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Spelman T, Herring WL, Acosta C, Hyde R, Jokubaitis VG, Pucci E, Lugaresi A, Laureys G, Havrdova EK, Horakova D, Izquierdo G, Eichau S, Ozakbas S, Alroughani R, Kalincik T, Duquette P, Girard M, Petersen T, Patti F, Csepany T, Granella F, Grand'Maison F, Ferraro D, Karabudak R, Jose Sa M, Trojano M, van Pesch V, Van Wijmeersch B, Cartechini E, McCombe P, Gerlach O, Spitaleri D, Rozsa C, Hodgkinson S, Bergamaschi R, Gouider R, Soysal A, Castillo-Triviño, Prevost J, Garber J, de Gans K, Ampapa R, Simo M, Sanchez-Menoyo JL, Iuliano G, Sas A, van der Walt A, John N, Gray O, Hughes S, De Luca G, Onofrj M, Buzzard K, Skibina O, Terzi M, Slee M, Solaro C, Oreja-Guevara, Ramo-Tello C, Fragoso Y, Shaygannejad V, Moore F, Rajda C, Aguera Morales E, Butzkueven H. Comparative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of natalizumab and fingolimod in rapidly evolving severe relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in the United Kingdom. J Med Econ 2024; 27:109-125. [PMID: 38085684 DOI: 10.1080/13696998.2023.2293379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the real-world comparative effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness, from a UK National Health Service perspective, of natalizumab versus fingolimod in patients with rapidly evolving severe relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RES-RRMS). METHODS Real-world data from the MSBase Registry were obtained for patients with RES-RRMS who were previously either naive to disease-modifying therapies or had been treated with interferon-based therapies, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, or teriflunomide (collectively known as BRACETD). Matched cohorts were selected by 3-way multinomial propensity score matching, and the annualized relapse rate (ARR) and 6-month-confirmed disability worsening (CDW6M) and improvement (CDI6M) were compared between treatment groups. Comparative effectiveness results were used in a cost-effectiveness model comparing natalizumab and fingolimod, using an established Markov structure over a lifetime horizon with health states based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Additional model data sources included the UK MS Survey 2015, published literature, and publicly available sources. RESULTS In the comparative effectiveness analysis, we found a significantly lower ARR for patients starting natalizumab compared with fingolimod (rate ratio [RR] = 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.73) or BRACETD (RR = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.42-0.53). Similarly, CDI6M was higher for patients starting natalizumab compared with fingolimod (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.55) and BRACETD (HR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.16-1.85). In patients starting fingolimod, we found a lower ARR (RR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.80) compared with starting BRACETD, but no difference in CDI6M (HR = 1.17; 95% CI, 0.91-1.50). Differences in CDW6M were not found between the treatment groups. In the base-case cost-effectiveness analysis, natalizumab dominated fingolimod (0.302 higher quality-adjusted life-years [QALYs] and £17,141 lower predicted lifetime costs). Similar cost-effectiveness results were observed across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS This MSBase Registry analysis suggests that natalizumab improves clinical outcomes when compared with fingolimod, which translates to higher QALYs and lower costs in UK patients with RES-RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Spelman
- MSBase Foundation, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W L Herring
- Health Economics, RTI Health Solutions, NC, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Acosta
- Value and Access, Biogen, Baar, Switzerland
| | - R Hyde
- Medical, Biogen, Baar, Switzerland
| | - V G Jokubaitis
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Pucci
- Neurology Unit, AST-Fermo, Fermo, Italy
| | - A Lugaresi
- Dipartamento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G Laureys
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - E K Havrdova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Horakova
- Department of Neurology and Center of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Izquierdo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - S Eichau
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain
| | - S Ozakbas
- Izmir University of Economics, Medical Point Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - R Alroughani
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Sharq, Kuwait
| | - T Kalincik
- Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- CORe, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Duquette
- CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - M Girard
- CHUM and Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - T Petersen
- Aarhus University Hospital, Arhus C, Denmark
| | - F Patti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, GF Ingrassia, Catania, Italy
- UOS Sclerosi Multipla, AOU Policlinico "G Rodloico-San Marco", University of Catania, Italy
| | - T Csepany
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - F Granella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Department of General Medicine, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | | | - D Ferraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria, Modena, Italy
| | | | - M Jose Sa
- Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitario de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Trojano
- School of Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - V van Pesch
- Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - B Van Wijmeersch
- University MS Centre, Hasselt-Pelt and Noorderhart Rehabilitation & MS, Pelt and Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | | | - P McCombe
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Australia
| | - O Gerlach
- Academic MS Center Zuyd, Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D Spitaleri
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale San Giuseppe Moscati Avellino, Avellino, Italy
| | - C Rozsa
- Jahn Ferenc Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - S Hodgkinson
- Immune Tolerance Laboratory Ingham Institute and Department of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - R Gouider
- Department of Neurology, LR18SP03 and Clinical Investigation Center Neurosciences and Mental Health, Razi University Hospital -, Mannouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - A Soysal
- Bakirkoy Education and Research Hospital for Psychiatric and Neurological Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Castillo-Triviño
- Hospital Universitario Donostia and IIS Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - J Prevost
- CSSS Saint-Jérôme, Saint-Jerome, Canada
| | - J Garber
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - K de Gans
- Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, Netherlands
| | - R Ampapa
- Nemocnice Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic
| | - M Simo
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J L Sanchez-Menoyo
- Department of Neurology, Galdakao-Usansolo University Hospital, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Galdakao, Spain
- Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Spain
| | - G Iuliano
- Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - A Sas
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, BAZ County Hospital, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - A van der Walt
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - N John
- Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Monash Health, Clayton, Australia
| | - O Gray
- South Eastern HSC Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S Hughes
- Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - G De Luca
- MS Centre, Neurology Unit, "SS. Annunziata" University Hospital, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - M Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - K Buzzard
- Department of Neurosciences, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- MS Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - O Skibina
- Department of Neurology, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Box Hill Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - M Terzi
- Medical Faculty, 19 Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - M Slee
- Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Solaro
- Department of Neurology, ASL3 Genovese, Genova, Italy
- Department of Rehabilitation, ML Novarese Hospital Moncrivello
| | - Oreja-Guevara
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Ramo-Tello
- Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Y Fragoso
- Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | | | - F Moore
- Department of Neurology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - C Rajda
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - E Aguera Morales
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC)
| | - H Butzkueven
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Hardy TA, Aouad P, Barnett MH, Blum S, Broadley S, Carroll WM, Crimmins D, Griffiths D, Hodgkinson S, Lechner-Scott J, Lee A, Malhotra R, McCombe P, Parratt J, Plummer C, Van der Walt A, Martel K, Walker RA. Onboarding of siponimod in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients in Australia: Novel, real-world evidence from the MSGo digital support programme. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2024; 10:20552173231226106. [PMID: 38222025 PMCID: PMC10787529 DOI: 10.1177/20552173231226106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Siponimod is approved for use in people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (pwSPMS). An integrated digital platform, MSGo, was developed for pwSPMS and clinicians to help navigate the multiple steps of the pre-siponimod work-up. Objective To explore real-world onboarding experiences of siponimod amongst pwSPMS in Australia. Methods Retrospective, non-interventional, longitudinal, secondary analysis of data extracted from MSGo (20 April 2022). The primary endpoint was the average time for siponimod onboarding; secondary endpoints were adherence and sub-group analyses of variables influencing onboarding. Results Mixed-cure modelling estimated that 58% of participants (N = 368, females 71%, median age of 59 years) registered in MSGo would ever initiate siponimod. The median time to initiation was 56 days (95% CI [47-59] days). Half of the participants cited 'waiting for vaccination' as the reason for initiation delay. Cox regression analyses found participants with a nominated care partner had faster onboarding (HR 2.1, 95% CI [1.5-3.0]) and were more likely to continue self-reporting daily siponimod dosing than were those without a care partner (HR 2.2, 95% CI [1.3-3.7]). Conclusions Despite the limitations of self-reported data and the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study provides insights into siponimod onboarding in Australia and demonstrates the positive impact of care partner support.
