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Brown RP, Sun H, Jin Y, Meloro C. Habitat-associated Genomic Variation in a Wall Lizard from an Oceanic Island. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad193. [PMID: 37862140 PMCID: PMC10637050 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lizard Teira dugesii exhibits morphological divergence between beach and inland habitats in the face of gene flow, within the volcanic island of Madeira, Portugal. Here, we analyzed genomic data obtained by genotyping-by-sequencing, which provided 16,378 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 94 individuals sampled from 15 sites across Madeira. Ancient within-island divergence in allopatry appears to have mediated divergence in similar species within other Atlantic islands, but this hypothesis was not supported for T. dugesii. Across all samples, a total of 168 SNPs were classified as statistical outliers using pcadapt and OutFLANK. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that 17 of these outliers were associated with beach/inland habitats. The SNPs were located within 16 sequence tags and 15 of these were homologous with sequences in a 31 Mb region on chromosome 3 of a reference wall lizard genome (the remaining tag could not be associated with any chromosome). We further investigated outliers through contingency analyses of allele frequencies at each of four pairs of adjacent beach-inland sites. The majority of the outliers detected by the RDA were confirmed at two pairs of these matched sites. These analyses also suggested some parallel divergence at different localities. Six other outliers were associated with site elevation, four of which were located on chromosome 5 of the reference genome. Our study lends support to a previous hypothesis that divergent selection between gray shingle beaches and inland regions overcomes gene flow and leads to the observed morphological divergence between populations in these adjacent habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanting Jin
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Carlo Meloro
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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2
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Bonnin N, Piel AK, Brown RP, Li Y, Connell JA, Avitto AN, Boubli JP, Chitayat A, Giles J, Gundlapally MS, Lipende I, Lonsdorf EV, Mjungu D, Mwacha D, Pintea L, Pusey AE, Raphael J, Wich SA, Wilson ML, Wroblewski EE, Hahn BH, Stewart FA. Barriers to chimpanzee gene flow at the south-east edge of their distribution. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:3842-3858. [PMID: 37277946 PMCID: PMC10421595 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Populations on the edge of a species' distribution may represent an important source of adaptive diversity, yet these populations tend to be more fragmented and are more likely to be geographically isolated. Lack of genetic exchanges between such populations, due to barriers to animal movement, can not only compromise adaptive potential but also lead to the fixation of deleterious alleles. The south-eastern edge of chimpanzee distribution is particularly fragmented, and conflicting hypotheses have been proposed about population connectivity and viability. To address this uncertainty, we generated both mitochondrial and MiSeq-based microsatellite genotypes for 290 individuals ranging across western Tanzania. While shared mitochondrial haplotypes confirmed historical gene flow, our microsatellite analyses revealed two distinct clusters, suggesting two populations currently isolated from one another. However, we found evidence of high levels of gene flow maintained within each of these clusters, one of which covers an 18,000 km2 ecosystem. Landscape genetic analyses confirmed the presence of barriers to gene flow with rivers and bare habitats highly restricting chimpanzee movement. Our study demonstrates how advances in sequencing technologies, combined with the development of landscape genetics approaches, can resolve ambiguities in the genetic history of critical populations and better inform conservation efforts of endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Bonnin
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Alex K. Piel
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Yingying Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jesse A. Connell
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexa N. Avitto
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jean P. Boubli
- School of Science, Engineering & Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Adrienne Chitayat
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecological Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Giles
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Madhurima S. Gundlapally
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Iddi Lipende
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute (TAWIRI), Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Deus Mjungu
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute–Tanzania, P.O. Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Dismas Mwacha
- Gombe Stream Research Centre, The Jane Goodall Institute–Tanzania, P.O. Box 1182, Kigoma, Tanzania
| | - Lilian Pintea
- Conservation Science Department, the Jane Goodall Institute, Washington, DC, 20036, USA
| | - Anne E. Pusey
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Serge A. Wich
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecological Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael L. Wilson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Beatrice H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fiona A. Stewart
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
- Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK
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Gerbarg PL, Dickson F, Conte VA, Brown RP. Breath-centered virtual mind-body medicine reduces COVID-related stress in women healthcare workers of the Regional Integrated Support for Education in Northern Ireland: a single group study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1199819. [PMID: 37377478 PMCID: PMC10291294 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers endured prolonged stress affecting their psychological well-being. Objectives: (1) Evaluate the effects of the Breath-Body-Mind Introductory Course (BBMIC) on COVID-related stress among employees of the Regional Integrated Support for Education, Northern Ireland, (2) Reduce the risk of adverse effects from COVID-related stress, and (3) Evaluate the effects of BBMIC on indicators of psychophysiological states and the consistency with hypothesized mechanisms of action. Methods In this single group study, a convenience sample of 39 female healthcare workers completed informed consent and baseline measures: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Stress Overload Scale-Short (SOS-S), and Exercise-Induced Feelings Inventory (EFI). Following the online BBMIC 4 h/day for 3 days and the 6 week solo (20 min/day) and group practice (45 min weekly), repeat testing plus the Indicators of Psychophysiological State (IPSS) and Program Evaluation were obtained. Results Baseline (T1) mean PSS score was significantly elevated compared to a normative sample: PSS = 18.2 vs. 13.7 (p < 0.001) and improved significantly 11 weeks post-BBMIC (T4). SOS-S mean score declined from 10.7(T1) to 9.7 at 6 week post-test (T3). The SOS-S proportion of High Risk scores found in 22/29 participants (T1), dropped to 7/29 (T3). EFI mean subscale scores improved significantly from T1 to T2 and T3 for Revitalization (p < 0.001); Exhaustion (p < 0.002); and Tranquility (p < 0.001); but not Engagement (p < 0.289). Conclusion Among RISE NI healthcare workers affected by COVID-related stress, participation in the BBMIC significantly reduced scores for Perceived Stress, Stress Overload, and Exhaustion. EFI Revitalization and Tranquility scores significantly improved. More than 60% of participants reported moderate to very strong improvements in 22 indicators of psychophysiological state, e.g., tension, mood, sleep, mental focus, anger, connectedness, awareness, hopefulness, and empathy. These results are consistent with the hypothesized mechanisms of action whereby voluntarily regulated breathing exercises change interoceptive messaging to brain regulatory networks that shift psychophysiological states of distress and defense to states of calmness and connection. These positive findings warrant validation in larger, controlled studies to extend the understanding of how breath-centered Mind-body Medicine practices could mitigate adverse effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Gerbarg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Felicity Dickson
- Regional Integrated Support for Education, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent A. Conte
- Management Department, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
| | - Richard P. Brown
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
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Gerbarg PL, Cruz-Cordero YL, Conte VA, García ME, Braña A, Estape ES, Brown RP. Breath-Body-Mind Core Techniques to Manage Medical Student Stress. J Med Educ Curric Dev 2023; 10:23821205231212056. [PMID: 37953880 PMCID: PMC10637144 DOI: 10.1177/23821205231212056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Objectives This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of a live, interactive, synchronous, online, manualized intervention, Breath-Body-Mind Introductory Course (BBM-IC), for medical students. BBM-IC includes breathing, movement, and attention-focus techniques for stress management and better emotion regulation, energy, sleep, and mental focus. Methods Medical students attending a 2-h BBM demonstration were invited to participate in the 12-h BBM-IC and weekly 45-min 6-week group practice. Measures were obtained using Survey Monkey: patient health questionnaire (PHQ9), generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7), exercise-induced feeling inventory (EFI), sleep quality scale (SQS), and body perception questionnaire-short form (BPQ-SF) at pre-BBM-IC (T1), post-BBM-IC (T2), and 6 weeks post (T3). Perceived stress scale (PSS) and meditation practices questionnaire (MPQ) were measured at baseline (T1) only. Results Twelve medical students participated in BBM-IC 4-h daily for 3 days. Six attended practice sessions and completed 6-week post-tests. Mean scores comparison identified two variable sets with significant improvements: EFI tranquility (p < .005) and supradiaphragmatic reactivity (p < .040). Two measures reached near significance: SQS (p ≤ .060) and PHQ9 (p ≤ .078). Conclusion This pilot study provided preliminary evidence that BBM-IC may reduce stress and anxiety symptoms while improving mood, energy, mental focus, and other correlates of psychophysiological state in medical students. Taking time for self-care is challenging for medical students, as reflected in the small study enrollment. Designating time for BBM as a requirement within the medical curriculum would probably enable more students to participate and acquire skills to reduce the effects of stress on their physical and psychological health, as well as the health of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaidy L Cruz-Cordero
