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Ciriello G, Magnani L, Aitken SJ, Akkari L, Behjati S, Hanahan D, Landau DA, Lopez-Bigas N, Lupiáñez DG, Marine JC, Martin-Villalba A, Natoli G, Obenauf AC, Oricchio E, Scaffidi P, Sottoriva A, Swarbrick A, Tonon G, Vanharanta S, Zuber J. Cancer Evolution: A Multifaceted Affair. Cancer Discov 2024; 14:36-48. [PMID: 38047596 PMCID: PMC10784746 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-23-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt and survive through the acquisition and selection of molecular modifications. This process defines cancer evolution. Building on a theoretical framework based on heritable genetic changes has provided insights into the mechanisms supporting cancer evolution. However, cancer hallmarks also emerge via heritable nongenetic mechanisms, including epigenetic and chromatin topological changes, and interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Recent findings on tumor evolutionary mechanisms draw a multifaceted picture where heterogeneous forces interact and influence each other while shaping tumor progression. A comprehensive characterization of the cancer evolutionary toolkit is required to improve personalized medicine and biomarker discovery. SIGNIFICANCE Tumor evolution is fueled by multiple enabling mechanisms. Importantly, genetic instability, epigenetic reprogramming, and interactions with the tumor microenvironment are neither alternative nor independent evolutionary mechanisms. As demonstrated by findings highlighted in this perspective, experimental and theoretical approaches must account for multiple evolutionary mechanisms and their interactions to ultimately understand, predict, and steer tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ciriello
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luca Magnani
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Epigenetic Plasticity and Evolution Laboratory, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J. Aitken
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leila Akkari
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dan A. Landau
- New York Genome Center, New York, New York
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Darío G. Lupiáñez
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna C. Obenauf
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisa Oricchio
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Scaffidi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Cancer Epigenetic Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Sottoriva
- Computational Biology Research Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander Swarbrick
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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Wesolowski L, Ge J, Castillon L, Sesia D, Dyas A, Hirosue S, Caraffini V, Warren AY, Rodrigues P, Ciriello G, Patel SA, Vanharanta S. The SWI/SNF complex member SMARCB1 supports lineage fidelity in kidney cancer. iScience 2023; 26:107360. [PMID: 37554444 PMCID: PMC10405256 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lineage switching can induce therapy resistance in cancer. Yet, how lineage fidelity is maintained and how it can be lost remain poorly understood. Here, we have used CRISPR-Cas9-based genetic screening to demonstrate that loss of SMARCB1, a member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, can confer an advantage to clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) cells upon inhibition of the renal lineage factor PAX8. Lineage factor inhibition-resistant ccRCC cells formed tumors with morphological features, but not molecular markers, of neuroendocrine differentiation. SMARCB1 inactivation led to large-scale loss of kidney-specific epigenetic programs and restoration of proliferative capacity through the adoption of new dependencies on factors that represent rare essential genes across different cancers. We further developed an analytical approach to systematically characterize lineage fidelity using large-scale CRISPR-Cas9 data. An understanding of the rules that govern lineage switching could aid the development of more durable lineage factor-targeted and other cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Wesolowski
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Jianfeng Ge
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Leticia Castillon
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Debora Sesia
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Dyas
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Early Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Shoko Hirosue
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Veronica Caraffini
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Anne Y. Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Computational Biology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Cancer Center Leman, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saroor A. Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 197, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Abuhamad AY, Mohamad Zamberi NN, Vanharanta S, Mohd Yusuf SNH, Mohtar MA, Syafruddin SE. Cancer Cell-Derived PDGFB Stimulates mTORC1 Activation in Renal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076447. [PMID: 37047421 PMCID: PMC10095210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a hypervascular tumor that is characterized by bi-allelic inactivation of the VHL tumor suppressor gene and mTOR signalling pathway hyperactivation. The pro-angiogenic factor PDGFB, a transcriptional target of super enhancer-driven KLF6, can activate the mTORC1 signalling pathway in ccRCC. However, the detailed mechanisms of PDGFB-mediated mTORC1 activation in ccRCC have remained elusive. Here, we investigated whether ccRCC cells are able to secrete PDGFB into the extracellular milieu and stimulate mTORC1 signalling activity. We found that ccRCC cells secreted PDGFB extracellularly, and by utilizing KLF6- and PDGFB-engineered ccRCC cells, we showed that the level of PDGFB secretion was positively correlated with the expression of intracellular KLF6 and PDGFB. Moreover, the reintroduction of either KLF6 or PDGFB was able to sustain mTORC1 signalling activity in KLF6-targeted ccRCC cells. We further demonstrated that conditioned media of PDGFB-overexpressing ccRCC cells was able to re-activate mTORC1 activity in KLF6-targeted cells. In conclusion, cancer cell-derived PDGFB can mediate mTORC1 signalling pathway activation in ccRCC, further consolidating the link between the KLF6-PDGFB axis and the mTORC1 signalling pathway activity in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Y. Abuhamad
- Bionanotechnology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Nadia Mohamad Zamberi
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Siti Nur Hasanah Mohd Yusuf
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - M. Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Sciacovelli M, Dugourd A, Jimenez LV, Yang M, Nikitopoulou E, Costa ASH, Tronci L, Caraffini V, Rodrigues P, Schmidt C, Ryan DG, Young T, Zecchini VR, Rossi SH, Massie C, Lohoff C, Masid M, Hatzimanikatis V, Kuppe C, Von Kriegsheim A, Kramann R, Gnanapragasam V, Warren AY, Stewart GD, Erez A, Vanharanta S, Saez-Rodriguez J, Frezza C. Dynamic partitioning of branched-chain amino acids-derived nitrogen supports renal cancer progression. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7830. [PMID: 36539415 PMCID: PMC9767928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is critical for tumor initiation and progression. However, the exact impact of specific metabolic changes on cancer progression is poorly understood. Here, we integrate multimodal analyses of primary and metastatic clonally-related clear cell renal cancer cells (ccRCC) grown in physiological media to identify key stage-specific metabolic vulnerabilities. We show that a VHL loss-dependent reprogramming of branched-chain amino acid catabolism sustains the de novo biosynthesis of aspartate and arginine enabling tumor cells with the flexibility of partitioning the nitrogen of the amino acids depending on their needs. Importantly, we identify the epigenetic reactivation of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1), a urea cycle enzyme suppressed in primary ccRCC, as a crucial event for metastatic renal cancer cells to acquire the capability to generate arginine, invade in vitro and metastasize in vivo. Overall, our study uncovers a mechanism of metabolic flexibility occurring during ccRCC progression, paving the way for the development of novel stage-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Sciacovelli
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine; Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Aurelien Dugourd
- Faculty of Medicine and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lorea Valcarcel Jimenez
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine-University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ming Yang
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine-University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Efterpi Nikitopoulou
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Ana S H Costa
