Evaluation of colour vision impairment during acute hypobaric hypoxia in aviation medicine: a randomized controlled trial

The digitization of aircraft cockpits places high demands on the colour vision of pilots. The present study investigates colour vision changes upon acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The digital Waggoner Computerized Color Vision Test and the Waggoner D-15 were performed by 54 healthy volunteers in a decompression chamber. Respective altitude levels were sea level, 10,000 or 15,000 ft for exposure periods of 15 and 60 min, respectively. As for 60 min of exposure a significant decrease in colour perception was found between subjects at 15,000 ft as compared to the control group as well as between subjects at 15,000 ft as compared to subjects at 10,000 ft. No significant difference was found in the comparison within the 15,000 ft groups across time points pre-, peri-, and post-exposure. Thus, pilots appear to experience only minor colour vision impairment up to an exposure altitude of 15,000 ft over 60 min of exposure.

Assessing the agreement between the pneumatic and the flow-centrifuge method for estimating xylem safety in temperate diffuse-porous tree species

The increasing frequency of global change-type droughts has created a need for fast, accurate and widely applicable techniques for estimating xylem embolism resistance to improve forecasts of future forest changes. We used data from 12 diffuse-porous temperate tree species covering a wide range of xylem safety to compare the pneumatic and flow-centrifuge method, two rapid methods used for constructing xylem vulnerability curves. We evaluated the agreement between parameters estimated with both methods and the sensitivity of pneumatic measurements to the duration of air discharge (AD) measurements. There was close agreement between xylem water potentials at 50% air discharged (PAD), estimated with the Pneumatron, and 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC), estimated with the flow-centrifuge method (mean signed deviation: 0.12 MPa, Pearson correlation: 0.96 after 15 s of gas extraction). However, the relationship between the estimated slopes was more variable, resulting in lower agreement in the xylem water potential at 12% and 88% PAD/PLC. The agreement between the two methods was not affected by species-specific vessel length distributions. All pneumatic parameters were sensitive to AD time. Overall agreement was highest at relatively short AD times, with an optimum at 16 s. Our results highlight the value of the Pneumatron as an easy and reliable tool to estimate 50% embolism thresholds for a wide range of diffuse-porous temperate angiosperms. Further, our study provides a set of useful metrics for methodological comparisons of vulnerability curves in terms of systematic and random deviations, as well as overall agreement.

Morbidity and long-term outcome of surgery for renal hyperparathyroidism: results from a prospective cohort

PURPOSES

Surgery remains an important treatment option for renal hyperparathyroidism (rHPT). The number of long-term outcome studies of parathyroidectomy is limited.

METHODS

All consecutive patients with a parathyroidectomy for rHPT between 09/2009 and 04/2021 in a Belgian tertiary referral hospital were prospectively enrolled. The main outcomes were (long-term) cured proportion and postoperative morbidity (hypocalcemia, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy, re-intervention for bleeding, and wound morbidity).

RESULTS

Sixty patients with a median age of 57 years were analyzed, including 23 patients before kidney transplantation, 23 patients without kidney transplantation, and 14 patients after kidney transplantation. Median time to transplant was 15 (6-24) months after parathyroidectomy. Morbidity was low with only two non-urgent returns to theatre (wound infection and non-compressive hematoma), two temporary RLN paralyses, and no 30-day mortality. Length of hospital stay was longer in patients with parathyroidectomy before kidney transplant, due to a more severe and prolonged need for calcium supplementation. After a median follow-up of 63 months, 37 patients (62%) were still alive, and 11 patients (18%) developed a recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

This single-surgeon, single-center cohort with long-term follow-up confirms the safety and excellent 'cure' proportions of surgery for rHPT but stretches the importance of long-term follow-up.

Stem and leaf xylem of angiosperm trees experiences minimal embolism in temperate forests during two consecutive summers with moderate drought

Drought events may increase the likelihood that the plant water transport system becomes interrupted by embolism. Yet our knowledge about the temporal frequency of xylem embolism in the field is frequently lacking, as it requires detailed, long-term measurements. We measured xylem embolism resistance and midday xylem water potentials during the consecutive summers of 2019 and 2020 to estimate maximum levels of embolism in leaf and stem xylem of ten temperate angiosperm tree species. We also studied vessel and pit membrane characteristics based on light and electron microscopy to corroborate potential differences in embolism resistance between leaves and stems. Apart from A. pseudoplatanus and Q. petraea, eight species experienced minimum xylem water potentials that were close to or below those required to initiate embolism. Water potentials corresponding to ca. 12% loss of hydraulic conductivity (PLC) could occur in six species, while considerable levels of embolism around 50% PLC were limited to B. pendula and C. avellana. There was a general agreement in embolism resistance between stems and leaves, with leaves being equally or more resistant than stems. Also, xylem embolism resistance was significantly correlated to intervessel pit membrane thickness (T_PM ) for stems, but not to vessel diameter and total intervessel pit membrane surface area of a vessel. Our data indicate that low amounts of embolism occur in most species during moderate summer drought, and that considerable levels of embolism are uncommon. Moreover, our experimental and T_PM data show that leaf xylem is generally no more vulnerable than stem xylem.

