Vigneswaran K, Oh S, Lallani S, Read R, Olson J. OS1.6 Characterizing the Over-expression of Yki/YAP/TAZ Transcription Factors in Gliomagenesis and Results of a Phase 0 Clinical Trial for a Proposed Novel Treatment of Glioblastomas. Neuro Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noy139.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Vigneswaran
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - S Oh
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - S Lallani
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - R Read
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J Olson
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Coetzee B, Loades M, Du Toit S, Read R, Kagee A. Fatigue among South African adolescents living with HIV: Is the Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire a suitable measure and how common is fatigue? Vulnerable Child Youth Stud 2018; 13:305-316. [PMID: 32587628 PMCID: PMC7316568 DOI: 10.1080/17450128.2018.1510147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that HIV-infected adolescents experience elevated levels of fatigue that impacts their functioning at school and other important aspects of their lives. Yet, fatigue has not been measured amongst this population group. In this cross-sectional, mixed-methods study we explored the psychometric properties of the 11-item Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire (CFQ) amongst 134 South African adolescents (11-18 years old) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Western Cape. Using the Likert scoring method for the CFQ, the mean total score was 14.89 (SD=3.83) and about a quarter (n=33, 24.63%) of adolescents scored ≥ 18, indicating problematic levels of fatigue. The CFQ demonstrated good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.83 (0.84, with item 11 deleted), which is comparable to other validation studies. On the first iteration of the principal component analysis (PCA) with a Varimax rotation, three factors accounted for 59.15% of the variance. However, the third factor consisted of one item only which we chose to remove from the analysis. On the second iteration of the PCA, a two factor solution was retained that accounted for 54.24% of the variance. The first factor, 'Physical fatigue', represented the first eight items on the scale. The second factor 'Mental fatigue' represented items nine and ten. The CFQ also demonstrated modest content and construct validity. The CFQ is a short, easy-to-use and cost-effective measure of fatigue, and demonstrates reliability and validity amongst a South African sample of adolescents. Given the high rate of fatigue amongst our participants, we recommend that future interventions be developed to reduce fatigue among HIV-infected adolescents, which may ultimately lead to improvements in school performance and social functioning. Future research may include test-retest reliability of the CFQ in order to show stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Coetzee
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - M.E Loades
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - S Du Toit
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - R Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - A Kagee
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
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Dorea HC, Cantwell HD, Read R, Armbrust L, Pool R, Roush JK, Boyle C, McLaughlin RM. Evaluation of healing in feline femoral defects filled with cancellous autograft, cancellous allograft or Bioglass. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1632947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryCancellous bone grafting is a widely accepted technique in human and veterinary orthopaedic surgery. However, the use of autogenous bone graft is limited by the additional surgical time required to harvest the graft, the morbidity associated with the donor site, and the limited availability of cancellous bone, especially in feline patients. Various allografts and bone graft substitutes are available commercially but have not been fully evaluated for efficacy in the cat. The purpose of this study was to compare the incorporation of autogenous and allogenous cancellous bone graft and Bioglass®, a synthetic bone graft substitute, in femoral defects in cats. Four (4.0 mm diameter) defects were created in the lateral diaphyseal cortex of the left femur with an orthopaedic drill. In each femur, one of the cortical defects was filled with autogenous cancellous graft (harvested from the tibia), one was filled with allogenic cancellous graft, and one was filled with Bioglass. The fourth defect remained unfilled. Graft incorporation within the femoral defects was evaluated by radiographic evaluation every two weeks. Six weeks after the grafting procedure, the cats were euthanatized and high detailed radiography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), histopathology and histomorphometry of the defects were performed. Satisfactory bone healing was observed within all of the defects.
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Irwin P, Bolton J, Read R. Emeritus Professor William (Bill) Towler Clark BVMS, PhD, FRCVS 1935 - 2015. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:348. [PMID: 27671077 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Read R, Moberly NJ, Salter D, Broome MR. Concepts of Mental Disorders in Trainee Clinical Psychologists. Clin Psychol Psychother 2016; 24:441-450. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Read
- Cornwall Partnership NHS Foundation Trust; UK
| | - N. J. Moberly
- Mood Disorders Centre; University of Exeter; Exeter UK
| | - D. Salter
- Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology; Canterbury Christ Church University; Canterbury UK
| | - M. R. Broome
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
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Adachi D, Singh A, Read R, Simmonds K, Sikora C, Tang J. Evolving patterns of antiretroviral drug resistance from HIV genotyping in Northern Alberta, Canada: 2007–2013, a retrospective 15 year analysis. J Clin Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.07.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Read R, Marquez J, Mosley C. CS-29 * A KINOME-WIDE RNAi-SCREEN IN DROSOPHILA GLIA AND HUMAN GBM CELLS REVEALS THAT Stk17A DRIVES NEOPLASTIC GLIAL CELL PROLIFERATION AND INVASION. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou242.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Gratrix J, Singh AE, Bergman J, Egan C, Plitt SS, McGinnis J, Bell CA, Drews SJ, Read R. Evidence for Increased Chlamydia Case Finding After the Introduction of Rectal Screening Among Women Attending 2 Canadian Sexually Transmitted Infection Clinics. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 60:398-404. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Agarwal M, Nitta R, Dovat S, Li G, Arita H, Narita Y, Fukushima S, Tateishi K, Matsushita Y, Yoshida A, Miyakita Y, Ohno M, Collins VP, Kawahara N, Shibui S, Ichimura K, Kahn SA, Gholamin S, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Weissman I, Mitra S, Cheshier S, Avril T, Hamlat A, Le Reste PJ, Mosser J, Quillien V, Carrato C, Munoz-Marmol A, Serrano L, Pijuan L, Hostalot C, Villa SL, Ariza A, Etxaniz O, Balana C, Benveniste ET, Zheng Y, McFarland B, Drygin D, Bellis S, Bredel M, Lotsch D, Engelmaier C, Allerstorfer S, Grusch M, Pichler J, Weis S, Hainfellner J, Marosi C, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Berger W, Bronisz A, Nowicki MO, Wang Y, Ansari K, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Brown K, Kwatra M, Brown K, Kwatra M, Bui T, Nitta R, Li G, Zhu S, Kozono D, Li J, Kushwaha D, Carter B, Chen C, Schulte J, Srikanth M, Das S, Zhang J, Lathia J, Yin L, Rich J, Olson E, Kessler J, Chenn A, Cherry A, Haas B, Lin YH, Ong SE, Stella N, Cifarelli CP, Griffin RJ, Cong D, Zhu W, Shi Y, Clark P, Kuo J, Hu S, Sun D, Bookland M, Darbinian N, Dey A, Robitaille M, Remke M, Faury D, Maier C, Malhotra A, Jabado N, Taylor M, Angers S, Kenney A, Ren X, Zhou H, Schur M, Baweja A, Singh M, Erdreich-Epstein