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Affiliation(s)
- TA Hardy
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - P Aouad
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - MH Barnett
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - S Blum
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - S Broadley
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - WM Carroll
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - D Crimmins
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - D Griffiths
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - S Hodgkinson
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - J Lechner-Scott
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - A Lee
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - R Malhotra
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - P McCombe
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - J Parratt
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - C Plummer
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - A Van der Walt
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - K Martel
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - RA Walker
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Australia, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
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Kviat L, Hodgkinson S, Lees K. Kent Oncology Centre Early Experience in the use of Biodegradable Pre-rectal Hydrogel in External Beam Radiotherapy or Brachytherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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de Stefano N, Achiron A, Barkhof F, Chan A, Derfuss T, Hodgkinson S, Leocani L, Montalban X, Prat A, Schmierer K, Sellebjerg F, Vermersch P, Wiendl H, Keller B, Roy S. THUR 174 The magnify-ms study: mavenclad® tablets in active rms. J Neurol Psychiatry 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-abn.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Authors Disclaimer: http://medpub-poster.merckgroup.com/ABN2018DISC_MAGNIFY.pdfBackgroundCladribine tablets (CT) improve clinical and MRI outcomes in patients with active RMS, with significant differences versus placebo after 24 weeks.ObjectiveDescribe the design of a study to assess the onset of CT’s clinical and MRI effects in patients with active RMS.MethodsMAGNIFY-MS is a 2 year prospective Phase IV trial (including approximately 100 centres in Europe). Eligible patients will receive two years treatment with CT 3.5 mg/kg cumulative dose. Frequent MRI assessments (including lesion count, lesion volume, brain volume and MTR) will be performed at screening, baseline and 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18 and 24 months. Various T- and B-cell subtype counts and functional profiling (eg cytokine production) will be assessed. Clinical outcomes will include changes in cognition (SDMT), disability (EDSS/KFS, 9HPT, T25FW), relapses, NEDA, NEDAP and safety at timepoints up to 24 months.ResultsAim recruit 300 patients. Primary endpoint: change in the count of combined unique active lesions at end of 6 months versus baseline. Final outcomes expected in 2021.ConclusionsMAGNIFY-MS will provide important information on the effects of CT, including early MRI changes, insights into effects on a range of disability and cognition markers, and detailed characterization of immune cell reconstitution.Disclosure statementThis study was sponsored by EMD Serono, Inc., a business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (in the USA), and Merck Serono SA – Geneva, an affiliate of Merck KGaA Darmstadt, Germany (ROW).
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Brown RF, Tennant CC, Sharrock M, Hodgkinson S, Dunn SM, Pollard JD. Relationship between stress and relapse in multiple sclerosis: part I. Important features. Mult Scler 2016; 12:453-64. [PMID: 16900759 DOI: 10.1191/1352458506ms1295oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this two-year prospective study was to examine the relationship between multiple aspects of life-event stress and relapse in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Background Few studies have defined the critical features of this life-event stress; for example, stressor duration, frequency, severity, disease-dependency, valency, or stressor constructs, such as the propensity to cause emotional distress/threat or the frustration of life goals. Methods 101 consecutive participants with MS were recruited from two MS clinics in Sydney, Australia. Stressful life events were assessed at study-entry and at three-monthly intervals for two years. Patient-reported relapses were recorded and corroborated by neurologists or evaluated against accepted relapse criteria. Results Acute events, but not chronic difficulties (CDs), predicted relapse occurrence: acute stressor frequency counts predicted greater relapse risk, along with low disability score (EDSS) and being male. We also confirmed the bi-directional stress-illness hypothesis: stressors predicted relapse, and relapse separately predicted stressors. Conclusions Life-event stress impacts to a small degree on MS relapse. The number and not the severity of acute stressors are most important; chronic stressors do not predict later relapse. Males and those with early stage disease are also at greater risk of relapse. MS patients should be encouraged to reduce acute stressors during times of high stress, and feel reassured that disease-related chronic stressors do not increase their relapse risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Spelman T, Mekhael L, Burke T, Butzkueven H, Hodgkinson S, Havrdova E, Horakova D, Duquette P, Izquierdo G, Grand'Maison F, Grammond P, Barnett M, Lechner-Scott J, Alroughani R, Trojano M, Lugaresi A, Granella F, Pucci E, Vucic S. Risk of early relapse following the switch from injectables to oral agents for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2016; 23:729-36. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Spelman
- Department of Neurology; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
- Department of Medicine (RMH); University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | | | - T. Burke
- Westmead Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - H. Butzkueven
- Department of Neurology; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Vic. Australia
- Department of Medicine (RMH); University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - G. Izquierdo
- Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena; Sevilla Spain
| | | | - P. Grammond
- Center de réadaptation déficience physique Chaudière-Appalache; Levis QC Canada
| | - M. Barnett
- Brain and Mind Research Institute; Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | | | - M. Trojano
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences; Neuroscience and Sense Organs; University of Bari; Bari Italy
| | - A. Lugaresi
- MS Center; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’; Chieti Italy
| | - F. Granella
- Department of Neurosciences; University of Parma; Parma Italy
| | - E. Pucci
- Neurology Unit; ASUR Marche - AV3; Macerata Italy
| | - S. Vucic
- Westmead Hospital; Sydney NSW Australia
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Hodgkinson S, Hall R, Tran G, Robinson C, Wang C, Sharland A, Hall B. Interleukin-5 Therapy Prevents Chronic Allograft Rejection By Induction of T Regulatory Cells. Transplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1097/00007890-201407151-01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Thorell LH, Wolfersdorf M, Straub R, Steyer J, Hodgkinson S, Kaschka WP, Jandl M, Wahlin K. A paradox in suicide statistics in estimating specificity of tests for suicide - reply to Mushquash and co-workers and Culver. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 54:142-3. [PMID: 24725653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L H Thorell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University and Emotra AB, Gothenburg and Linköping, Sweden
| | - M Wolfersdorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, State Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - R Straub
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, ZfP (Zentrum für Psychiatrie) -Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - J Steyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, ZfP (Zentrum für Psychiatrie) -Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - S Hodgkinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, ZfP (Zentrum für Psychiatrie) -Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - W P Kaschka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, ZfP (Zentrum für Psychiatrie) -Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - M Jandl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Ulm, ZfP (Zentrum für Psychiatrie) -Südwürttemberg, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - K Wahlin
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Division of Statistics, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Thorell LH, Wolfersdorf M, Straub R, Steyer J, Hodgkinson S, Kaschka WP, Jandl M. Electrodermal hyporeactivity as a trait marker for suicidal propensity in uni- and bipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1925-31. [PMID: 24050778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A meta-analysis of studies investigating electrodermal activity in depressed patients, suggested that electrodermal hyporeactivity is sensitive and specific for suicide. AIMS To confirm this finding and to study electrodermal hyporeactivity relative to type and severity of depression, trait anxiety, its stability and independence of depressive state. METHOD Depressed inpatients (n = 783) were tested for habituation of electrodermal responses and clinically assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the STAI-Trait scale for trait anxiety. RESULTS The high sensitivity and raw specificity of electrodermal hyporeactivity for suicide were confirmed. Its prevalence was highest in bipolar disorders and was independent of severity of depression, trait anxiety, gender and age. Hyporeactivity was stable, while reactivity changed into hyporeactivity in a later depressive episode. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the hypothesis that electrodermal hyporeactivity is a trait marker for suicidal propensity in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Thorell
- Department of clinical and experimental medicine, Linköping University and Emotra AB, Gothenburg, Östgötagatan 60B, 582 32 Linköping, Sweden.