Comparing perspectives on research needs from stakeholders vs. researchers in an exposome project

Background

Exposome research looks into how combined exposures affect human health. The EU-funded Equal-Life project focuses on physical and social exposures in a child’s environment and its effects on children’s mental health and cognitive development in the life course. Perspectives and priorities on what to study in particular might differ between practitioners and researchers. Therefore, collaboration with external stakeholders from various fields is encouraged to integrate practical experience and link it to the researchers’ aims.

Methods

Two Delphi studies were conducted collecting and evaluating research questions to be studied in the project among a) the researchers within the project and b) among external stakeholders from various European countries. The exercise was to evaluate the research questions for group a) based on relevance and testability and for b) e.g. regarding practitioners’ work and options for policies. Involved stakeholders work in health care, and urban planning, among others. Prioritised questions are collated.

Findings

Within the researchers’ group, top-rated questions were mainly mechanism-directed in terms of how and to what extent certain factors affect children’s mental health and cognitive development, cumulative effects in different settings, among others. Stakeholders most value research questions on practical issues, e.g. effects of early experiences of discrimination, critical windows in children’s lives that are most sensitive regarding the impact of exposures on mental health and cognitive development, or impact of exposures in early stages of life.

Discussion

In comparing approaches of stakeholders and researchers, stakeholders’ input from the practical field can shape the approach of the research process. The second benefit is to derive implications for creating effective interventions and policies to prevent adverse effects of environmental exposures and to foster positive health in children and later on in life.

Key messages

• Bi-directional exchange between researchers and external stakeholders can make gaps visible.

• Engaging stakeholders into a research process can help sharpening the aim and outcome of a project.

Low blood levels of the lncRNA MRPL20-AS1 are associated with severe obstructive sleep apnea

Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is the most common sleep disorder and it is associated with arterial hypertension, heart failure, coronary artery disease as well as atrial fibrillation. The underlying pathomechanisms for this association are only incompletely understood. In recent years long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) have been shown to be involved in various cardiovascular pathologies. The aim of this study is to identify lncRNAs which are associated with OSAS in order to provide potential therapeutic targets.

Methods and results

In order to tackle this issue, we included 23 Patients with a suspected OSAS in a pilot study and sampled blood on the evening before and on the morning after polysomnographic analysis. Citrate was used to inhibit clotting of the blood and cellular components were removed by centrifugation, before the plasma was stored at −80°C. One patient had no sign of OSAS as indicated by an Apnea/Hypopnea-Index (AHI) <5 per hour and was therefore excluded. The remaining 22 patients had a mean age of 44.45 years and a mean AHI of 28.38 per hour. Three of the patients were female and nineteen were male. In four of those patients with high AHI levels, we performed a RNA sequencing analysis from the citrate plasma and found MRPL20-AS1 to be the most significantly regulated lncRNA after the night of polysomnographic analysis (A). Low coding potential of MRPL20-AS1 was confirmed in silico via the Coding-Potential Assessment Tool (http://lilab.research.bcm.edu/) resulting in a coding probability of 0.06148. Then MRPL20-AS1 levels were measured via qPCR in the remaining patients. From 19 patients, we obtained evaluable results. We found that MRPL20-AS1 blood levels had the tendency to be lower after the night of polysomnographic assessment (B). Interestingly MRPL20-AS1 levels were inversely correlated with the AHI of the OSAS patients (C). This indicates that severe OSAS was associated with low levels of MRPL20-AS1 in our cohort (D). In order to further investigate these results in vitro, we subjected human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) to hypoxia (1% and 5% O2) for 24 h. We found that hypoxia leads to a significant downregulation of MRPL20-AS1 in HCAECs (E).

Conclusion

MRPL20-AS1 blood levels are lower in patients with severe OSAS after nocturnal hypoxia. In endothelial cells MRPL20-AS1 is downregulated after hypoxia. MRPL20-AS1 can therefore be useful to identify patients suffering from severe OSAS. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the biological function of MRPL20-AS1 in the context of OSAS and to investigate MRPL20-AS1 as a potential therapeutic target to counteract cardiovascular effects of OSAS

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Unviversity of BonnUniversity of Cologne

Electroencephalography and psychological assessment datasets to determine the efficacy of a low-cost, wearable neurotechnology intervention for reducing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptom severity

The datasets described here comprise electroencephalography (EEG) data and psychometric data freely available on data.mendeley.com. The EEG data is available in .mat formatted files containing the EEG signal values structured in two-dimensional (2D) matrices, with channel data and trigger information in rows, and samples in columns (having a sampling rate of 250Hz). Twenty-nine female survivors of the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, underwent a psychological assessment before and after an intervention aimed at reducing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. Three measures of trauma and four measures of wellbeing were assessed using empirically validated standardised assessments. The pre- and post- intervention psychometric data were analysed using non-parametric statistical methods and the post-intervention data were further evaluated according to diagnostic assessment rules to determine clinically relevant improvements for each group. The participants were assigned to a control group (CG, n = 9), a motor-imagery group (MI, n = 10), and a neurofeedback group (NF, n = 10). Participants in the latter two groups received Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) based training as a treatment intervention over a sixteen-day period, between the pre- and post- clinical interviews. The training involved presenting feedback visually via a videogame, based on real-time analysis of the EEG recorded data during the BCI-based treatment session. Participants were asked to regulate (NF) or intentionally modulate (MI) brain activity to affect/control the game.