- Student Programs Coordination Office, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
| | - Vincent A Conte
- Frank G. Zarb School of Business, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Martha E García
- Health Humanities Program, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
| | - Angel Braña
- Student Programs Coordination Office, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
| | - Estela S Estape
- Research Center, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
| | - Richard P Brown
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA
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5
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Vicari D, Sabin RC, Brown RP, Lambert O, Bianucci G, Meloro C. Skull morphological variation in a British stranded population of false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens): a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846)) is a globally distributed delphinid that shows geographical differentiation in its skull morphology. We explored cranial morphological variation in a sample of 85 skulls belonging to a mixed sex population stranded in the Moray Firth, Scotland, in 1927. A three-dimensional digitizer (Microscribe 2GX) was used to record 37 anatomical landmarks on the cranium and 25 on the mandible to investigate size and shape variation and to explore sexual dimorphism using geometric morphometric. Males showed greater overall skull size than females, whereas no sexual dimorphism could be identified in cranial and mandibular shape. Allometric skull changes occurred in parallel for both males and females, supporting the lack of sexual shape dimorphism for this particular sample. Also, fluctuating asymmetry did not differ between crania of males and females. This study confirms the absence of sexual shape dimorphism and the presence of a sexual size dimorphism in this false killer whale population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Vicari
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Richard C. Sabin
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Richard P. Brown
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Olivier Lambert
- D.O. Terre et Histoire de la Vie, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giovanni Bianucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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Jin Y, Tong H, Shao G, Li J, Lv Y, Wo Y, Brown RP, Fu C. Dorsal Pigmentation and Its Association with Functional Variation in MC1R in a Lizard from Different Elevations on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Genome Biol Evol 2021; 12:2303-2313. [PMID: 33095228 PMCID: PMC7719228 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of the role of the MC1R gene has provided major insights into variation in skin pigmentation in several organisms, including humans, but the evolutionary genetics of this variation is less well established. Variation in this gene and its relationship with degree of melanism was analyzed in one of the world’s highest-elevation lizards, Phrynocephalus theobaldi from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Individuals from the low-elevation group were shown to have darker dorsal pigmentation than individuals from a high-elevation group. The existence of climatic variation across these elevations was quantified, with lower elevations exhibiting higher air pressure, temperatures, and humidity, but less wind and insolation. Analysis of the MC1R gene in 214 individuals revealed amino acid differences at five sites between intraspecific sister lineages from different elevations, with two sites showing distinct fixed residues at low elevations. Three of the four single-nucleotide polymorphisms that underpinned these amino acid differences were highly significant outliers, relative to the generalized MC1R population structuring, suggestive of selection. Transfection of cells with an MC1R allele from a lighter high-elevation population caused a 43% reduction in agonist-induced cyclic AMP accumulation, and hence lowered melanin synthesis, relative to transfection with an allele from a darker low-elevation population. The high-elevation allele led to less efficient integration of the MC1R protein into melanocyte membranes. Our study identifies variation in the degree of melanism that can be explained by four or fewer MC1R substitutions. We establish a functional link between these substitutions and melanin synthesis and demonstrate elevation-associated shifts in their frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Jin
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haojie Tong
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shao
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiasheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yudie Lv
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Wo
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Richard P Brown
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom
| | - Caiyun Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Houdt S, Brown RP, Wanger TC, Twine W, Fynn R, Uiseb K, Cooney R, Traill LW. Divergent views on trophy hunting in Africa, and what this may mean for research and policy. Conserv Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaya Houdt
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Thomas C. Wanger
- Sustainability, Agriculture and Technology Lab, School of Engineering Westlake University Hangzhou China
- Agroecology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province Westlake University Hangzhou China
| | - Wayne Twine
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Richard Fynn
- Okavango Research Institute University of Botswana Maun Botswana
| | - Kenneth Uiseb
- Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism Directorate of Scientific Services Windhoek Namibia
| | - Rosie Cooney
- IUCN CEESP/SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group Gland Switzerland
- Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Lochran W. Traill
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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8
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Giacomini G, Herrel A, Chaverri G, Brown RP, Russo D, Scaravelli D, Meloro C. Functional correlates of skull shape in Chiroptera: feeding and echolocation adaptations. Integr Zool 2021; 17:430-442. [PMID: 34047457 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Morphological, functional, and behavioral adaptations of bats are among the most diverse within mammals. A strong association between bat skull morphology and feeding behavior has been suggested previously. However, morphological variation related to other drivers of adaptation, in particular echolocation, remains understudied. We assessed variation in skull morphology with respect to ecology (diet and emission type) and function (bite force, masticatory muscles and echolocation characteristics) using geometric morphometrics and comparative methods. Our study suggests that variation in skull shape of 10 bat families is the result of adaptations to broad dietary categories and sound emission types (oral or nasal). Skull shape correlates with echolocation parameters only in a subsample of insectivorous species, possibly because they (almost) entirely rely on this sensory system for locating and capturing prey. Insectivores emitting low frequencies are characterized by a ventrally tilted rostrum, a trait not associated with feeding parameters. This result questions the validity of a trade-off between feeding and echolocation function. Our study advances understanding of the relationship between skull morphology and specific features of echolocation and suggests that evolutionary constraints due to echolocation may differ between different groups within the Chiroptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Giacomini
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion de Paris, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris, France
| | - Gloriana Chaverri
- Recinto de Golfito, Universidad de Costa Rica, Golfito, Costa Rica.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, República de Panamá
| | - Richard P Brown
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Danilo Russo
- Wildlife Research Unit, Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Portici, Italy.,School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Dino Scaravelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
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9
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Gerbarg PL, Brown RP. Non-Western interventions for stress reduction and resilience. BJPsych advances 2021. [DOI: 10.1192/bja.2021.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYComplementary and integrative medicine provides safe, low-cost, effective treatments for conditions ranging from everyday stress to post-traumatic stress disorder. The evidence for herbs, nutrients and mind–body practices is growing, despite disproportionately small amounts of financial support compared with funding for expensive pharmaceuticals. The unsustainable cost of conventional treatments, the moral imperative to care for millions of uninsured and the impact of COVID-19 compel us to fully explore known and potential benefits of treatments being used by complementary and integrative practitioners.
