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Díaz-López YE, Cázares-Domínguez V, Arenas-Huertero F, Gutierrez-Aguilar R. ETV5 Silencing Produces Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition in INS-1 (832/13) Cell Line. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:235-243. [PMID: 38335994 DOI: 10.1055/a-2246-4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
ETV5 has been described to be involved in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) mainly in cancer. It is known that EMT provokes cytoskeleton remodeling, improving cellular migratory, and invasive capabilities. Moreover, overexpression of ETV5 has been correlated to cancer development and this gene has been implicated in cell proliferation. However, little is known about the downregulation of ETV5 expression in a pancreatic cell line and the inverse mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). Therefore, we studied the implications of ETV5 silencing over the phenotype of the insulinoma INS-1 (832/13) cell line and described the MET by partial ETV5 silencing in the INS-1 (832/13) cell line. The downregulation of ETV5 expression was obtained by using ETV5 siRNA in the insulinoma rat cell line, INS-1 (832/13). Then, ETV5 knockdown provoked a MET phenotype observed by crystal violet staining and verified by immunohistochemistry against E-cadherin. Wound healing assay showed no migration, and F-actin stain revealed rearrangement of actin microfilaments. In addition, TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 were downregulated in the absence of ETV5. ETV5 silencing induces epithelial phenotype by downregulating TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 in INS-1 (832/13) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Efrén Díaz-López
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vicenta Cázares-Domínguez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Arenas-Huertero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Metabólicas, Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gomez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Grayson BE, Kim DH, Yalamanchili S, Calcagno ML, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. CNS GNPDA2 Does Not Control Appetite, but Regulates Glucose Homeostasis. Front Nutr 2021; 8:787470. [PMID: 34912841 PMCID: PMC8666973 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.787470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GNPDA2 has been associated with human obesity and type-2 diabetes by using a GWAS approach. GNPDA2 is an enzyme involved in the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway, which is known to be important for nutrient sensing in various organism. Its counter enzyme, GFAT, has previously been shown to be important to the development of insulin resistance in diabetes. The implication of GNPDA2 and GFAT in metabolism is scarce and the effect of both enzymes over appetite and glucose homeostasis is unknown. Aim: Identify the role of GNPDA2 and GFAT in nutrient sensing circuits of the CNS that are important for the regulation of both appetite and glucose homeostasis. Methods: Using Long Evans rats, we administered either a GNPDA2 or GFAT antagonist or vehicle in i3vt. Key Findings: GNPDA2 is highly expressed in hypothalamus and adipose tissue, followed by muscle and liver. GNPDA2 is expressed in different hypothalamic nuclei (ARC, DMH, LHA, PVN). GNPDA2 is downregulated in hypothalamus under diet-induced obesity (as previously described), but GFAT expression does not change. Moreover, i3vt infusion of GNPDA2 or GFAT inhibitor resulted in increased c-Fos in areas related to appetite and glucose homeostasis control as PVN and DMH and to a lesser extent in the LHA and ARC. Central inhibition of GNPDA2 does not alter either acute food intake or body weight; however, GFAT inhibition diminished appetite and body weight due to visceral illness. In addition, central administration of the GNPDA2 antagonist, prior to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, resulted in glucose intolerance in comparison to vehicle without altering insulin levels. Significance: These results suggest that central GNPDA2 does not control appetite, but regulates glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suma Yalamanchili
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mario L Calcagno
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica e Ingeniería de Proteínas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Randy J Seeley