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Matterworks, Somerville, MA, 02143, USA
| | - Laura Tronci
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Veronica Caraffini
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Christina Schmidt
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine-University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dylan Gerard Ryan
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Timothy Young
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Vincent R Zecchini
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Sabrina H Rossi
- Early Detection Programme, CRUK Cambridge Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Charlie Massie
- Early Detection Programme, CRUK Cambridge Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Caroline Lohoff
- Faculty of Medicine and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Masid
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kuppe
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alex Von Kriegsheim
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Division of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gnanapragasam
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology-Cambridge University Hospitals NHS, Box 235 Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ayelet Erez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Medicine and Heidelberg University Hospital, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian Frezza
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197 Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
- CECAD Research Center, Faculty of Medicine-University Hospital Cologne, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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Valcarcel-Jimenez L, Rogerson C, Yong C, Schmidt C, Yang M, Cremades-Rodelgo M, Harle V, Offord V, Wong K, Mora A, Speed A, Caraffini V, Tran MGB, Maher ER, Stewart GD, Vanharanta S, Adams DJ, Frezza C. HIRA loss transforms FH-deficient cells. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabq8297. [PMID: 36269833 PMCID: PMC9586478 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fumarate hydratase (FH) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumarate to malate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Germline mutations of FH lead to hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC), a cancer syndrome characterized by a highly aggressive form of renal cancer. Although HLRCC tumors metastasize rapidly, FH-deficient mice develop premalignant cysts in the kidneys, rather than carcinomas. How Fh1-deficient cells overcome these tumor-suppressive events during transformation is unknown. Here, we perform a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen to identify genes that, when ablated, enhance the proliferation of Fh1-deficient cells. We found that the depletion of the histone cell cycle regulator (HIRA) enhances proliferation and invasion of Fh1-deficient cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Hira loss activates MYC and its target genes, increasing nucleotide metabolism specifically in Fh1-deficient cells, independent of its histone chaperone activity. These results are instrumental for understanding mechanisms of tumorigenesis in HLRCC and the development of targeted treatments for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorea Valcarcel-Jimenez
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Connor Rogerson
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Cissy Yong
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christina Schmidt
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ming Yang
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Monica Cremades-Rodelgo
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Victoria Harle
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria Offord
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kim Wong
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ariane Mora
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Molecular Biosciences Building 76, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Alyson Speed
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Veronica Caraffini
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Maxine Gia Binh Tran
- UCL Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Eamonn R. Maher
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grant D. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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6
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Patel SA, Hirosue S, Rodrigues P, Vojtasova E, Richardson EK, Ge J, Syafruddin SE, Speed A, Papachristou EK, Baker D, Clarke D, Purvis S, Wesolowski L, Dyas A, Castillon L, Caraffini V, Bihary D, Yong C, Harrison DJ, Stewart GD, Machiela MJ, Purdue MP, Chanock SJ, Warren AY, Samarajiwa SA, Carroll JS, Vanharanta S. The renal lineage factor PAX8 controls oncogenic signalling in kidney cancer. Nature 2022; 606:999-1006. [PMID: 35676472 PMCID: PMC9242860 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale human genetic data1-3 have shown that cancer mutations display strong tissue-selectivity, but how this selectivity arises remains unclear. Here, using experimental models, functional genomics and analyses of patient samples, we demonstrate that the lineage transcription factor paired box 8 (PAX8) is required for oncogenic signalling by two common genetic alterations that cause clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) in humans: the germline variant rs7948643 at 11q13.3 and somatic inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau tumour suppressor (VHL)4-6. VHL loss, which is observed in about 90% of ccRCCs, can lead to hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2A) stabilization6,7. We show that HIF2A is preferentially recruited to PAX8-bound transcriptional enhancers, including a pro-tumorigenic cyclin D1 (CCND1) enhancer that is controlled by PAX8 and HIF2A. The ccRCC-protective allele C at rs7948643 inhibits PAX8 binding at this enhancer and downstream activation of CCND1 expression. Co-option of a PAX8-dependent physiological programme that supports the proliferation of normal renal epithelial cells is also required for MYC expression from the ccRCC metastasis-associated amplicons at 8q21.3-q24.3 (ref. 8). These results demonstrate that transcriptional lineage factors are essential for oncogenic signalling and that they mediate tissue-specific cancer risk associated with somatic and inherited genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shoko Hirosue
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erika Vojtasova
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emma K Richardson
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianfeng Ge
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saiful E Syafruddin
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
| | - Alyson Speed
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - David Baker
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - David Clarke
- Cambridge Genomics Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephenie Purvis
- Cambridge Genomics Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ludovic Wesolowski
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna Dyas
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leticia Castillon
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veronica Caraffini
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dóra Bihary
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Cissy Yong
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Grant D Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mitchell J Machiela
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shamith A Samarajiwa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Translational Cancer Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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7
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Briston T, Stephen JM, Thomas LW, Esposito C, Chung YL, Syafruddin SE, Turmaine M, Maddalena LA, Greef B, Szabadkai G, Maxwell PH, Vanharanta S, Ashcroft M. Corrigendum: VHL-Mediated Regulation of CHCHD4 and Mitochondrial Function. Front Oncol 2021; 11:740273. [PMID: 34631576 PMCID: PMC8496443 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.740273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Briston
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna M Stephen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke W Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Esposito
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saiful E Syafruddin
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A Maddalena
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Basma Greef
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrick H Maxwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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8