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Blaine C, Pellowe C, Hodgkinson S. Improving infection prevention practice in primary and community care. J Hosp Infect 2012; 82:274-6. [PMID: 23103248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In March 2012, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published an update of the 2003 guideline that addressed infection prevention and control of healthcare-associated infection in primary and community care settings. In the development of the guideline little high-quality evidence from randomized controlled trials was found. This is an area where high-quality research would impact on future updates of NICE guidance and more robust recommendations could then be made. This article summarizes the main research recommendations made in the guideline and describes the process of making research recommendations when evidence from systematic reviews is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blaine
- National Clinical Guideline Centre, Royal College of Physicians, London, UK
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Hodgkinson S, Steyer J, Jandl M, Kaschka W. Action-inhibition hierarchies: Using a simple gastropod model to investigate serotonergic and dopaminergic control of action selection and reinforcement learning. Eur Psychiatry 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionBasal ganglia (BG) activity plays an important role in action selection and reinforcement learning. Inputs from and to other areas of the brain are modulated by a number of neurotransmitter pathways in the BG. Disturbances in the normal function of the BG may play a role in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.AimsDevelop a simple animal model to evaluate interactions between glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic and GABAergic neurones in the modulation of action selection and reinforcement learning.ObjectivesTo characterise the effects of changing dopaminergic and serotonergic activity on action selection and reinforcement learning in an animal model.MethodsThe food seeking / consummation (FSC) activity of the gastropod Planorbis corneus was suppressed by operant conditioning using a repeated unconditioned stimulus-punishment regime. The effects of elevated serotonin or dopamine levels (administration into cerebral, pedal and buccal ganglia), on operantly-conditioned FSC activity was assessed.ResultsOperantly-conditioned behaviour was reversed by elevated ganglia serotonin levels but snails showed no food consummation motor activity in the absence of food. In contrast, elevated ganglia dopamine levels in conditioned snails elicited food consummation motor movements in the absence of food but not orientation towards a food source.ConclusionsThe modulation of FSC activity elicited by reinforcement learning is subject to hierarchical control in gastropods. Serotoninergic activity is responsible establishing the general activity level whilst dopaminergic activity appears to play a more localised and subordinate ‘command’ role.
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Brown RF, Valpiani EM, Tennant CC, Dunn SM, Sharrock M, Hodgkinson S, Pollard JD. Longitudinal assessment of anxiety, depression, and fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis. Psychol Psychother 2009; 82:41-56. [PMID: 18727845 DOI: 10.1348/147608308x345614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES No longitudinal studies have concurrently evaluated predictors of anxiety, depression, and fatigue in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). This study determined factors that best predicted anxiety, depression, and fatigue in MS patients from a large pool of disease, cognitive, life-event stressor (LES), psychosocial, life-style, and demographic factors. DESIGN A 2-year prospective longitudinal study evaluated predictors of psychological distress and fatigue in PwMS. METHODS One hundred and one consecutive participants with MS were recruited from two MS clinics in Sydney, Australia. LES, anxiety, depression, and fatigue were assessed at baseline and at 3-monthly intervals for 2-years. Disease, cognitive, demographic, psychosocial, and life-style factors were assessed at baseline. Patient-reported relapses were recorded and corroborated by neurologists or evaluated against accepted relapse criteria. RESULTS Depression strongly predicted anxiety and fatigue, and anxiety and fatigue strongly predicted later depression. Psychological distress (i.e. anxiety, depression) was also predicted by a combination of unhealthy behaviours (e.g. drug use, smoking, no exercise, or relaxation) and psychological factors (e.g. low optimism, avoidance coping), similar to the results of community-based studies. However, state-anxiety and fatigue were also predicted by immunotherapy status, and fatigue was also predicted by LES and demographics. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that similar factors might underpin psychological distress and fatigue in MS patients and community-well samples, although MS treatment factors may also be important. These results might assist clinicians in determining which MS patients are at greatest risk of developing anxiety, depression, or fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Brown
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
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Brown RF, Tennant CC, Sharrock M, Hodgkinson S, Dunn SM, Pollard JD. Relationship between stress and relapse in multiple sclerosis: Part II. Direct and indirect relationships. Mult Scler 2006; 12:465-75. [PMID: 16900760 DOI: 10.1191/1352458506ms1296oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this two-year prospective study was to determine which factors were: (i) directly related and/or (ii) indirectly related to multiple sclerosis (MS) relapse. These factors included life-event stressors, disease, demographic, psychosocial and lifestyle factors. BACKGROUND Relatively little attention has been paid to the role of non-clinical relapse predictors (other than stressful life-events) in MS, or factors that indirectly impact on the stress-relapse relationship. METHODS A total of 101 consecutive participants with MS were recruited from two MS clinics in Sydney, Australia. Stressful life-events, depression, anxiety and fatigue were assessed at study-entry and at three-monthly intervals for two years. Disease, demographic, psychosocial and lifestyle factors were assessed at baseline. Patient-reported relapses were recorded and corroborated by neurologists or evaluated against accepted relapse criteria. RESULTS MS relapse was predicted by acute stressor frequency counts, coping responses that utilized social support, and being born in Australia, but not by chronic stressors, disease, demographic, psychosocial or lifestyle factors. No factors were found to indirectly impact on the stress relapse relationship. CONCLUSIONS The number rather than severity of stressors was most important in relation to MS relapse risk, along with coping responses that utilized social support, suggesting that MS patients should avoid situations that are likely to generate multiple stressors or which provide few avenues for social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
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Alomar D, Hodgkinson S, Abarzúa D, Fuchslocher R, Alvarado C, Rosales E. Nutritional evaluation of commercial dry dog foods by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006; 90:223-9. [PMID: 16684143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00585.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to predict the nutritional value of dog foods sold in Chile. Fifty-nine dry foods for adult and growing dogs were collected, ground and scanned across the visible/NIR range and subsequently analysed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), total fat, linoleic acid, gross energy (GE), estimated metabolizable energy (ME) and several amino acids and minerals. Calibration equations were developed by modified partial least squares regression, and tested by cross-validation. Standard error of cross validation (SE(CV)) and coefficient of determination of cross validation (SE(CV)) were used to select best equations. Equations with good predicting accuracy were obtained for DM, CF, CP, GE and fat. Corresponding values for and SE(CV) were 0.96 and 1.7 g/kg, 0.91 and 3.1 g/kg, 0.99 and 5.0 g/kg, 0.93 and 0.26 MJ/kg, 0.89 and 12.4 g/kg. Several amino acids were also well predicted, such as arginine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine-tyrosine (combined), threonine and valine, with values for and SE(CV) (g/kg) of 0.89 and 0.9, 0.94 and 1.3, 0.91 and 0.5, 0.95 and 0.9, 0.91 and 0.5, 0.93 and 0.5. Intermediate values, appropriate for ranking purposes, were obtained for ME, histidine, lysine and methionine-cysteine. Tryptophan, minerals or linoleic acid were not acceptably predicted, irrespective of the mathematical treatment applied. It is concluded that NIR can be successfully used to predict important nutritional characteristics of commercial dog foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alomar
- Instituto de Producción Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia.