Neurofeedback with low-cost, wearable electroencephalography (EEG) reduces symptoms in chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

BACKGROUND

The study examines the effectiveness of both neurofeedback and motor-imagery brain-computer interface (BCI) training, which promotes self-regulation of brain activity, using low-cost electroencephalography (EEG)-based wearable neurotechnology outside a clinical setting, as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Rwanda.

METHODS

Participants received training/treatment sessions along with a pre- and post- intervention clinical assessment, (N = 29; control n = 9, neurofeedback (NF, 7 sessions) n = 10, and motor-imagery (MI, 6 sessions) n = 10). Feedback was presented visually via a videogame. Participants were asked to regulate (NF) or intentionally modulate (MI) brain activity to affect/control the game.

RESULTS

The NF group demonstrated an increase in resting-state alpha 8-12 Hz bandpower following individual training sessions, termed alpha 'rebound' (Pz channel, p = 0.025, all channels, p = 0.024), consistent with previous research findings. This alpha 'rebound', unobserved in the MI group, produced a clinically relevant reduction in symptom severity in NF group, as revealed in three of seven clinical outcome measures: PCL-5 (p = 0.005), PTSD screen (p = 0.005), and HTQ (p = 0.005).

LIMITATIONS

Data collection took place in environments that posed difficulties in controlling environmental factors. Nevertheless, this limitation improves ecological validity, as neurotechnology treatments must be deployable outside controlled environments, to be a feasible technological treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The study produced the first evidence to support a low-cost, neurotechnological solution for neurofeedback as an effective treatment of PTSD for victims of acute trauma in conflict zones in a developing country.

Stakeholders’ involvement in identification of research and policy needs for children’s mental health

Background

The overarching aim of the Horizon 2020 Equal-Life project is to develop evidence-based guidance for policy-and decision-makers concerning child environment and long-term effects on mental health and cognitive development. Stakeholders at national and local level are crucial in improving the physical and social environments children grow up in. In this paper, we present preliminary results of a repeated survey on stakeholders' needs concerning environmental determinants of mental health and cognitive development of children and adolescents.

Methods

We invited potential stakeholders from relevant fields of expertise. Two of three rounds of the Delphi survey were performed by means of an on-line survey between November 2020 and February 2021.The questionnaire was aimed at identifying research questions, knowledge gaps and raised issues about data collection and analysis regarding improving mental health and cognitive development, policy needs related to environment and its role in children's mental health and the potential effectiveness of policy interventions.

Results and Conclusions

In the 1st survey round 34 stakeholders participated and in the 2nd survey round 51 stakeholders participated from 26 different countries and continents. Across both rounds of the survey most participants were from research institutes (21), public health organisations (8), civil society (6), national stakeholders (5) with only little involvement of local or regional authorities or child care organisations. Stakeholders identified several research priorities such as: instruments to improve children's mental health, preventive programs addressing mental health, integrated mental health care services, programs aimed at parenting skills and child care. Early life exposure to adverse social events and psychosocial stressors in the family and socioeconomic disadvantage were recognized as main factors for child development.

Key messages

The guidance from Equal-Life aims to include stakeholders in creation of intervention strategies and preventive measures for mental health and the cognitive development of children. Evidence-based policies and programmes can buffer the negative effects of adverse environments and create restorative ones, and by doing so improve mental health and cognitive development.

Monocyte-driven atypical cytokine storm and aberrant neutrophil activation as key mediators of COVID-19 disease severity

Epidemiological and clinical reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 virulence hinges upon the triggering of an aberrant host immune response, more so than on direct virus-induced cellular damage. To elucidate the immunopathology underlying COVID-19 severity, we perform cytokine and multiplex immune profiling in COVID-19 patients. We show that hypercytokinemia in COVID-19 differs from the interferon-gamma-driven cytokine storm in macrophage activation syndrome, and is more pronounced in critical versus mild-moderate COVID-19. Systems modelling of cytokine levels paired with deep-immune profiling shows that classical monocytes drive this hyper-inflammatory phenotype and that a reduction in T-lymphocytes correlates with disease severity, with CD8+ cells being disproportionately affected. Antigen presenting machinery expression is also reduced in critical disease. Furthermore, we report that neutrophils contribute to disease severity and local tissue damage by amplification of hypercytokinemia and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Together our findings suggest a myeloid-driven immunopathology, in which hyperactivated neutrophils and an ineffective adaptive immune system act as mediators of COVID-19 disease severity.

POS0189 SERUM IFNα CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED WITH SINGLE-MOLECULE ARRAY TECHNOLOGY IN SJÖGREN’S SYNDROME REFLECT BLOOD INTERFERON-STIMULATED GENE EXPRESSION

Background:

Type I interferon (IFN-I) activation is a prominent feature of several Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases (RMDs) including primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc). Ultrasensitive single-molecule array (SiMoA) technology has facilitated the measurement of subfemtomolar concentrations of IFNs [1-3].

Objectives:

Here, we tested the performance of a commercially available SiMoA kit for detection of IFNα in serum from pSS, SLE, and SSc and correlated serum IFNα to whole blood IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression.