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10
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Zecherle LJ, Nichols HJ, Bar‐David S, Brown RP, Hipperson H, Horsburgh GJ, Templeton AR. Subspecies hybridization as a potential conservation tool in species reintroductions. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1216-1224. [PMID: 34025762 PMCID: PMC8127701 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reintroductions are a powerful tool for the recovery of endangered species. However, their long-term success is strongly influenced by the genetic diversity of the reintroduced population. The chances of population persistence can be improved by enhancing the population's adaptive ability through the mixing of individuals from different sources. However, where source populations are too diverse the reintroduced population could also suffer from outbreeding depression or unsuccessful admixture due to behavioural or genetic barriers. For the reintroduction of Asiatic wild ass Equus hemionus ssp. in Israel, a breeding core was created from individuals of two different subspecies (E. h. onager & E. h. kulan). Today the population comprises approximately 300 individuals and displays no signs of outbreeding depression. The aim of this study was a population genomic evaluation of this conservation reintroduction protocol. We used maximum likelihood methods and genetic clustering analyses to investigate subspecies admixture and test for spatial autocorrelation based on subspecies ancestry. Further, we analysed heterozygosity and effective population sizes in the breeding core prior to release and the current wild population. We discovered high levels of subspecies admixture in the breeding core and wild population, consistent with a significant heterozygote excess in the breeding core. Furthermore, we found no signs of spatial autocorrelation associated with subspecies ancestry in the wild population. Inbreeding and variance effective population size estimates were low. Our results indicate no genetic or behavioural barriers to admixture between the subspecies and suggest that their hybridization has led to greater genetic diversity in the reintroduced population. The study provides rare empirical evidence of the successful application of subspecies hybridization in a reintroduction. It supports use of intraspecific hybridization as a tool to increase genetic diversity in conservation translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilith J. Zecherle
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Mitrani Department of Desert EcologyJacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen‐Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben‐GurionIsrael
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis FacilityDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | | | - Shirli Bar‐David
- Mitrani Department of Desert EcologyJacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert ResearchBen‐Gurion University of the NegevMidreshet Ben‐GurionIsrael
| | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Biological and Environmental SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Helen Hipperson
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis FacilityDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Gavin J. Horsburgh
- NERC Biomolecular Analysis FacilityDepartment of Animal and Plant SciencesUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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11
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Bassitta M, Brown RP, Pérez-Cembranos A, Pérez-Mellado V, Castro JA, Picornell A, Ramon C. Genomic signatures of drift and selection driven by predation and human pressure in an insular lizard. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6136. [PMID: 33731784 PMCID: PMC7971075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85591-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic divergence was studied in 10 small insular populations of the endangered Balearic Islands lizard (Podarcis lilfordi) using double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing. The objectives were to establish levels of divergence among populations, investigate the impact of population size on genetic variability and to evaluate the role of different environmental factors on local adaptation. Analyses of 72,846 SNPs supported a highly differentiated genetic structure, being the populations with the lowest population size (Porros, Foradada and Esclatasang islets) the most divergent, indicative of greater genetic drift. Outlier tests identified ~ 2% of loci as candidates for selection. Genomic divergence-Enviroment Association analyses were performed using redundancy analyses based on SNPs putatively under selection, detecting predation and human pressure as the environmental variables with the greatest explanatory power. Geographical distributions of populations and environmental factors appear to be fundamental drivers of divergence. These results support the combined role of genetic drift and divergent selection in shaping the genetic structure of these endemic island lizard populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bassitta
- Laboratori de Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Richard P Brown
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ana Pérez-Cembranos
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez-Mellado
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edificio de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José A Castro
- Laboratori de Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antònia Picornell
- Laboratori de Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Cori Ramon
- Laboratori de Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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12
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Bassitta M, Buades JM, Pérez‐Cembranos A, Pérez‐Mellado V, Terrasa B, Brown RP, Navarro P, Lluch J, Ortega J, Castro JA, Picornell A, Ramon C. Multilocus and morphological analysis of south‐eastern Iberian Wall lizards (Squamata,
Podarcis
). ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bassitta
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Joana M. Buades
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | | | | | - Barbara Terrasa
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Departamento de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - Javier Lluch
- Departamento de Zoología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universitat de València Valencia Spain
| | - Jesús Ortega
- Evolutionary Ecology Unit Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Jose A. Castro
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Antònia Picornell
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Cori Ramon
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
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13
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Pérez‐Cembranos A, Pérez‐Mellado V, Alemany I, Bassitta M, Terrasa B, Picornell A, Castro JA, Brown RP, Ramon C. Morphological and genetic diversity of the Balearic lizard,
Podarcis lilfordi
(Günther, 1874): Is it relevant to its conservation? DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iris Alemany
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Marta Bassitta
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Bàrbara Terrasa
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Antonia Picornell
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - José A. Castro
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
| | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool UK
| | - Cori Ramon
- Laboratori de Genètica Departament de Biologia Universitat de les Illes Balears Palma de Mallorca Spain
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14
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Streeter CC, Gerbarg PL, Brown RP, Scott TM, Nielsen GH, Owen L, Sakai O, Sneider JT, Nyer MB, Silveri MM. Thalamic Gamma Aminobutyric Acid Level Changes in Major Depressive Disorder After a 12-Week Iyengar Yoga and Coherent Breathing Intervention. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:190-197. [PMID: 31934793 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine if a 12-week yoga intervention (YI) was associated with increased gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and decreased depressive symptoms in participants with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: Subjects were randomized to a high-dose group (HDG) of three YIs a week and a low-dose group (LDG) of two YIs a week. Thalamic GABA levels were obtained using magnetic resonance spectroscopy at Scan-1 before randomization. After the assigned 12-week intervention, Scan-2 was obtained, immediately followed by a YI and Scan-3. Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) scores were obtained before Scan-1 and Scan-3. Settings/Location: Screenings and interventions occurred at the Boston University Medical Center. Imaging occurred at McLean Hospital. Subjects: Subjects met criteria for MDD. Intervention: Ninety minutes of Iyengar yoga and coherent breathing at five breaths per minute plus homework. Outcome measures: GABA levels and the BDI-II. Results: BDI-II scores improved significantly in both groups. GABA levels from Scan-1 to Scan-3 and from Scan-2 to Scan-3 were significantly increased in the LDG (n = 15) and showed a trend in the total cohort. Post hoc, participants were divided into two groups based on having an increase in GABA levels at Scan-2. Increases in Scan-2 GABA levels were observed in participants whose mean time between their last YI and Scan-2 was 3.93 ± 2.92 standard deviation (SD) days, but not in those whose mean time between their last YI and Scan-2 was 7.83 ± 6.88 SD. Conclusions: This study tentatively supports the hypothesis that one of the mechanisms through which yoga improves mood is by increasing the activity of the GABA system. The observed increase in GABA levels following a YI that was no longer observed 8 days after a YI suggests that the associated increase in GABA after a YI is time limited such that at least one YI a week may be necessary to maintain the elevated GABA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C Streeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA
| | | | - Richard P Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Greylin H Nielsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Liz Owen
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Osamu Sakai
- Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer T Sneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Maren B Nyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marisa M Silveri
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
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15