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Haas L, Elewaut A, Gerard CL, Umkehrer C, Leiendecker L, Pedersen M, Krecioch I, Hoffmann D, Novatchkova M, Kuttke M, Neumann T, da Silva IP, Witthock H, Cuendet MA, Carotta S, Harrington KJ, Zuber J, Scolyer RA, Long GV, Wilmott JS, Michielin O, Vanharanta S, Wiesner T, Obenauf AC. Acquired resistance to anti-MAPK targeted therapy confers an immune-evasive tumor microenvironment and cross-resistance to immunotherapy in melanoma. Nat Cancer 2021; 2:693-708. [PMID: 35121945 PMCID: PMC7613740 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
How targeted therapies and immunotherapies shape tumors, and thereby influence subsequent therapeutic responses, is poorly understood. In the present study, we show, in melanoma patients and mouse models, that when tumors relapse after targeted therapy with MAPK pathway inhibitors, they are cross-resistant to immunotherapies, despite the different modes of action of these therapies. We find that cross-resistance is mediated by a cancer cell-instructed, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that lacks functional CD103+ dendritic cells, precluding an effective T cell response. Restoring the numbers and functionality of CD103+ dendritic cells can re-sensitize cross-resistant tumors to immunotherapy. Cross-resistance does not arise from selective pressure of an immune response during evolution of resistance, but from the MAPK pathway, which not only is reactivated, but also exhibits an increased transcriptional output that drives immune evasion. Our work provides mechanistic evidence for cross-resistance between two unrelated therapies, and a scientific rationale for treating patients with immunotherapy before they acquire resistance to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Haas
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anais Elewaut
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Camille L Gerard
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Umkehrer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Leiendecker
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Izabela Krecioch
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Kuttke
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Neumann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Pires da Silva
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Michel A Cuendet
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, UNIL Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital & NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Mater Hospital, North Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Molecular Modeling Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, UNIL Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Wiesner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna C Obenauf
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Abstract
Metastasis remains the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality, and a detailed understanding of the metastatic process could suggest new therapeutic avenues. However, how metastatic phenotypes arise at the genomic level has remained a major open question in cancer biology. Comparative genetic studies of primary and metastatic cancers have revealed a complex picture of metastatic evolution with diverse temporal patterns and trajectories to dissemination. Whole-genome amplification is associated with metastatic cancer clones, but no metastasis-exclusive driver mutations have emerged. Instead, genetically activated oncogenic pathways that drive tumour initiation and early progression acquire metastatic traits by co-opting physiological programmes from stem cell, developmental and regenerative pathways. The functional consequences of oncogenic driver mutations therefore change via epigenetic mechanisms to promote metastasis. Increasing evidence is starting to uncover the molecular mechanisms that determine how specific oncogenic drivers interact with various physiological programmes, and what triggers their activation in support of metastasis. Detailed insight into the mechanisms that control metastasis is likely to reveal novel opportunities for intervention at different stages of metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Ludovic Wesolowski
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
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10
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Li AM, Ducker GS, Li Y, Seoane JA, Xiao Y, Melemenidis S, Zhou Y, Liu L, Vanharanta S, Graves EE, Rankin EB, Curtis C, Massague J, Rabinowitz JD, Thompson CB, Ye J. Abstract 5713: Reprogramming of serine metabolism during breast cancer progression. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The causes and consequences of metabolic reprogramming during human breast cancer metastasis remain largely unknown. We performed metabolomics in the human triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (231-Parental) and its metastatic subclones that display tissue-tropism towards the brain (831-BrM), the bone (1833-BoM), and the lung (4175-LM). Using molecular and metabolic flux analysis, we uncovered that the mitochondrial serine and one-carbon (1C) unit pathway is upregulated in the metastatic subclones. Inhibition of the first rate-limiting enzyme of the pathway, serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2), potently suppresses proliferation of metastatic subclones in culture and impairs growth of lung metastatic subclones at both primary and metastatic sites in mice. In addition to breast cancer, a few other cancer types, such as adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and kidney chromophobe cell carcinoma (KICH), also display increased SHMT2 expression during disease progression. Moreover, we found that metastatic cells are exquisitely adapted to low serine conditions by synthesizing serine de novo from glucose to generate 1C units, and blocking serine catabolism abrogates metastatic growth under serine deprivation.
How do metastatic breast cancer cells acquire new metabolic properties such as de novo serine synthesis? We observed that 231-Parental cells grown in media lacking serine for up to ten passages exhibited metastatic cell-like metabolic properties. Subsequent RNA-sequencing revealed dramatic global gene expression changes during serine starvation in more primary tumor-like cells. Several pathways involved in metastasis such as TNFα signaling, mTOR1 signaling, and Ras signaling were modulated upon serine starvation. These data suggest that the availability of the nonessential amino acid serine may play a key regulatory role in breast cancer progression and metastasis, and highlight the potential for metabolite supplementation to block or halt these transformations.
Citation Format: Albert Mao Li, Gregory S. Ducker, Yang Li, Jose A. Seoane, Yiren Xiao, Stavros Melemenidis, Yiren Zhou, Ling Liu, Sakari Vanharanta, Edward E. Graves, Erinn B. Rankin, Christina Curtis, Joan Massague, Joshua D. Rabinowitz, Craig B. Thompson, Jiangbin Ye. Reprogramming of serine metabolism during breast cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5713.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Mao Li
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Yang Li
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Yiren Xiao
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | - Ling Liu
- 5Princeton University, Princeton, NJ
| | | | | | | | | | - Joan Massague
- 7Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Jiangbin Ye
- 1Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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11
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Li AM, Ducker GS, Li Y, Seoane JA, Xiao Y, Melemenidis S, Zhou Y, Liu L, Vanharanta S, Graves EE, Rankin EB, Curtis C, Massagué J, Rabinowitz JD, Thompson CB, Ye J. Metabolic Profiling Reveals a Dependency of Human Metastatic Breast Cancer on Mitochondrial Serine and One-Carbon Unit Metabolism. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:599-611. [PMID: 31941752 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among American women and a major cause of mortality. To identify metabolic pathways as potential targets to treat metastatic breast cancer, we performed metabolomics profiling on the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and its tissue-tropic metastatic subclones. Here, we report that these subclones with increased metastatic potential display an altered metabolic profile compared with the parental population. In particular, the mitochondrial serine and one-carbon (1C) unit pathway is upregulated in metastatic subclones. Mechanistically, the mitochondrial serine and 1C unit pathway drives the faster proliferation of subclones through enhanced de novo purine biosynthesis. Inhibition of the first rate-limiting enzyme of the mitochondrial serine and 1C unit pathway, serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2), potently suppresses proliferation of metastatic subclones in culture and impairs growth of lung metastatic subclones at both primary and metastatic sites in mice. Some human breast cancers exhibit a significant association between the expression of genes in the mitochondrial serine and 1C unit pathway with disease outcome and higher expression of SHMT2 in metastatic tumor tissue compared with primary tumors. In addition to breast cancer, a few other cancer types, such as adrenocortical carcinoma and kidney chromophobe cell carcinoma, also display increased SHMT2 expression during disease progression. Together, these results suggest that mitochondrial serine and 1C unit metabolism plays an important role in promoting cancer progression, particularly in late-stage cancer. IMPLICATIONS: This study identifies mitochondrial serine and 1C unit metabolism as an important pathway during the progression of a subset of human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Gregory S Ducker