Methods:

Serum IFNα2 was measured in healthy controls (HC; n=68) and patients with pSS (n=85, n=110), SLE (n=24) and SSc (n=23) using a ready-to-use IFNα SiMoA kit on a HD-X Analyzer. IFN-I activation was additionally determined from paired samples of whole blood IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression of IFI44, IFI44L, IFIT1, IFIT3, and MxA by RT-PCR or MxA-ELISA.

Results:

Serum IFNα2 levels were elevated in pSS (median = 61.3 fg/mL) compared to HC (median < 5fg/mL) and SSc (median = 11.6 fg/mL), lower compared to SLE (median = 313.5 fg/mL), and positively correlated to whole blood ISG expression (rs=0.71-0.76, p<0.001). Comparable to MxA-ELISA (AUC=0.93), IFNα2 SiMoA identified pSS with high ISG expression (AUC=0.90) with 80-93% specificity and 71-84% sensitivity. Blinded validation in an independent pSS cohort yielded a comparable accuracy of 89%. Multiple linear regression indicated independent associations of autoantibodies, IgG, and use of hydroxychloroquine with serum IFNα2 concentrations in pSS. Confirming the literature [4], serum IFNα2 levels were lower in SLE patients in remission (DORIS classification) compared to patients not in remission.

Conclusion:

Thus, SiMoA serum IFNα2 reflects blood ISG expression in pSS, SLE and SSc. In light of IFN-targeting treatments, SiMoA could potentially be applied for patient stratification or high-throughput retrospective analysis of stored clinical trial material.

References:

[1]Rissin, D.M.; Kan, C.W.; Campbell, T.G.; Howes, S.C.; Fournier, D.R.; Song, L.; Piech, T.; Patel, P.P.; Chang, L.; Rivnak, A.J., et al. Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations. Nat. Biotechnol. 2010, 28, 595-599.

[2]Wilson, D.H.; Rissin, D.M.; Kan, C.W.; Fournier, D.R.; Piech, T.; Campbell, T.G.; Meyer, R.E.; Fishburn, M.W.; Cabrera, C.; Patel, P.P., et al. The Simoa HD-1 Analyzer: A Novel Fully Automated Digital Immunoassay Analyzer with Single-Molecule Sensitivity and Multiplexing. Journal of Laboratory Automation 2015, 21, 533-547. DOI: 10.1177/2211068215589580.

[3]Rodero, M.P.; Decalf, J.; Bondet, V.; Hunt, D.; Rice, G.I.; Werneke, S.; McGlasson, S.L.; Alyanakian, M.A.; Bader-Meunier, B.; Barnerias, C., et al. Detection of interferon alpha protein reveals differential levels and cellular sources in disease. J. Exp. Med. 2017, 214, 1547-1555. DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161451.

[4]Mathian, A.; Mouries-Martin, S.; Dorgham, K.; Devilliers, H.; Yssel, H.; Garrido Castillo, L.; Cohen-Aubart, F.; Haroche, J.; Hie, M.; Pineton de Chambrun, M., et al. Ultrasensitive serum interferon-alpha quantification during SLE remission identifies patients at risk for relapse. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2019, 78, 1669-1676. DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215571.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Altered auto-phosphorylation of novel TNNI3K variants associated with AV-nodal re-entry tachycardia and conduction disease

Background

In the past decade, we and others have reported three families with rare genetic variants in TNNI3K, encoding the cardiac-specific troponin-I interacting kinase (TNNI3K), co-segregating with a mixed, but highly penetrant, cardiac phenotype that features predominant atrial/junctional tachycardia occurring in combination with cardiac conduction disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. We demonstrated that while the p.Thr539Ala and p.Gly526Asp TNNI3K variants had decreased auto-phosphorylation activity the p.Glu768Lys variant, present in 3 independent families, leads to increased auto-phosphorylation levels, in line with the finding that increased levels of Tnni3k expression are associated with slower atrial-ventricular conduction in mice.

Objective

Identifying new genetic variants in the TNNI3K gene associated with cardiac disease and assessing their impact on TNNI3K auto-phosphorylation levels.

Methods

Through next generation sequencing of a panel of genes associated with cardiac disease we assessed TNNI3K in patients with cardiac arrhythmias and cardiomyopathies. All variants identified were assessed in vitro for effects on auto-phosphorylation. Briefly, wild-type and mutant TNNI3K constructs were transfected into HEK293 cells, protein was extracted after 48 hours and analyzed with anti-flag and anti-phospho-tyrosine antibodies on Western blot.

Results

We identified 7 novel and rare variants in TNNI3K in 11 additional probands, with predominantly cardiac conduction disease, with or without dilated cardiomyopathy, and atrial-ventricular-re-entry-tachycardia (AVNRT). Of these, multiple variants were found to have aberrant auto-phosphorylation including almost absent auto-phosphorylation capacity for one (TNNI3K-p.Val510Leu). All three-independent wild type TNNI3K transfected HEK293 cell lysates showed similar phosphorylated TNNI3K levels and the kinase-dead negative control demonstrated no phosphorylation activity.