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Jin Y, Brown RP. Morphological species and discordant mtDNA: A genomic analysis of Phrynocephalus lizard lineages on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 139:106523. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Brown RP, Gallagher MJ, Fairbrother DH, Rosenzweig Z. Synthesis and Degradation of Cadmium-Free InP and InPZn/ZnS Quantum Dots in Solution. Langmuir 2018; 34:13924-13934. [PMID: 30351964 PMCID: PMC6402331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This study advances the chemical research community toward the goal of replacing toxic cadmium-containing quantum dots (QDs) with environmentally benign InP QDs. The InP QD synthesis uniquely combines the previously reported use of InP magic-sized clusters (MSCs) as a single-source precursor for indium and phosphorus to form InP QDs, with zinc incorporation and subsequent ZnS shelling, to form InPZn/ZnS QDs with luminescence properties comparable to those of commonly used cadmium-containing luminescent QDs. The resulting InPZn/ZnS QDs have an emission quantum yield of about 50% across a broad range of emission peak wavelengths and emission peaks averaging 50 nm fwhm. The emission peak wavelength can be easily tuned by varying the Zn/In ratio in the reaction mixture. The strategy of using zinc stearate to tune the emission properties is advantageous as it does not lead to a loss of emission quantum yield or emission peak broadening. Although the initial optical properties of InP and InPZn/ZnS QDs are promising, thermal stability measurements of InPZn QDs show significant degradation in the absence of a shell compared to the CdSe QDs particularly at increased temperature in the presence of oxygen, which is indicative of thermal oxidation. There is no significant difference in the degradation rate of InP QDs made from molecular precursors and from MSCs. Additionally, the emission intensity and quantum yield of InPZn/ZnS QDs when purified and diluted in organic solvents under ambient conditions decrease significantly compared to those of CdSe/ZnS QDs. This indicates instability of the ZnS shell when prepared by common literature methods. This must be improved to realize high-quality, robust Cd-free QDs with the capability of replacing CdSe QDs in QD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Miranda J. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - D. Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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17
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Williams DN, Pramanik S, Brown RP, Zhi B, McIntire E, Hudson-Smith NV, Haynes CL, Rosenzweig Z. Adverse Interactions of Luminescent Semiconductor Quantum Dots with Liposomes and Shewanella oneidensis. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2018; 1:4788-4800. [PMID: 30931431 PMCID: PMC6435307 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.8b01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium-containing luminescent quantum dots (QD) are increasingly used in display, bioimaging, and energy technologies; however, significant concerns have been raised about their potentially adverse impact on human health and the environment. This study makes use of a broad toolkit of analytical methods to investigate and increase our understanding of the interactions of luminescent cadmium-containing (CdSe) and cadmium-free (ZnSe) QD, with and without a passivating higher bandgap energy ZnS shell, with phospholipid vesicles (liposomes), which model bacterial membranes, and with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, an environmentally relevant bacteria. A unique feature of this study is that all QD types have the same surface chemistry, being capped with uncharged poly(ethylene glycol) ligands. This enables focusing the study on the impact of the QD core on liposomes and bacterial cells. The study reveals that QD association with liposome and bacterial cell membranes is imperative for their adverse impact on liposomes and bacterial cells. The QD' concentration-dependent association with liposomes and bacterial cells destabilizes the membranes mechanically, which leads to membrane disruption and lysis in liposomes and to bacterial cell death. The study also shows that cadmium-containing QD exhibit a higher level of membrane disruption in bacterial cells than cadmium-free QD. ZnSe QD have low membrane impact, and coating them with a ZnS shell decreases their membrane disruption activity. In contrast, CdSe QD exhibit a high level of membrane impact, and coating them with a ZnS shell does not decrease, but in fact further increases, their membrane disruption activity. This behavior might be attributed to higher affinity and association of CdSe/ZnS QD with liposomes and bacterial cells and to a contribution of dissolved zinc ions from the ZnS shell to increased membrane disruption activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise N. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore 21250, Maryland, United States
| | - Sunipa Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, United States
| | - Richard P. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore 21250, Maryland, United States
| | - Bo Zhi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, United States
| | - Eileen McIntire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, United States
| | - Natalie V. Hudson-Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, Minnesota, United States
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore 21250, Maryland, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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18
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Zhi B, Cui Y, Wang S, Frank BP, Williams DN, Brown RP, Melby ES, Hamers RJ, Rosenzweig Z, Fairbrother DH, Orr G, Haynes CL. Malic Acid Carbon Dots: From Super-resolution Live-Cell Imaging to Highly Efficient Separation. ACS Nano 2018; 12:5741-5752. [PMID: 29883099 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As-synthesized malic acid carbon dots are found to possess photoblinking properties that are outstanding and superior compared to those of conventional dyes. Considering their excellent biocompatibility, malic acid carbon dots are suitable for super-resolution fluorescence localization microscopy under a variety of conditions, as we demonstrate in fixed and live trout gill epithelial cells. In addition, during imaging experiments, the so-called "excitation wavelength-dependent" emission was not observed for individual as-made malic acid carbon dots, which motivated us to develop a time-saving and high-throughput separation technique to isolate malic acid carbon dots into fractions of different particle size distributions using C18 reversed-phase silica gel column chromatography. This post-treatment allowed us to determine how particle size distribution influences the optical properties of malic acid carbon dot fractions, that is, optical band gap energies and photoluminescence behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Yi Cui
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Shengyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Benjamin P Frank
- Department of Chemistry , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Denise N Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Richard P Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Eric S Melby
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Robert J Hamers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - D Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry , The Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Christy L Haynes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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19
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Jin Y, Wo Y, Tong H, Song S, Zhang L, Brown RP. Evolutionary analysis of mitochondrially encoded proteins of toad-headed lizards, Phrynocephalus, along an altitudinal gradient. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:185. [PMID: 29510674 PMCID: PMC5840783 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animals living at high altitude must adapt to environments with hypoxia and low temperatures, but relatively little is known about underlying genetic changes. Toad-headed lizards of the genus Phrynocephalus cover a broad altitudinal gradient of over 4000 m and are useful models for studies of such adaptive responses. In one of the first studies to have considered selection on mitochondrial protein-coding regions in an ectothermic group distributed over such a wide range of environments, we analysed nineteen complete mitochondrial genomes from all Chinese Phrynocephalus (including eight genomes sequenced for the first time). Initial analyses used site and branch-site model (program: PAML) approaches to examine nonsynonymous: synonymous substitution rates across the mtDNA tree. Results Ten positively selected sites were discovered, nine of which corresponded to subunits ND2, ND3, ND4, ND5, and ND6 within the respiratory chain enzyme mitochondrial Complex I (NADH Coenzyme Q oxidoreductase). Four of these sites showed evidence of general long-term selection across the group while the remainder showed evidence of episodic selection across different branches of the tree. Some of these branches corresponded to increases in altitude and/or latitude. Analyses of physicochemical changes in protein structures revealed that residue changes at sites that were under selection corresponded to major functional differences. Analyses of coevolution point to coevolution of selected sites within the ND4 subunit, with key sites associated with proton translocation across the mitochondrial membrane. Conclusions Our results identify mitochondrial Complex I as a target for environment-mediated selection in this group of lizards, a complex that frequently appears to be under selection in other organisms. This makes these lizards good candidates for more detailed future studies of molecular evolution. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4569-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yubin Wo
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Tong
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Song
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Richard P Brown
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
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20
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Nyer M, Gerbarg PL, Silveri MM, Johnston J, Scott TM, Nauphal M, Owen L, Nielsen GH, Mischoulon D, Brown RP, Fava M, Streeter CC. A randomized controlled dosing study of Iyengar yoga and coherent breathing for the treatment of major depressive disorder: Impact on suicidal ideation and safety findings. Complement Ther Med 2018; 37:136-142. [PMID: 29609926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Yoga interventions offer promise for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), yet their safety and potential impact on suicidal ideation (SI) have not been well documented. This study evaluated the safety of a randomized controlled dose-finding trial of Iyengar yoga plus coherent breathing for individuals with MDD, as well as the potential effects of the intervention on SI without intent. METHODS Participants with Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) scores ≥14 and a diagnosis of MDD (using DSM-IV criteria) were randomized to either a low dose group (LDG) or high dose group (HDG) and received a 12-week manualized intervention. The LDG included two 90-min yoga classes plus three 30-min homework sessions weekly. The HDG offered three 90-min classes plus four 30-min homework sessions weekly. RESULTS Thirty-two individuals with MDD were randomized, of which 30 completed the protocol. At screening, SI without intent was endorsed on the BDI-II by 9 participants; after completing the intervention, 8 out of 9 reported resolution of SI. There were 17 adverse events possibly-related and 15 definitely-related to the intervention. The most common protocol-related adverse event was musculoskeletal pain, which resolved over the course of the study. CONCLUSIONS The Iyengar yoga plus coherent breathing intervention was associated with the resolution of SI in 8 out of 9 participants, with mild side effects that were primarily musculoskeletal in nature. This preliminary evidence suggests that this intervention may reduce SI without intent and be safe for use in those with MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Nyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Patricia L Gerbarg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Marisa M Silveri
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer Johnston
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tammy M Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, United States; Tufts Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maya Nauphal
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Liz Owen
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Greylin H Nielsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David Mischoulon
