Impact of temperature and humidity conditions as abiotic stressors on the phytochemical fingerprint of oat (Avena sativa L.) sprouts

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature (20, 25, and 30 °C) and relative humidity (RH, 50, 55, and 60 %) as abiotic stressors during oat (Avena sativa L.) germination using a 2-level factorial design with central point. UPLC-QToF-MSE identified eighty polyphenols, nine avenanthramides, twelve lignans, and five phytosterols Notably, 100 % germination was achieved at 25 °C/60 % RH from day 3, yielding the longest radicle size. The highest content of most phenolic acids, avenanthramides, and lignans occurred at 30 °C/65 % RH, where 100 % germination was attained by day 5, but with a shorter radicle size. The best flavonoid and phytosterol profle was obtained at 20 °C/55 % RH, achieving only a 67 % germination rate. Therefore, while these conditions enhance the bioactive compound profile, the associate decrease in germination metrics suggests potential distress effects. Consideration of both photochemical outcomes and germination yield is crucial for comprehensive assessments in future applications.

Effect of Amine, Carboxyl, or Thiol Functionalization of Mesoporous Silica Particles on Their Efficiency as a Quercetin Delivery System in Simulated Gastrointestinal Conditions

Quercetin (Q) dietary supplements exhibit poor oral bioavailability because of degradation throughout gastrointestinal digestion (GD), which may be overcome using mesoporous silica particles (MSPs) as an oral delivery system (ODS). This study aimed to elucidate the effect of the functionalization of MSPs with amine-(A-MSP), carboxyl-(C-MSP), or thiol-(T-MSP) groups on their efficiency as a quercetin ODS (QODS). The type and degree of functionalization (DF) were used as factors in an experimental design. The Q-loaded F-MSP (F-MSP/Q) was characterized by gas physisorption analysis, loading capacity (LC), and dynamic light scattering and kinetics of Q release at gastric and intestinal pHs. Antioxidant capacity and Q concentration of media containing F-MSP/Q were evaluated after simulated GD. A-MSP showed the highest LC (19.79 ± 2.42%). C-MSP showed the lowest particle size at pH 1.5 or 7.4 (≈200 nm). T-MSP exhibited the maximum Q release at pH 7.4 (11.43%). High DF of A-MSP increased Q retention, regardless of pH. A-MSP preserved antioxidant capacity of Q-released gastric media (58.95 ± 3.34%). Nonetheless, MSP and F-MSP did not protect antioxidant properties of Q released in intestinal conditions. C-MSP and T-MSP showed essential features for cellular uptake and Q release within cells that need to be assessed.

Effect of saline stress on the metabolic profile and antidiabetic potential of Physalis peruviana

Goldenberry is a fruit widely utilised for treating diabetes. Its nutraceutical properties can be enhanced by subjecting it to saline stress during cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of applying NaCl (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mM) to goldenberry plants on the metabolite profile and hypoglycaemic potential of both fruit and leaf decoctions. The findings demonstrated that NaCl increases the phenolic content, flavonoids, and hydrolysable polyphenols in leaf decoctions. Additionally, four alkaloids previously unreported in Physalis peruviana were identified. Saline stress improved the profile of extractable and non-extractable phenolic compounds in both leaves and fruits. Furthermore, incubation with decoctions of stressed leaves at a concentration of 0.50 mg/mL reduced extracellular glucose levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, extracts of leaves subjected to 40 mM NaCl stress slightly diminished the postprandial hyperglycaemic peak in healthy rats, potentially attributable to increased glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Phytochemical Fingerprint of Chia Sprouts Grown Under Chemical Elicitation with Salicylic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Chia seeds (CS) and sprouts are rich sources of phenolic compounds and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We hypothesized that the application of chemical stressors, such as salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), would induce changes in the polyphenol and fatty acid profile of chia sprouts, leading to an increase in their nutraceutical potential. This study aimed to assess the effect of non-elicited (NE) and chemically elicited (CE with 1-mM SA and 20-mM H2O2) sprouting on the polyphenol and fatty acid (FA) profiles of chia through high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and chemometric analyses. NE and CE chia sprouts showed increased content and diversity of polyphenols compared to the CS but with lower content of FA. Interestingly, rosmarinic acid was the major polyphenol identified in CS and was increased about 4-fold in all chia sprouts, whereas the major PUFA of CS, α-linolenic acid, was reduced by 39%. Regarding the chemical elicitation, the multivariate analyses indicated that SA-elicited chia sprouts were characterized by their high content of most polyphenols, mainly flavones and isoflavones, as well as a high antioxidant capacity, whereas H2O2-elicited chia sprouts were differentiated by protects their PUFA composition and seedling growth parameters. These results demonstrate that the chemical elicitation with SA and H2O2 represents a promising approach for improving sprouts' nutraceutical quality and could be used in further research to develop strategies for agriculture and food production.

Ingestion of Bean Leaves Reduces Metabolic Complications and Restores Intestinal Integrity in C57BL/6 Mice with Obesity Induced by a High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet

Consumption of foods with fiber and compounds can promote gastrointestinal health and reduce obesity complications. Therefore, treatment with common bean leaves (BL) against obesity was evaluated in mice with a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD) for 14 weeks. The bromatological and phytochemical characterization of BL were determined. Afterwards, the animals were supplemented with BL (10%) or a standard diet (SD) as a strategy to encourage a healthy diet for 12 additional weeks. Changes in body composition, lipid profile, and intestinal integrity were analyzed. The characterization of BL stood out for its content of 27.2% dietary fiber, total phenolics (475.04 mg/100 g), and saponins (2.2 mg/100 g). The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) decreased in the BL group by 52% compared to the HFFD group. Additionally, triglyceride levels were 23% lower in the BL consumption group compared to the HFFD group. The improvement in lipid profile was attributed to the 1.77-fold higher fecal lipid excretion in the BL consumption group compared to the HFFD group and the inhibition of pancreatic lipase by 29%. Furthermore, BL supplementation reduced the serum levels of IL-6 (4.4-fold) and FITC-dextran by 50% compared with those in the HFFD group. Metabolic endotoxemia was inhibited after BL supplementation (-33%) compared to the HFFD group. BL consumption as a treatment in obese mice reduces adipose tissue accumulation and improves the lipid profile. Furthermore, we report for the first time that BL consumption improves intestinal integrity.