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jose A Seoane
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Stavros Melemenidis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yiren Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ling Liu
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward E Graves
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christina Curtis
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics and Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Craig B Thompson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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12
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Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are the source of metastases, but only an infinitesimal fraction of them eventually succeed in colonizing a distant organ. New results show that CD44-dependent aggregation in the circulation provides CTCs with cancer stem cell-like characteristics, suggesting an explanation for the low metastatic efficiency of CTCs, but also avenues for therapeutic intervention.See related article by Liu et al., p. 96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Rodrigues
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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13
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Syafruddin SE, Rodrigues P, Vojtasova E, Patel SA, Zaini MN, Burge J, Warren AY, Stewart GD, Eisen T, Bihary D, Samarajiwa SA, Vanharanta S. A KLF6-driven transcriptional network links lipid homeostasis and tumour growth in renal carcinoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1152. [PMID: 30858363 PMCID: PMC6411998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional networks are critical for the establishment of tissue-specific cellular states in health and disease, including cancer. Yet, the transcriptional circuits that control carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. Here we report that Kruppel like factor 6 (KLF6), a transcription factor of the zinc finger family, regulates lipid homeostasis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We show that KLF6 supports the expression of lipid metabolism genes and promotes the expression of PDGFB, which activates mTOR signalling and the downstream lipid metabolism regulators SREBF1 and SREBF2. KLF6 expression is driven by a robust super enhancer that integrates signals from multiple pathways, including the ccRCC-initiating VHL-HIF2A pathway. These results suggest an underlying mechanism for high mTOR activity in ccRCC cells. More generally, the link between super enhancer-driven transcriptional networks and essential metabolic pathways may provide clues to the mechanisms that maintain the stability of cell identity-defining transcriptional programmes in cancer. Super enhancers are frequently involved in the dysregulation of gene expression in cancer. Here, in kidney cancer, a super enhancer is shown to drive the expression of KLF6, which alters the expression of lipid metabolism genes and promotes tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiful E Syafruddin
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.,UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, 56000, Malaysia
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Erika Vojtasova
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - M Nazhif Zaini
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Johanna Burge
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tim Eisen
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.,Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Health Partners, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Oncology Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, SG8 6EH, UK
| | - Dóra Bihary
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Shamith A Samarajiwa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
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14
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Briston T, Stephen JM, Thomas LW, Esposito C, Chung YL, Syafruddin SE, Turmaine M, Maddalena LA, Greef B, Szabadkai G, Maxwell PH, Vanharanta S, Ashcroft M. VHL-Mediated Regulation of CHCHD4 and Mitochondrial Function. Front Oncol 2018; 8:388. [PMID: 30338240 PMCID: PMC6180203 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated mitochondrial function is associated with the pathology of a wide range of diseases including renal disease and cancer. Thus, investigating regulators of mitochondrial function is of particular interest. Previous work has shown that the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and respiratory chain function. pVHL is best known as an E3-ubiquitin ligase for the α-subunit of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) family of dimeric transcription factors. In normoxia, pVHL recognizes and binds hydroxylated HIF-α (HIF-1α and HIF-2α), targeting it for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In this way, HIF transcriptional activity is tightly controlled at the level of HIF-α protein stability. At least 80% of clear cell renal carcinomas exhibit inactivation of the VHL gene, which leads to HIF-α protein stabilization and constitutive HIF activation. Constitutive HIF activation in renal carcinoma drives tumor progression and metastasis. Reconstitution of wild-type VHL protein (pVHL) in pVHL-defective renal carcinoma cells not only suppresses HIF activation and tumor growth, but also enhances mitochondrial respiratory chain function via mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. Here, we show that pVHL regulates mitochondrial function when re-expressed in pVHL-defective 786O and RCC10 renal carcinoma cells distinct from its regulation of HIF-α. Expression of CHCHD4, a key component of the disulphide relay system (DRS) involved in mitochondrial protein import within the intermembrane space (IMS) was elevated by pVHL re-expression alongside enhanced expression of respiratory chain subunits of complex I (NDUFB10) and complex IV (mtCO-2 and COX IV). These changes correlated with increased oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and dynamic changes in glucose and glutamine metabolism. Knockdown of HIF-2α also led to increased OCR, and elevated expression of CHCHD4, NDUFB10, and COXIV in 786O cells. Expression of pVHL mutant proteins (R200W, N78S, D126N, and S183L) that constitutively stabilize HIF-α but differentially promote glycolytic metabolism, were also found to differentially promote the pVHL-mediated mitochondrial phenotype. Parallel changes in mitochondrial morphology and the mitochondrial network were observed. Our study reveals a new role for pVHL in regulating CHCHD4 and mitochondrial function in renal carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Briston
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Cell Signalling and Molecular Genetics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna M. Stephen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke W. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Esposito
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Institute of Cancer Research London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saiful E. Syafruddin
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Turmaine
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas A. Maddalena
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Basma Greef
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Szabadkai
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Patrick H. Maxwell
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Ashcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Zaini MN, Patel SA, Syafruddin SE, Rodrigues P, Vanharanta S. Endogenous HIF2A reporter systems for high-throughput functional screening. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12063. [PMID: 30104738 PMCID: PMC6089976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific transcriptional programs control most biological phenotypes, including disease states such as cancer. However, the molecular details underlying transcriptional specificity is largely unknown, hindering the development of therapeutic approaches. Here, we describe novel experimental reporter systems that allow interrogation of the endogenous expression of HIF2A, a critical driver of renal oncogenesis. Using a focused CRISPR-Cas9 library targeting chromatin regulators, we provide evidence that these reporter systems are compatible with high-throughput screening. Our data also suggests redundancy in the control of cancer type-specific transcriptional traits. Reporter systems such as those described here could facilitate large-scale mechanistic dissection of transcriptional programmes underlying cancer phenotypes, thus paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazhif Zaini