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard P Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maurizio Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chris C Streeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA, United States
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21
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Jin Y, Brown RP. Partition number, rate priors and unreliable divergence times in Bayesian phylogenetic dating. Cladistics 2017; 34:568-573. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanting Jin
- College of Life Sciences; China Jiliang University; Hangzhou 310018 PR China
| | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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22
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Sharma A, Gerbarg P, Bottiglieri T, Massoumi L, Carpenter LL, Lavretsky H, Muskin PR, Brown RP, Mischoulon D. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Clinician-Oriented Review of Research. J Clin Psychiatry 2017; 78:e656-e667. [PMID: 28682528 PMCID: PMC5501081 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.16r11113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review on S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for treatment of neuropsychiatric conditions and comorbid medical conditions. DATA SOURCES Searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Google Scholar databases between July 15, 2015, and September 28, 2016, by combining search terms for SAMe (s-adenosyl methionine or s-adenosyl-l-methionine) with terms for relevant disease states (major depressive disorder, MDD, depression, perinatal depression, human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, dementia, anxiety, schizophrenia, psychotic, 22q11.2, substance abuse, fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, hepatitis, or cirrhosis). Additional studies were identified from prior literature. Ongoing clinical trials were identified through clinical trial registries. STUDY SELECTION Of the 174 records retrieved, 21 were excluded, as they were not original investigations. An additional 21 records were excluded for falling outside the scope of this review. Of the 132 studies included in this review, 115 were clinical trials and 17 were preclinical studies. DATA EXTRACTION A wide range of studies was included in this review to capture information that would be of interest to psychiatrists in clinical practice. RESULTS This review of SAMe in the treatment of major depressive disorder found promising but limited evidence of efficacy and safety to support its use as a monotherapy and as an augmentation for other antidepressants. Additionally, preliminary evidence suggests that SAMe may ameliorate symptoms in certain neurocognitive, substance use, and psychotic disorders and comorbid medical conditions. CONCLUSIONS S-adenosylmethionine holds promise as a treatment for multiple neuropsychiatric conditions, but the body of evidence has limitations. The encouraging findings support further study of SAMe in both psychiatric and comorbid medical illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Sharma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 10th Floor Gates Bldg, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia Gerbarg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Medical College, Vahalla, New York, USA
| | - Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lila Massoumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Linda L Carpenter
- Butler Hospital, Brown Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Helen Lavretsky
- Department of Psychiatry, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | - David Mischoulon
- Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Brown RP, Woods M, Thorpe RS. Historical volcanism and within-island genetic divergence in the Tenerife skink (Chalcides viridanus). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pérez-Mellado V, Pérez-Cembranos A, Rodríguez V, Buades JM, Brown RP, Böhme W, Terrasa B, Castro JA, Picornell A, Ramon C. The legacy of translocations among populations of the Ibizan Wall Lizard, Podarcis pityusensis (Squamata: Lacertidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Rodríguez V, Buades JM, Brown RP, Terrasa B, Pérez-Mellado V, Corti C, Delaugerre M, Castro JA, Picornell A, Ramon MM. Evolutionary history of Podarcis tiliguerta on Corsica and Sardinia. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:27. [PMID: 28103805 PMCID: PMC5248522 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Podarcis tiliguerta is a wall lizard endemic to the Mediterranean islands of Corsica and Sardinia. Previous findings of high mtDNA and morphological diversity have led to the suggestion that it may represent a species complex. Here, we analysed mitochondrial and nuclear markers (mtDNA, 3110 bp; 6 nDNA loci, 3961 bp) in P. tiliguerta sampled from thirty-two localities across Corsica and Sardinia. Results We find much greater intraspecific genetic divergence than between sister species of other Mediterranean island Podarcis, i.e., between P. lilfordi and P. pityusensis. We detected three mtDNA clusters in Corsica (North, South-East and South-West) and either two or three in Sardinia (North vs. South) depending on the clustering method. Only one or two nDNA groups were identified within each main island (again, depending on the method). A Bayesian time-calibrated multispecies coalescent tree was obtained from mtDNA and provided statistical support for a Miocene origin of the species (13.87 Ma, 95% HPD: 18.30–10.77 Ma). The posterior mean divergence time for the Corsican and Sardinian lineages was 12.75 Ma ago (95% HPD: 16.94–9.04 Ma). Conclusion The results support the evolutionary distinctiveness of Corsican and Sardinian populations and also indicate a lack of post-divergence migration despite periods of contact being possible. Further to this, species delimitation analyses of Corsican and Sardinian lineages provided statistical support for their recognition as distinct (sister) taxa. Our results provide new insights into the biogeography of the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot, and contribute important findings relevant to the systematics and evolution of this speciose lizard genus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0860-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rodríguez
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - J M Buades
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - R P Brown
- School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Terrasa
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - V Pérez-Mellado
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - C Corti
- Museo di Storia Naturale de ll'Università di Firenze, Sezione di Zoologia "La Specola", Firenze, Italy
| | | | - J A Castro
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - A Picornell
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M M Ramon
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
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Meloro C, Hunter J, Tomsett L, Portela Miguez R, Prevosti FJ, Brown RP. Evolutionary ecomorphology of the Falkland Islands wolfDusicyon australis. Mamm Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Meloro
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology; School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Jonathan Hunter
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology; School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Louise Tomsett
- Mammal Section, Life Sciences, Vertebrate Division; The Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Roberto Portela Miguez
- Mammal Section, Life Sciences, Vertebrate Division; The Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Francisco J. Prevosti
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Transferencia Tecnologica (CRILAR); Entre Ríos Mendoza s/n (5301) Anillaco; La Rioja Argentina
| | - Richard P. Brown
- Research Centre in Evolutionary Anthropology and Palaeoecology; School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University; Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
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Abstract
Geographical variation among contiguous populations is frequently attributed to ecological divergence or historical isolation followed by secondary contact. Distinguishing between these effects is key to studies of incipient speciation and could be revealed by different genomic signatures. We used RAD-seq analyses to examine morphologically divergent populations of the endemic lizard (Gallotia galloti) from the volcanic island of Tenerife. Previous analyses have suggested ecological and historical causes to explain the morphological diversity. Analyses of 276,483 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from >20 Mbp of the genome revealed one genetically divergent population from Anaga, a region associated with divergent mtDNA lineages in other Tenerife endemics. This population also has a high number of private alleles, and its divergence can be explained by historical isolation. Bayesian outlier analyses identified a small proportion of SNPs as candidates for selection (0.04%) which were strongly differentiated between xeric and mesic habitat types. Individual testing for specific xeric–mesic selection using an alternative approach also supported ecological divergence in a similarly small proportion of SNPs. The study indicates the roles of both historical isolation and ecological divergence in shaping genomic diversity in G. galloti. However, north–south morphological divergence appears solely associated with the latter and likely involves a relatively small proportion of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Paterson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Risse
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Gerbarg PL, Brown RP. Pause menopause with Rhodiola rosea, a natural selective estrogen receptor modulator. Phytomedicine 2016; 23:763-769. [PMID: 26776957 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopausal women are challenged by the adverse effects of estrogen loss on energy, mood, cognitive function, and memory. These stresses are compounded by increased risks for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and cancer. Known to have neuroprotective, cardio-protective, anti-oxidative and anti-carcinogenic effects, Rhodiola rosea extracts have also been shown to improve energy, mood, cognitive function and memory. PURPOSE We propose that R. rosea be investigated for use as a potential selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) in the prevention and treatment of menopause-related fatigue, stress, depression, cognitive decline, memory impairment, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and cancer. METHOD This paper briefly reviews the relationship between estrogen decline and menopause-related health risks, the molecular mechanisms underlying estrogenic effects on health, and the evidence indicating beneficial effects of R. rosea extracts on these mechanisms and health risks. Mechanisms include non-genomic and genomic effects, for example: activation of intra-cellular signal transduction pathways by binding to estrogen receptors, ERα-mediated activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase with increased nitric oxide release; and anti-inflammatory effects, counteracting TNFα by inhibiting nuclear factor-Kappa-B (NF-KB) and protection of osteoblasts from hydrogen peroxide. A clinical case illustrating treatment of a menopausal woman with R. rosea is presented. Risks, benefits, gaps in knowledge, and future directions are discussed. CONCLUSION Numerous lines of evidence indicate that R. rosea should be investigated as a potential selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) to prevent, delay or mitigate menopause-related cognitive, psychological, cardiovascular and osteoporotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Gerbarg
- New York Medical College, 86 Sherry Lane, Kingston, NY 12401, United States.