Chemometric Evaluation of RI-Induced Phytochemicals in Phaseolus vulgaris Seeds Indicate an Improvement on Liver Enzymes in Obese Rats

Liver enzymes alterations (activity or quantity increase) have been recognized as biomarkers of obesity-related abnormal liver function. The intake of healthy foods can improve the activity of enzymes like aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST, ALT), γ-glutaminyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Beans have a high concentration of several phytochemicals; however, Restriction Irrigation (RI) during plant development amends their synthesis. Using chemometric tools, we evaluated the capacity of RI-induced phytochemicals to ameliorate the high activity of liver enzymes in obese rats. The rats were induced with a high-fat diet for 4 months, subsequently fed with 20% cooked beans from well-watered plants (100/100), or from plants subjected to RI at the vegetative or reproduction stage (50/100, 100/50), or during the whole cycle (50/50) for 3 months. A partial least square discriminant analysis indicated that mostly flavonols have a significant association with serum AST and ALT activity, while isoflavones lowered GGT and ALP. For AST and ALT activity in the liver, saponins remained significant for hepatocellular protection and flavonoids remained significant as hepatobiliary protectants by lowering GGT and ALP. A principal component analysis demonstrated that several flavonoids differentiated 100/50 treatment from the rest, while some saponins were correlated to 50/100 and 50/50 treatments. The intake of beans cultivated under RI improves obesity-impaired liver alterations.

A New Approach Using BMI and FMI as Predictors of Cardio-Vascular Risk Factors among Mexican Young Adults

The study aimed to identify accurate cut-off points for waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF%), body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), and fat-free mass index (FFMI), and to determine their effective accuracy to predict cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) among Mexican young adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1730 Mexican young adults. Adiposity measures and CVRFs were assessed under fasting conditions. The optimal cut-off points were assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Age-adjusted odds ratios (OR) were used to assess the associations between anthropometric measurements and CVRFs. The cut-off values found, in females and males, respectively, for high WC (≥72.3 and ≥84.9), high BF% (≥30 and ≥22.6), high BMI (≥23.7 and ≥24.4), high FMI (≥7.1 and ≥5.5), and low FFMI (≤16 and ≤18.9) differ from those set by current guidelines. High BMI in women, and high FMI in men, assessed by the 50th percentile, had the best discriminatory power in detecting CVRFs, especially high triglycerides (OR: 3.07, CI: 2.21-4.27 and OR: 3.05, CI: 2.28-4.08, respectively). Therefore, these results suggest that BMI and FMI measures should be used to improve the screening of CVRFs in Mexican young adults.

Phytochemical Profile and Composition of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): Varietal Differences and Effect of Germination under Elicited Conditions

Germination is a simple process that improves the nutritional and medicinal values of seeds such as chickpeas. However, the detailed analysis of the phytochemical profile after chemical elicitation during chickpea germination is indispensable when making inferences about its biological properties. Therefore, an evaluation was made of the effect of the chemical inducers salicylic acid (SA, 1 and 2 mM), chitosan (CH, 3.3 and 7 μM), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 20 and 30 mM) during germination at 25 °C with 70% RH for 4 days on the content of antinutritional and bioactive compounds, including phenolics, sterols, and saponins, in three Mexican chickpea varieties (Blanoro, Patron, and San Antonio) using UPLC-ELSD-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS, UPLC-DAD-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS, and HPLC-DAD-sQ-MS. The highest increase in phenolics and saponins was found in the Blanoro sprouts induced with SA 2 mM, whereas the highest phytosterol content was detected in San Antonio sprouts induced with CH 7 μM. In addition, significant increases in mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides and decreases in antinutritional contents were achieved after germination with most of the elicitation conditions. More importantly, we identified new compounds in chickpea sprouts, such as the lignans matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol, the phenolic compounds epicatechin gallate and methyl gallate, some phytosterols, and the saponin phaseoside 1, which further increased after chemical elicitation.

Macrophage Activity under Hyperglycemia: A Study of the Effect of Resveratrol and 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione on Potential Polarization

Currently, research is focused on bioactive compounds with the potential to promote macrophage polarization with the aim of reducing the development of inflammatory-related diseases. However, the effect of bioactive compounds under oxidative-stress-induced hyperglycemia on macrophage polarization has been scarcely investigated. RAW 264.7 macrophages were incubated under standard (SG) or high glucose (HG) conditions and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10, 60 and 100 ng/mL) to monitor macrophage polarization after resveratrol (RSV) or 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) supplementation (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µM). Under SG and HG conditions without LPS stimulation, RSV significantly decreased macrophage viability at the highest concentration (20 µM), whereas D3T had no or low effect. LPS stimulation at 60 and 100 ng/mL, under SG and HG conditions, increased significantly macrophage viability. Both RSV and D3T significantly decreased NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages under HG condition, whereas only D3T increased GSH levels at 100 ng/mL and normalized MDA values at 60 ng/mL of LPS under HG condition. Under 60 ng/mL LPS stimulation and HG, mRNA IL-1 and IL-6 were higher. Interestingly, RSV decreased pro-inflammatory interleukins; meanwhile, D3T increased Arg1 and IL-10 relative expression. Overall, our results indicate that hyperglycemia plays a fundamental role in the modulation of macrophage-induced inflammation in response to bioactive compounds.