A, Fu J, Koul D, Yao J, Saito N, Zheng S, Verhaak R, Lu Z, Yung WKA, Gomez G, Volinia S, Croce C, Brennan C, Cavenee W, Furnari F, Lopez SG, Qu D, Petritsch C, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Aldave G, Ravi D, Rubio A, Diez-Valle R, Marigil M, Jauregi P, Vera B, Rocha AADL, Tejada-Solis S, Alonso MM, Gopal U, Isaacs J, Gruber-Olipitz M, Dabral S, Ramkissoon S, Kung A, Pak E, Chung J, Theisen M, Sun Y, Monrose V, Franchetti Y, Sun Y, Shulman D, Redjal N, Tabak B, Beroukhim R, Zhao J, Buonamici S, Ligon K, Kelleher J, Segal R, Haas B, Canton D, Diaz P, Scott J, Stella N, Hara K, Kageji T, Mizobuchi Y, Kitazato K, Okazaki T, Fujihara T, Nakajima K, Mure H, Kuwayama K, Hara T, Nagahiro S, Hill L, Botfield H, Hossain-Ibrahim K, Logan A, Cruickshank G, Liu Y, Gilbert M, Kyprianou N, Rangnekar V, Horbinski C, Hu Y, Vo C, Li Z, Ke C, Ru N, Hess KR, Linskey ME, Zhou YAH, Hu F, Vinnakota K, Wolf S, Kettenmann H, Jackson PJ, Larson JD, Beckmann DA, Moriarity BS, Largaespada DA, Jalali S, Agnihotri S, Singh S, Burrell K, Croul S, Zadeh G, Kang SH, Yu MO, Song NH, Park KJ, Chi SG, Chung YG, Kim SK, Kim JW, Kim JY, Kim JE, Choi SH, Kim TM, Lee SH, Kim SK, Park SH, Kim IH, Park CK, Jung HW, Koldobskiy M, Ahmed I, Ho G, Snowman A, Raabe E, Eberhart C, Snyder S, Agnihotri S, Gugel I, Remke M, Bornemann A, Pantazis G, Mack S, Shih D, Sabha N, Taylor M, Tatagiba M, Zadeh G, Krischek B, Schulte A, Liffers K, Kathagen A, Riethdorf S, Westphal M, Lamszus K, Lee JS, Xiao J, Patel P, Schade J, Wang J, Deneen B, Erdreich-Epstein A, Song HR, Leiss L, Gjerde C, Saed H, Rahman A, Lellahi M, Enger PO, Leung R, Gil O, Lei L, Canoll P, Sun S, Lee D, Ho ASW, Pu JKS, Zhang XQ, Lee NP, Dat PJR, Leung GKK, Loetsch D, Steiner E, Holzmann K, Spiegl-Kreinecker S, Pirker C, Hlavaty J, Petznek H, Hegedus B, Garay T, Mohr T, Sommergruber W, Grusch M, Berger W, Lukiw WJ, Jones BM, Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Culicchia F, Magnus N, Garnier D, Meehan B, McGraw S, Hashemi M, Lee TH, Milsom C, Gerges N, Jabado N, Trasler J, Pawlinski R, Mackman N, Rak J, Maherally Z, Thorne A, An Q, Barbu E, Fillmore H, Pilkington G, Maherally Z, Tan SL, Tan S, An Q, Fillmore H, Pilkington G, Malhotra A, Choi S, Potts C, Ford DA, Nahle Z, Kenney AM, Matlaf L, Khan S, Zider A, Singer E, Cobbs C, Soroceanu L, McFarland BC, Hong SW, Rajbhandari R, Twitty GB, Gray GK, Yu H, Benveniste EN, Nozell SE, Minata M, Kim S, Mao P, Kaushal J, Nakano I, Mizowaki T, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Mizukawa K, Nishihara M, Nakamizo S, Tanaka H, Kohta M, Hosoda K, Kohmura E, Moeckel S, Meyer K, Leukel P, Bogdahn U, Riehmenschneider MJ, Bosserhoff AK, Spang R, Hau P, Mukasa A, Watanabe A, Ogiwara H, Saito N, Aburatani H, Mukherjee J, Obha S, See W, Pieper R, Nakajima K, Hara K, Kageji T, Mizobuchi Y, Kitazato K, Fujihara T, Otsuka R, Kung D, Nagahiro S, Rajbhandari R, Sinha T, Meares G, Benveniste EN, Nozell S, Ott M, Litzenburger U, Rauschenbach K, Bunse L, Pusch S, Ochs K, Sahm F, Opitz C, von Deimling A, Wick W, Platten M, Peruzzi P, Chiocca EA, Godlewski J, Read R, Fenton T, Gomez G, Wykosky J, Vandenberg S, Babic I, Iwanami A, Yang H, Cavenee W, Mischel P, Furnari F, Thomas J, Ronellenfitsch MW, Thiepold AL, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M, Steinbach JP, Rybakova Y, Kalen A, Sarsour E, Goswami P, Silber J, Harinath G, Aldaz B, Fabius AWM, Turcan S, Chan TA, Huse JT, Sonabend AM, Bansal M, Guarnieri P, Lei L, Soderquist C, Leung R, Yun J, Kennedy B, Sisti J, Bruce S, Bruce R, Shakya R, Ludwig T, Rosenfeld S, Sims PA, Bruce JN, Califano A, Canoll P, Stockhausen MT, Kristoffersen K, Olsen LS, Poulsen HS, Stringer B, Day B, Barry G, Piper M, Jamieson P, Ensbey K, Bruce Z, Richards L, Boyd A, Sufit A, Burleson T, Le JP, Keating AK, Sundstrom T, Varughese JK, Harter P, Prestegarden L, Petersen K, Azuaje F, Tepper C, Ingham E, Even L, Johnson S, Skaftnesmo KO, Lund-Johansen M, Bjerkvig R, Ferrara K, Thorsen F, Takeshima H, Yamashita S, Yokogami K, Mizuguchi S, Nakamura H, Kuratsu J, Fukushima T, Morishita K, Tanaka H, Sasayama T, Tanaka K, Nakamizo S, Mizukawa K, Kohmura E, Tang Y, Vaka D, Chen S, Ponnuswami A, Cho YJ, Monje M, Tateishi K, Narita Y, Nakamura T, Cahill D, Kawahara N, Ichimura K, Tiemann K, Hedman H, Niclou SP, Timmer M, Tjiong R, Rohn G, Goldbrunner R, Timmer M, Tjiong R, Stavrinou P, Rohn G, Perrech M, Goldbrunner R, Tokita M, Mikheev S, Sellers D, Mikheev A, Kosai Y, Rostomily R, Tritschler I, Seystahl K, Schroeder JJ, Weller M, Wade A, Robinson AE, Phillips JJ, Gong Y, Ma Y, Cheng Z, Thompson R, Wang J, Fan QW, Cheng C, Gustafson W, Charron E, Zipper P, Wong R, Chen J, Lau J, Knobbe-Thosen C, Weller M, Jura N, Reifenberger G, Shokat K, Weiss W, Wu S, Fu J, Zheng S, Koul D, Yung WKA, Wykosky J, Hu J, Taylor T, Villa GR, Gomez G, Mischel PS, Gonias SL, Cavenee W, Furnari F, Yamashita D, Kondo T, Takahashi H, Inoue A, Kohno S, Harada H, Ohue S, Ohnishi T, Li P, Ng J, Yuelling L, Du F, Curran T, Yang ZJ, Zhu D, Castellino RC, Van Meir EG, Zhu W, Begum G, Wang Q, Clark P, Yang SS, Lin SH, Kahle K, Kuo J, Sun D. CELL BIOLOGY AND SIGNALING. Neuro Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Seto J, Kapral O, Wong T, Gale-Rowe M, Demers A, Dodds J, Fisher W, Read R, Steben M. P6.074 Tailoring Clinical Knowledge Products For Guidance on Addressing Sexually Transmitted Infections and Blood-Borne Infection (STBBIs) to Meet the Different Needs of Family Medicine Practitioners in Canada. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Seto J, Kapral O, Wong T, Gale-Rowe M, Demers A, Dodds J, Fisher W, Steben M, Read R. P6.072 Differences Among Canadian Family Practitioners by Years of Practise in Uptake of Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections (STBBIs) Clinical Recommendations. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Watkins ER, Taylor RS, Byng R, Baeyens C, Read R, Pearson K, Watson L. Guided self-help concreteness training as an intervention for major depression in primary care: a Phase II randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med 2012; 42:1359-1371. [PMID: 22085757 PMCID: PMC3359637 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711002480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of widely accessible, effective psychological interventions for depression is a priority. This randomized trial provides the first controlled data on an innovative cognitive bias modification (CBM) training guided self-help intervention for depression. METHOD One hundred and twenty-one consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for current major depression were randomly allocated to treatment as usual (TAU) or to TAU plus concreteness training (CNT) guided self-help or to TAU plus relaxation training (RT) guided self-help. CNT involved repeated practice at mental exercises designed to switch patients from an unhelpful abstract thinking habit to a helpful concrete thinking habit, thereby targeting depressogenic cognitive processes (rumination, overgeneralization). RESULTS The addition of CNT to TAU significantly improved depressive symptoms at post-treatment [mean difference on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.29-7.26], 3- and 6-month follow-ups, and for rumination and overgeneralization post-treatment. There was no difference in the reduction of symptoms between CNT and RT (mean difference on the HAMD 1.98, 95% CI -1.14 to 5.11), although CNT significantly reduced rumination and overgeneralization relative to RT post-treatment, suggesting a specific benefit on these cognitive processes. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that CNT guided self-help may be a useful addition to TAU in treating major depression in primary care, although the effect was not significantly different from an existing active treatment (RT) matched for structural and common factors. Because of its relative brevity and distinct format, it may have value as an additional innovative approach to increase the accessibility of treatment choices for depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Watkins
- Mood Disorders Centre, University of Exeter, UK.