Conclusion

We here present 7 novel genetic variants in TNNI3K in patients with a remarkable overlap in cardiac phenotype consisting mainly of AVNRT and cardiac conduction disease. We further show that some of these variants alter the auto-phosphorylation of TNNI3K. These results indicate a more prevalent role of variants in TNNI3K in human cardiac disease and a possible in vitro functional assay to assess the pathogenicity of such variants.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Dutch Research Council (NWO Talent Scheme VIDI-91718361)

Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome

The majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.

Calcicole behaviour of Callisthene fasciculata Mart., an Al-accumulating species from the Brazilian Cerrado

Most aluminium (Al)-accumulating species are found on soils with high Al saturation and low Ca availability (Ca poor). Callisthene fasciculata Mart. (Vochysiaceae), however, is an Al-accumulating tree restricted to Ca-rich soils with low Al saturation in the Brazilian Cerrado savanna. Here we tested its calcicole behaviour, and the possible role of organic acids in detoxification of Al during the early stages of plant development. We assessed growth, dry mass, nutrients, Al and organic acids in seedlings grown for 50 days on two contrasting Cerrado soils; one with high Ca concentrations and low Al saturation and the other with low Ca availability and high Al saturation. Relative to plants on Ca-rich soil, plants on Ca-poor soil had necrotic spots and bronzing of leaves. Roots and shoots contained reduced concentrations of P and Cu, but higher concentrations of Fe, Al and citrate. Despite lower concentrations in the soil, Ca and Mg increased in shoots. Shoot concentrations of oxalate were also higher. We confirmed C. fasciculata as an Al-accumulating species with calcicole behaviour. The increased concentrations of organic acids in plants with higher Al accumulation suggest that high availability of soluble Al does not prevent occurrence of this species on soils with high Al saturation. Instead, the absence of C. fasciculata from Ca-poor soils is probably due to imbalances in tissue Fe, Cu and Zn imposed by this soil type.

Optimization of pulmonary emphysema quantification on CT scans of COPD patients using hybrid iterative and post processing techniques: correlation with pulmonary function tests

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hybrid iterative reconstruction and post processing on emphysema quantification in low-dose CT scans of COPD patients using pulmonary function tests (PFT) as a reference.

Methods

CT scans of 23 COPD patients diagnosed with GOLD I or higher were reconstructed with iDose⁴ level 1 to 7 in IntelliSpace Portal (ISP) 6 and 7. ISP7 was used with and without specific denoising filter for COPD. The extent of emphysema was measured as percentage of lung voxels with attenuation < − 950 Hounsfield units (%LAA-950). The correlation between %LAA-950 and PFT, age, BMI, pack years, and the Clinical COPD Questionnaire (CCQ) and Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (MRC) was determined.

Results

Denoising significantly reduced %LAA-950 as was demonstrated by lower %LAA-950 in ISP7 with denoising filter and a significant reduction in %LAA-950 with higher iDose⁴ levels. All PFT except forced vital capacity (FVC) were significantly inversely correlated with %LAA-950. There was a trend toward a stronger correlation at higher iDose⁴ levels. %LAA-950 was also significantly correlated with BMI, GOLD class, and CCQ scores.

Conclusions

Our study showed that hybrid iterative reconstruction and use of post processing denoising can optimize the use of emphysema quantification in CT scans as a complimentary diagnostic tool to stage COPD in addition to PFT.

Effectiveness of Cardiovascular Evaluations and Interventions on Fall Risk: A Scoping Review

OBJECTIVE

Cardiovascular abnormalities are consistently associated with fall risk in older people. However, little research has been done to assess the effect of cardiovascular interventions on fall risk. The aim of this scoping review is to explore the current literature on the effectiveness of cardiovascular evaluations and interventions in reducing fall risk in older people.

DESIGN

Scoping review.

DATA SOURCES

Medline, Cochrane Library, and WHO ICTRP Search Portal were systematically searched.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and intervention studies of community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years or with a mean age of >60 years that assessed the effect of a cardiovascular assessment and interventions in reducing fall risk. Key search concepts were "falls" and "aged", and terms for different cardiovascular evaluations and interventions were included. The Cochrane Checklist for risk of bias and the ROBINS-I tool were used to assess the quality of the studies.

RESULTS

Seven studies were included. The majority showed a reduction in falls after cardiovascular evaluation and intervention. Two out of four studies that focused on carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CSH) as a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor for falls, showed a significant reduction in falls after pacemaker implantation. Two studies that looked at sinus node dysfunction (SND) both showed a significant reduction in falls after pacemaker implantation. One study showed that 33% of the patients experienced a fall after cardiovascular evaluation and intervention, whereas all patients fell before assessment.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of the included studies showed a reduction in falls after the intervention. However, the number of published papers regarding the effect of cardiovascular assessment and interventions on falls is small. A standardized assessment of cardiovascular risk factors may be essential in preventing falls in older adults and could consequently reduce injuries, loss of quality of life, deaths, and fall-related expenditures.