- North Campus Research Complex, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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García-Gómez L, Romero-Rebollar C, Hartmann C, Siegrist M, Ferreira G, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Villalpando S, Pacheco-Lopez G. Food Disgust Scale: Spanish Version. Front Psychol 2020; 11:165. [PMID: 32116959 PMCID: PMC7020908 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Food Disgust Scale (FDS) was recently developed and validated in Swiss adult population. This study aims to: (1) validate the FDS for the first time in a Spanish-speaking Mexican population, (2) correlate food disgust sensitivity with picky eating measures, and (3) explore the association between food disgust sensitivity and body mass index (BMI). MATERIALS AND METHODS A Spanish version of the FDS (FDS-Sp) and its short version (FDS-Sp short) were tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in order to test the original item/factor structure. Bivariate correlations were performed to determine the association between FDS-Sp/FDS-Sp short scores and picky eating. Lastly, hierarchical linear regression analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between food disgust sensitivity and BMI. RESULTS The factor structure of the FDS was replicated and acceptable internal consistency values were observed for FDS-Sp subscales (α varied between 0.781 and 0.955). Moreover, FDS-Sp subscales and FDS-Sp short were correlated with picky eating. Higher score in VEGI subscale of the FDS-Sp was a significant predictor for higher BMI, explaining 4% of the variance. CONCLUSION FDS-Sp is a useful, reliable and robust psychometric instrument to measure the sensitivity to unpleasant food situations in a Mexican adult Spanish-speaking population. A relationship between food disgust sensitivity and picky eating, selective eating behaviors and neophobia in Mexicans was confirmed. BMI is multifactorial and only one subscale of FDS-Sp is a significant predictor for BMI status. These results are helpful to continue exploring food disgust in diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor García-Gómez
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
- Department of Research in Smoking and COPD, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER) Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Romero-Rebollar
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Christina Hartmann
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Siegrist
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Research Division, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases: Obesity and Diabetes, Children’s Hospital of Mexico (HIM) Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salvador Villalpando
- Department of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Mexico (HIM) Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-Lopez
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Moran-Ramos S, Ocampo-Medina E, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Macías-Kauffer L, Villamil-Ramírez H, López-Contreras BE, León-Mimila P, Vega-Badillo J, Gutierrez-Vidal R, Villarruel-Vazquez R, Serrano-Carbajal E, Del-Río-Navarro BE, Huertas-Vázquez A, Villarreal-Molina T, Ibarra-Gonzalez I, Vela-Amieva M, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Canizales-Quinteros S. An Amino Acid Signature Associated with Obesity Predicts 2-Year Risk of Hypertriglyceridemia in School-Age Children. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5607. [PMID: 28717206 PMCID: PMC5514079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity is associated with a number of metabolic abnormalities leading to increased cardiovascular risk. Metabolites can be useful as early biomarkers and new targets to promote early intervention beginning in school age. Thus, we aimed to identify metabolomic profiles associated with obesity and obesity-related metabolic traits. We used data from the Obesity Research Study for Mexican children (ORSMEC) in Mexico City and included a case control (n = 1120), cross-sectional (n = 554) and a longitudinal study (n = 301) of 6-12-year-old children. Forty-two metabolites were measured using electrospray MS/MS and multivariate regression models were used to test associations of metabolomic profiles with anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters. Principal component analysis showed a serum amino acid signature composed of arginine, leucine/isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine and proline significantly associated with obesity (OR = 1.57; 95%CI 1.45-1.69, P = 3.84 × 10-31) and serum triglycerides (TG) (β = 0.067, P = 4.5 × 10-21). These associations were validated in the cross-sectional study (P < 0.0001). In the longitudinal cohort, the amino acid signature was associated with serum TG and with the risk of hypertriglyceridemia after 2 years (OR = 1.19; 95%CI 1.03-1.39, P = 0.016). This study shows that an amino acid signature significantly associated with childhood obesity, is an independent risk factor of future hypertriglyceridemia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moran-Ramos
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City, Mexico.