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Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Garau J, Huchon G, Ieven M, Ortqvist A, Schaberg T, Torres A, van der Heijden G, Read R, Verheij TJM. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections--summary. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 17 Suppl 6:1-24. [PMID: 21951384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This document is an update of Guidelines published in 2005 and now includes scientific publications through to May 2010. It provides evidence-based recommendations for the most common management questions occurring in routine clinical practice in the management of adult patients with LRTI. Topics include management outside hospital, management inside hospital (including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), acute exacerbations of bronchiectasis) and prevention. The target audience for the Guideline is thus all those whose routine practice includes the management of adult LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woodhead
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Garau J, Huchon G, Ieven M, Ortqvist A, Schaberg T, Torres A, van der Heijden G, Read R, Verheij TJM. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections--full version. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17 Suppl 6:E1-59. [PMID: 21951385 PMCID: PMC7128977 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 581] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This document is an update of Guidelines published in 2005 and now includes scientific publications through to May 2010. It provides evidence-based recommendations for the most common management questions occurring in routine clinical practice in the management of adult patients with LRTI. Topics include management outside hospital, management inside hospital (including community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), acute exacerbations of bronchiectasis) and prevention. Background sections and graded evidence tables are also included. The target audience for the Guideline is thus all those whose routine practice includes the management of adult LRTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woodhead
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK.
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Singh A, Fonseca K, Mukhi S, Gratrix J, Plitt S, Read R, Sutherland K, Zahariadis G, Tyrrell G, Lee B. LBP-1.10 Misclassification of syphilis cases using a reactive enzyme immunoassay and reactive RPR algorithm alone for diagnosis. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050119.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Chu A, Read R, Scarrott R. P1-S6.09 An audit of management of prenatal syphilis serology in the STI Clinic, Calgary, AB, Canada. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Vogel P, Read R, Hansen G, Wingert J, Dacosta CM, Buhring LM, Shadoan M. Pathology of congenital generalized lipodystrophy in Agpat2-/- mice. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:642-54. [PMID: 21051554 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810383870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare diseases associated with partial or total loss of adipose tissue. Of these, autosomal recessive Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy (BSCL) is characterized by the absence of metabolically active subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. Metabolic abnormalities associated with lipodystrophy include insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hepatic steatosis, and diabetes. One form of BSCL has been linked to genetic mutations affecting the lipid biosynthetic enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2), which is highly expressed in adipose tissue. Precisely how AGPAT2 deficiency causes lipodystrophy remains unresolved, but possible mechanisms include impaired lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis and storage), blocked adipogenesis (differentiation of preadipocytes to adipocytes), or apoptosis/necrosis of adipocytes. Agpat2(-/-) mice share important pathophysiologic features of CGL previously reported in humans. However, the small white adipose tissue (WAT) depots consisting largely of amoeboid adipocytes with microvesiculated basophilic cytoplasm showed that adipogenesis with deficient lipogenesis was present in all usual locations. Although well-defined lobules of brown adipose tissue (BAT) were present, massive necrosis resulted in early ablation of BAT. Although necrotic or apoptotic adipocytes were not detected in WAT of 10-day-old Agpat2(-/-), the absence of adipocytes in aged mice indicates that these cells must undergo necrosis/apoptosis at some point. Another significant finding in aged lipodystrophic mice was massive pancreatic islet hypertrophy in the face of chronic hyperglycemia, which suggests that glucotoxicity is insufficient by itself to cause β-cell loss and that adipocyte-derived factors help regulate total β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Pathology Department, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA.