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Saiful E Syafruddin
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.,UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaa'cob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Paulo Rodrigues
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Rodrigues P, Patel SA, Harewood L, Olan I, Vojtasova E, Syafruddin SE, Zaini MN, Richardson EK, Burge J, Warren AY, Stewart GD, Saeb-Parsy K, Samarajiwa SA, Vanharanta S. NF-κB-Dependent Lymphoid Enhancer Co-option Promotes Renal Carcinoma Metastasis. Cancer Discov 2018; 8:850-865. [PMID: 29875134 PMCID: PMC6031301 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-17-1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastases, the spread of cancer cells to distant organs, cause the majority of cancer-related deaths. Few metastasis-specific driver mutations have been identified, suggesting aberrant gene regulation as a source of metastatic traits. However, how metastatic gene expression programs arise is poorly understood. Here, using human-derived metastasis models of renal cancer, we identify transcriptional enhancers that promote metastatic carcinoma progression. Specific enhancers and enhancer clusters are activated in metastatic cancer cell populations, and the associated gene expression patterns are predictive of poor patient outcome in clinical samples. We find that the renal cancer metastasis-associated enhancer complement consists of multiple coactivated tissue-specific enhancer modules. Specifically, we identify and functionally characterize a coregulatory enhancer cluster, activated by the renal cancer driver HIF2A and an NF-κB-driven lymphoid element, as a mediator of metastasis in vivo We conclude that oncogenic pathways can acquire metastatic phenotypes through cross-lineage co-option of physiologic epigenetic enhancer states.Significance: Renal cancer is associated with significant mortality due to metastasis. We show that in metastatic renal cancer, functionally important metastasis genes are activated via co-option of gene regulatory enhancer modules from distant developmental lineages, thus providing clues to the origins of metastatic cancer. Cancer Discov; 8(7); 850-65. ©2018 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 781.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Rodrigues
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Harewood
- Cancer Research UK/Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ioana Olan
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erika Vojtasova
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saiful E Syafruddin
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaa'cob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Nazhif Zaini
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emma K Richardson
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Burge
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Grant D Stewart
- Academic Urology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shamith A Samarajiwa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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17
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Al-Lamki RS, Wang J, Yang J, Burrows N, Maxwell PH, Eisen T, Warren AY, Vanharanta S, Pacey S, Vandenabeele P, Pober JS, Bradley JR. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2-signaling in CD133-expressing cells in renal clear cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:24111-24. [PMID: 26992212 PMCID: PMC5029688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to normal kidney, renal clear cell carcinomas (ccRCC) contain increased numbers of interstitial, non-hematopoietic CD133+cells that express stem cell markers and exhibit low rates of proliferation. These cells fail to form tumors upon transplantation but support tumor formation by differentiated malignant cells. We hypothesized that killing of ccRCC CD133+ (RCCCD133+) cells by cytotoxic agents might be enhanced by inducing them to divide. Since tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), signalling through TNFR2, induces proliferation of malignant renal tubular epithelial cells, we investigated whether TNFR2 might similarly affect RCCCD133+cells. We compared treating organ cultures of ccRCC vs adjacent nontumour kidney (NK) and RCCCD133+vs NK CD133+ (NKCD133+) cell cultures with wild-type TNF (wtTNF) or TNF muteins selective for TNFR1 (R1TNF) or TNFR2 (R2TNF). In organ cultures, R2TNF increased expression of TNFR2 and promoted cell cycle entry of both RCCCD133+ and NKCD133+ but effects were greater in RCCCD133+. In contrast, R1TNF increased TNFR1 expression and promoted cell death. Importantly, cyclophosphamide triggered much more cell death in RCCCD133+ and NKCD133+cells pre-treated with R2TNF as compared to untreated controls. We conclude that selective engagement of TNFR2 by TNF can drives RCCCD133+ proliferation and thereby increase sensitivity to cell cycle-dependent cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafia S Al-Lamki
- Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Natalie Burrows
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Patrick H Maxwell
- School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Timothy Eisen
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Simon Pacey
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- VIB Inflammation Research Center, Ghent University, UGhent-VIB Research Building FSVM, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8089, USA
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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18
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Abstract
Genetic analyses of cancer progression in patient samples and model systems have thus far failed to identify specific mutational drivers of metastasis. Yet, at least in experimental systems, metastatic cancer clones display stable traits that can facilitate progression through the many steps of metastasis. How cancer cells establish and maintain the transcriptional programmes required for metastasis remains mostly unknown. Emerging evidence suggests that metastatic traits may arise from epigenetically altered transcriptional output of the oncogenic signals that drive tumour initiation and early progression. Molecular dissection of such mechanisms remains a central challenge for a comprehensive understanding of the origins of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroor A Patel
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.
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19
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Abstract
Hypoxia is a well-characterized driver of aggressive cancer phenotypes, including metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that, in addition to having local effects, the consequences of tumour hypoxia can be systemic, leading to the formation of pre-metastatic niches that can later foster metastatic colonization in distant organs. Recent findings have demonstrated that such niches can also form in the bone, possibly revealing new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK.
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20
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Jacob LS, Vanharanta S, Obenauf AC, Pirun M, Viale A, Socci ND, Massagué J. Metastatic Competence Can Emerge with Selection of Preexisting Oncogenic Alleles without a Need of New Mutations. Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26208905 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Several experimental models faithfully recapitulate many important facets of human metastatic disease. Here, we have performed whole-exome sequencing in five widely used experimental metastasis models that were independently derived through in vivo selection from heterogeneous human cancer cell lines. In addition to providing an important characterization of these model systems, our study examines the genetic evolution of metastatic phenotypes. We found that in vivo selected highly metastatic cell populations showed little genetic divergence from the corresponding parental population. However, selection of genetic variations that preexisted in parental populations, including the well-established oncogenic mutations KRAS(G13D) and BRAF(G464V), was associated with increased metastatic capability. Conversely, expression of the wild-type BRAF allele in metastatic cells inhibited metastatic outgrowth as well as tumor initiation in mice. Our findings establish that metastatic competence can arise from heterogeneous cancer cell populations without the need for acquisition of additional mutations and that such competence can benefit from further selection of tumor-initiating mutations that seed primary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leni S Jacob
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Anna C Obenauf
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Mono Pirun
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Agnes Viale
- Genomics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York.