Culex torrentium mosquitoes from Germany are negative for Wolbachia

Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) infects a wide range of arthropods, including several mosquito species. The bacterium is known to induce a plethora of phenotypes in its host, examples being the reproductive phenotype cytoplasmic incompatibility or resistance against infection with arboviruses. The latter is especially relevant when assessing the vector competence of mosquito species for emerging arboviruses. Thus, knowledge of Wolbachia infection status is important for the assessment of vector competence. To facilitate Wolbachia screening in mosquito populations, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay was developed to enable high-throughput analysis of mosquito samples. Using this assay, the Wolbachia infection status of the two most common Culex mosquito species in Germany, Culex pipiens biotype pipiens Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex torrentium Martini (Diptera: Culicidae), was assessed. About 93% of all tested C. pipiens biotype pipiens individuals were positive for Wolbachia, whereas none of the C. torrentium samples was found to be infected. Furthermore, other applications of the qPCR assay were explored by assessing a potential link between the levels of Wolbachia and West Nile virus (WNV) infections in German C. pipiens biotype pipiens mosquitoes. No relationship was found between the two variables, indicating that a Wolbachia-induced antiviral phenotype in this mosquito population is not exclusively attributable to the general level of bacterial infection.

Die Situation der Demenzkranken und ihrer Angehörigen

Die Diagnose einer Alzheimer-Krankheit oder anderen dementiellen Erkrankungen bringt für die Kranken aber auch für die Angehörigen viele Fragen und Probleme mit sich. Kompetente Information und Beratung zu den verschiedenen Aspekten der Erkrankung ist nötig. Die Deutsche Alzheimer Gesellschaft und ihre Mitgliedsgesellschaften helfen mit ihren Angeboten, die betroffenen Familien zu unterstützen. Allerdings sind noch viele Wünsche für eine demenzgerechte Versorgung offen.

SNP g.1007A>G within the porcine DNAL4 gene affects sperm motility traits and percentage of midpiece abnormalities

The flagellar beating of a spermatozoa's axoneme is caused by the varying activation and inactivation of dynein molecules. Dynein, axonemal, light chain 4 (DNAL4) is a functional candidate gene for sperm motility as it encodes a small subunit of the dyneins. We resequenced the porcine DNAL4 using three artificial insemination (AI) boars each with high (>68%) or low (<60%) motility, and detected 23 SNP. These were then genotyped for 82 AI boars. Using spermatological records, significantly negative genetic correlations between ejaculate volume (VOL) and the further spermatological parameters concentration (CONC) (r = -.43), motility of undiluted semen (MOTUD) (r = -.09), motility after 24 h (MOT1) (r = -.17) and after 48 hr (MOT2) (r = -.23) were estimated. Significantly positive correlations existed between CONC and MOT1 (r = .07) as well as MOT2 (r = .10), between MOTUD and MOT1 (r = .33), between MOTUD and MOT2 (r = .36), and finally between MOT1 and MOT2 (r = .70). Significantly negatively correlated were all motility traits with the parameters abnormal acrosome (AA) (MOTUD r = -.06; MOT1 r = -.08, and MOT2 r = -.1) and presence of cytoplasmic droplet (CD) (MOTUD r = -.07; MOT1 r = -.08; MOT2 r = -.07). Association analyses (single marker regression model; SMR) propose that SNP g.1007A>G, located in the second intron, reduces motility significantly (MOTUD -4.59%; MOT1 -10.33%; MOT2 -19.37%). According to the dominant-recessive model (DRM), genotype AA is always superior compared to genotypes AG and GG (i.e. MOTUD 67.67%, 64.16% and 53.91%; MOT1 54.17%, 43.75% and 28.44%; MOT2 44.12%, 24.91% and 4.97%). The average effect of gene substitution (g.1007A>G) on abnormal midpiece (AM) was 0.71%, the genotypic values-as expressed by LSmeans-were 0.1 (AA) and 0.81 (AG).

Reliability of Eustachian tube function measurements in a hypobaric and hyperbaric pressure chamber

OBJECTIVES

Measurement of the Eustachian tube (ET) function is a challenge. The demand for a precise and meaningful diagnostic tool increases-especially because more and more operative therapies are being offered without objective evidence. The measurement of the ET function by continuous impedance recording in a pressure chamber is an established method, although the reliability of the measurements is still unclear.

METHODS

Twenty-five participants (50 ears) were exposed to phases of compression and decompression in a hypo- and hyperbaric pressure chamber. The ET function reflecting parameters-ET opening pressure (ETOP), ET opening duration (ETOD) and ET opening frequency (ETOF)-were determined under exactly the same preconditions three times in a row. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland and Altman plot were used to assess test-retest reliability.

RESULTS

ICCs revealed a high correlation for ETOP and ETOF in phases of decompression (passive equalisation) as well as ETOD and ETOP in phases of compression (active induced equalisation). Very high correlation could be shown for ETOD in decompression and ETOF in compression phases. The Bland and Altman graphs could show that measurements provide results within a 95 % confidence interval in compression and decompression phases.

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that measurements in a pressure chamber are a very valuable tool in terms of estimating the ET opening and closing function. Measurements show some variance comparing participants, but provide reliable results within a 95 % confidence interval in retest. This study is the basis for enabling efficacy measurements of ET treatment modalities.

Acute Global Testicular Infarction Post-EVAR from Cholesterol Embolisation can be Mistaken for Torsion

Introduction

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the most commonly used approach for treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Testicular infarction is a rare complication of EVAR. A novel case of acute global testicular infarction post-EVAR from cholesterol embolisation mimicking torsion is presented.