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Elvira Ocampo-Medina
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Hospital Infantil México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Macías-Kauffer
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Blanca E López-Contreras
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola León-Mimila
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Joel Vega-Badillo
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roxana Gutierrez-Vidal
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Villarruel-Vazquez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Erandi Serrano-Carbajal
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Isabel Ibarra-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM - Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Vela-Amieva
- Laboratorio de Errores Innatos del Metabolismo y Tamiz, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Chambers AP, Sorrell JE, Haller A, Roelofs K, Hutch CR, Kim KS, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Li B, Drucker DJ, D'Alessio DA, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. The Role of Pancreatic Preproglucagon in Glucose Homeostasis in Mice. Cell Metab 2017; 25:927-934.e3. [PMID: 28325479 PMCID: PMC5385998 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is necessary for normal gluco-regulation, and it has been widely presumed that this function reflects the actions of GLP-1 released from enteroendocrine L cells. To test the relative importance of intestinal versus pancreatic sources of GLP-1 for physiological regulation of glucose, we administered a GLP-1R antagonist, exendin-[9-39] (Ex9), to mice with tissue-specific reactivation of the preproglucagon gene (Gcg). Ex9 impaired glucose tolerance in wild-type mice but had no impact on Gcg-null or GLP-1R KO mice, suggesting that Ex9 is a true and specific GLP-1R antagonist. Unexpectedly, Ex-9 had no effect on blood glucose in mice with restoration of intestinal Gcg. In contrast, pancreatic reactivation of Gcg fully restored the effect of Ex9 to impair both oral and i.p. glucose tolerance. These findings suggest an alternative model whereby islet GLP-1 also plays an important role in regulating glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Chambers
- Incretin and Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Joyce E Sorrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - April Haller
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Karen Roelofs
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chelsea R Hutch
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ki-Suk Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez," Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Bailing Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Department of Medicine, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Grayson BE, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Sorrell JE, Matter EK, Adams MR, Howles P, Karns R, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Bariatric surgery emphasizes biological sex differences in rodent hepatic lipid handling. Biol Sex Differ 2017; 8:4. [PMID: 28149499 PMCID: PMC5273842 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-017-0126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eighty percent of patients who receive bariatric surgery are women, yet the majority of preclinical studies are in male rodents. Because sex differences drive hepatic gene expression and overall lipid metabolism, we sought to determine whether sex differences were also apparent in these endpoints in response to bariatric surgery. Methods Two cohorts of age-matched virgin male and female Long-Evans rats were placed on a high fat diet for 3 weeks and then received either Sham or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), a surgery which resects 80% of the stomach with no intestinal rearrangement. Results Each sex exhibited significantly decreased body weight due to a reduction in fat mass relative to Sham controls (p < 0.05). Microarray and follow-up qPCR on liver revealed striking sex differences in gene expression after VSG that reflected a down-regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism and an up-regulation of hepatic inflammatory pathways in females vs. males after VSG. While the males had a significant reduction in hepatic lipids after VSG, there was no reduction in females. Ad lib-fed and fasting circulating triglycerides, and postprandial chylomicron production were significantly lower in VSG relative to Sham animals of both sexes (p < 0.01). However, hepatic VLDL production, highest in sham-operated females, was significantly reduced by VSG in females but not males. Conclusions Taken together, although both males and females lose weight and improve plasma lipids, there are large-scale sex differences in hepatic gene expression and consequently hepatic lipid metabolism after VSG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-017-0126-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette E Grayson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Divsion de Investigacion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico, Mexico
| | - Joyce E Sorrell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Emily K Matter
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Michelle R Adams
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Philip Howles
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Rebekah Karns
- Bioinformatics Core, Cincinnati Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Darleen A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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Song MG, Lee HJ, Jin BY, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Shin KH, Choi SH, Um SH, Kim DH. Depot-specific differences in angiogenic capacity of adipose tissue in differential susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1113-1120. [PMID: 27818937 PMCID: PMC5081408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Adipose tissue (AT) expansion requires AT remodeling, which depends on AT angiogenesis. Modulation of AT angiogenesis could have therapeutic promise for the treatment of obesity. However, it is unclear how the capacity of angiogenesis in each adipose depot is affected by over-nutrition. Therefore, we investigated the angiogenic capacity (AC) of subcutaneous and visceral fats in lean and obese mice. Methods We compared the AC of epididymal fat (EF) and inguinal fat (IF) using an angiogenesis assay in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and diet-resistant (DR) mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Furthermore, we compared the expression levels of genes related to angiogenesis, macrophage recruitment, and inflammation using RT-qPCR in the EF and IF of lean mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD), DIO mice, and DR mice fed a HFD. Results DIO mice showed a significant increase in the AC of EF only at 22 weeks of age compared to DR mice. The expression levels of genes related to angiogenesis, macrophage recruitment, and inflammation were significantly higher in the EF of DIO mice than in those of LFD mice and DR mice, while expression levels of genes related to macrophages and their recruitment were higher in the IF of DIO mice than in those of LFD and DR mice. Expression of genes related to angiogenesis (including Hif1a, Vegfa, Fgf1, Kdr, and Pecam1), macrophage recruitment, and inflammation (including Emr1, Ccr2, Itgax, Ccl2, Tnf, and Il1b) correlated more strongly with body weight in the EF of HFD-fed obese mice compared to that of IF. Conclusions These results suggest depot-specific differences in AT angiogenesis and a potential role in the susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. Angiogenic capacity (AC) of visceral fat is greater in DIO mice than in DR mice. AC of subcutaneous fat is not different between DIO and DR mice. AC of visceral fat correlated more strongly with body weight than subcutaneous fat. Fat depot-specific differences in AC exist in mice. The depot specificity may differentially contribute to the susceptibility to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Gyu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yeong Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico; Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kyung-Ho Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Um
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Sisley SR, Arble DM, Chambers AP, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, He Y, Xu Y, Gardner D, Moore DD, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Hypothalamic Vitamin D Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Reduces Weight. Diabetes 2016; 65:2732-41. [PMID: 27217488 PMCID: PMC5001188 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite clear associations between vitamin D deficiency and obesity and/or type 2 diabetes, a causal relationship is not established. Vitamin D receptors (VDRs) are found within multiple tissues, including the brain. Given the importance of the brain in controlling both glucose levels and body weight, we hypothesized that activation of central VDR links vitamin D to the regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis. Indeed, we found that small doses of active vitamin D, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) (calcitriol), into the third ventricle of the brain improved glucose tolerance and markedly increased hepatic insulin sensitivity, an effect that is dependent upon VDR within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition, chronic central administration of 1,25D3 dramatically decreased body weight by lowering food intake in obese rodents. Our data indicate that 1,25D3-mediated changes in food intake occur through action within the arcuate nucleus. We found that VDR colocalized with and activated key appetite-regulating neurons in the arcuate, namely proopiomelanocortin neurons. Together, these findings define a novel pathway for vitamin D regulation of metabolism with unique and divergent roles for central nervous system VDR signaling. Specifically, our data suggest that vitamin D regulates glucose homeostasis via the paraventricular nuclei and energy homeostasis via the arcuate nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Sisley
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Deanna M Arble
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Adam P Chambers
- Department of Incretin and Obesity Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas: Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez," Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yanlin He
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - David Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Thompson A, Marchand N, Dumont P, Woods SC, de Launoit Y, Seeley RJ, Ulrich-Lai YM. The obesity-associated transcription factor ETV5 modulates circulating glucocorticoids. Physiol Behav 2015; 150:38-42. [PMID: 25813907 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor E-twenty-six version 5 (ETV5) has been linked with obesity in genome-wide association studies. Moreover, ETV5-deficient mice (knockout; KO) have reduced body weight, lower fat mass, and are resistant to diet-induced obesity, directly linking ETV5 to the regulation of energy balance and metabolism. ETV5 is expressed in hypothalamic brain regions that regulate both metabolism and HPA axis activity, suggesting that ETV5 may also modulate HPA axis function. In order to test this possibility, plasma corticosterone levels were measured in ETV5 KO and wildtype (WT) mice before (pre-stress) and after (post-stress) a mild stressor (intraperitoneal injection). ETV5 deficiency increased both pre- and post-stress plasma corticosterone, suggesting that loss of ETV5 elevated glucocorticoid tone. Consistent with this idea, ETV5 KO mice have reduced thymus weight, suggestive of increased glucocorticoid-induced thymic involution. ETV5 deficiency also decreased the mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and vasopressin receptor 1A in the hypothalamus, without altering vasopressin, corticotropin-releasing hormone, or oxytocin mRNA expression. In order to test whether reduced MR and GR expression affected glucocorticoid negative feedback, a dexamethasone suppression test was performed. Dexamethasone reduced plasma corticosterone in both ETV5 KO and WT mice, suggesting that glucocorticoid negative feedback was unaltered by ETV5 deficiency. In summary, these data suggest that the obesity-associated transcription factor ETV5 normally acts to diminish circulating glucocorticoids. This might occur directly via ETV5 actions on HPA-regulatory brain circuitry, and/or indirectly via ETV5-induced alterations in metabolic factors that then influence the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, United States; Laboratorio de Enfermedades Metabólicas Obesidad y Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico.