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21
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Vanharanta S, Marney CB, Shu W, Valiente M, Zou Y, Mele A, Darnell RB, Massagué J. Loss of the multifunctional RNA-binding protein RBM47 as a source of selectable metastatic traits in breast cancer. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 24898756 PMCID: PMC4073284 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms through which cancer cells lock in altered transcriptional programs in support of metastasis remain largely unknown. Through integrative analysis of clinical breast cancer gene expression datasets, cell line models of breast cancer progression, and mutation data from cancer genome resequencing studies, we identified RNA binding motif protein 47 (RBM47) as a suppressor of breast cancer progression and metastasis. RBM47 inhibited breast cancer re-initiation and growth in experimental models. Transcriptome-wide HITS-CLIP analysis revealed widespread RBM47 binding to mRNAs, most prominently in introns and 3′UTRs. RBM47 altered splicing and abundance of a subset of its target mRNAs. Some of the mRNAs stabilized by RBM47, as exemplified by dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 1, inhibit tumor progression downstream of RBM47. Our work identifies RBM47 as an RNA-binding protein that can suppress breast cancer progression and demonstrates how the inactivation of a broadly targeted RNA chaperone enables selection of a pro-metastatic state. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02734.001 Tumors form when mistakes in the genes of a single cell allow it to multiply uncontrollably. Sometimes further mutations in genes allow the cancerous cells to escape from the tumor, enter the bloodstream and start a second cancer elsewhere in the body. However, many of the genetic changes behind this process, which is called metastasis, are poorly understood—especially those changes in genes that occur rarely, but can still help the cancer to spread. Vanharanta, Marney et al. have looked at data on which genes are switched ‘on’ or ‘off’ in metastatic breast cancer cells. A gene called RBM47 was often switched off in these cells, and patients with a low level of RBM47 tended to have a poor clinical outcome. To test the function of the gene, Vanharanta, Marney et al. switched on RBM47 in cancer cells that had spread from the breast to either the lungs or the brain, and then injected these cells into mice. Few of these cells were able to invade lung and brain tissues in the mice. However, switching off the RBM47 gene in breast cancer cells had the opposite effect; these cells invaded the lungs of mice more efficiently. RBM47 encodes a protein that sticks to molecules of messenger RNA: molecules that transport the instructions encoded in DNA to the machinery that builds proteins. Vanharanta, Marney et al. found that the wild-type RBM47 protein increased the levels of 102 different messenger RNA molecules, but decreased the levels of another 92. Further experiments showed that RBM47 also slows the rate at which messenger RNA molecules are broken down inside cells: this results in the accumulation of proteins that slow down the growth of tumors. Without RBM47, tumor growth is unleashed. Further work is needed to test if increasing RBM47 activity could be used as a new treatment for some types of cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02734.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Christina B Marney
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Weiping Shu
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Manuel Valiente
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Yilong Zou
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
| | - Aldo Mele
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, United States
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22
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) have long been linked to malignant tumor phenotypes in various cancer types, and several downstream mediators of HIF action are deregulated in metastatic carcinomas. A new study links hypoxia-induced collagen remodeling to sarcoma progression, providing evidence for unifying mechanisms of carcinoma and sarcoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- 1Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and 2Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
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23
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Abstract
How cancer cells acquire the competence to colonize distant organs remains a central question in cancer biology. Tumors can release large numbers of cancer cells into the circulation, but only a small proportion of these cells survive on infiltrating distant organs and even fewer form clinically meaningful metastases. During the past decade, many predictive gene signatures and specific mediators of metastasis have been identified, yet how cancer cells acquire these traits has remained obscure. Recent experimental work and high-resolution sequencing of human tissues have started to reveal the molecular and tumor evolutionary principles that underlie the emergence of metastatic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Correspondence:
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24
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Oskarsson T, Acharyya S, Zhang XHF, Vanharanta S, Tavazoie SF, Morris PG, Downey RJ, Manova-Todorova K, Brogi E, Massagué J. Breast cancer cells produce tenascin C as a metastatic niche component to colonize the lungs. Nat Med 2011; 17:867-74. [PMID: 21706029 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report that breast cancer cells that infiltrate the lungs support their own metastasis-initiating ability by expressing tenascin C (TNC). We find that the expression of TNC, an extracellular matrix protein of stem cell niches, is associated with the aggressiveness of pulmonary metastasis. Cancer cell-derived TNC promotes the survival and outgrowth of pulmonary micrometastases. TNC enhances the expression of stem cell signaling components, musashi homolog 1 (MSI1) and leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5). MSI1 is a positive regulator of NOTCH signaling, whereas LGR5 is a target gene of the WNT pathway. TNC modulation of stem cell signaling occurs without affecting the expression of transcriptional enforcers of the stem cell phenotype and pluripotency, namely nanog homeobox (NANOG), POU class 5 homeobox 1 (POU5F1), also known as OCT4, and SRY-box 2 (SOX2). TNC protects MSI1-dependent NOTCH signaling from inhibition by signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), and selectively enhances the expression of LGR5 as a WNT target gene. Cancer cell-derived TNC remains essential for metastasis outgrowth until the tumor stroma takes over as a source of TNC. These findings link TNC to pathways that support the fitness of metastasis-initiating breast cancer cells and highlight the relevance of TNC as an extracellular matrix component of the metastatic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thordur Oskarsson
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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25