Beverage Consumption Patterns and Nutrient Intake Are Associated with Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Urban Mexican Young Adults

Regular consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been related to metabolic diseases. Our objective was to identify beverage consumption patterns, nutrient intake, and their possible association with the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among Mexican young adults. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Beverage consumption patterns were obtained by principal components analysis. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between the beverage patterns and cardiovascular risk factors. Four beverage patterns were identified. Higher consumption of alcoholic beverages was associated with lower odds for high body fat percent (OR: 0.371; 95% CI: 0.173-0.798), high blood pressure (OR: 0.318; 95% CI: 0.116-0.871), and high glucose (OR: 0.232; 95% CI: 0.061-0.875). Higher consumption of yogurt was associated with lower odds for high glucose (OR: 0.110; 95% CI: 0.22-0.559). In contrast, highest consumption of juice had greater odds for high triglycerides (OR: 1.084; 95% CI: 1.011-4.656). Higher consumption of milk was associated with greater odds for high glucose (OR: 5.304; 95% CI: 1.292-21.773). Beverage consumption habits in Mexican young adults are associated with increased risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, intervening during young adulthood should be considered in order to improve current health and prevent cardiovascular mortality in later decades.

Three Varieties of Grape Pomace, with Distinctive Extractable:Non-Extractable Polyphenol Ratios, Differentially Reduce Obesity and Its Complications in Rats Fed a High-Fat High-Fructose Diet

Grape pomace is a commonly discarded by-product characterized by high extractable (EPP) and non-extractable (NEPP) polyphenol contents which exhibits anti-obesogenic effects. However, the relevance of each fraction needs to be elucidated. In this work, we examined the effects of three pomaces with different concentrations of EPPs and NEPPs on metabolic alterations associated with obesity. The NEPP:EPP ratio of the grape pomaces was 1.48 for Malbec, 1.10 for Garnacha, and 5.76 for Syrah grape varieties. Rats fed a high-fat high-fructose diet supplemented with Malbec grape pomace (HFFD + MAL) Syrah grape pomace (HFFD + SYR) or Garnacha grape pomace (HFFD + GAR) showed significantly less weight gain: 20%, 15%, and 12% less, respectively, compared to HFFD controls. The adiposity index was also significantly decreased by 20% in the HFFD + MAL and HFFD + SYR groups, and by 13% in the HFFD + GAR group. Serum triglycerides were significantly decreased by 46% in the HFFD + MAL group and by 31% in the HFFD + GAR group, compared to the HFFD group, but not in the HFFD + SYR group. All pomace supplementations regulated postprandial glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test. Therefore, grape pomaces containing both EPPs and NEPPs exert beneficial effects on body weight and glucose homeostasis, while EPPs seem to control triglyceride levels more effectively.

Biostimulant and Elicitor Responses to Cricket Frass (Acheta domesticus) in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under Protected Conditions

Agriculture in the current century is seeking sustainable tools in order to generate plant production systems with minimal negative environmental impact. In recent years it has been shown that the use of insect frass is an option to be used for this purpose. The present work studied the effect of low doses (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% w/w) of cricket frass (Acheta domesticus) in the substrate during the cultivation of tomatos under greenhouse conditions. Plant performance and antioxidant enzymatic activities were measured in the study as explicative variables related to plant stress responses in order to determine possible biostimulant or elicitor effects of cricket frass treatments during tomato cultivation under greenhouse conditions. The main findings of this study indicated that tomato plants responded in a dose dependent manner to cricket frass treatments, recalling the hormesis phenomenon. On the one hand, a 0.1% (w/w) cricket frass treatment showed typical biostimulant features, while on the other hand, 0.5 and 1.0% treatments displayed elicitor effects in tomato plants under evaluated conditions in the present study. These results support the possibility that low doses of cricket frass might be used in tomato cultivation (and perhaps in other crops) for biostimulant/elicitor input into sustainable production systems.

Strawberry, Blueberry, and Strawberry-Blueberry Blend Beverages Prevent Hepatic Steatosis in Obese Rats by Modulating Key Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism

There is an increasing interest in developing natural herb-infused functional beverages with health benefits; therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of strawberry, blueberry, and strawberry-blueberry blend decoction-based functional beverages on obesity-related metabolic alterations in high-fat and high-fructose diet-fed rats. The administration of the three berry-based beverages for eighteen weeks prevented the development of hypertriglyceridemia in obese rats (1.29-1.78-fold) and hepatic triglyceride accumulation (1.38-1.61-fold), preventing the development of hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, all beverages significantly down-regulated Fasn hepatic expression, whereas the strawberry beverage showed the greatest down-regulation of Acaca, involved in fatty acid de novo synthesis. Moreover, the strawberry beverage showed the most significant up-regulation of hepatic Cpt1 and Acadm (fatty acid β-oxidation). In contrast, the blueberry beverage showed the most significant down-regulation of hepatic Fatp5 and Cd36 (fatty acid intracellular transport). Nevertheless, no beneficial effect was observed on biometric measurements, adipose tissue composition, and insulin resistance. On the other hand, several urolithins and their derivatives, and other urinary polyphenol metabolites were identified after the strawberry-based beverages supplementation. In contrast, enterolactone was found significantly increase after the intake of blueberry-based beverages. These results demonstrate that functional beverages elaborated with berry fruits prevent diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis by modulating critical genes involved in fatty acid hepatic metabolism.

Chronic Consumption of Moringa Leaf Powder (Moringa oleifera) Concentration-Dependent Effects in a Drosophila melanogaster Type 2 Diabetes Model

OBJECTIVE

The metabolic effects of chronic consumption of food laced with different doses of moringa leaf powder (MLP) were assessed using a heteroallelic mutant of the sole insulin receptor gene of Drosophila melanogaster (InR), and the yellow,white (y,w) control stock.

METHODS

The MLP composition was partially determined. Both strains were raised in a standard diet (SD) or in a SD supplemented with different MLP doses (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 4.0, and 5.5%) until 4-5 days of emergence. Afterward, the total carbohydrate, lipid, glucose, and triacylglyceride levels were measured in the flies. Additionally, survival and weight changes were reported. For metabolic tests, female and male virgin flies were evaluated separately.

RESULTS

Low MLP supplementation improved carbohydrate and glucose levels in the y,w strain. Additionally, the InR-mutant strain reported lower lipid content when subjected to the same regimes. Survival improved in both strains with low MLP doses, while chronic consumption of high MLP doses resulted in triacylglycerides increase, weight gain, and survival reduction.