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Abstract
This investigation found that genetic inactivation of mouse Atg4b, 1 of the 4 mammalian homologs of the autophagy-related gene Atg4, resulted in amorphous globular bodies in the neuropil of the deep cerebellar nuclei and adjacent vestibular nuclei but nowhere else in the brain or other tissues. The spheroid-like bodies in the deep cerebellar and vestibular nuclei showed heterogeneous composition, reactivity with anti-ubiquitin antibody, and staining characteristics of proteinaceous material. Atg4b-deficient (Atg4b (-/-)) mice also showed a mild but measurable impairment of motor performance on the Rotarod. Atg4b (-/-) mice produced by breeding heterozygous parents were produced at a slightly lower than expected ratio to heterozygous and wild-type siblings but showed no other clear abnormalities in a battery of screening tests. These findings appear to be different than those reported for inactivation of other Atg4 homologs, suggesting that these homologs have tissue-specific functions beyond redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Read
- Department of Pathology, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Rajan I, Read R, Small DL, Perrard J, Vogel P. An alternative splicing variant in Clcn7-/- mice prevents osteopetrosis but not neural and retinal degeneration. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:663-75. [PMID: 20448277 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) is present within the ruffled border of osteoclasts. Mutations in the CLCN7 gene in humans (homologous to murine Clcn7) are responsible for several types of osteopetrosis in humans, and deficiencies in CLCN7 can present with retinal degeneration and a neuronal storage disease. A previously reported Clcn7(-/-) mouse showed diffuse osteopetrosis accompanied by severe retinal and neuronal degeneration. In contrast, the authors produced a novel Clcn7(-/-) mutant where mice did not develop osteopetrosis but still developed lethal neural and retinal degeneration. In these mice, there was a rapid progressive loss of the outer nuclear layer and photoreceptor layers of the retina. Laminar degeneration and necrosis of neurons in layers IV and V of the cerebral cortex and in the CA2/CA3 regions of the hippocampus were associated with intraneuronal accumulations of autofluorescent granules (periodic acid-Schiff positive). The extensive reactive gliosis was always associated with the accumulation of intraneuronal cytoplasmic material. The authors found, through quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction analyses, that an alternate Clcn7 transcript (previously identified only in bone marrow) showed minimal expression in the brain and eye but moderate expression in bone, which correlates with rescue of the osteopetrotic phenotype in the face of continued retinal and neuronal degeneration. Findings in this knockout mouse model prove that osteopetrotic compression of the brain is not responsible for neuronal and retinal degeneration in CLCN7-deficient mice; rather, they suggest that neurotoxicity is most likely due to lysosomal dysfunction as a result of the functional lack of this chloride channel in the central nervous system and eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Rajan
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Pathology Department, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA
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Vogel P, Hansen G, Fontenot G, Read R. Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like 1 deficiency results in chronic rhinosinusitis and abnormal development of spermatid flagella in mice. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:703-12. [PMID: 20442420 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810363485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like 1 (TTLL1) protein is a member of the tubulin tyrosine ligase superfamily of proteins that are involved in the posttranslational polyglutamylation of tubulin in axonemal microtubules within cilia and flagella. To investigate the physiological role of TTLL1, the authors generated mice with a gene trap mutation in the Ttll1 gene that provide confirmation in a mammalian model that polyglutamylation plays an important role in some ciliary and flagellar functions. For the first time, mice homozygous for the Ttll1 mutation exhibited accumulations of exudates in the nasal passages and sinuses, rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and male infertility. In homozygous mutant male mice, abnormal sperm morphology and function were characterized by shortened or absent flagella and immotility. Although homozygous mutant males were infertile, the females were fertile. These findings are consistent with a diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) resulting from ciliary dysfunction. They indicate that Ttll1 is essential for normal motility of respiratory cilia and the biogenesis and function of sperm flagella but that the defect does not result in the hydrocephalus or laterality defects often seen in other forms of PCD. The absence of early-onset lethal hydrocephalus in Ttll1-mutant mice may enable studies to evaluate the long-term effects of PCD in the respiratory system of mice. Although no mutations in the orthologous gene have been linked with PCD in humans, investigating the role of TTLL1 and polyglutamylation of tubulin in cilia and flagella should advance an understanding of the biogenesis and function of these organelles in mammals and have potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Pathology Department, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA.
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Abstract
Situs inversus (SI) is a congenital condition characterized by left-right transposition of thoracic and visceral organs and associated vasculature. The usual asymmetrical positioning of organs is established early in development in a transient structure called the embryonic node. The 2-cilia hypothesis proposes that 2 kinds of primary cilia in the embryonic node determine left-right asymmetry: motile cilia that generate a leftward fluid flow, and immotile mechanosensory cilia that respond to the flow. Here, we describe 3 mouse SI models that provide support for the 2-cilia hypothesis. In addition to having SI, Dpcd/Poll(-/-) mice (for: deleted in a mouse model of primary ciliary dyskinesia) and Nme7(-/-) mice (for: nonmetastatic cells 7) had lesions consistent with deficient ciliary motility: Hydrocephalus, sinusitis, and male infertility developed in Dpcd/Poll(-/-) mice, whereas hydrocephalus and excessive nasal exudates were seen in Nme7(-/-) mice. In contrast, the absence of respiratory tract lesions, hydrocephalus, and male infertility in Pkd1l1(-/-) mice (for: polycystic kidney disease 1 like 1) suggested that dysfunction of motile cilia was not involved in the development of SI in this line. Moreover, the gene Pkd1l1 has considerable sequence similarity with Pkd1 (for: polycystic kidney disease 1), which encodes a protein (polycystin-1) that is essential for the mechanosensory function of immotile primary cilia in the kidney. The markedly reduced viability of Pkd1l1(-/-) mice is somewhat surprising given the absence of any detected abnormalities (other than SI) in surviving Pkd1l1(-/-) mice subjected to a comprehensive battery of phenotype-screening exams. However, the heart and great vessels of Pkd1l1(-/-) mice were not examined, and it is possible that the decreased viability of Pkd1l1(-/-) mice is due to undiagnosed cardiovascular defects associated with heterotaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Pathology Department, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Moles
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - J. A. McGhie
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - O. R. Schaaf
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - R. Read
- Murdoch University – Surgery, Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Vogel P, Read R, Hansen G, Freay L, Zambrowicz B, Sands A. Situs inversus and related ciliopathies in Dpcd-/-, Pkd1l1-/- and Nme7-/- mice. Vet Pathol 2009. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.09-vp-0118-v-am] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The object of this study was to assess the extent of ovarian damage produced by ovarian cauterisation. This was a prospective comparative study between four and eight holes using monopolar diathermy comparing the extent of damage of ovarian tissue in the human. The study was carried out in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Cairo University. We studied 50 patients aged 40-45 years who were scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for benign gynaecological disease. One ovary was subjected to unipolar diathermy with four holes (group I) and the contralateral ovary involved eight holes (group II). The main outcome measured was the extent of ovarian damage produced by the cautery. The percentage area of cautery showed a median of 0.4% and a mean of 0.48% +/- 0.35 in group I, compared to a median of 1% and a mean of 1% +/- 0.31 in group II. The difference between the two groups is statistically significant (P < 0.001). The study suggests that the extent of injury to the ovary produced by cautery might be small, especially when using four holes; however, it is difficult to determine long-term host tissue response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sheikhah