Report

A 75 year old man developed acute right testicular ischaemia requiring orchidectomy following EVAR of an infrarenal aortic aneurysm. The patient was initially diagnosed with testicular torsion as the aetiology of the infarction; however, on re-analysis of histopathology it was found to be secondary to cholesterol emboli.

Discussion

In patients complaining of groin/scrotal pain following EVAR, it is worth considering testicular ischaemia whether secondary to cholesterol embolisation or gonadal occlusion. Clinicians should be aware that clinical and radiological findings can mimic torsion as this affects management and outcome.

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Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is the most commonly used approach for repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms.

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Testicular ischaemia is a rare complication of EVAR.

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Clinical and radiological findings may mimic testicular torsion.

Identification of new TRIP12 variants and detailed clinical evaluation of individuals with non-syndromic intellectual disability with or without autism

The ubiquitin pathway is an enzymatic cascade including activating E1, conjugating E2, and ligating E3 enzymes, which governs protein degradation and sorting. It is crucial for many physiological processes. Compromised function of members of the ubiquitin pathway leads to a wide range of human diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Mutations in the thyroid hormone receptor interactor 12 (TRIP12) gene (OMIM 604506), which encodes an E3 ligase in the ubiquitin pathway, have been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In addition to autistic features, TRIP12 mutation carriers showed intellectual disability (ID). More recently, TRIP12 was postulated as a novel candidate gene for intellectual disability in a meta-analysis of published ID cohorts. However, detailed clinical information characterizing the phenotype of these individuals was not provided. In this study, we present seven novel individuals with private TRIP12 mutations including two splice site mutations, one nonsense mutation, three missense mutations, and one translocation case with a breakpoint in intron 1 of the TRIP12 gene and clinically review four previously published cases. The TRIP12 mutation-positive individuals presented with mild to moderate ID (10/11) or learning disability [intelligence quotient (IQ) 76 in one individual], ASD (8/11) and some of them with unspecific craniofacial dysmorphism and other anomalies. In this study, we provide detailed clinical information of 11 TRIP12 mutation-positive individuals and thereby expand the clinical spectrum of the TRIP12 gene in non-syndromic intellectual disability with or without ASD.

Testing Hadronic Interactions at Ultrahigh Energies with Air Showers Measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

Ultrahigh energy cosmic ray air showers probe particle physics at energies beyond the reach of accelerators. Here we introduce a new method to test hadronic interaction models without relying on the absolute energy calibration, and apply it to events with primary energy 6-16 EeV (E_{CM}=110-170  TeV), whose longitudinal development and lateral distribution were simultaneously measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The average hadronic shower is 1.33±0.16 (1.61±0.21) times larger than predicted using the leading LHC-tuned models EPOS-LHC (QGSJetII-04), with a corresponding excess of muons.

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8±0.7(stat)±6.7(syst)  MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principles calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.

De novo loss-of-function mutations in X-linked SMC1A cause severe ID and therapy-resistant epilepsy in females: expanding the phenotypic spectrum

De novo missense mutations and in-frame coding deletions in the X-linked gene SMC1A (structural maintenance of chromosomes 1A), encoding part of the cohesin complex, are known to cause Cornelia de Lange syndrome in both males and females. For a long time, loss-of-function (LoF) mutations in SMC1A were considered incompatible with life, as such mutations had not been reported in neither male nor female patients. However, recently, the authors and others reported LoF mutations in females with intellectual disability (ID) and epilepsy. Here we present the detailed phenotype of two females with de novo LoF mutations in SMC1A, including a de novo mutation of single base deletion [c.2364del, p.(Asn788Lysfs*10)], predicted to result in a frameshift, and a de novo deletion of exon 16, resulting in an out-of-frame mRNA splice product [p.(Leu808Argfs*6)]. By combining our patients with the other recently reported females carrying SMC1A LoF mutations, we ascertained a phenotypic spectrum of (severe) ID, therapy-resistant epilepsy, absence/delay of speech, hypotonia and small hands and feet. Our data show the existence of a novel phenotypic entity - distinct from CdLS - and caused by de novo SMC1A LoF mutations.

Search for patterns by combining cosmic-ray energy and arrival directions at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Energy-dependent patterns in the arrival directions of cosmic rays are searched for using data of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We investigate local regions around the highest-energy cosmic rays with [Formula: see text] eV by analyzing cosmic rays with energies above [Formula: see text] eV arriving within an angular separation of approximately 15[Formula: see text]. We characterize the energy distributions inside these regions by two independent methods, one searching for angular dependence of energy-energy correlations and one searching for collimation of energy along the local system of principal axes of the energy distribution. No significant patterns are found with this analysis. The comparison of these measurements with astrophysical scenarios can therefore be used to obtain constraints on related model parameters such as strength of cosmic-ray deflection and density of point sources.

In-Hospital Haloperidol Use and Perioperative Changes in QTc-Duration

OBJECTIVES

Haloperidol may prolong ECG QTc-duration but is often prescribed perioperatively to hip-fracture patients. We aimed to determine (1) how QTc-duration changes perioperatively, (2) whether low-dose haloperidol-use influences these changes, and (3) which clinical variables are associated with potentially dangerous perioperative QTc-prolongation (PD-QTc; increase >50 ms or to >500 ms).