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Ashrafian H, O'Flaherty L, Adam J, Steeples V, Chung YL, East P, Vanharanta S, Lehtonen H, Nye E, Hatipoglu E, Miranda M, Howarth K, Shukla D, Troy H, Griffiths J, Spencer-Dene B, Yusuf M, Volpi E, Maxwell PH, Stamp G, Poulsom R, Pugh CW, Costa B, Bardella C, Di Renzo MF, Kotlikoff MI, Launonen V, Aaltonen L, El-Bahrawy M, Tomlinson I, Pollard PJ. Expression profiling in progressive stages of fumarate-hydratase deficiency: the contribution of metabolic changes to tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9153-65. [PMID: 20978192 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) is caused by mutations in the Krebs cycle enzyme fumarate hydratase (FH). It has been proposed that "pseudohypoxic" stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) by fumarate accumulation contributes to tumorigenesis in HLRCC. We hypothesized that an additional direct consequence of FH deficiency is the establishment of a biosynthetic milieu. To investigate this hypothesis, we isolated primary mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) lines from Fh1-deficient mice. As predicted, these MEFs upregulated Hif-1α and HIF target genes directly as a result of FH deficiency. In addition, detailed metabolic assessment of these MEFs confirmed their dependence on glycolysis, and an elevated rate of lactate efflux, associated with the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes known to be associated with tumorigenesis. Correspondingly, Fh1-deficient benign murine renal cysts and an advanced human HLRCC-related renal cell carcinoma manifested a prominent and progressive increase in the expression of HIF-α target genes and in genes known to be relevant to tumorigenesis and metastasis. In accord with our hypothesis, in a variety of different FH-deficient tissues, including a novel murine model of Fh1-deficient smooth muscle, we show a striking and progressive upregulation of a tumorigenic metabolic profile, as manifested by increased PKM2 and LDHA protein. Based on the models assessed herein, we infer that that FH deficiency compels cells to adopt an early, reversible, and progressive protumorigenic metabolic milieu that is reminiscent of that driving the Warburg effect. Targets identified in these novel and diverse FH-deficient models represent excellent potential candidates for further mechanistic investigation and therapeutic metabolic manipulation in tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fumarate Hydratase/deficiency
- Fumarate Hydratase/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Glycolysis
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Leiomyomatosis/genetics
- Leiomyomatosis/metabolism
- Leiomyomatosis/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/pathology
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectral Karyotyping
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Ashrafian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, United Kingdom
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26
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Koski TA, Lehtonen HJ, Jee KJ, Ninomiya S, Joosse SA, Vahteristo P, Kiuru M, Karhu A, Sammalkorpi H, Vanharanta S, Lehtonen R, Edgren H, Nederlof PM, Hietala M, Aittomäki K, Herva R, Knuutila S, Aaltonen LA, Launonen V. Array comparative genomic hybridization identifies a distinct DNA copy number profile in renal cell cancer associated with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2009; 48:544-51. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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27
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Tuupanen S, Turunen M, Lehtonen R, Hallikas O, Vanharanta S, Kivioja T, Björklund M, Wei G, Yan J, Niittymäki I, Mecklin JP, Järvinen H, Ristimäki A, Di-Bernardo M, East P, Carvajal-Carmona L, Houlston RS, Tomlinson I, Palin K, Ukkonen E, Karhu A, Taipale J, Aaltonen LA. The common colorectal cancer predisposition SNP rs6983267 at chromosome 8q24 confers potential to enhanced Wnt signaling. Nat Genet 2009; 41:885-90. [PMID: 19561604 DOI: 10.1038/ng.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity for the G allele of rs6983267 at 8q24 increases colorectal cancer (CRC) risk approximately 1.5 fold. We report here that the risk allele G shows copy number increase during CRC development. Our computer algorithm, Enhancer Element Locator (EEL), identified an enhancer element that contains rs6983267. The element drove expression of a reporter gene in a pattern that is consistent with regulation by the key CRC pathway Wnt. rs6983267 affects a binding site for the Wnt-regulated transcription factor TCF4, with the risk allele G showing stronger binding in vitro and in vivo. Genome-wide ChIP assay revealed the element as the strongest TCF4 binding site within 1 Mb of MYC. An unambiguous correlation between rs6983267 genotype and MYC expression was not detected, and additional work is required to scrutinize all possible targets of the enhancer. Our work provides evidence that the common CRC predisposition associated with 8q24 arises from enhanced responsiveness to Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Tuupanen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Petrova TV, Nykänen A, Norrmén C, Ivanov KI, Andersson LC, Haglund C, Puolakkainen P, Wempe F, von Melchner H, Gradwohl G, Vanharanta S, Aaltonen LA, Saharinen J, Gentile M, Clarke A, Taipale J, Oliver G, Alitalo K. Transcription factor PROX1 induces colon cancer progression by promoting the transition from benign to highly dysplastic phenotype. Cancer Cell 2008; 13:407-19. [PMID: 18455124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2003] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila transcription factor Prospero functions as a tumor suppressor, and it has been suggested that the human counterpart of Prospero, PROX1, acts similarly in human cancers. However, we show here that PROX1 promotes dysplasia in colonic adenomas and colorectal cancer progression. PROX1 expression marks the transition from benign colon adenoma to carcinoma in situ, and its loss inhibits growth of human colorectal tumor xenografts and intestinal adenomas in Apc(min/+) mice, while its transgenic overexpression promotes colorectal tumorigenesis. Furthermore, in intestinal tumors PROX1 is a direct and dose-dependent target of the beta-catenin/TCF signaling pathway, responsible for the neoplastic transformation. Our data underscore the complexity of cancer pathogenesis and implicate PROX1 in malignant tumor progression through the regulation of cell polarity and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana V Petrova
- Molecular and Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O.B. 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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29
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Tuupanen S, Niittymäki I, Nousiainen K, Vanharanta S, Mecklin JP, Nuorva K, Järvinen H, Hautaniemi S, Karhu A, Aaltonen LA. Allelic imbalance at rs6983267 suggests selection of the risk allele in somatic colorectal tumor evolution. Cancer Res 2008; 68:14-7. [PMID: 18172290 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6983267, at 8q24.21 has recently been shown to associate with colorectal cancer (CRC). Three independent SNP association studies showed that rs6983267 contributes to CRC with odds ratios (OR) of 1.17 to 1.22. Here, we genotyped a population-based series of 1,042 patients with CRC and 1,012 healthy controls for rs6983267 and determined the contribution of SNP to CRC in Finland, using germ line DNA, as well as the respective cancer DNA in heterozygous patients. The comprehensive clinical data available from the 1,042 patients and their first-degree relatives enabled us to thoroughly examine the possible association of this variant with different clinical features. As expected, a significant association between the G allele of rs6983267 and CRC [OR, 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-1.38; P = 0.0018] was found, confirming the previous observations. A trend towards association of the G allele with microsatellite-stable cancer (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.02-1.85; P = 0.04) and family history of cancers other than CRC was seen (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1-1.43; P = 0.05). Four hundred and sixty-six GT heterozygotes identified in this study were analyzed for allelic imbalance at rs6983267 in the respective cancer DNA. One hundred and one tumors showed allelic imbalance (22%). The risk allele G was favored in 67 versus 34 tumors (P = 0.0007). This finding implicates that the underlying germ line genetic defect in 8q24.21 is a target in the somatic evolution of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Tuupanen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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30