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Tappenden P, Jackson R, Cooper K, Rees A, Simpson E, Read R, Nicholson K. Amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for the prophylaxis of influenza (including a review of existing guidance no. 67): a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2009; 13:iii, ix-xii, 1-246. [PMID: 19215705 DOI: 10.3310/hta13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness of amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir for seasonal and post-exposure prophylaxis of influenza. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search strategy was used and searches were carried out in July 2007. REVIEW METHODS An independent health economic model was developed based on a review of existing cost-effectiveness models and clinical advice.The model draws together a broad spectrum of evidence relating to the costs and consequences associated with influenza and its prevention. Where direct evidence concerning the effectiveness of prophylaxis within specific model subgroups was lacking, the model uses estimates from mixed subgroups or extrapolates from other mutually exclusive subgroups. RESULTS Twenty-six published references relating to 22 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the clinical effectiveness review, along with one unpublished report. Eight, six and nine RCTs were included for amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir respectively. The study quality was variable and gaps in the evidence base limited the assessment of the clinical effectiveness of the interventions. For seasonal prophylaxis, there was limited evidence for the efficacy of amantadine in preventing symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed influenza (SLCI) in healthy adults [relative risk (RR) 0.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08-2.03]. Oseltamivir was effective in preventing SLCI, particularly when used in at-risk elderly subjects (RR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.63). The preventative efficacy of zanamivir was most notable in at-risk adults and adolescents (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.07-0.44), and healthy and at-risk elderly subjects (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.02-1.72). For post-exposure prophylaxis, data on the use of amantadine were again limited: in adolescents an RR of 0.10 (95% CI 0.03-0.34) was reported for the prevention of SLCI. Oseltamivir was effective in households of mixed composition (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.08-0.45). The efficacy of zanamivir in post-exposure prophylaxis within households was also reported (RR 0.21, 95% CI 0.13-0.33). Interventions appeared to be well tolerated. Limited evidence was available for the effectiveness of the interventions in preventing complications and hospitalisation and in minimising length of illness and time to return to normal activities. No clinical effectiveness data were identified for health-related quality of life or mortality outcomes. With the exception of at-risk children, the incremental cost-utility of seasonal influenza prophylaxis is expected to be in the range 38,000-428,000 pounds per QALY gained (depending on subgroup). The cost-effectiveness ratios for oseltamivir and zanamivir as post-exposure prophylaxis are expected to be below 30,000 pounds per QALY gained in healthy children, at-risk children, healthy elderly and at-risk elderly individuals. Despite favourable clinical efficacy estimates, the incorporation of recent evidence of viral resistance to amantadine led to it being dominated in every economic comparison. CONCLUSIONS All three interventions showed some efficacy for seasonal and post-exposure prophylaxis. However, weaknesses and gaps in the clinical evidence base are directly relevant to the interpretation of the health economic model and rendered the use of advanced statistical analyses inappropriate. These data limitations should be borne in mind in interpreting the findings of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tappenden
- University of Sheffield, School of Health and Related Research, UK
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30
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Abstract
UDP-GlcNAc: lysosomal enzyme N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphotransferase (GlcNAc-1-phosphotransferase) is an alpha(2)beta(2)gamma(2) hexameric enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of the mannose 6-phosphate targeting signal on lysosomal hydrolases. In humans, mutations in the gene encoding the alpha/beta subunit precursor give rise to mucolipidosis II (MLII), whereas mutations in the gene encoding the gamma subunit cause the less severe mucolipidosis IIIC (MLIIIC). In this study we describe the phenotypic, histologic, and serum lysosomal enzyme abnormalities in knockout mice lacking the gamma subunit and compare these findings to those of mice lacking the alpha/beta subunits and humans with MLII and MLIIIC. We found that both lines of mutant mice had elevated levels of serum lysosomal enzymes and cytoplasmic alterations in secretory cells of several exocrine glands; however, lesions in gamma-subunit deficient (Gnptg(-/-)) mice were milder and more restricted in distribution than in alpha/beta-subunit deficient (Gnptab(-/-)) mice. We found that onset, extent, and severity of lesions that developed in these two different knockouts correlated with measured lysosomal enzyme activity; with a more rapid, widespread, and severe storage disease phenotype developing in Gnptab(-/-) mice. In contrast to mice deficient in the alpha/beta subunits, the mice lacking the gamma subunits were of normal size, lacked cartilage defects, and did not develop retinal degeneration. The milder disease in the gamma-subunit deficient mice correlated with residual synthesis of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker. Of significance, neither strain of mutant mice developed cytoplasmic vacuolar inclusions in fibrocytes or mesenchymal cells (I-cells), the characteristic lesion associated with the prominent skeletal and connective tissue abnormalities in humans with MLII and MLIII. Instead, the predominant lesions in both lines of mice were found in the secretory epithelial cells of several exocrine glands, including the pancreas, and the parotid, submandibular salivary, nasal, lacrimal, bulbourethral, and gastric glands. The absence of retinal and chondrocyte lesions in Gnptg(-/-) mice might be attributed to residual beta-glucuronidase activity. We conclude that mice lacking either alpha/beta or gamma subunits displayed clinical and pathologic features that differed substantially from those reported in humans having mutations in orthologous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vogel
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Pathology Department, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381-1160, USA.
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Read R, Hansen G, Kramer J, Finch R, Li L, Vogel P. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase type 5 (Entpd5)-deficient mice develop progressive hepatopathy, hepatocellular tumors, and spermatogenic arrest. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:491-504. [PMID: 19176496 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0201-r-am] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase type 5 (ENTPD5, also CD39L4) is a soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes purine nucleoside diphosphates. Genetic inactivation of ENTPD5 in mice (Entpd5(-/-)) resulted in 2 major histopathologic lesions: hepatopathy and aspermia. The hepatopathy was progressive and characterized by centrilobular hepatocyte hypertrophy, oval cell proliferation, bile staining of Kupffer cells, and hepatocyte degeneration with increasing incidence and severity of degenerative lesions, development of multiple foci of cellular alteration, and hepatocellular neoplasia with age. Greatly increased proliferation of hepatocytes in young adult as well as aged Entpd5(-/-) mice was demonstrated by Ki67 immunohistochemistry and 5'-bromo-3'-deoxyuridine incorporation. Of 15 Entpd5(-/-) mice between 44 and 69 weeks of age, all showed foci of cellular alteration in the liver, and at least 6 of 15 developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatocellular adenoma, or both. Significantly, none of these lesions were observed in 13 wild-type Entpd5(+/+) littermates. These findings, combined with the historically low incidence (about 5%) of HCC in mice up to 2 years of age with the same genetic background, strongly suggest that loss of Entpd5 promotes hepatocellular neoplasia in mice. In humans, ENTPD5 has been found to be identical to the PCPH proto-oncogene, and dysregulation of this gene has been demonstrated in some human cancers. This mouse model could contribute to the understanding of the influence of ENTPD5/PCPH on cellular proliferation and neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Read
- Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA.
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Melrose J, Burkhardt D, Taylor TKF, Dillon CT, Read R, Cake M, Little CB. Calcification in the ovine intervertebral disc: a model of hydroxyapatite deposition disease. Eur Spine J 2009; 18:479-89. [PMID: 19165512 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-008-0871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Revised: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The study design included a multidisciplinary examination of the mineral phase of ovine intervertebral disc calcifications. The objective of the study was to investigate the mineral phase and its mechanisms of formation/association with degeneration in a naturally occurring animal model of disc calcification. The aetiology of dystrophic disc calcification in adult humans is unknown, but occurs as a well-described clinical disorder with hydroxyapatite as the single mineral phase. Comparable but age-related pathology in the sheep could serve as a model for the human disorder. Lumbar intervertebral discs (n = 134) of adult sheep of age 6 years (n = 4), 8 years (n = 12) and 11 years (n = 2) were evaluated using radiography, morphology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, histology, immunohistology and proteoglycan analysis. Half of the 6-year, 84% of the 8-year and 86% of the 11-year-old discs had calcific deposits. These were not well delineated by plain radiography. They were either: (a) punctate deposits in the outer annulus, (b) diffuse deposits in the transitional zone or inner annulus fibrosus with occasional deposits in the nucleus, or (c) large deposits in the transitional zone extending variably into the nucleus. Their maximal incidence was in the lower lumbar discs (L4/5-L6/7) with no calcification seen in the lumbosacral or lower thoracic discs. All deposits were hydroxyapatite with large crystallite sizes (800-1,300 A) compared to cortical bone (300-600 A). No type X-collagen, osteopontin or osteonectin were detected in calcific deposits, although positive staining for bone sialoprotein was evident. Calcified discs had less proteoglycan of smaller hydrodynamic size than non-calcified discs. Disc calcification in ageing sheep is due to hydroxyapatite deposition. The variable, but large, crystal size and lack of protein markers indicate that this does not occur by an endochondral ossification-like process. The decrease in disc proteoglycan content and size suggests that calcification may precede or predispose to disc degeneration in ageing sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Research Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Sepandj F, Ceri H, Gibb A, Read R, Olson M. Minimum inhibitory concentration versus minimum biofilm eliminating concentration in evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity of enterococci causing peritonitis. Perit Dial Int 2007; 27:464-5. [PMID: 17602158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