| | - Abigail Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
| | - Nathalie Marchand
- UMR8161 CNRS, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue Calmette, 59021 Lille CEDEX, France
| | - Patrick Dumont
- UMR8161 CNRS, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue Calmette, 59021 Lille CEDEX, France
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
| | - Yvan de Launoit
- UMR8161 CNRS, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Institut de Biologie de Lille, 1 Rue Calmette, 59021 Lille CEDEX, France
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, United States
| | - Yvonne M Ulrich-Lai
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States
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Sisley S, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Scott M, D'Alessio DA, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Neuronal GLP1R mediates liraglutide's anorectic but not glucose-lowering effect. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2456-63. [PMID: 24762441 DOI: 10.1172/jci72434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose control and weight loss are cornerstones of type 2 diabetes treatment. Currently, only glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) analogs are able to achieve both weight loss and glucose tolerance. Both glucose and body weight are regulated by the brain, which contains GLP1 receptors (GLP1R). Even though the brain is poised to mediate the effects of GLP1 analogs, it remains unclear whether the glucose- and body weight-lowering effects of long-acting GLP1R agonists are via direct action on CNS GLP1R or the result of downstream activation of afferent neuronal GLP1R. We generated mice with either neuronal or visceral nerve-specific deletion of Glp1r and then administered liraglutide, a long-acting GLP1R agonist. We found that neither reduction of GLP1R in the CNS nor in the visceral nerves resulted in alterations in body weight or food intake in animals fed normal chow or a high-fat diet. Liraglutide treatment provided beneficial glucose-lowering effects in both chow- and high-fat-fed mice lacking GLP1R in the CNS or visceral nerves; however, liraglutide was ineffective at altering food intake, body weight, or causing a conditioned taste aversion in mice lacking neuronal GLP1R. These data indicate that neuronal GLP1Rs mediate body weight and anorectic effects of liraglutide, but are not required for glucose-lowering effects.