CONCLUSION

Low doses of MLP supplementation improves some metabolic parameters that affect flies' survival, especially in the y,w strain. Furthermore, the same low doses of MLP treatments also resulted in metabolic improvements in the InR-mutant flies; however, MLP consumption levels should be carefully assessed.

Supplemental data for this article is available online at.

Serum Phospholipids Are Potential Therapeutic Targets of Aqueous Extracts of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) against Obesity and Insulin Resistance

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is rich in phenolic compounds with antiobesogenic and antidiabetic effects. In this study, the effects of aqueous extracts of two varieties of Hibiscus sabdariffa, Alma blanca (white-yellow color) and Cuarenteña (purple color), were evaluated for the prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat and high-fructose diet (HFFD), identifying targeted molecules through global metabolomics. After sixteen weeks, both roselle aqueous extracts prevented body weight gain, and white roselle extract ameliorated insulin resistance and decreased serum free fatty acid levels. Moreover, white roselle extract decreased 18:0 and 20:4 lysophosphatidylethanolamines and purple roselle extract increased 16:0 and 20:4 lysophosphatidylinositol compared to HFFD-fed rats. These results demonstrate that roselle's beneficial health effects are variety-dependent. Interestingly, the white roselle extract showed a greater beneficial effect, probably due to its high contents of organic and phenolic acids, though its consumption is not as popular as that of the red/purple varieties.

In Vivo Evaluation of the Cardiometabolic Potential of Grape Pomace: Effect of Applying Instant Controlled Pressure Drop

Grape pomace (GP) is a source of polyphenols which may be present as free structures or associated with dietary fiber. Instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) is a technology which can modify the association of polyphenols with food matrixes, but how these modifications affect the health benefits associated with GP remains to be elucidated. In this study, in rats fed a high-fat-fructose diet (HFF), we evaluated the in vivo cardiometabolic effects of the modification of polyphenols in GP caused by DIC at 0.2 MPa for 60 s (DIC1) and 0.4 MPa for 120 s (DIC2). These treatments increased anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents, respectively, while all the supplementations caused significant improvements in insulin resistance and plasma triacylglycerols. Thus, the bioactive compounds present in GP (including a major fraction of non-extractable proanthocyanidins) caused these modifications independently of the specific polyphenol profiles which may have resulted from these DIC treatments. Additionally, only intact GP led to an increase in HDL cholesterol, while only DIC2-treated GP improved hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, GP always improves insulin sensitivity in this animal model of obesity, while the different compositions of GP modified by DIC may be associated with other cardiometabolic parameters.

Consumption of cricket (Acheta domesticus) flour decreases insulin resistance and fat accumulation in rats fed with high-fat and -fructose diet

The consumption of cricket (Acheta domesticus, AD) has recently increased due to its high nutritional and bioactive compound contents. However, limited studies have explored the beneficial effects of AD consumption. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect of a diet supplemented with AD flour on obesity control and its complications in an in vivo model. The chemical profiling of the AD showed an important protein content, chitin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents. For the in vivo study, a high-fructose and saturated fat diet (HFFD) was supplemented with AD (4% and 8%). The 8% AD supplementation reduced body weight gain (19%) and serum triglycerides (37%) in HFFD-fed rats. These benefits were related to a greater lipid excretion in feces (97%) and the partial inhibition of pancreatic lipase in vitro by the aqueous extract and the hydrolyzed proteins obtained from AD. Additionally, the 8% AD supplementation improved insulin resistance measured by the HOMA index (61%). Thus, 8% AD supplementation to HFFD-fed rats was effective in preventing obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Obesity is a risk factor for developing insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in consuming foods rich in bioactive compounds as therapeutic alternatives for managing the development of obesity and its complications. Edible insects, such as crickets, are attractive for treating obesity due to their content of protein, fiber, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Studies have explored the effect of glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-enriched extracts from the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus against obesity. However, GAG content in crickets is low, and crickets are commonly consumed whole instead of extracts. The cricket Acheta domesticus (AD) is among the most rearing cricket species as it is easy to farm and has a better flavor. However, limited studies have explored the beneficial effects of AD consumption. This study demonstrates that AD prevents obesity and ameliorates dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Therefore, AD is a valuable entomotherapeutic strategy to reduce the comorbidities associated with diet-induced obesity.

Instant Controlled Pressure Drop as a Strategy To Modify Extractable and Non-extractable Phenolic Compounds: A Study in Different Grape Pomace Materials

Instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) is a technology able to modify the polyphenol profile in vegetal materials. However, information about how polyphenols are transformed, particularly regarding non-extractable polyphenol (NEPP), as well as the association with the initial content of polyphenols of the material is scarce. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the DIC effect, modifying the pressure (0.2 and 0.4 MPa), the number of cycles (2 and 4), and grape pomace material (Malbec, Merlot, and Syrah) on extractable polyphenol (EPP) and NEPP contents. The EPP content increased during DIC application, an effect associated with the pressure, cycles, and initial polyphenol content. While for extractable and non-extractable proanthocyanidin contents, the main factors explaining the DIC effect are the pressure and number of cycles. Therefore, changes in polyphenols from grape pomace by DIC treatment are dependent upon experimental conditions, but the origin of the grape pomace also influences the extraction of EPP.