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Tarpey P, Thomas S, Sarvananthan N, Mallya U, Lisgo S, Talbot CJ, Roberts EO, Awan M, Surendran M, McLean RJ, Reinecke RD, Langmann A, Lindner S, Koch M, Woodruff G, Gale R, Degg C, Droutsas K, Asproudis I, Zubcov AA, Pieh C, Veal CD, Machado RD, Backhouse OC, Baumber L, Jain S, Constantinescu CS, Brodsky MC, Hunter DG, Hertle RW, Read RJ, Edkins S, O’Meara S, Parker A, Stevens C, Teague J, Wooster R, Futreal PA, Trembath RC, Stratton MR, Raymond FL, Gottlob I. Mutations in FRMD7, a newly identified member of the FERM family, cause X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus. Nat Genet 2006; 38:1242-4. [PMID: 17013395 PMCID: PMC2592600 DOI: 10.1038/ng1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic congenital nystagmus is characterized by involuntary, periodic, predominantly horizontal oscillations of both eyes. We identified 22 mutations in FRMD7 in 26 families with X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus. Screening of 42 singleton cases of idiopathic congenital nystagmus (28 male, 14 females) yielded three mutations (7%). We found restricted expression of FRMD7 in human embryonic brain and developing neural retina, suggesting a specific role in the control of eye movement and gaze stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tarpey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - S Thomas
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - N Sarvananthan
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - U Mallya
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge CB2 2XY UK
| | - S Lisgo
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - CJ Talbot
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - EO Roberts
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - M Awan
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - M Surendran
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - RJ McLean
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - RD Reinecke
- Foerderer Eye Movement Centre for Children, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107 USA
| | - A Langmann
- Medical University Graz, Department of Ophthalmology, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - S Lindner
- Medical University Graz, Department of Ophthalmology, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - M Koch
- Medical University Graz, Department of Ophthalmology, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - G Woodruff
- Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT
| | - R Gale
- Ophthalmology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - C Degg
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - K Droutsas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - I Asproudis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - AA Zubcov
- University Eye Hospital, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - C Pieh
- University Eye Hospital, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - CD Veal
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - RD Machado
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - OC Backhouse
- Ophthalmology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - L Baumber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S Jain
- Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT
| | - CS Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neurology, School of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - MC Brodsky
- Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 800 Marshall, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, UK
| | - DG Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA
| | - RW Hertle
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Division of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - RJ Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge CB2 2XY UK
| | - S Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - S O’Meara
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - A Parker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - C Stevens
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - J Teague
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - R Wooster
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - PA Futreal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - RC Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - MR Stratton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - FL Raymond
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge CB2 2XY UK
- Joint senior authors and corresponding authors and
| | - I Gottlob
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
- Joint senior authors and corresponding authors and
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Zhang Z, Wilson F, Read R, Pace L, Zhang S. Detection and characterization of naturally acquired West Nile virus infection in a female wild turkey. J Vet Diagn Invest 2006; 18:204-8. [PMID: 16617704 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female wild turkey exhibiting disorientation and failure to flee when approached was submitted to the Mississippi Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory. Gross pathologic examination revealed evidence of dehydration and the presence of modest numbers of adult nematodes in the small intestine. Histologic examination revealed extensive multifocal perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in brain, marked heterophilic hyperplasia in bone marrow, and multifocal interstitial lymphocytic infiltration in heart, pancreas, ventriculus, and skeletal muscles. West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated from the brain, lung, and kidney tissues using cultured Vero cells. Higher copies of viral RNA were detected from brain, lung, and kidney than from heart, liver, or spleen by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) analysis. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis detected WNV antigen in various tissues including neurons, kidney, respiratory tract epithelium, heart, and bone marrow. On the basis of the data from this investigation, it is concluded that WNV caused encephalitis along with many other pathologic changes in the affected wild turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhang
- Mississippi Veterinary Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Jackson 39216, USA
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Wang T, Zhou A, Waters CT, O'Connor E, Read RJ, Trump D. Molecular pathology of X linked retinoschisis: mutations interfere with retinoschisin secretion and oligomerisation. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90:81-6. [PMID: 16361673 PMCID: PMC1856892 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2005.078048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM X linked retinoschisis (XLRS) is caused by mutations in RS1 which encodes the discoidin domain protein retinoschisin, secreted by photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Missense mutations occur throughout the gene and some of these are known to interfere with protein secretion. This study was designed to investigate the functional consequences of missense mutations at different locations in retinoschisin. METHODS AND RESULTS The authors developed a structural model of the retinoschisin discoidin domain and used this to predict the effects of missense mutations. They expressed disease associated mutations and found that those affecting conserved residues prevented retinoschisin secretion. Most of the remaining mutations cluster within a series of loops on the surface of the beta barrel structure and do not interfere with secretion, suggesting this region may be a ligand binding site. They also demonstrated that wild type retinoschisin octamerises and associates with the cell surface. A subgroup of secreted mutations reduce oligomerisation (C59S, C219G, C223R). CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that there are three different molecular mechanisms which lead to XLRS: mutations interfering with secretion, mutations interfering with oligomerisation, and mutations that allow secretion and oligomerisation but interfere with retinoschisin function. The authors conclude that binding of oligomerised retinoschisin at the cell surface is important in its presumed role in cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wang
- Academic Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 0JH, UK
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Dorea HC, McLaughlin RM, Cantwell HD, Read R, Armbrust L, Pool R, Roush JK, Boyle C. Evaluation of healing in feline femoral defects filled with cancellous autograft, cancellous allograft or Bioglass. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2005; 18:157-68. [PMID: 16594447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancellous bone grafting is a widely accepted technique in human and veterinary orthopaedic surgery. However, the use of autogenous bone graft is limited by the additional surgical time required to harvest the graft, the morbidity associated with the donor site, and the limited availability of cancellous bone, especially in feline patients. Various allografts and bone graft substitutes are available commercially but have not been fully evaluated for efficacy in the cat. The purpose of this study was to compare the incorporation of autogenous and allogenous cancellous bone graft and Bioglass, a synthetic bone graft substitute, in femoral defects in cats. Four (4.0 mm diameter) defects were created in the lateral diaphyseal cortex of the left femur with an orthopaedic drill. In each femur, one of the cortical defects was filled with autogenous cancellous graft (harvested from the tibia), one was filled with allogenic cancellous graft, and one was filled with Bioglass. The fourth defect remained unfilled. Graft incorporation within the femoral defects was evaluated by radiographic evaluation every two weeks. Six weeks after the grafting procedure, the cats were euthanatized and high detailed radiography, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), histopathology and histomorphometry of the defects were performed. Satisfactory bone healing was observed within all of the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Dorea
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi 39762, USA
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38