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Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Kim DH, Casimir M, Dai XQ, Pfluger PT, Park J, Haller A, Donelan E, Park J, D’Alessio D, Woods SC, MacDonald PE, Seeley RJ. The role of the transcription factor ETV5 in insulin exocytosis. Diabetologia 2014; 57:383-91. [PMID: 24190582 PMCID: PMC3947344 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genome-wide association studies have revealed an association of the transcription factor ETS variant gene 5 (ETV5) with human obesity. However, its role in glucose homeostasis and energy balance is unknown. METHODS Etv5 knockout (KO) mice were monitored weekly for body weight (BW) and food intake. Body composition was measured at 8 and 16 weeks of age. Glucose metabolism was studied, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was measured in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Etv5 KO mice are smaller and leaner, and have a reduced BW and lower fat mass than their wild-type controls on a chow diet. When exposed to a high-fat diet, KO mice are resistant to diet-induced BW gain. Despite a greater insulin sensitivity, KO mice have profoundly impaired glucose tolerance associated with impaired insulin secretion. Morphometric analysis revealed smaller islets and a reduced beta cell size in the pancreatic islets of Etv5 KO mice. Knockdown of ETV5 in an insulin-secreting cell line or beta cells from human donors revealed intact mitochondrial and Ca(2+) channel activity, but reduced insulin exocytosis. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION This work reveals a critical role for ETV5 in specifically regulating insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gutierrez-Aguilar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Marina Casimir
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiao-Qing Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Centre Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - April Haller
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Elizabeth Donelan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - David D’Alessio
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Patrick E. MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, 2170 East Galbraith Road, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
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Ryan KK, Kohli R, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Gaitonde SG, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Fibroblast growth factor-19 action in the brain reduces food intake and body weight and improves glucose tolerance in male rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154. [PMID: 23183168 PMCID: PMC3529386 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19) and its rodent ortholog, FGF15, are hormones produced in the distal small intestine and secreted into the circulation after a meal. In addition to controlling the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids, FGF15/19 also regulates systemic lipid and glucose metabolism. In these experiments we investigated the hypothesis that, like other gut-derived postprandial hormones, FGF15/19 can act in the central nervous system to elicit its metabolic effects. We found that FGF-receptors 1 and 4 are present in rat hypothalamus, and that their expression was reduced by up to 60% in high-fat fed rats relative to lean controls. Consistent with a potential role for brain FGF15/19 signaling to regulate energy and glucose homeostasis, and with a previous report that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of FGF19 increases energy expenditure, we report that acute i.c.v. FGF19 reduces 24-h food intake and body weight, and acutely improves glucose tolerance. Conversely, i.c.v. administration of an FGF-receptor inhibitor increases food intake and impairs glucose tolerance, suggesting a physiological role for brain FGF receptor signaling. Together, these findings identify the central nervous system as a potentially important target for the beneficial effects of FGF19 in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Ryan
- The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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Kim DH, Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Kim HJ, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Increased adipose tissue hypoxia and capacity for angiogenesis and inflammation in young diet-sensitive C57 mice compared with diet-resistant FVB mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:853-60. [PMID: 22964790 PMCID: PMC3525796 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective High-fat diets result in increased body weight. However, this is not uniform and determining the factors that make some animals or individual more susceptible to this diet-induced weight gain is a critical research question. The expansion of white adipose tissue (WAT) associated with weight gain requires high rates of angiogenesis to support the expanding tissue mass. We hypothesized that diet-induced obese (DIO) mice have a greater capacity for WAT angiogenesis and remodeling than diet-resistant (DR) mice at a young age, prior to age or diet-induced obesity. Design We measured body weight and body composition by NMR. We compared the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, angiogenesis and inflammation by RT-qPCR and PCR arrays. WAT morphology and distribution of adipocyte size were analyzed. The level of hypoxia and vascular density was assessed by immunohistochemistry in WAT of young mice. Results C57Bl/6 mice were DIO and FVB/N mice DR after 8 weeks on a low fat diet or high fat diet (HFD). However, C57Bl/6 mice had lower body weight, lower adiposity, smaller adipocytes and decreased leptin and lipogenic