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Tran G, Carter N, Hodgkinson S. Anti-CD3 therapy suppresses induction and reverses experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats. J Neuroimmunol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)91514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tran G, Carter N, Hodgkinson S. Effective prevention and therapy of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by mycophenolate. J Neuroimmunol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)91545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Oosten BW, Lai M, Hodgkinson S, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, Rudge P, McDougall A, McLeod JG, Adèr HJ, Polman CH. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody cM-T412: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, MR-monitored phase II trial. Neurology 1997; 49:351-7. [PMID: 9270561 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.49.2.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial of the chimeric monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody cM-T412 in 71 patients suffering from active relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Infusion of the antibody produced frequent but usually minor side effects and resulted in a long-lasting reduction of circulating CD4-positive T cells. There was no significant effect on the primary measure of efficacy, the number of active lesions on monthly gadolinium-enhanced MRI over 9 months. Further statistical evaluation provided evidence that the degree of depletion of CD4-positive cells was important with regard to treatment efficacy; using CD4 counts as a covariate there was a statistically significant effect on the number of active lesions over 18 months (p = 0.04). There was a statistically significant reduction of 41% in the number of clinical relapses (a secondary efficacy parameter) after 9 months (p = 0.02), which was still present after 18 months, but this finding may be partly due to physician unblinding. Other secondary efficacy parameters (Expanded Disability Status Scale progression, number of courses of methylprednisolone) were not influenced by anti-CD4 treatment. We conclude that intravenous treatment with the monoclonal antibody cM-T412 in the dosage we used results in a substantial and sustained reduction of the number of circulating CD4-positive cells, but is not able to reduce MS activity as measured by monthly gadolinium-enhanced MRI, and is therefore unlikely to have a beneficial effect on the clinical disease course. We found preliminary evidence suggesting that more aggressive depletion of CD4-positive cells might lead to a more substantial reduction in MRI activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W van Oosten
- Department of Neurology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Murwani R, Hodgkinson S, Armati P. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 mRNA expression in neonatal Lewis rat Schwann cells and a neonatal rat Schwann cell line following interferon gamma stimulation. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 71:65-71. [PMID: 8982104 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that Schwann cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory peripheral nerve disease. Schwann cells have been reported to express major histocompatibility complex class I and II (MHC I and II) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and to produce interleukin-1 (IL-1), prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2. In this study we investigated freshly dissociated neonatal Lewis rat Schwann cells and a SV40 transfected neonatal rat Schwann cell line (Schwann cell line) for production of mRNA for the immunomodulatory cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) employing RT-PCR. Primary Schwann cells and Schwann cell line were examined following IFN gamma stimulation and were found to express TNF alpha and IL-6 mRNA. These results further support a role for Schwann cell participation in inflammatory responses within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Murwani
- Neuroscience Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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van Oosten BW, Lai M, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, Hodgkinson S, Polman CH. A phase II trial of anti-CD4 antibodies in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 1996; 1:339-42. [PMID: 9345413 DOI: 10.1177/135245859600100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) myelin damage is the result of a chronic inflammatory process mediated by CD4 positive T helper/effector cells. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, treatment with anti-CD4 antibodies can prevent the onset of disease. Natural history studies have demonstrated that gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain is more sensitive and objective in assessing inflammatory disease activity in MS than clinical monitoring, so that less patients and shorter studies suffice to reach the same statistical power as compared to trials using clinical outcome parameters. In this paper we describe the design of an exploratory trial of chimeric monoclonal anti-CD4 antibodies in the treatment of MS. For this study we chose the number of active MS lesions on monthly gadolinium enhanced MRI scans as the primary outcome measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W van Oosten
- Department of Neurology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Guan J, Skinner SJ, Beilharz EJ, Hua KM, Hodgkinson S, Gluckman PD, Williams CE. The movement of IGF-I into the brain parenchyma after hypoxic-ischaemic injury. Neuroreport 1996; 7:632-6. [PMID: 8730846 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199601310-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The movement of peptides from CSF into the parenchyma is thought to be slow and diffusion limited. However IGF-I can reduce neuronal loss at distal sites when given centrally 2 h after hypoxic-ischaemic (HI) injury. The present study determined the distribution of [3H]IGF-I given into the lateral ventricle after unilateral HI injury in adult rats. Radioactivity in the injured cortex peaked immediately after administration then rapidly declined. Autoradiography demonstrated radioactivity in the perivascular spaces and in the corpus callosum and external capsule of the injured hemisphere. HPLC and radioimmunoassay confirmed a rise in intracerebral IGF-I levels (from 159 +/- 9 to 401 +/- 88 ng g-1). These data suggest that injury can enhance the movement of IGF-I into the cerebrum via the white matter tracts and perivascular spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guan
- Research Centre for Developmental Medicine & Biology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Miller DH, Albert PS, Barkhof F, Francis G, Frank JA, Hodgkinson S, Lublin FD, Paty DW, Reingold SC, Simon J. Guidelines for the use of magnetic resonance techniques in monitoring the treatment of multiple sclerosis. US National MS Society Task Force. Ann Neurol 1996; 39:6-16. [PMID: 8572668 DOI: 10.1002/ana.410390104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Because of the major difficulties in measuring clinical end points in multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment trials, there has been much enthusiasm for using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings as an alternative outcome. To provide international consensus guidelines for the use of MRI in MS clinical trials, a task force of the US National MS Society was convened. The recommendations of the task force are presented in this review. Given the high sensitivity for detecting pathological activity in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive MS, monthly T2-weighted and gadolinium-enhanced brain MRI is an excellent tool for short-term exploratory trials of new agents where it serves as the primary end point; in particular, failure to demonstrate a reduction in lesion activity avoids the time, cost, and risks of a larger clinical end point study. However, conventional MRI findings have a limited correlation with disability in established MS. The primary end point of a definitive trial should therefore be clinical, although serial MRI at 6- to 12-month intervals is a useful secondary end point in providing an index of pathological progression. In trials of patients presenting with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS, MRI findings can be used in the entry criteria, and as a secondary outcome measure, but conversion to clinically definite MS should be the primary outcome. The pathological substrates of irreversible disability are demyelination and axonal loss. Putative magnetic resonance markers for these processes include decreased N-acetylaspartate on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, decreased magnetization transfer ratios, hypointensity on T1-weighted images, and loss of short T2 water fractions, some of which relate more closely to disability than conventional MRI findings. Further technical developments should lead to more accurate quantitation, greater pathological specificity, and stronger clinical correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Miller
- Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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Gerisch G, Albrecht R, Heizer C, Hodgkinson S, Maniak M. Chemoattractant-controlled accumulation of coronin at the leading edge of Dictyostelium cells monitored using a green fluorescent protein-coronin fusion protein. Curr Biol 1995; 5:1280-5. [PMID: 8574585 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(95)00254-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The highly motile cells of Dictyostelium discoideum rapidly remodel their actin filament system when they change their direction of locomotion either spontaneously or in response to chemoattractant. Coronin is a cytoplasmic actin-associated protein that accumulates at the coritcal sites of moving cells and contributes to the dynamics of the actin system. It is a member of the WD-repeat family of proteins and is known to interact with actin-myosin complexes. In coronin null mutants, cell locomotion is slowed down and cytokinesis is impaired. RESULTS We have visualized the redistribution of coronin by fluorescence imaging of motile cells that have been transfected with an expression plasmid containing the coding sequence of coronin fused to the sequence encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP). This coronin-GFP fusion protein (GFP). This coronin-GFP fusion protein transiently accumulates in the front regions of growth-phase cells, reflecting the changing positions of leading edges and the competition between them. During the aggregation stage, local accumulation of coronin-GFP is biased by chemotactic orientation of the cells in gradients of cAMP. The impairment of cell motility in coronin null mutants shows that coronin has an important function at the front region of the cells. The mutant cells are distinguished by the formation of extended particle-free zones at their front regions, from where pseudopods often break out as blebs. Cytochalasin A reduces the size of these zones, indicating that actin filaments prevent entry of the particles. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that coronin is reversibly recruited from the cytoplasm and is incorporated into the actin network of a nascent leading edge, where it participates in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Monitoring the dynamics of protein assembly using GFP fusion proteins and fluorescence microscopy promises to be a generally applicable method for studying the dynamics of cytoskeletal proteins in moving and dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerisch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hodgkinson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
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Abstract
Membrane associated IGFBP-3 is now known to play a role in the modulation of IGF at the cellular level, but mechanisms involved in cell membrane binding are far from certain. In this study we report the identification and initial structural characterisation of proteins in a range of sheep and rat tissues which specifically bind recombinant human non-glycosylated IGFBP-3. Tissues were homogenised in Tris HCl (0.1 M, pH 7.4), containing proteolytic enzyme inhibitors and the residues re-extracted in buffer containing SDS and Triton X-100 (both 1% w/v) prior to analysis. These were subjected to SDS-PAGE, electro-blotted onto nitrocellulose and subjected to ligand blot analysis (LBA) using radioiodinated IGFBP-3 as ligand. LBA revealed a major band of binding activity migrating at 60 kDa in extracts of rat muscle while sheep muscle contained forms of 52 and 40 kDa as the principal species and ovine pancreatic extracts an abundance of the 40 kDa variant alone. Distribution of the binding activity appears tissue specific. Apart from skeletal muscle, pancreas and a small amount of the 52 kDa form in pituitary, analysis revealed no evidence of IGFBP-3 binding in a range of other sheep tissues including liver, kidney, spleen, intestine, adrenal, brain, mammary, uterus, ovary and plasma. The binding activity is TCA precipitable, trypsin digestible, dose responsive and relatively specific for IGFBP-3 since the related proteins recombinant human IGFBP-2 and purified caprine IGFBP-4 failed to bind.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hodgkinson
- AgResearch, Ruakura Agricultural Research Centre, Hamilton, N.Z
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van Es S, Hodgkinson S, Schaap P, Kay RR. Metabolic pathways for differentiation-inducing factor-1 and their regulation are conserved between closely related Dictyostelium species, but not between distant members of the family. Differentiation 1994; 58:95-100. [PMID: 7890142 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1995.5820095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is suggestive evidence that a conserved signalling system involving differentiation inducing factor-1 (DIF-1) controls stalk cell differentiation in a variety of slime mould species. In the standard laboratory species, Dictyostelium discoideum, DIF-1 is first inactivated by dechlorination catalysed by DIF-1 dechlorinase, then by several hydroxylation events, so that eventually about 12 metabolites are produced. If DIF-1 is used as a signal molecule in other species, they too must be able to metabolize it. We report here that the essentials of DIF-1 metabolism are conserved in D. mucoroides, the closest relative of D. discoideum. Both the dechlorinase and hydroxylase enzymes were present in D. mucoroides, and living cells of both species produced a similar spectrum of metabolites from [3H]DIF-1. Furthermore, DIF-1 dechlorinase was induced by DIF-1, as in D. discoideum, and this induction was repressed by ammonia and cAMP. DIF-1 dechlorinase could not be detected in cell extracts from D. minutum or Polysphondylium violaceum. However, living cells of both species are able to metabolize DIF-1; P. violaceum seems to produce a small amount of the monodechlorinated compound, DIF-3, but all other metabolites from both species appear to be unique. Thus all investigated species can metabolize DIF-1, but the exact route of metabolism is not highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van Es
- Cell Biology Unit, University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
We treated 21 multiple sclerosis patients with two to four doses of cM-T412, a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the CD4 antigen found on helper/inducer T lymphocytes. The mean number (+/- standard error) of circulating CD4 lymphocytes decreased from 888 (+/- 81) cells/mm3 at baseline to 246 (+/- 18) after treatment. At 1 year after the last treatment, the CD4 count had recovered to only 335 (+/- 32). The antibody had no effect on CD8 lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, or other leukocytes. Side effects were minimal. Despite the prolonged depletion of CD4 lymphocytes, no opportunistic infections occurred. Only 1 patient had a possible allergic reaction. Most patients were clinically stable, but a few progressed. We conclude that repeated treatment with cM-T412 is effective in reducing the number of circulating CD4 lymphocytes and has no limiting side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lindsey
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University Medical Center, CA 94305
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Lindsey JW, Hodgkinson S, Mehta R, Siegel RC, Mitchell DJ, Lim M, Piercy C, Tram T, Dorfman L, Enzmann D. Phase 1 clinical trial of chimeric monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994; 44:413-9. [PMID: 8145907 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.44.3_part_1.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted an open trial of cM-T412, a chimeric monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody, in 29 patients with MS. This antibody caused a prompt and long-lasting depletion of circulating CD4 (helper/inducer) lymphocytes. The mean (+/- SE) CD4 count for the group decreased from 870 (+/- 66) cells/mm3 at baseline to 76 (+/- 11) 3 hours after treatment, and then increased to 425 (+/- 38) at 1 month after treatment and 475 (+/- 39) at 6 months after treatment. Numbers of CD8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes changed transiently but showed no significant long-term effects. The most common side effects were headache, nausea, myalgia, fever, and tachycardia occurring in the first few hours after treatment. No serious or unexpected infections or other significant adverse effects occurred. Kurtzke EDSS scores remained stable, and MRI scans showed less contrast enhancement 1 week after treatment. We conclude that treatment of MS patients with cM-T412 chimeric anti-CD4 antibody is well tolerated at the doses tested and produces a long-lasting, selective depletion of CD4 lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Lindsey