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary university teaching-hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Patients enrolled in a randomized controlled clinical trial of melatonin versus placebo on occurrence of delirium in hip-fracture patients.

MEASUREMENTS

Data from ECGs made before and after hip surgery (1-3 days and/or 4-6 days post-surgery) were analyzed. QTc-duration was measured by hand, blinded for haloperidol and pre/post-surgery status. Clinical variables were measured at baseline. Mixed model analysis was used to estimate changes in QTc-duration. Risk-factors for PD-QTc were estimated by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

We included 89 patients (mean age 84 years, 24% male); 39 were treated with haloperidol. Patients with normal pre-surgery QTc-duration (male ≤430 ms, female ≤450 ms) had a significant increase (mean 12 ms, SD 28) in QTc-duration. A significant decrease (mean 19 ms, SD 34) occurred in patients with prolonged pre-surgery QTc-duration (male >450ms, female >470 ms). Haloperidol-use did not influence the perioperative course of the QTc-interval (p=0.351). PD-QTc (n=8) was not associated with any of the measured risk-factors.

CONCLUSION

QTc-duration changed differentially, increasing in patients with normal, but decreasing in patients with abnormal baseline QTc-duration. PD-QTc was not associated with haloperidol-use or other risk-factors. Low-dose oral haloperidol did not affect perioperative QTc-interval.

Electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients admitted for hip fracture

BACKGROUND

Several risk factors for falls and hip fractures have been recognised, but controversy still exists regarding the importance of rhythm and conduction abnormalities as potentially modifiable risk factors for recurrent falls. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant ECG abnormalities in patients with a hip fracture versus controls.

METHODS

The study was designed as a case-control study within consecutive hip surgery patients in an academic hospital.

CASES

patients with traumatic hip fractures.

CONTROLS

patients undergoing planned hip surgery (non-traumatic). CASES and controls were 1:1 matched for age and gender.

INCLUSION CRITERIA

age &#8805; 50 years.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

high-energy trauma, pathological and÷or previous hip fracture. ECGs were scored using predefined categories. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and to correct for confounders.

RESULTS

We included 888 patients (444 cases). Mean age was 70.9 years (SD 9.3), 70% were female. After correction for potential confounders we found the following associations between clinically relevant ECG abnormalities and hip fractures: atrial fibrillation OR 2.7 (95% CI 1.2-6.1), abnormal QTc prolongation OR 3.9 (2.2-6.8), sinus tachycardia OR 5.0 (2.1-11.8) and sinus bradycardia OR 0.3 (0.1-0.5). Univariately, several markers for decreased cardiac function were also associated with hip fractures.

CONCLUSIONS

Hip fracture patients are at higher risk for ECG abnormalities than matched patients undergoing hip surgery for other indications. To potentially reduce the risk of future (injurious) falls, increased awareness of these ECG abnormalities is warranted to assess the need for further cardiovascular fall risk assessment.

Plasmodesmatal pores in the torus of bordered pit membranes affect cavitation resistance of conifer xylem

The pit membrane in bordered pits of conifer tracheids is characterized by a porous margo and central thickening (torus), which is traditionally considered to function as an impermeable safety valve against air-seeding. However, electron microscopy based on 33 conifer species, including five families and 19 genera, reveals that pores occur in the torus of 13 of the species studied. The pores have a plasmodesmatal origin with an average diameter of 51 nm and grouped arrangement. Evidence for embolism spreading via pores in tori is supported by the pore sizes, which correspond relatively well with the pressure inducing cavitation. Predictions based on earlier correlations between pit structure and cavitation resistance were only weakly supported for species with punctured tori. Moreover, species with punctured tori are significantly less resistant to cavitation than species with non-punctured tori. Nevertheless, absolute pore diameters must be treated with caution and correlations between theoretical and measured air-seeding pressures are weak. Because most pores appear not to traverse the torus but are limited to one torus pad, only complete pores would trigger air-seeding. Embolism spreading through a leaky torus is not universal across gymnosperms and unlikely to represent the only air-seeding mechanism.

[Management of hyperglycemia in the non-critical hospitalized patients with oral feeding]

A 67-year-old woman with a history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and 6 years of evolution of type 2 diabetes mellitus presented with fever, purulent sputum and right chest pain. She was on treatment with metformin 850 mg/bid, glimepiride 4 mg/day, candesartan 16 mg/day, atorvastatin 10mg/day and acetylsalicylic acid 100mg/day. Standing out in the physical examination was blood pressure 90/50 mmHg, temperature 38.6 °C, pulse 112/min, respirations 24/min, weight 8 5 kg, height 1.68 m. She had crackling rales in the right lung-base and edema in lower limbs. The blood analysis showed leukocytosis, glucose 348 mg/dl, urea 70 mg/dl, creatinine 1.5mg/dl and HbA1c 8.4%. A chest x-ray revealed condensation in the lower lobe of the right lung. Antibiotic treatment was begun, maintaining an oral diet from admission. What is the best strategy regarding the treatment of this patient's hyperglycemia, its management and what evidence is there on this subject?