Chia seeds and chemical-elicited sprouts supplementation ameliorates insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis in obese rats

Chia seeds (CS) and sprouts are rich in bioactive compounds. This study aimed to assess the effects of germination and chemical elicitation (salicylic acid [SA]; hydrogen peroxide [H₂ O₂ ]) on proximate chemical, total phenolics compounds (TPC), non-extractable proanthocyanidins (NEPA), and carotenoids content of chia sprouts; besides, the effects of their supplementation on obesity-associated complications in rats fed with high-fat and fructose diet (HFFD) were evaluated. Protein, carbohydrate, TPC, NEPA, and carotenoids content were higher in sprouts than CS; elicitation enhanced TPC and carotenoids compared to non-elicited (NE) sprouts. CS, NE, and elicited chia sprouts ameliorated insulin resistance and dyslipidemia at the same level in HFFD-fed rats. NE and SA-chia sprouts exerted the biggest reduction in hepatic triglycerides, which could be partially related to inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity. In addition, SA elicitation induced the greatest effect on insulin levels and corporal weight. CS and their sprouts decreased obesity and its complication, mainly SA-elicited sprouts. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The growing epidemic of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and obesity has led to the search for prevention and treatment through lifestyle changes, including the consumption of foods rich in bioactive compounds, such as seeds and their sprouts. Since sprouts contain higher concentrations of bioactive compounds and nutrients than seed, germination is a natural alternative to produce ready-to-eat functional foods. Chemical elicitation is a strategy to increase even more the bioactivity of sprouts. CS has been recognized for its beneficial health effects ameliorating dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. This study demonstrates that elicitation, with SA and H₂ O₂ , during germination of CS, increases the nutrient and phytochemical content of sprouts, with beneficial effects on body weight gain, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and prevention of NAFLD progression in diet-induced obese rats. Therefore, chia sprouts, natural and elicited, may be used as potential nutraceutical foods for the prevention and treatment of obesity and its complications.

Chemical and sensorial characterization of Tejate, a Mexican traditional maize-cocoa beverage, and improvement of its nutritional value by protein addition

Tejate is a Mexican traditional beverage elaborated with nixtamalized maize (Zea mays L.), cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) beans, cacao flowers (Quararibea funebris), and mamey sapota fruit seeds (Pouteria sapota) that is considered a refreshing drink with satiety properties. Local formulations show a high content of minerals, but a relatively low protein content. The aim of this study was to identify a standardarized formulation but conserving physicochemical and sensorial ethnic identity of traditional Tejate, and to improve its nutritional value with the addition of protein without modifying its sensorial profile. A 2^4-1 fractional factorial design with central point was used to vary ingredients concentration and the amount of ash used for maize nixtamalization instead of lime (calcium hydroxide) was 75 g/100 g (w/w) of wood ashes in 2 L water. The standardized traditional formulation (TF) was selected through a sensory analysis with an expert panel: 20 g of cacao flowers, 30 g of mamey sapota fruit seeds, and 100 g of cocoa beans per kg of maize nixtamalized with 6% of ash. Whey protein concentrate (80% of protein) or soy protein isolate (88% of protein) were added to the TF at 1, 2, and 2.5%. The addition of 1% soy protein isolate increased TF protein content without modifying its physicochemical parameters, and improved the beverage stability during cold storage. The protein-rich Tejate formulation could be used as a functional beverage maintaining its ethnic identity.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05073-w.

Chia Sprouts Elicitation with Salicylic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide to Improve their Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Capacities In Vitro and the Antioxidant Status in Obese Rats

Elicitation is a biotechnological approach to improve phenolic compounds content and antioxidant properties of ready-to-eat functional foods. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical elicitation effects using salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in optimized-germination conditions on seedling vigor, phenolic content, and their antioxidant capacities in vitro and serum and urine of Wistar obese rats. Optimized-germination conditions of 26.5 °C and 178 h produced a 64% of germination and a sprout length of 56 mm. Only, the elicitation with H₂O₂ (20 mM) enhanced the germination (75%) and H₂O₂ (10 and 20 mM) the sprout length (69 and 59 mm, respectively). In contrast, both elicitors enhanced phenolic contents, being more significant total phenolic compounds content for SA (1 and 2 mM), up to 65.5-73.5%. SA and H₂O₂ improved total flavonoids content (36.5-64.1%), ABTS (19.3-61.1%), and DPPH capacities (51-86%), depending on SA and H₂O₂ concentration, compared with non-elicited chia sprouts. The QUENCHER antioxidant capacities of elicited chia sprouts increased up to three times more than extracts capacities, principally Q-ABTS, which could be attributed to phenolic bounds to dietary fiber. Rats fed with a high-fat and fructose diet (HFFD) and supplemented with chia sprouts, especially 1-mM SA, improve the obesity-related oxidative stress through an increase of antioxidant capacities, using DPPH and ABTS test, on serum (70-118%) and urine samples (80-116%). These results suggest that chia sprouts elicited with 1-mM SA are a source of antioxidant compounds that can be used to decrease obesity related oxidative stress.

Modification on the polyphenols and dietary fiber content of grape pomace by instant controlled pressure drop

Instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) has been used as a pre-treatment to increase extractable polyphenols (EPP), mainly attributed to matrix structure expansion. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of DIC on non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP), EPP, and dietary fiber on grape pomace. At 0.2 MPa-60 s was observe an increase of total EPP and total anthocyanins. Despite the increment of EPP, was observe the lowest anthocyanins and non-extractable proanthocyanidins content at 0.4 MPa-120 s. This increase was due to a partial transformation of anthocyanins into phenolic acids and the depolymerization of proanthocyanidins. Also was observe partial solubilization of insoluble dietary fiber. Morphologically, the size of the pores generated by DIC was more significant at higher pressures. Thus, DIC modified the morphology and profile of the polyphenols of grape pomace, producing phenolic compounds of simpler structure and improving their antioxidant capacities.

Citrus decoction by-product represents a rich source of carotenoid, phytosterol, extractable and non-extractable polyphenols

This study aimed to carry out an exhaustive chemical characterization of citrus (orange, mandarin, and grapefruit) decoctions as well as the residues obtained during the decoction process (by-products). The citrus decoctions were rich in hesperidin, naringin, and narirutin, but carotenoids and phytosterols were not detected. Interestingly, these flavanones were found in a higher concentration in the extractable polyphenol fraction of the citrus decoction by-products. Moreover, the greatest content of hesperidin and naringin was found bound to the food matrix by ether/ester bonds. Violaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found as major carotenoids in the orange and mandarin decoction by-products, respectively, whereas the grapefruit decoction by-product showed a low content of carotenoids. All citrus by-products showed β-sitosterol as the major phytosterol, followed by β-campesterol. Therefore, the by-products obtained during the elaboration of citrus decoctions are rich sources of bioactive compounds that can be used for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements.