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, CA
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Shaikh S, Hodgkinson S, Pilowsky L, Van Os J, Vallada H, Collier D, Gill M. Analysis of the conserved Asp(114) residue of the dopamine D2 receptor in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatr Genet 1994; 4:211-4. [PMID: 7712117 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-199400440-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The factors that influence response to antipsychotics treatment in chlorpromazine remain difficult to delineate but are thought to include genetic factors. Site-directed mutagenesis studies have demonstrated that substitution of the conserved residues Asp(113) to an Asn or Glu greatly reduces the binding affinity of propranolol in the beta-adrenergic receptor and the substitution of an Asp(114) has similar effects in the dopamine D2 receptor. In this study we have found the Asp(114) in the dopamine D2 receptor to be unaltered in 72 unrelated schizophrenic individuals including 12 patients classified according to their response to chlorpromazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shaikh
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Bell RB, Lindsey JW, Sobel RA, Hodgkinson S, Steinman L. Diverse T cell receptor V beta gene usage in the central nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.150.9.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The repertoire of TCR V beta genes transcribed and expressed within the central nervous system was determined in mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Disease was induced in (PL/J x SJL/)F1 mice by immunizing with myelin basic protein-acetylated peptide 1-11, and mice were sacrificed at intervals from day 3 postimmunization to 3 wk after recovery from disease. Transcription of V beta genes was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on RNA extracted from spinal cord, and expression of the V beta gene products was detected by immunohistochemistry with mAb specific for various V beta proteins. Multiple V beta genes were found to be transcribed and expressed in the central nervous system starting 7 days after immunization, and continuing up to 3 wk after clinical recovery. Preferential utilization of a single TCR V beta gene was not detected in the central nervous system at any time in the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Bell
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA 94305
| | - J W Lindsey
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA 94305
| | - R A Sobel
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA 94305
| | - S Hodgkinson
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA 94305
| | - L Steinman
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA 94305
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Bell RB, Lindsey JW, Sobel RA, Hodgkinson S, Steinman L. Diverse T cell receptor V beta gene usage in the central nervous system in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Immunol 1993; 150:4085-92. [PMID: 8473751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The repertoire of TCR V beta genes transcribed and expressed within the central nervous system was determined in mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Disease was induced in (PL/J x SJL/)F1 mice by immunizing with myelin basic protein-acetylated peptide 1-11, and mice were sacrificed at intervals from day 3 postimmunization to 3 wk after recovery from disease. Transcription of V beta genes was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on RNA extracted from spinal cord, and expression of the V beta gene products was detected by immunohistochemistry with mAb specific for various V beta proteins. Multiple V beta genes were found to be transcribed and expressed in the central nervous system starting 7 days after immunization, and continuing up to 3 wk after clinical recovery. Preferential utilization of a single TCR V beta gene was not detected in the central nervous system at any time in the course of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Bell
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA 94305
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31
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Abstract
Eighty-two Caucasian patients receiving treatment for alcohol-related problems and eighty four controls were DNA typed for variants in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2 and ADH3) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) gene loci. No association was observed between individual, or combined gene frequencies and the presence of alcohol-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Gilder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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32
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Koea JB, Gallaher BW, Breier BH, Douglas RG, Hodgkinson S, Shaw JH, Gluckman PD. Passive immunization against circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increases protein catabolism in lambs: evidence for a physiological role for circulating IGF-I. J Endocrinol 1992; 135:279-84. [PMID: 1474335 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1350279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Primed constant infusions of [14C]urea were used to determine the acute effect of passive immunization against circulating free and protein-bound insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on the rate of net protein catabolism (NPC) in castrated male lambs fasted for 48 h. Following an intravenous bolus of 50 ml IGF-I antiserum, the rate of NPC increased to a peak 30 min after injection of 1.69 +/- 0.16 g/kg per day from a baseline value of 1.45 +/- 0.22 g/kg per day (P < 0.05, n = 4). In three animals given 50 ml equivalents of the purified immunoglobulin fraction, NPC increased from 1.31 +/- 0.20 to 1.59 +/- 0.16 g/kg per day (P < 0.05). A similar trend was observed in animals given 25 ml antiserum (n = 4). The rate of NPC did not increase following a bolus of non-immune serum in control animals and the rate of NPC in the treated lambs returned to control levels within 60 min of antibody injection. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations in both the treated and control groups were unchanged throughout the study. These data suggest that circulating IGF-I has a physiological role in regulating whole body protein turnover during starvation and possibly other catabolic states. The effect of immunoneutralization of circulating IGF-I is transient and this suggests that while IGF-I has an endocrine role in the regulation of protein turnover, other regulatory mechanisms are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Koea
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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33
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Smilek DE, Wraith DC, Hodgkinson S, Dwivedy S, Steinman L, McDevitt HO. A single amino acid change in a myelin basic protein peptide confers the capacity to prevent rather than induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:9633-7. [PMID: 1719536 PMCID: PMC52772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.21.9633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an experimental demyelinating disease of rodents. In (PL/J x SJL) F1 mice, it is induced by immunization with the myelin basic protein peptide Ac1-11. Ac1-11 [4A], a myelin basic protein peptide analog with a single amino acid substitution, (i) binds to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules and stimulates encephalitogenic T cells in vitro better than Ac1-11, (ii) is nonimmunogenic and nonencephalitogenic in vivo in (PL/J x SJL)F1 mice, (iii) prevents EAE when administered before or at the time of immunization with Ac1-11, and (iv) prevents EAE when administered later, near the time of disease onset. Initial studies suggest that Ac1-11 [4A] does not prevent EAE by competitive inhibition or by activation of regulatory cells. Thus, substitution of a single amino acid in a myelin basic protein peptide confers the capacity to prevent rather than induce EAE, even after peptide-specific encephalitogenic T cells have been activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Smilek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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34
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Hodgkinson S, Ison E. Green power. Health Serv J 1991; 101:20-1. [PMID: 10114485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The NHS has a unique environmental role in the UK and managers need to be eco-conscious. Simon Hodgkinson and Erica Ison provide a checklist for environmental audit.