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Hume EBH, Baveja J, Muir B, Schubert TL, Kumar N, Kjelleberg S, Griesser HJ, Thissen H, Read R, Poole-Warren LA, Schindhelm K, Willcox MDP. The control of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation and in vivo infection rates by covalently bound furanones. Biomaterials 2004; 25:5023-30. [PMID: 15109864 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2001] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to overcome the continuing infection rate associated with biomaterials, the use of covalently bound furanones as an antibiofilm coating for biomaterials has been investigated. Furanones have previously been shown to inhibit growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of these studies were to covalently bind furanones to polymers and to test their efficacy for inhibiting biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and in vivo infection rate. Two methods of covalent attachment of furanones were used. The first, a co-polymerisation with a styrene polymer, and second, a plasma-1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) reaction to produce furanone-coated catheters. Biofilm formation by S. epidermidis in vitro was inhibited by 89% for polystryene-furanone disks and by 78% by furanone-coated catheters (p<0.01). In an in vivo sheep model we found furanones were effective at controlling infection for up to 65 days. Furanones have potential to be used as a coating for biomaterials to control infection caused by S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B H Hume
- Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and Technology, Vision CRC, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Appleyard RC, Burkhardt D, Ghosh P, Read R, Cake M, Swain MV, Murrell GAC. Topographical analysis of the structural, biochemical and dynamic biomechanical properties of cartilage in an ovine model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003; 11:65-77. [PMID: 12505489 DOI: 10.1053/joca.2002.0867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between the topographical variations in the structural, biochemical and dynamic biomechanical properties of articular cartilage (AC) before and 6 months after meniscectomy has not been previously reported but is clearly relevant to our understanding of the role of mechanical factors on the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The objective of this study was to address this deficiency using an ovine model of OA induced by bilateral lateral meniscectomy. DESIGN The dynamic effective shear modulus (G*) and phase lag were determined ex vivo at 26 individual locations over the medial and lateral tibial plateaux of non-operated and meniscectomized ovine joints 6 months after surgery using a novel hand-held dynamic indentation probe. AC thickness was measured with a needle penetration probe. The AC from the same topographical locations as indented was then analysed for sulfated glycosaminoglycans (S-GAG) as a measure of proteoglycan (PG) levels, collagen and water content. Histological evaluation of the collagen organization using quantitative analysis of birefringence intensity was performed on stained tissue sections from the same topographical locations of each animal. RESULTS It was demonstrated that the AC of the entire lateral tibial compartment of the meniscectomized joints underwent significant local degenerative and compensatory changes as indicated by a decreased G* and an increase in phase lag and water content. This was accompanied by a decrease in PG content of the AC of the middle and inner regions. While the AC of the outer region of the lateral meniscectomized compartment showed a marked increase in PG content and a more than two-fold increase in thickness, these tissues were also found to be structurally inferior, as indicated by a decreased G* and abnormal collagen birefringence intensity. The AC thickness was elevated at all locations of the lateral and medial tibial plateau of the meniscectomized joints. Strong and significant correlations between the biomechanical and biochemical data were established for a number of the parameters examined, especially between collagen content and G*, collagen content and AC thickness, and G* and AC thickness. An inverse correlation between S-GAG content and G* was only apparent in non-operated control tissues, whereas correlations between collagen and water content, water content and G*, and water content and thickness were evident for AC of the meniscectomized tibial plateaux. Less striking changes were noted in the medial compartment where the intact meniscus remained in place. However, elevated PG content, thicker AC together with slight changes in G* suggested an early hypertrophic response in these tissues. CONCLUSION This study has highlighted the variable response of AC in different topographical regions of meniscectomized joints to the altered mechanical stresses introduced by this surgical procedure. The AC at the joint margins, while thicker and richer in PG, was found to be biomechanically softer (lower shear modulus) than normal AC, and because of this, would be expected to undergo degenerative changes with time leading to the onset of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Appleyard
- Orthopaedic Research Institute, St George Hospital Campus (University of New South Wales), Kogarah, NSW, Australia
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41
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Colevas AD, Norris CM, Tishler RB, Lamb CC, Fried MP, Goguen LA, Gopal HV, Costello R, Read R, Adak S, Posner MR. Phase I/II trial of outpatient docetaxel, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin (opTPFL) as induction for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Am J Clin Oncol 2002; 25:153-9. [PMID: 11943893 DOI: 10.1097/00000421-200204000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of docetaxel in an outpatient docetaxel (T), cisplatin (P), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (F), and leucovorin (L) (opTPFL) regimen and to obtain preliminary assessment of opTPFL efficacy. Thirty-four patients with stage III or IV squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with opTPFL. Docetaxel was escalated from 60 to 95 mg/m(2) in combination with 100 mg/m(2) cisplatin intravenous bolus, and 2,800 mg/m(2) 5-FU continuous infusion and 2,000 mg/m(2) leucovorin continuous infusion with prophylactic growth factors and antibiotics. Patients who achieved a complete (CR) or partial (PR) response to three cycles received definitive twice-daily radiation therapy. A total of 97 cycles were administered to 34 patients. The major acute toxicities were neutropenia and mucositis. The MTD of docetaxel was 90 mg/m(2) . Seventy-seven of 97 cycles of were administered on an outpatient basis. The overall clinical response rate to opTPFL was 94%, with 44% CRs and 50% PRs. The MTD of opTPFL is 90 mg/m(2) docetaxel. Outpatient administration of opTPFL is tolerable, feasible, and does not alter the ability to administer definitive radiation therapy on schedule.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Colevas
- Head and Neck Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Colevas AD, Read R, Thornhill J, Adak S, Tishler R, Busse P, Li Y, Posner M. Hypothyroidism incidence after multimodality treatment for stage III and IV squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51:599-604. [PMID: 11597798 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(01)01688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of head-and-neck cancer patients with surgery, radiotherapy (RT), and chemotherapy has been associated with posttherapy hypothyroidism (HT). We evaluated the rate of posttherapy HT in patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, treated with multimodality therapy to determine which factors might predict this condition and at what interval the condition developed. METHODS We reviewed the prospectively collected thyroid function data of patients treated with sequential chemotherapy, RT, and neck dissection. The incidence of posttherapy HT was estimated. The patient, tumor, and treatment factors possibly associated with HT were evaluated. RESULTS Of 203 patients, 118 had data adequate for evaluation. HT developed in 45% at a median of 24.4 months after therapy. HT occurred in 14% and 27% of patients at 6 months and 1 year after treatment, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses of sex, age, RT dose, RT fractionation, T and N stage, tumor site, and neck dissection failed to identify a clinically relevant risk factor. CONCLUSIONS A high number of patients undergoing aggressive organ-sparing multimodality therapy for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are at risk for subsequent HT. We recommend that all patients definitively irradiated to the head and neck region undergo frequent serum thyroid-stimulating hormone screening for HT, beginning 6 months after RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Colevas
- Head and Neck Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA, USA.
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Ceri H, Olson M, Morck D, Storey D, Read R, Buret A, Olson B. The MBEC Assay System: multiple equivalent biofilms for antibiotic and biocide susceptibility testing. Methods Enzymol 2001; 337:377-85. [PMID: 11398443 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)37026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Ceri
- Biofilm Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Read RJ. Pushing the boundaries of molecular replacement with maximum likelihood. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2001; 57:1373-82. [PMID: 11567148 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444901012471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2001] [Accepted: 07/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular-replacement method works well with good models and simple unit cells, but often fails with more difficult problems. Experience with likelihood in other areas of crystallography suggests that it would improve performance significantly. For molecular replacement, the form of the required likelihood function depends on whether there is ambiguity in the relative phases of the contributions from symmetry-related molecules (e.g. rotation versus translation searches). Likelihood functions used in structure refinement are appropriate only for translation (or six-dimensional) searches, where the correct translation will place all of the atoms in the model approximately correctly. A new likelihood function that allows for unknown relative phases is suitable for rotation searches. It is shown that correlations between sequence identity and coordinate error can be used to calibrate parameters for model quality in the likelihood functions. Multiple models of a molecule can be combined in a statistically valid way by setting up the joint probability distribution of the true and model structure factors as a multivariate complex normal distribution, from which the conditional distribution of the true structure factor given the models can be derived. Tests in a new molecular-replacement program, Beast, show that the likelihood-based targets are more sensitive and more accurate than previous targets. The new multiple-model likelihood function has a dramatic impact on success.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Read
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, England.