Anthocyanins extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa and identification of phenolic compounds associated with their stability

BACKGROUND

One of the main disadvantages of red pigments used in foods is their low extraction yield and storage stability. Roselle flowers are sources of anthocyanins; however, these are unstable during storage, but this could be improved with phenolic compounds, which establish bonds with the anthocyanins. The aim of this work was to identify conditions to improve the extraction efficiency and color stability of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract and, furthermore, to identify the phenolic compounds associated with color stability of roselle.

RESULTS

The temperature of extraction (35 and 75 °C), the time of extraction (15 and 60 min), type of acid (acetic and citric), percentage of acid (0.5 and 2.0%) and the water:ethanol ratio (20:80 and 80:20) did not affect the yield of anthocyanins; only the solid:solvent ratio had an effect in the anthocyanin extraction yield. The extraction with 80% ethanol decreased up to 50% the anthocyanin degradation in the extracts stored at 4, 25, 35, 45, and 80 °C. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were quantified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. These compounds were analyzed using principal component analysis, and the H. sabdariffa extract, with greater stability, was found to be associated with the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol 3-O-glucose, ellagic acid, and rutin.

CONCLUSION

H. sabdariffa extract with increased color stability was extracted with a higher proportion of ethanol and the improvement in the color stability was attributed to the co-extraction of phenolic compounds, principally flavonoids that could interact with anthocyanins and stabilize them. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Incorporation of Bifidobacterium sp. into powder products through a fluidized bed process for enteric targeted release

Considering the increase in evidence regarding the benefits of probiotics on human health, there is interest in developing solid products with proper functional characteristics, such as temperature and pH stability, that can be added to oral solid dosage forms or to dairy products to release microorganisms directly at their site of action. The aim of this work was to develop a product with an enteric coat containing probiotics that is stable at room temperature and resists low pH to ensure that the probiotics are passed through the stomach and reach the colon. We obtained 2 enteric-release products based on the incorporation of Bifidobacterium sp. using commercial microcrystalline cellulose (BIP-Av) and prebiotic inulin (BIP-In) as cores. Both products had an initial concentration of approximately 1 × 10⁸ bifidobacteria per gram (cfu/g) and showed a suitable resistance to acid; complete release from the products at a pH of 7.5 was observed at 120 min for BIP-In and 180 min for BIP-Av. The viability of bacteria in both products decreased by approximately 3 orders of magnitude. The death rate constant corresponded to 0.1143 for BIP-Av and 0.1466 for BIP-In, which means that in these storage conditions, the viability decreased slightly. Both products protected bifidobacteria for more than 2 yr, delivering a concentration of more than 1 × 10⁵ cfu/g. Due to these characteristics, the products could be incorporated into solid pharmaceutical forms for oral administration. These products could have significant advantages over existing products on the market and provide protection for bacteria, allowing their passage through the stomach to reach the colon, and the viability of bacteria was maintained after storage at room temperature for more than 1 yr.

Non-Targeted Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Serum Phospholipid Alterations in Patients with Early Stages of Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) characterized by ulcer formation, which can lead to the amputation of lower extremities. However, the metabolic alterations related to this complication are not completely elucidated. Therefore, we carried out a metabolomic analysis of serum samples obtained from T2DM adult patients diagnosed with diabetic foot ulcer in a cross-sectional, observational, and comparative study. Eighty-four volunteers were classified into the following groups: without T2DM (control group, n = 30) and with T2DM and different stages of diabetic foot ulcer according to Wagner-Meggitt classification system: DFU G0 (n = 11), DFU G1 (n = 14), DFU G2 (n = 16), and DFU G3 (n = 13). The non-target metabolomic profile followed by chemometric analysis revealed that lysophosphatidylethanolamine (16:1) could be proposed as key metabolite related to the onset of diabetic foot ulcer; however, this phospholipid was not affected by diabetic foot ulcer progression. Therefore, further studies are necessary to validate these phospholipids as biomarker candidates for the early diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcer in T2DM patients.

A mango (Mangifera indica L.) juice by-product reduces gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms in children

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of a mango juice by-product (JBP) on upper-respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infection symptoms in children (6-8 y) in a randomized, double-blind, parallel, case-control study. For two months, children drank either flavored water (control group) or a mango JBP-based beverage (0.04 g·ml^-1; treatment group); such beverage provided 1.1 g, 278.6 mg and 7.8 mg of dietary fiber, extractable polyphenols (mono-to-hepta galloyl hexosides, mangiferin), and hydrolysable polyphenols (ellagic/gallic acid) per portion, respectively. Mango JBP reduced the incidence of gastrointestinal (flatulencies and abdominal inflammation; p ≤ 0.007) and upper-tract respiratory (crystalline mucus, itchy throat, runny nose, itchy nose, and sneezing; p ≤ 0.038) and such benefits were associated to increased serum levels of PAI-I, MIP-1a, and MIP-1b (p ≤ 0.04) and decreased levels of IgG, MIF, and osteopontin (p ≤ 0.01). We concluded that JBP-based beverage has immunomodulatory properties, useful to prevent or even treat common infectious diseases in school-age children.

Significance of bioactive compounds, therapeutic and agronomic potential of non-commercial parts of the Coffea tree

Coffee is one of the most popular and demanded drinks throughout the world; its consumption goes from the ceremonial to the casual, therefore, the plantations destined for its production are valuable. Besides, the coffee tree is perennial, which guarantees leaves supply throughout the year. Additionally to flowers, coffee leaves have been little studied and commercialized, although they represent an important source of phytochemicals. In flowers, different volatile compounds have been detected; while in leaves, bioactive compounds such as chlorogenic acid and mangiferin have been reported as major phenolics. Both compounds are recognized with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-obesity and anti-carcinogenic effects. These phytochemicals are produced by the plant as a defense mechanism against biotic or abiotic stresses such as pathogens or adverse weather conditions. This review describes the non-conventional applications that aerial parts of the coffee tree could have as therapeutic or agronomic agents, in addition to the uses that have traditionally been linked to the Coffea plant.