| | - Richard P Brown
- Columbia University College of Medicine, NY, 86 Sherry Lane, Kingston, NY 12401, United States
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in psychiatry or integrative psychiatry covers a wide range of biological, psychological and mind-body treatments that enhance standard medical practices and patient outcomes. While CAM approaches are popular amongst patients in their practice as well as in self-report because of their ease of use, health professionals have received limited education in these interventions and often are unaware of their patients' use of CAM treatments. METHOD This overview highlights evidence-based CAM treatments for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) including dietary interventions, phytomedicines, mind-body practices and neurofeedback. RESULTS While conventional treatments are the mainstays for ADHD, there are a large number of available treatments that can be used to enhance treatment response. CONCLUSION With improved education and further scientific and clinical research, validated integrative treatments will provide more effective, lower risk and lower cost care for patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Sharma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA
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Rodríguez V, Brown RP, Terrasa B, Pérez-Mellado V, Picornell A, Castro JA, Ramon C. Genetic diversity and historical biogeography of the Maltese wall lizard, Podarcis filfolensis (Squamata: Lacertidae). CONSERV GENET 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-013-0538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Duminil J, Brown RP, Ewédjè EEBK, Mardulyn P, Doucet JL, Hardy OJ. Large-scale pattern of genetic differentiation within African rainforest trees: insights on the roles of ecological gradients and past climate changes on the evolution of Erythrophleum spp (Fabaceae). BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:195. [PMID: 24028582 PMCID: PMC3848707 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolutionary events that have shaped biodiversity patterns in the African rainforests are still poorly documented. Past forest fragmentation and ecological gradients have been advocated as important drivers of genetic differentiation but their respective roles remain unclear. Using nuclear microsatellites (nSSRs) and chloroplast non-coding sequences (pDNA), we characterised the spatial genetic structure of Erythrophleum (Fabaceae) forest trees in West and Central Africa (Guinea Region, GR). This widespread genus displays a wide ecological amplitude and taxonomists recognize two forest tree species, E. ivorense and E. suaveolens, which are difficult to distinguish in the field and often confused. Results Bayesian-clustering applied on nSSRs of a blind sample of 648 specimens identified three major gene pools showing no or very limited introgression. They present parapatric distributions correlated to rainfall gradients and forest types. One gene pool is restricted to coastal evergreen forests and corresponds to E. ivorense; a second one is found in gallery forests from the dry forest zone of West Africa and North-West Cameroon and corresponds to West-African E. suaveolens; the third gene pool occurs in semi-evergreen forests and corresponds to Central African E. suaveolens. These gene pools have mostly unique pDNA haplotypes but they do not form reciprocally monophyletic clades. Nevertheless, pDNA molecular dating indicates that the divergence between E. ivorense and Central African E. suaveolens predates the Pleistocene. Further Bayesian-clustering applied within each major gene pool identified diffuse genetic discontinuities (minor gene pools displaying substantial introgression) at a latitude between 0 and 2°N in Central Africa for both species, and at a longitude between 5° and 8°E for E. ivorense. Moreover, we detected evidence of past population declines which are consistent with historical habitat fragmentation induced by Pleistocene climate changes. Conclusions Overall, deep genetic differentiation (major gene pools) follows ecological gradients that may be at the origin of speciation, while diffuse differentiation (minor gene pools) are tentatively interpreted as the signature of past forest fragmentation induced by past climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Duminil
- Service Evolution Biologique et Ecologie, CP160⁄12, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50 Av, F, Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Jin YT, Brown RP. Species history and divergence times of viviparous and oviparous Chinese toad-headed sand lizards (Phrynocephalus) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:259-68. [PMID: 23567019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is an important biogeographical area and has recently become a focus for biodiversity studies. Phyrnocephalus lizards form a widespread Eurasian group with oviparous and viviparous reproductive modes, but two previous mtDNA studies of species from around the QTP have provided different phylogenetic hypotheses. We analysed three loci (mtDNA, RAG-1, AME) from all recognised Chinese Phrynocephalus species to reconstruct the speciation history of the group and to estimate species divergence times. The effects of mtDNA partitioning strategy on phylogenetic inference were examined. Bayes factor comparisons of marginal likelihoods (mLs) estimated using stepping-stone sampling revealed that partitioning strategy had a major impact on mL. Nevertheless, it had a negligible effect on the inferred tree topology. The impact of hard-bound uniform or equivalent soft-bound gamma speciation time calibration priors as well as the use of a fixed topology (as opposed to integration over all possible species histories) on divergence time estimation were also assessed, and found to have little impact on posterior estimates. All three gene trees and the species tree supported the hypothesis that the Chinese species form oviparous and viviparous sister clades. This was in agreement with an early mtDNA study but differed from a subsequent reanalysis of the mtDNA data. Inclusion of mtDNA from more widely distributed Phrynocephalus (from previous studies) indicates that the oviparous P. interscapularis from Central Asia lies outside the clade of Chinese viviparous and oviparous species, but that other Asian oviparous species lie within the Chinese oviparous clade. The median of the posterior on the divergence time of Chinese oviparous and viviparous species was 9.7 Ma ago (95% interval: 7.2-13.0 Ma ago), which coincides with major uplifting of the QTP and indicates that viviparity evolved when this clade became restricted to regions of high elevation. We also found that cladogenesis within the viviparous clade began around 5 Ma ago whereas those in the oviparous clade began around 8.6 Ma ago. We establish more robust estimates of divergence times and relationships within this important group and so provide improved insights into the origins of Phrynocephalus diversity across the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-T Jin
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Muskin
- Columbia University Medical Center, Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, NY-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia Campus, 622 W. 168th Street, Mailbox #427, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
The choice of nutrients for review is based on clinical evidence of efficacy in neuropsychiatric disorders and biochemical effects that are neuroprotective or reparative. Vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and metabolites have been shown to augment antidepressants, improve symptoms in anxiety disorders, depression, neurodegenerative diseases, brain injury, ADHD, and schizophrenia, and to reduce medication side effects. Detection and correction of vitamin and mineral deficiencies can be essential for recovery. Generally low in adverse effects when taken in therapeutic doses, nutrients can be combined for greater benefits. Further studies are warranted to validate these promising treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Akhondzadeh
- Psychiatric Research Center, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, South Kargar Street, Tehran 13337, Iran.