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Karlinsky H, Madrick E, Ridgley J, Berg JM, Becker R, Bergeron C, Hodgkinson S, Percy ME, McLachlan D. A family with multiple instances of definite, probable and possible early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 159:524-30. [PMID: 1751863 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.159.4.524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A family with a multigenerational history of proven or suspected early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) consistent with autosomal-dominant inheritance is described. To date, the pedigree comprises five generations in which there are 13 known affected individuals. The mean age of onset of cognitive deficits in those for whom data are available (n = 11) is 47.6 (s.d. 3.0) years and the mean age of death (n = 10) is 58.8 (s.d. 4.0) years. The variability in the extent and quality of available data illustrates the diagnostic difficulties encountered in ascertaining such an extended pedigree, and the need for caution in interpreting the evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Karlinsky
- Geriatric Psychiatry Services, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Toronto
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36
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De La Concha A, McKie J, Hodgkinson S, Mankoo BS, Gurling HM. Stereospecific effect of flupenthixol on neuroreceptor gene expression. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1991; 10:123-7. [PMID: 1649366 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(91)90102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An experimental method to test the hypothesis that antipsychotic (neuroleptic) agents influence gene expression in the mouse brain has been developed using the cis and trans stereoisomers of flupenthixol. The cis form of the drug is known to be clinically effective against some of the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia as opposed to the trans isomer which is relatively inactive. A 2- to 3-fold increase in the abundance of dopamine 2 receptor mRNA was observed in the cis treated mice after a period of ten weeks. No change was observed in the expression of the dopamine D2 receptor gene upon treatment with the trans isomer. No change in the amount of 5-HT1A, 5-HT1C, alpha 1 adrenergic, beta 1 and beta 2 adrenergic neuroreceptor mRNA was found in the mice treated with active drug. The results show a long-term adaptation to D2 antagonism at the level of gene expression which occurs over a similar time scale to that of the clinical response to neuroleptic treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A De La Concha
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, U.K
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37
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Knox SJ, Levy R, Hodgkinson S, Bell R, Brown S, Wood GS, Hoppe R, Abel EA, Steinman L, Berger RG. Observations on the effect of chimeric anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody in patients with mycosis fungoides. Blood 1991; 77:20-30. [PMID: 1984796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric (murine/human) anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody was infused into seven patients with mycosis fungoides. Successive patients received doses of 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg of antibody twice a week for 3 consecutive weeks. All patients had some clinical improvement, but responses were of relatively short duration. Serum levels of chimeric antibody varied as a function of dose. At the 80-mg dose level, antibody was readily observed in biopsied skin lesions. Although there was coating by antibody of most CD4 positive cells in the blood, there was no significant depletion of CD4 positive cells. Low-level antibody responses against the mouse Ig variable region and human Ig allotypic constant region determinants were observed in several patients, but none were of clinical significance. All but two patients made primary antibody and T-cell proliferative responses to a simultaneously administered foreign protein test antigen. However, there was marked suppression of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. We conclude that at the dose levels studied, a chimeric anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody (1) had some clinical efficacy against mycosis fungoides; (2) was well tolerated; (3) had a low level of immunogenicity; (4) had immediate immunosuppressive effects; and (5) did not induce tolerance to a co-injected antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Knox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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38
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Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) 1 and 2 were measured in the adrenal glands of rats undergoing either compensatory growth following left unilateral adrenalectomy or adrenal regeneration following bilateral adrenal enucleation. In normal rat adrenal gland, the tissue concentration of IGF2 (7.45 +/- 0.99 pg/micrograms protein) wa higher than IGF1 (1.26 +/- 0.23 pg/micrograms protein), both peptides being more abundant in the inner zones of the adrenal gland compared to the capsule-glomerulosa. During compensatory growth of the right adrenal gland, IGF1 and 2 increased significantly compared with control right adrenal glands at 24 h following left unilateral adrenalectomy (P less than 0.001). At 68 h, the increase remained significant for IGF1 (P = 0.012). The two peptides were measured in the regenerating adrenal gland at 7, 14 and 21 days following bilateral enucleation. Whilst there was a trend towards an increase in the IGF1 and 2 content of regenerating adrenal glands, the increase was significant only for IGF2 in the left adrenal gland at 21 days following enucleation. Plasma IGF1 and 2 did not increase compared to controls during the experiments (110.97 +/- 1.95 and 46.33 ng/ml, respectively), suggesting that the changes in tissue IGF reflect increased local production during rapid growth of the adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Reading, Whiteknights, England
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39
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Abstract
Recent application of genetic linkage analysis to the affective disorders has suggested that there are at least three genotypic forms. This is an important step toward defining the genetic etiology involved, as it had previously been suggested that the complex nature of the clinical phenotype would preclude any attempt to apply such a technique. However, to date no clinical evidence exists to discriminate these genotypes at the phenotypic level. Molecular geneticists now face a formidable task of identifying the aberrant gene and relating the gene product, a protein, to the observed psychopathology. Current molecular genetic research in the affective disorders is discussed and similar work applied to the study of nonpsychiatric disorders such as cystic fibrosis and Duchenne muscular dystrophy is reviewed. The clinical value of genetic risk analysis for individuals with a family history of the affective disorders is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hodgkinson
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, U.K
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40
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Sakai K, Zamvil SS, Mitchell DJ, Hodgkinson S, Rothbard JB, Steinman L. Prevention of experimental encephalomyelitis with peptides that block interaction of T cells with major histocompatibility complex proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:9470-4. [PMID: 2480602 PMCID: PMC298518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Two synthetic immunodominant and nonencephalitogenic peptides of myelin basic protein, N1-20 and AcN9-20, effectively compete with an encephalitogenic peptide, AcN1-11, in an in vitro T-cell response restricted by class II major histocompatibility complex products (I-Au). These mutant peptide constructs, which do not occur in nature, also compete with the self-antigen for the in vivo induction of T cells primed with the encephalitogen AcN1-11. By using these nonpathogenic competitor peptides, it is possible to prevent the development of a prototypic T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. These results suggest possibilities for the utilization of competitor peptides for therapy of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases linked to specific major histocompatibility complex genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sakai
- Department of Neurology and Genetics, Stanford University, CA 94305
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41