Effects of acute intake of grape/pomegranate pomace dietary supplement on glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in adults with abdominal obesity

A controlled acute, cross-over clinical study (NCT02710461) was performed in order to evaluate the effects on glucose metabolism of a grape/pomegranate pomace dietary supplement in subjects with abdominal obesity (aged 40-60, n = 20). A standard 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was administered alone, together with or 10 h after the consumption of 10 g of the dietary supplement, rich in both extractable (0.4 g) and non-extractable (1.4 g) polyphenols. The dietary supplement did not ameliorate glucose or insulin at any sampling time. No improvement in antioxidant capacity was observed in plasma or urine, concordant with no increased urine polyphenol excretion. A tendency towards improved insulin sensitivity was observed when the product was consumed 10 h before glucose solution. These results suggest that a single realistic dose of grape/pomegranate pomace is not able to clearly improve glucose metabolism; chronic intake remains to be evaluated.

The main beneficial effect of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) on obesity is not only related to its anthocyanin content

BACKGROUND

The calyxes of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) are recognized for their high nutraceutical value because they decrease body weight and obesity complications. These effects have been attributed mainly to anthocyanins. However, the calyxes comprise important concentration of flavonoids, phenolic, and organic acids, which could also contribute to these effects. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of the Alma Blanca white roselle variety on obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat, high-fructose, diet-fed rats and compare its beneficial effects with the red variety (Criolla), which has been more extensively studied.

RESULTS

Aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared from two roselle varieties, Alma Blanca (white) and Criolla (red). The phytochemical profiles were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Criolla extracts contain principally anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Anthocyanins were not detected in Alma Blanca. The aqueous extracts of both varieties prevented body-weight gain and decreased adipocytes hyperplasia on rats fed a hypercaloric diet. These extracts also protected against hepatic steatosis. These benefits were associated with hibiscus, dimethyl hibiscus, and hydroxycitric acid.

CONCLUSION

These results demonstrated that calyxes from Hibiscus sabdariffa contain compounds that are different from anthocyanins, with potential benefits to health. The organic acids were strongly associated with these beneficial health effects. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Timbe (Acaciella angustissima) Pods Extracts Reduce the Levels of Glucose, Insulin and Improved Physiological Parameters, Hypolipidemic Effect, Oxidative Stress and Renal Damage in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

In Mexico one in 14 deaths are caused by diabetes mellitus (DM) or by the macro and microvascular disorders derived from it. A continuous hyperglycemic state is characteristic of DM, resulting from a sustained state of insulin resistance and/or a dysfunction of β-pancreatic cells. Acaciella angustissima is a little studied species showing a significant antioxidant activity that can be used as treatment of this disease or preventive against the complications. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of oral administration of A. angustissima methanol extract on physiological parameters of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The results indicated a significant reduction in blood glucose levels, an increase in serum insulin concentration, a decrease in lipid levels and an improvement in the parameters of kidney damage by applying a concentration of 100 mg/Kg B.W. However, glucose uptake activity was not observed in the adipocyte assay. Moreover, the extract of A. angustissima displayed potential for the complementary treatment of diabetes and its complications likely due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as protocatechuic acid. This study demonstrated that methanol extract of Acacciella angustissima has an antidiabetic effect by reducing the levels of glucose, insulin and improved physiological parameters, hypolipidemic effect, oxidative stress and renal damage in diabetic rats.

Improvement of physico-chemical properties and phenolic compounds bioavailability by concentrating dietary fiber of peach (Prunus persica) juice by-product

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to concentrate dietary fiber (DF) from peach (Prunus persica) juice by-product (PJBP), to improve its functional properties, and its polyphenols bioavailability. The dietary fiber concentrates (DFCs) were obtained from PJBP using water/ethanol treatments (100:0, 20:80, 50:50, 80:20, and 0:100, v/v) at 1:5 ratio (wet weight/solvent, w/v) for 5 and 20 min at 21 °C.

RESULTS

All treatments concentrated condensed tannins, total and insoluble DF, with the highest content found with 100% H₂ O treatment. The major polyphenols of DFC were 4-O-caffeoylquinic, chlorogenic, and 1,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acids. Water and oil retention capacity and maximum glucose diffusion rate were improved mainly with 100% H₂ O treatment. Healthy rats were fed with a standard diet supplemented with 8% of PJBP, DFC obtained with 100% H₂ O for 5 min, or DFC obtained with 20% EtOH for 5 min. Gastrointestinal digesta weight and viscosity were increased in animals supplemented with 100% H₂ O DFC. Moreover, the urinary excretion of polyphenol metabolites, mainly glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, was increased with this treatment, indicating a greater bioavailability of PJBP polyphenols, which was associated with an increased dietary fiber porosity.

CONCLUSION

Water treatment could be used to potentiate PJBP functional properties and polyphenols bioavailability. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Behavior of 11 Foodborne Bacteria on Whole and Cut Mangoes var. Ataulfo and Kent and Antibacterial Activities of Hibiscus sabdariffa Extracts and Chemical Sanitizers Directly onto Mangoes Contaminated with Foodborne Bacteria

The behavior of foodborne bacteria on whole and cut mangoes and the antibacterial effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extracts and chemical sanitizers against foodborne bacteria on contaminated mangoes were investigated. Mangoes var. Ataulfo and Kent were used in the study. Mangoes were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Montevideo, Escherichia coli strains (O157:H7, non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin-producing, enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, and enteroaggregative). The antibacterial effect of five roselle calyx extracts (water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid against foodborne bacteria were evaluated on contaminated mangoes. The dry extracts obtained with ethanol, methanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine solvent residues. Separately, contaminated whole mangoes were immersed in five hibiscus extracts and in sanitizers for 5 min. All foodborne bacteria attached to mangoes. After 20 days at 25 ± 2°C, all foodborne bacterial strains on whole Ataulfo mangoes had decreased by approximately 2.5 log, and on Kent mangoes by approximately 2 log; at 3 ± 2°C, they had decreased to approximately 1.9 and 1.5 log, respectively, on Ataulfo and Kent. All foodborne bacterial strains grew on cut mangoes at 25 ± 2°C; however, at 3 ± 2°C, bacterial growth was inhibited. Residual solvents were not detected in any of the dry extracts by nuclear magnetic resonance. Acetonic, ethanolic, and methanolic roselle calyx extracts caused a greater reduction in concentration (2 to 2.6 log CFU/g) of all foodborne bacteria on contaminated whole mangoes than the sodium hypochlorite, colloidal silver, and acetic acid. Dry roselle calyx extracts may be a potentially useful addition to disinfection procedures of mangoes.