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Marcato P, Mulvey G, Read RJ, Nation PN, Armstrong GD. Immunoprophylactic potential of cloned Shiga toxin 2 B subunit. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:435-43. [PMID: 11133375 DOI: 10.1086/318080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2000] [Revised: 10/13/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2 contribute to the development of enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 Escherichia coli-mediated colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. The Stx2 B subunit, which binds to globotriaosylceramide (GB3) receptors on target cells, was cloned. This involved replacing the Stx2 B subunit leader peptide nucleotide sequences with those from the Stx1 B subunit. The construct was expressed in the TOPP3 E. coli strain. The Stx2 B subunits from this strain assembled into a pentamer and bound to a GB3 receptor analogue. The cloned Stx2 B subunit was not cytotoxic to Vero cells or apoptogenic in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Although their immune response to the Stx2 B subunit was variable, rabbits that developed Stx2 B subunit-specific antibodies, as determined by immunoblot and in vitro cytotoxicity neutralization assays, survived a challenge with Stx2 holotoxin. This is thought to be the first demonstration of the immunoprophylactic potential of the Stx2 B subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marcato
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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47
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Stoop AA, Eldering E, Dafforn TR, Read RJ, Pannekoek H. Different structural requirements for plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) during latency transition and proteinase inhibition as evidenced by phage-displayed hypermutated PAI-1 libraries. J Mol Biol 2001; 305:773-83. [PMID: 11162091 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.4356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily. Its highly mobile reactive-center loop (RCL) is thought to account for both the rapid inhibition of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and the rapid and spontaneous transition of the unstable, active form of PAI-1 into a stable, inactive (latent) conformation (t(1/2) at 37 degrees C, 2.2 hours). We determined the amino acid residues responsible for the inherent instability of PAI-1, to assess whether these properties are independent and, consequently, whether the structural basis for inhibition and latency transition is different. For that purpose, a hypermutated PAI-1 library that is displayed on phage was pre-incubated for increasing periods (20 to 72 hours) at 37 degrees C, prior to a stringent selection for rapid t-PA binding. Accordingly, four rounds of phage-display selection resulted in the isolation of a stable PAI-1 variant (st-44: t(1/2) 450 hours) with 11 amino acid mutations. Backcrossing by DNA shuffling of this stable mutant with wt PAI-1 was performed to eliminate non-contributing mutations. It was shown that the combination of mutations at positions 50, 56, 61, 70, 94, 150, 222, 223, 264 and 331 increases the half-life of PAI-1 245-fold. Furthermore, within the limits of detection the stable mutants isolated are functionally indistinguishable from wild-type PAI-1 with respect to the rate of inhibition of t-PA, cleavage by t-PA, and binding to vitronectin. These stabilizing mutations constitute largely reversions to the stable "serpin consensus sequence" and are located in areas implicated in PAI-1 stability (e.g. the vitronectin-binding domain and the proximal hinge). Collectively, our data provide evidence that the structural requirements for PAI-1 loop insertion during latency transition and target proteinase inhibition can be separated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Stoop
- Department of Biochemistry Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The serpins have evolved to be the predominant family of serine-protease inhibitors in man. Their unique mechanism of inhibition involves a profound change in conformation, although the nature and significance of this change has been controversial. Here we report the crystallographic structure of a typical serpin-protease complex and show the mechanism of inhibition. The conformational change is initiated by reaction of the active serine of the protease with the reactive centre of the serpin. This cleaves the reactive centre, which then moves 71 A to the opposite pole of the serpin, taking the tethered protease with it. The tight linkage of the two molecules and resulting overlap of their structures does not affect the hyperstable serpin, but causes a surprising 37% loss of structure in the protease. This is induced by the plucking of the serine from its active site, together with breakage of interactions formed during zymogen activation. The disruption of the catalytic site prevents the release of the protease from the complex, and the structural disorder allows its proteolytic destruction. It is this ability of the conformational mechanism to crush as well as inhibit proteases that provides the serpins with their selective advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Huntington
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK.
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Hazes B, Sastry PA, Hayakawa K, Read RJ, Irvin RT. Crystal structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK pilin suggests a main-chain-dominated mode of receptor binding. J Mol Biol 2000; 299:1005-17. [PMID: 10843854 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibers of pilin monomers (pili) form the dominant adhesin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and they play an important role in infections by this opportunistic bacterial pathogen. Blocking adhesion is therefore a target for vaccine development. The receptor-binding site is located in a C-terminal disulphide-bonded loop of each pilin monomer, but functional binding sites are displayed only at the tip of the pilus. A factor complicating vaccination is that different bacterial strains produce distinct, and sometimes highly divergent, pilin variants. It is surprising that all strains still appear to bind a common receptor, asialo-GM1. Here, we present the 1.63 A crystal structure of pilin from P. aeruginosa strain PAK. The structure shows that the proposed receptor-binding site is formed by two beta-turns that create a surface dominated by main-chain atoms. Receptor specificity could therefore be maintained, whilst allowing side-chain variation, if the main-chain conformation is conserved. The location of the binding site relative to the proposed packing of the pilus fiber raises new issues and suggests that the current fiber model may have to be reconsidered. Finally, the structure of the C-terminal disulphide-bonded loop will provide the template for the structure-based design of a consensus sequence vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hazes
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Canadian Bacterial Diseases Network, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7, Canada.
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Ling H, Pannu NS, Boodhoo A, Armstrong GD, Clark CG, Brunton JL, Read RJ. A mutant Shiga-like toxin IIe bound to its receptor Gb(3): structure of a group II Shiga-like toxin with altered binding specificity. Structure 2000; 8:253-64. [PMID: 10745005 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga-like toxins (SLTs) are produced by the pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli that cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. These diseases in humans are generally associated with group II family members (SLT-II and SLT-IIc), whereas SLT-IIe (pig edema toxin) is central to edema disease of swine. The pentameric B-subunit component of the majority of family members binds to the cell-surface glycolipid globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb(3)), but globotetraosyl ceramide (Gb(4)) is the preferred receptor for SLT-IIe. A double-mutant of the SLT-IIe B subunit that reverses two sequence differences from SLT-II (GT3; Gln65-->Glu, Lys67-->Gln, SLT-I numbering) has been shown to bind more strongly to Gb(3) than to Gb(4). RESULTS To understand the molecular basis of receptor binding and specificity, we have determined the structure of the GT3 mutant B pentamer, both in complex with a Gb(3) analogue (2.0 A resolution; R = 0.155, R(free) = 0.194) and in its native form (2.35 A resolution; R = 0.187, R(free) = 0.232). CONCLUSIONS These are the first structures of a member of the medically important group II Shiga-like toxins to be reported. The structures confirm the previous observation of multiple binding sites on each SLT monomer, although binding site 3 is not occupied in the GT3 structure. Analysis of the binding properties of mutants suggests that site 3 is a secondary Gb(4)-binding site. The two mutated residues are located appropriately to interact with the extra betaGalNAc residue on Gb(4). Differences in the binding sites provide a molecular basis for understanding the tissue specificities and pathogenic mechanisms of members of the SLT family.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ling
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H7, Canada
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