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Gurling HM, Sherrington RP, Brynjolfsson J, Potter M, McInnis M, Petursson H, Hodgkinson S. Molecular genetics and heterogeneity in manic depression. Mol Neurobiol 1988; 2:125-32. [PMID: 3077314 DOI: 10.1007/bf02935342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that there are X-linked and possibly chromosome 11-linked forms of manic depression as well as at least one other autosomal form. Segregation analyses of large affected families and the finding of genetic linkage between chromosome specific markers and manic depression mutations provide strong evidence that bipolar as well as unipolar forms of manic depression (MD) within the same family are inherited as a dominant gene disorder. This clarification of the etiology of certain types of depression should bring changed attitudes within psychiatry and may serve to stimulate discussion of the role of evolutionary mechanisms. From a clinical point of view, it has now become possible to determine whether clinical (phenotypic) variation reflects the underlying genotypic heterogeneity of linkage. A preliminary analysis of data from four recent studies shows that there is no clear correlation between such clinical features as the ratio of unipolar to bipolar cases and the genotypic form of manic depression. Further recombinant DNA research, proven to be successful in other genetic diseases, can soon be applied to manic depression. The specific problems posed by manic depression for these techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Gurling
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London
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42
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Hodgkinson S, Sherrington R, Gurling H, Marchbanks R, Reeders S, Mallet J, McInnis M, Petursson H, Brynjolfsson J. Molecular genetic evidence for heterogeneity in manic depression. Nature 1987; 325:805-6. [PMID: 2881210 DOI: 10.1038/325805a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Manic depression is a severe cyclic mental illness that can be unipolar or bipolar and has a lifetime risk of approximately 7 per 1,000 in most populations. Families with multiple cases of manic depression have been described that are compatible with both autosomal dominant and X-linked modes of genetic transmission. Psychoactive antidepressant and stimulant drugs that help to ameliorate depression and mania are thought to act by affecting catecholamine neurotransmitter systems such as adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, amongst others. Mutations affecting the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene, which encodes the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of these three neurotransmitters, might therefore be responsible for causing the manic depressive phenotype. We have studied three Icelandic kindreds amongst whom it appears that a single autosomal dominant disease allele is segregating. In these families there were 44 cases amongst 73 individuals at risk. Genetic linkage studies were carried out using clones encoding tyrosine hydroxylase the variable portion of the Harvey-ras-1 (HRAS1) locus and the variable region of the insulin gene (INS). All three markers are closely linked on chromosome 11 and were used to observe the segregation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the three affected kindreds. We found no evidence for linkage to these markers in any of the three families. In contrast, Gerhard et al. found linkage between manic depression and HRAS1 in a single large Amish kindred. We conclude that there is genetic heterogeneity of linkage in manic depression. Therefore mutations at different loci are responsible for the manic depressive phenotype in the Amish and in Iceland.
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Abstract
Hypervariable regions of DNA exist at many discrete loci in the human genome. Variations in the length of specific classes of hypervariable DNA termed "minisatellite" sequences may be detected by hybridisation of radioactive probes composed of a common 10-15 base pair repeat or "core" sequence which is shared by each of the minisatellite loci. Such a procedure was used to perform linkage analysis on a kindred in which a disease allele causing manic depression appeared to be segregating as an autosomal dominant. Results indicate no apparent linkage between a manic depression allele and at least 20 hypervariable genetic loci which acted as markers. However, because of the hypervariability of the minisatellite loci these results do not preclude similar analyses of other manic depressive pedigrees being productive because each such family will have distinct observable minisatellite alleles at loci specific to that family. The method could be usefully applied to the genetic analysis of other psychiatric disorders where heterogeneity is suspected and where a single autosomal major gene locus appears to be responsible for causing multiple cases within a single kindred.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hodgkinson
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, U.K
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Wathen NC, Perry L, Hodgkinson S, Chard T. The relationship between prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and testosterone in normally menstruating females. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1985; 109:173-5. [PMID: 3160207 DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.1090173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating levels of prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and testosterone (T) were measured in single blood samples from 115 normal women throughout the menstrual cycle. There was an inverse relationship between prolactin and both DHEAS and T. Subjects with high serum prolactin levels had significantly lower levels of DHEAS and T.
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Linton EA, Tilders FJ, Hodgkinson S, Berkenbosch F, Vermes I, Lowry PJ. Stress-induced secretion of adrenocorticotropin in rats is inhibited by administration of antisera to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin. Endocrinology 1985; 116:966-70. [PMID: 2982580 DOI: 10.1210/endo-116-3-966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Intact handled rats were pretreated with the immunoglobulin G fractions from normal rabbit serum or antisera to ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and/or vasopressin and subjected to restraint or formalin stress. The formalin-induced rise in plasma ACTH was reduced to 28% in rats pretreated with anti-CRF, to 53% in those pretreated with antivasopressin, and to 16% in rats given both antibodies. Pretreatment of animals with anti-CRF, antivasopressin, or a combination of both antibodies also attenuated the ACTH response to restraint stress to 13%, 37%, and 12%, respectively, of those in normal rabbit serum-treated rats. Antiserum pretreatment did not reduce the restraint- or formalin-induced rise in plasma PRL in the same animals, however. We conclude, therefore, that both vasopressin and an ovine CRF-like peptide are physiologically relevant peptides involved in stress-induced ACTH release.
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Benham FJ, Hodgkinson S, Davies KE. A glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase pseudogene on the short arm of the human X chromosomes defines a multigene family. EMBO J 1984; 3:2635-40. [PMID: 6542494 PMCID: PMC557742 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1984.tb02186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A human X chromosome-derived gene sequence which recognises an abundant, 1.2-kb mRNA in several cell types was previously isolated during a study to identify expressed sequences from an X chromosome recombinant library. Further characterisation of this clone, acronym OA1, has shown that it maps to the short arm of the X, at Xp21 to Xp22. A 777-bp fragment of the clone which hybridizes to the 1.2-kb mRNA has been sequenced, and the inferred amino acid sequence shows 80% homology with the published protein sequence for human muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). The fragment shows even higher homology (87%) with pig muscle GAPDH. The OA1 clone selects an mRNA which translates in vitro into a polypeptide of 36 K, the subunit size of GAPDH. However, the X-sequence is most probably a pseudogene whose structure is consistent with it having arisen by reverse transcription of a GAPDH or GAPDH-related mRNA followed by insertion into the X chromosome. The GAPDH-related portion of OA1 hybridizes to several DNA fragments in human and mouse DNA, and six fibroblast cDNA clones which cross-hybridize to OA1 identify the same genomic fragments as OA1. This series of clones identifies a new, conserved GAPDH-related multigene family.
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47
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Gillies G, Puri A, Hodgkinson S, Lowry PJ. Involvement of rat corticotrophin-releasing factor-41-related peptide and vasopressin in adrenocorticotrophin-releasing activity from superfused rat hypothalami in vitro. J Endocrinol 1984; 103:25-9. [PMID: 6090571 DOI: 10.1677/joe.0.1030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Superfused rat hypothalamic pieces stimulated with a high K+ medium released corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) as detected in the rat isolated anterior pituitary cell column bioassay. This activity has components related to ovine CRF-41 (oCRF-41) and vasopressin as assessed by the effects of specific antisera on the ACTH-releasing activity of the hypothalamic column effluent. Release of immunoactive vasopressin paralleled that of CRF bioactivity. Immunoactive oCRF-41 could not be detected, as it is likely to be below the sensitivity of present radioimmunoassays.
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