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36
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Abstract
Herbal medicines supported by evidence of safety and efficacy in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, fatigue, cognitive enhancement, mental focus, and sexual function are useful as monotherapies, multiherb combinations, and as adjuncts to prescription psychotropics. Relevant mechanisms of action and clinical guidelines for herbs in common use can assist clinicians who want to enhance treatment outcomes by integrating phytomedicinals into their treatment regimens. Research is needed to strengthen the evidence base and to expand the range of disorders that can be treated with herbal extracts. Studies of herbal genomic effects may lead to more targeted and effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Gerbarg
- New York Medical College, 40 Sunshine Cottage Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Buades JM, Rodríguez V, Terrasa B, Pérez-Mellado V, Brown RP, Castro JA, Picornell A, Ramon MM. Variability of the mc1r gene in melanic and non-melanic Podarcis lilfordi and Podarcis pityusensis from the Balearic archipelago. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53088. [PMID: 23308144 PMCID: PMC3538740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The association between polymorphism at the mc1r locus and colour variation was studied in two wall lizard species (Podarcis lilfordi and P. pityusensis) from the Balearic archipelago. Podarcis lilfordi comprises several deep mitochondrial lineages, the oldest of which originated in the Pliocene, while much shallower mitochondrial lineages are found in P. pityusensis. Here, we examined whether specific substitutions were associated with the melanic colouration found in islet populations of these species. Homologous nuclear sequences covering most of the mc1r gene were obtained from 73 individuals from melanic and non-melanic Podarcis from different populations (the entire gene was also sequenced in six selected individuals). MtDNA gene trees were also constructed and used as a framework to assess mc1r diversity. Mc1r showed greater polymorphism in P. lilfordi than in P. pityusensis. However, we observed no substitutions that were common to all melanic individuals across the two species. Only one significant association was detected in the mc1r partial sequence, but this was a synonymous A/G mutation with A alleles being more abundant in melanic populations. In addition, there were no associations between the main dominant phenotypes (green and brown, blue and yellow spots and ventral colour) and synonymous or non-synonymous substitutions in the mc1r gene. There was no statistical evidence of selection on mc1r. This study suggests no relationship between mc1r polymorphism and colour variation in Balearic Podarcis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana M. Buades
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Virginia Rodríguez
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Bàrbara Terrasa
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Richard P. Brown
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jose A. Castro
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Antònia Picornell
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - M. M. Ramon
- Laboratori de Genètica, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Brown RP, Tejangkura T, El Mouden EH, Ait Baamrane MA, Znari M. Species delimitation and digit number in a North African skink. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:2962-73. [PMID: 23301164 PMCID: PMC3538992 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Delimitation of species is an important and controversial area within evolutionary biology. Many species boundaries have been defined using morphological data. New genetic approaches now offer more objective evaluation and assessment of the reliability of morphological variation as an indicator that speciation has occurred. We examined geographic variation in morphology of the continuously distributed skink Chalcides mionecton from Morocco and used Bayesian analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci to examine: (i) their concordance with morphological patterns, (ii) support for species delimitation, (iii) timing of speciation, and (iv) levels of gene flow between species. Four digit individuals were found at sites between Cap Rhir (in the south) and the northern extreme of the range, whereas five-digit individuals were found in two disjunct areas: (i) south of Cap Rhir and (ii) the north of the range where they were often syntopic with four-digit individuals. The pattern of variation in generalized body dimensions was largely concordant with that in digit number, suggesting two general morphotypes. Bayesian analyses of population structure showed that individuals from sites south of Cap Rhir formed one genetic cluster, but that northern four- and five-digit individuals clustered together. Statistical support for delimitation of these genetic clusters into two species was provided by a recent Bayesian method. Phylogenetic-coalescent dating with external time calibrations indicates that speciation was relatively recent, with a 95% posterior interval of 0.46-2.66 mya. This postdates equivalent phylogenetic dating estimates of sequence divergence by approximately 1 Ma. Statistical analyses of a small number of independent loci provide important insights into the history of the speciation process in C. mionecton and support delimitation of populations into two species with distributions that are spatially discordant with patterns of morphological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Brown
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool, L3 3AF
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Katzman MA, Vermani M, Gerbarg PL, Brown RP, Iorio C, Davis M, Cameron C, Tsirgielis D. A multicomponent yoga-based, breath intervention program as an adjunctive treatment in patients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder with or without comorbidities. Int J Yoga 2012; 5:57-65. [PMID: 22346068 PMCID: PMC3276935 DOI: 10.4103/0973-6131.91716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) course in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) outpatients, who after eight weeks of an appropriate dose of traditional therapy had not yet achieved remission. Subjects: The adult participants (18-65 years) were outpatients with a primary diagnosis of GAD with or without comorbidities on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Participants had a minimum of eight weeks standard treatment with an appropriate dose of a standard prescription anxiolytic, a clinician global impression-severity (CGI-S) score of 5-7, a Hamilton anxiety scale (HAM-A) total score ≥20 including a score of >2 on the anxious mood and tension items. Materials and Methods: Forty-one patients were enrolled in an open-label trial of the SKY course as an adjunct to standard treatment of GAD at the START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, a tertiary care mood and anxiety disorder clinic in Toronto. The SKY course was administered over five days (22 h total). Subjects were encouraged to practice the yoga breathing techniques at home for 20 min per day after the course and were offered group practice sessions for 2 h once a week led by certified yoga instructors. The primary outcome measure was the mean change from pre-treatment on the HAM-A scale. Psychological measures were obtained at baseline and four weeks after completing the intervention. Results: Thirty-one patients completed the program (mean age 42.6 ± 13.3 years). Among completers, significant reductions occurred in the pre- and post-intervention mean HAM-A total score (t=4.59; P<0.01) and psychic subscale (t=5.00; P≤0.01). The response rate was 73% and the remission rate 41% as measured on the HAM-A. Conclusion: The results of this small pilot trial suggest that the SKY course represents a potentially valuable adjunct to standard pharmacotherapy in patients with GAD or treatment-resistant GAD, and warrants further investigation. In particular, changes in worry and body symptoms showed significant improvements that may further our understanding of the mechanism of change in the tolerance of anxiety and worry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Katzman
- START Clinic for Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Streeter CC, Gerbarg PL, Saper RB, Ciraulo DA, Brown RP. Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:571-9. [PMID: 22365651 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A theory is proposed to explain the benefits of yoga practices in diverse, frequently comorbid medical conditions based on the concept that yoga practices reduce allostatic load in stress response systems such that optimal homeostasis is restored. It is hypothesized that stress induces (1) imbalance of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) with decreased parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and increased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, (2) underactivity of the gamma amino-butyric acid (GABA) system, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter system, and (3) increased allostatic load. It is further hypothesized that yoga-based practices (4) correct underactivity of the PNS and GABA systems in part through stimulation of the vagus nerves, the main peripheral pathway of the PNS, and (5) reduce allostatic load. Depression, epilepsy, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and chronic pain exemplify medical conditions that are exacerbated by stress, have low heart rate variability (HRV) and low GABAergic activity, respond to pharmacologic agents that increase activity of the GABA system, and show symptom improvement in response to yoga-based interventions. The observation that treatment resistant cases of epilepsy and depression respond to vagal nerve stimulation corroborates the need to correct PNS underactivity as part of a successful treatment plan in some cases. According to the proposed theory, the decreased PNS and GABAergic activity that underlies stress-related disorders can be corrected by yoga practices resulting in amelioration of disease symptoms. This has far-reaching implications for the integration of yoga-based practices in the treatment of a broad array of disorders exacerbated by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Streeter
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding causes of biological diversity may be greatly enhanced by knowledge of divergence times. Strict and relaxed clock models are used in Bayesian estimation of divergence times. We examined whether: i) strict clock models are generally more appropriate in shallow phylogenies where rate variation is expected to be low, ii) the likelihood ratio test of the clock (LRT) reliably informs which model is appropriate for dating divergence times. Strict and relaxed models were used to analyse sequences simulated under different levels of rate variation. Published shallow phylogenies (Black bass, Primate-sucking lice, Podarcis lizards, Gallotiinae lizards, and Caprinae mammals) were also analysed to determine natural levels of rate variation relative to the performance of the different models. RESULTS Strict clock analyses performed well on data simulated under the independent rates model when the standard deviation of log rate on branches, σ, was low (≤ 0.1), but were inappropriate when σ>0.1 (95% of rates fall within 0.0082-0.0121 subs/site/Ma when σ = 0.1, for a mean rate of 0.01). The independent rates relaxed clock model performed well at all levels of rate variation, although posterior intervals on times were significantly wider than for the strict clock. The strict clock is therefore superior when rate variation is low. The performance of a correlated rates relaxed clock model was similar to the strict clock. Increased numbers of independent loci led to slightly narrower posteriors under the relaxed clock while older root ages provided proportionately narrower posteriors. The LRT had low power for σ = 0.01-0.1, but high power for σ = 0.5-2.0. Posterior means of σ2 were useful for assessing rate variation in published datasets. Estimates of natural levels of rate variation ranged from 0.05-3.38 for different partitions. Differences in divergence times between relaxed and strict clock analyses were greater in two datasets with higher σ2 for one or more partitions, supporting the simulation results. CONCLUSIONS The strict clock can be superior for trees with shallow roots because of low levels of rate variation between branches. The LRT allows robust assessment of suitability of the clock model as does examination of posteriors on σ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- School of Natural Sciences & Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Gerbarg PL, Wallace G, Brown RP. Mass disasters and mind-body solutions: evidence and field insights. Int J Yoga Therap 2011:97-107. [PMID: 22398351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for the psychological consequences of mass disasters is essential to the recovery of individuals and communities. Little is known about how to provide effective mental health interventions when there are thousands of victims and little, if any, access to care. Post-disaster research and program evaluations suggest that mind-body practices can provide significant relief of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, and physical ailments. Mind-body programs are inexpensive, adaptable to different cultures and conditions, and can be taught rapidly to large numbers of people, including community leaders, to create a sustainable resource for local mental health needs. The challenges of doing research in disaster areas are illustrated using examples from field studies. Potential risks of administering programs to vulnerable populations are discussed, with program design recommendations. The development of safe, effective, trauma-sensitive, culturally appropriate, sustainable programs requires research and collaboration among healthcare professionals, mind-body trainers, researchers, academic institutions, government agencies, and non-governmental humanitarian organizations.