genes expression in AT than FVB/N mice at 9 weeks of age on a chow diet. Despite having smaller adipocytes, the level of hypoxia and the expression of pro-angiogenesis genes were higher in WAT of young C57Bl/6 mice than young FVB/N mice. In addition, expression of genes related to macrophages and their recruitment, and to proinflammatory cytokines, was significantly higher in WAT of young C57Bl/6 mice than young FVB/N mice. Conclusion These data suggest that the potential for WAT remodeling in early period of growth is higher in C57Bl/6 mice as compared to FVB/N mice and we hypothesize that it may contribute to the increased susceptibility to DIO of C57Bl/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-H Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Kim DH, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Expression of new loci associated with obesity in diet-induced obese rats: from genetics to physiology. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:306-12. [PMID: 21779089 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are a powerful tool for revealing genes associated with common human obesity. New loci associated with obesity have recently been reported, but their function and metabolic implications remain to be elucidated. In order to begin identifying the role of some of these obesity-related loci, the closest genes to the polymorphism of each locus were selected and their expression was compared in the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, liver, soleus muscle, and extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) of Long-Evans rats maintained on chow or a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. From a total of 19 genes analyzed, seven genes (ETV5, FTO, GNPDA2, KCTD15, TMEM18, MC4R, and SH2B1) were down-regulated in the hypothalamus of HFD compared to chow-fed rats. In adipose tissue of rats fed on HFD, the mRNA levels of BCDIN3, KCTD15, and SULT1A1 were down-regulated, whereas those of MTCH2, PTER, and TUFM were up-regulated. In the liver, three genes were up-regulated (PTER, SULT1A1, and TUFM) in HFD relative to chow-fed rats, and TMEM18 was down-regulated. Finally, in soleus muscle of HFD-fed rats, BCDIN3, BDNF, and TMEM18 were down-regulated, and in the EDL muscle SH2B1 and TUFM were up-regulated. mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were compared between fed and fasted states, and only KCTD15 was down-regulated during fasting when fed a chow diet. In conclusion, novel genes found to be associated with obesity are regulated by a HFD and the mRNA levels of KCTD15 is dependent on the nutritional status. These results suggest a potential role of these genes in the regulation of energy balance.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review highlights the influence of nutrients over the secretion of several hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract that secrete incretin hormones. These hormones influence glucose homeostasis; food intake; gastric, pancreatic and hepatic secretions; and gastric and intestinal motility, and these aspects are summarized in this review. RECENT FINDINGS This study provides an overview of recent advances in our understanding of the physiology of the incretins, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), as well as of oxyntomodulin. A better understanding of the secretion and action of these hormones at their receptors was made possible by new techniques that allow investigation of individual enteroendocrine cells. SUMMARY The better understanding of the function of the gastrointestinal incretin hormones and their implications for improving glucose homeostasis and perhaps influencing food intake and appetite as well, new research in this area will help combat metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Gutierrez-Aguilar R, Benmezroua Y, Balkau B, Marre M, Helbecque N, Charpentier G, Polychronakos C, Sladek R, Froguel P, Neve B. Minor contribution of SMAD7 and KLF10 variants to genetic susceptibility of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33:372-8. [PMID: 17931948 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgenic mice over-expressing SMAD7 in pancreatic beta-cells develop type 2 diabetes (T2D). The expression of SMAD7 is affected by KLF11, which contains gene variants that have previously been shown to be involved in genetic susceptibility to T2D, and by the highly homologous KLF10. This study aims to assess the genetic contribution of SMAD7 and KLF10 gene variants to T2D susceptibility in the French population. METHODS We screened both genes to identify rare and frequent variants by direct sequencing and then genotyped these variants. Six frequent variants of SMAD7 and six of KLF10 were analyzed in 349 T2D patients and 349 normoglycaemic adult subjects. Variants with statistically significant differences in allele and/or genotype distribution were further analyzed in a population sample of 1.712 T2D patients and 1.072 normoglycaemic subjects. RESULTS Two variants showed a significant association under a recessive model: The intronic SMAD7 IVS2 -21 had an odds ratio of 0.62 (P=0.007, 95% CI=0.44-0.88; P=0.034 when adjusting for age, sex and BMI by logistic regression), and the KLF10 3'UTR +1002 variant had an Odds Ratio of 0.81 (P=0.009, 95% CI=0.69-0.95; P=0.042 when adjusting for age, sex and BMI). CONCLUSION Although the observed association of SMAD7 and KLF10 gene variants with T2D is modest, they may weakly contribute to a particular genetic background that increases the susceptibility to development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gutierrez-Aguilar
- CNRS, UMR8090, Institute of Biologie, Institut Pasteur de Lille and Université de Lille 2, Lille, France
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