Cookies elaborated with oat and common bean flours improved serum markers in diabetic rats

BACKGROUND

Common beans have been associated with anti-diabetic effects, due to its high content of bioactive compounds. Nevertheless, its consumption has decreased worldwide. Therefore, there is an increasing interest in the development of novel functional foods elaborated with common beans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of oat-bean flour cookies, and to analyze its bioactive composition, using commercial oat-wheat cookies for comparative purposes.

RESULTS

Oat-bean cookies (1.2 g kg^-1 ) slightly decreased serum glucose levels (∼1.1-fold) and increased insulin levels (∼1.2-fold) in diabetic rats, reducing the hyperglycemic peak in healthy rats (∼1.1-fold). Oat-bean cookies (0.8 and 1.2 g kg^-1 ) exerted a greater hypolipidemic effect than commercial oat-wheat cookies (1.2 g kg^-1 ), as observed in decreased serum triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, the supplementation with 1.2 g kg^-1 oat-bean cookies decreased atherogenic index and serum C-reactive protein levels, suggesting their cardioprotective potential. The beneficial effect of oat-bean cookies was associated with their high content of dietary fiber and galacto oligosaccharides, as well as chlorogenic acid, rutin, protocatechuic acid, β-sitosterol and soyasaponins.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that common beans can be used as functional ingredients for the elaboration of cookies with anti-diabetic effects. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Comprehensive Characterization of Extractable and Nonextractable Phenolic Compounds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight of a Grape/Pomegranate Pomace Dietary Supplement

Grape and pomegranate are rich sources of phenolic compounds, and their derived products could be used as ingredients for the development of functional foods and dietary supplements. However, the profile of nonextractable or macromolecular phenolic compounds in these samples has not been evaluated. Here, we show a comprehensive characterization of extractable and nonextractable phenolic compounds of a grape/pomegranate pomace dietary supplement using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight (HPLC-ESI-QTOF) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-TOF techniques. The main extractable phenolic compounds were several anthocyanins (principally malvidin 3-O-glucoside) as well as gallotannins and gallagyl derivatives; some phenolic compounds were reported in grape or pomegranate for the first time. Additionally, there was a high proportion of nonextractable phenolic compounds, including vanillic acid, and dihydroxybenzoic acid. Unidentified polymeric structures were detected by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. This study shows that mixed grape and pomegranate pomaces are a source of different classes of phenolic compounds including a high proportion of nonextractable phenolic compounds.

Gastroprotective potential of Buddleja scordioides Kunth Scrophulariaceae infusions; effects into the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and inflammation markers in an in vivo model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

A common plant used to treat several gastric disorders is Buddleja scordioides Kunth, commonly known as salvilla.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To detect inflammatory markers, in order to evaluate the gastroprotective potential of salvilla infusions, as this could have beneficial impact on the population exposed to gastric ulcers and colitis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present work attempted infusions were prepared with B. scordioides (1% w/w) lyophilized and stored. Total phenolic content and GC-MS analysis were performed. Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=8), a negative vehicle control, an indomethacin group, and three experimental groups, named preventive, curative, and suppressive. All rats were sacrificed under deep ether anesthesia (6h) after the last oral administration of indomethacin/infusion. The rat stomachs were promptly excised, weighed, and chilled in ice-cold and 0.9% NaCl. Histological analysis, nitrites quantification and immunodetection assays were done.

RESULTS

B. scordioides infusions markedly reduced the visible hemorrhagic lesions induced by indomethacin in rat stomachs, also showed down-regulation of COX2, IL-8 and TNFα and up-regulation of COX-1 with a moderate down-regulation of NFkB and lower amount of nitrites. However, this behavior was dependent on the treatment, showing most down-regulation of COX-2, TNFα and IL-8 in the curative treatment; more down-regulation of NF-kB in the preventive treatment; and more up-regulation of COX-1 for the suppressor and preventive treatments.

CONCLUSION

The anti-inflammatory potential of B. scordioides infusions could be related with the presence of polyphenols as quercetin in the infusion and how this one is consumed.

Anticarcinogenic Effect of Corn Tortilla Against 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Mexico has the highest per capita consumption of corn in the world, which is consumed mainly as tortilla. However, only a few in vivo studies have demonstrated the anticarcinogenic potential of some maize components against colon cancer, but not as a whole food product. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the protective effect of corn tortillas against the development of colon cancer. First, blue, red, yellow and white corn grains were lime-cooked and processed to elaborate tortillas. Then, tortillas were administered into the diet (27% w/w) to male Sprague-Dawley rats induced with the colon carcinogen 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Our results indicated that consumption of tortillas, particularly from white and blue corns, significantly decreased adenocarcinoma incidence (up to 77.5%) and mean number compared to DMH-treated animals. In addition, an inhibition of β-glucuronidase activity, and induction of detoxifying enzymes in liver and colon, as well as a decrease in the expression of the two most important proliferative proteins (K-ras and β-catenin) involved in colon carcinogenesis, were also observed. These results highlight some of the molecular mechanisms related to the chemopreventive effect of tortillas, thus indicating that corn products retain their biological properties even after nixtamalization and tortilla processing.