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Espandiari P, Rosenzweig B, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Schnackenberg L, Vaidya VS, Goering PL, Brown RP, Bonventre JV, Mahjoob K, Holland RD, Beger RD, Thompson K, Hanig J, Sadrieh N. Age-related differences in susceptibility to cisplatin-induced renal toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:172-82. [PMID: 19839026 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Limited experimental models exist to assess drug toxicity in pediatric populations. We recently reported how a multi-age rat model could be used for pre-clinical studies of comparative drug toxicity in pediatric populations. The objective of this study was to expand the utility of this animal model, which previously demonstrated an age-dependent sensitivity to the classic nephrotoxic compound, gentamicin, to another nephrotoxicant, namely cisplatin (Cis). Sprague-Dawley rats (10, 25, 40 and 80 days old) were injected with a single dose of Cis (0, 1, 3 or 6 mg kg(-1) i.p.). Urine samples were collected prior and up to 72 h after treatment in animals that were >or= 25 days old. Several serum, urinary and 'omic' injury biomarkers as well as renal histopathology lesions were evaluated. Statistically significant changes were noted with different injury biomarkers in different age groups. The order of age-related Cis-induced nephrotoxicity was different than our previous study with gentamicin: 80 > 40 > 10 > 25 day-old vs 10 >or= 80 > 40 > 25-day-old rats, respectively. The increased levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1: urinary protein/tissue mRNA) provided evidence of early Cis-induced nephrotoxicity in the most sensitive age group (80 days old). Levels of Kim-1 tissue mRNA and urinary protein were significantly correlated to each other and to the severity of renal histopathology lesions. These data indicate that the multi-age rat model can be used to demonstrate different age-related sensitivities to renal injury using mechanistically distinct nephrotoxicants, which is reflected in measurements of a variety of metabolite, gene transcript and protein biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Espandiari
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Descilo T, Vedamurtachar A, Gerbarg PL, Nagaraja D, Gangadhar BN, Damodaran B, Adelson B, Braslow LH, Marcus S, Brown RP. Effects of a yoga breath intervention alone and in combination with an exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the 2004 South-East Asia tsunami. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121:289-300. [PMID: 19694633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of a yoga breath program alone and followed by a trauma reduction exposure technique on post-traumatic stress disorder and depression in survivors of the 2004 Asian tsunami. METHOD In this non-randomized study, 183 tsunami survivors who scored 50 or above on the Post-traumatic Checklist-17 (PCL-17) were assigned by camps to one of three groups: yoga breath intervention, yoga breath intervention followed by 3-8 h of trauma reduction exposure technique or 6-week wait list. Measures for post-traumatic stress disorder (PCL-17) and depression (BDI-21) were performed at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Data were analyzed using anova and mixed effects regression. RESULTS The effect of treatment vs. control was significant at 6 weeks (F(2,178) = 279.616, P < 0.001): mean PCL-17 declined by 42.5 +/- 10.0 SD with yoga breath, 39.2 +/- 17.2 with Yoga breath + exposure and 4.6 +/- 13.2 in the control. CONCLUSION Yoga breath-based interventions may help relieve psychological distress following mass disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Descilo
- The Trauma Resolution Center of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Brown
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Abstract
Yoga breathing is an important part of health and spiritual practices in Indo-Tibetan traditions. Considered fundamental for the development of physical well-being, meditation, awareness, and enlightenment, it is both a form of meditation in itself and a preparation for deep meditation. Yoga breathing (pranayama) can rapidly bring the mind to the present moment and reduce stress. In this paper, we review data indicating how breath work can affect longevity mechanisms in some ways that overlap with meditation and in other ways that are different from, but that synergistically enhance, the effects of meditation. We also provide clinical evidence for the use of yoga breathing in the treatment of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and for victims of mass disasters. By inducing stress resilience, breath work enables us to rapidly and compassionately relieve many forms of suffering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Abstract
Several processes have been described that could explain geographical variation and speciation within small islands, including fragmentation of populations through volcanic eruptions. Massive landslides, or debris avalanches, could cause similar effects. Here we analyse the potential impact of the 0.8 million-year-ago (Ma) Güimar valley debris avalanche on the phylogeography of the lizard Gallotia galloti on the Canary Island of Tenerife. Distributions of mitochondrial DNA lineages (based on cytochrome b sequences) were analysed on a 60-km southeastern coast transect centred on this area. Three main clades were detected, which can be divided into northern (one clade) and southern (two clades) groups that introgress across the valley. Maximum-likelihood estimates of migration rates (scaled for mutation rate) revealed highly asymmetric patterns, indicating that long-term gene flow into this region from both the northern and the southern populations greatly exceeded that in the opposite directions, consistent with recolonization of the area. The ancestral Tenerife node on the G. galloti tree is estimated at 0.80 Ma, matching closely with the geological estimate for the debris avalanche. Morphological variation (body dimensions and scalation) was also analysed and indicated a stepped cline in female scalation across the valley, although the patterns for male scalation and male and female body dimensions were not as clear. Together these findings provide support for the hypothesis that the debris avalanche has shaped the phylogeography of G. galloti and may even have been a primary cause of the within-island cladogenesis through population fragmentation and isolation. Current estimates of timing of island unification mean that the original hypothesis that within-island diversity is explained by the secondary contact of populations from the two ancient precursor islands of Teno and Anaga is less plausible for this and some other Tenerife species. Large-scale landslides have occurred on many volcanic islands, and so may have been instrumental in shaping within-island diversities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Brown
- School of Biological & Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK.
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Patyna PJ, Brown RP, Davi RA, Letinski DJ, Thomas PE, Cooper KR, Parkerton TF. Hazard evaluation of diisononyl phthalate and diisodecyl phthalate in a Japanese medaka multigenerational assay. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2006; 65:36-47. [PMID: 16029893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 05/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive and developmental effects of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) were evaluated in a Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) multigeneration protocol. Each phthalate was administered via fish flake diets at a concentration of 20 microg/g (1 microg/g fish/day). Two controls were included, untreated and acetone carrier. The F(0) and F(1) generation adults were reared to sexual maturation and the test was ended prior to sexual maturation of the F(2) generation. Biochemical, individual, and population parameters were evaluated: testosterone metabolism, 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity, survival, development, growth, gonadal-somatic index, histopathology, sex ratio, and fecundity. Male fish showed a two-fold induction of several testosterone metabolites in the DINP-treated group compared to the untreated control but not the acetone control. In a similar manner, in female fish only the DIDP-treated group expressed greater testosterone hydroxylase activity. There were neither sex- nor treatment-related differences in the results from the EROD assay. A statistically significant transient delay in red blood cell pigmentation was observed. The male-to-female ratio was consistent across treatments and the phenotypic and histological gender classifications were in agreement. Egg production was not significantly different among treatment groups. Neither phthalate elicited an effect on reproduction or development at various levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Patyna
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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Sageman S, Brown RP. 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone for healing treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder in women: 5 case reports. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:493-6. [PMID: 16649840 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.v67n0323b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- El Hassan El Mouden
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, PO Box: S15, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Znari
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, PO Box: S15, Morocco
| | - Richard P. Brown
- Laboratory of Terrestrial Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Semlalia, PO Box: S15, Morocco
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