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Lehtonen HJ, Ylisaukko-oja SK, Kiuru M, Karhu A, Lehtonen R, Vanharanta S, Jalanko A, Aaltonen LA, Launonen V. Stress-induced expression of a novel variant of human fumarate hydratase (FH). Gene Expr 2007; 14:59-69. [PMID: 18257390 PMCID: PMC6042040 DOI: 10.3727/105221607783417592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fumarate hydratase (FH) is an enzyme of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCAC). Here we report the characterization of a novel FH variant (FHv) that contains an alternative exon 1b, thus lacking the mitochondrial signal sequence. Distinct from mitochondrial FH, FHv localized to cytosol and nucleus and lacked FH enzyme activity. FHv was expressed ubiquitously in human fetal and adult tissues. Heat shock and prolonged hypoxia increased FHv expression in a cell line (HTB 115) by nine- and fourfold, respectively. These results suggest that FHv has an alternative function outside the TCAC related to cellular stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli J. Lehtonen
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna K. Ylisaukko-oja
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Kiuru
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Auli Karhu
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Vanharanta
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Jalanko
- †National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauri A. Aaltonen
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Launonen
- *Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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31
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Vanharanta S, Wortham NC, Langford C, El-Bahrawy M, van der Spuy Z, Sjöberg J, Lehtonen R, Karhu A, Tomlinson IPM, Aaltonen LA. Definition of a minimal region of deletion of chromosome 7 in uterine leiomyomas by tiling-path microarray CGH and mutation analysis of known genes in this region. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:451-8. [PMID: 17285575 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic interstitial deletions of chromosome segment 7q22-q31 in uterine leiomyomas are a frequent event, thought to be indicative of a tumor suppressor gene in the region. Previous LOH and CGH studies have refined this region to 7q22.3-q31, although the target gene has not been identified. Here, we have used tiling-path resolution microarray CGH to further refine the region and to identify homozygous deletions in fibroids. Furthermore, we have screened all manually annotated genes in the region for mutations. We have refined the minimum deleted region at 7q22.3-q31 to 2.79 Mbp and identified a second region of deletion at 7q34. However, we identified no pathogenic coding variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Laiho P, Kokko A, Vanharanta S, Salovaara R, Sammalkorpi H, Järvinen H, Mecklin JP, Karttunen TJ, Tuppurainen K, Davalos V, Schwartz S, Arango D, Mäkinen MJ, Aaltonen LA. Serrated carcinomas form a subclass of colorectal cancer with distinct molecular basis. Oncogene 2006; 26:312-20. [PMID: 16819509 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Serrated colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) are morphologically different from conventional CRCs and have been proposed to follow a distinct pathway of CRC formation. Despite studies of single molecular events in this tumor type, the diagnosis of serrated CRC relies on morphology and the putative unique biological character of these tumors has not been established. Here we show that the gene expression profiling of 37 CRCs separated serrated and conventional CRCs into two distinct branches in unsupervised hierarchical clustering (P-value 7.8 x 10(-7)), and revealed 201 differentially expressed genes representing potential biomarkers for serrated CRC. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to verify the key findings in the 37 CRCs examined by expression profiling, and a separate validation set of 37 serrated and 86 conventional CRCs was examined to evaluate the candidate biomarkers in an extended sample material. Ephrin receptor B2, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and patched appeared as proteins important for genesis of serrated CRC. This study establishes serrated CRCs as a biologically distinct subclass of CRC and represents a step forward in the molecular classification of these cancers. The study also provides a platform to understand the molecular basis of serrated CRC and in long term may contribute to the development of specific treatment options for this tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Laiho
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular and Cancer Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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33
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Vanharanta S, Pollard PJ, Lehtonen HJ, Laiho P, Sjöberg J, Leminen A, Aittomäki K, Arola J, Kruhoffer M, Orntoft TF, Tomlinson IP, Kiuru M, Arango D, Aaltonen LA. Distinct expression profile in fumarate-hydratase-deficient uterine fibroids. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 15:97-103. [PMID: 16319128 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial enzymes predispose to severe developmental defects as well as tumorigenesis. Heterozygous germline mutations in the nuclear gene encoding fumarate hydratase (FH), an enzyme catalyzing the hydration of fumarate in the Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle, cause hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer; yet the connection between disruption of mitochondrial metabolic pathways and neoplasia remains to be discovered. We have used an expression microarray approach for studying differences in global gene expression pattern caused by mutations in FH. Seven uterine fibroids carrying FH mutations were compared with 15 fibroids with wild-type FH. The two groups showed markedly different expression profiles, and multiple differentially expressed genes were detected. The most significant increase in FH mutants was seen in the expression of carbohydrate metabolism- and glycolysis-related genes. Other significantly up-regulated gene categories in FH mutants were, for example, iron ion homeostasis and oxidoreduction. Genes with lower expression in FH-mutant fibroids belonged to groups such as extracellular matrix, cell adhesion, muscle development and cell contraction. We show that FH mutations alter significantly the expression profiles of fibroids, most strikingly increasing the expression of genes involved in glycolysis.
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34
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Vanharanta S, Wortham NC, Laiho P, Sjöberg J, Aittomäki K, Arola J, Tomlinson IP, Karhu A, Arango D, Aaltonen LA. 7q deletion mapping and expression profiling in uterine fibroids. Oncogene 2005; 24:6545-54. [PMID: 15940248 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are some of the most common tumours of females, but relatively little is known about their molecular basis. Several studies have suggested that deletions on chromosome 7q could have a role in fibroid formation. We analysed 165 sporadic uterine fibroids to define a small 3.2 megabase (Mb) commonly deleted region on 7q22.3-q31.1, flanked by clones AC005070 and AC007567. We also used oligonucleotide microarrays to compare the expression profiles of 10 samples of normal myometrium and 15 fibroids, nine of which displayed 7q-deletions. Activating transcription factor 3, patched homolog (Drosophila), homeo box A5, death-associated protein kinase 1, and retinoic acid receptor responder 3 were downregulated, and excision repair crosscomplementing 3, transcription factor AP-2 gamma and protein kinase C beta 1 were upregulated in fibroids. New pathways were discovered related to fibroid formation. The presence or absence of 7q-deletions did not dramatically affect the global expression pattern of the tumours; changes, however, were observed in genes related to vesicular transport and nucleic acid binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, PO Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), Biomedicum Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland
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35
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Lehtonen R, Kiuru M, Vanharanta S, Sjöberg J, Aaltonen LM, Aittomäki K, Arola J, Butzow R, Eng C, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Isola J, Järvinen H, Koivisto P, Mecklin JP, Peltomäki P, Salovaara R, Wasenius VM, Karhu A, Launonen V, Nupponen NN, Aaltonen LA. Biallelic inactivation of fumarate hydratase (FH) occurs in nonsyndromic uterine leiomyomas but is rare in other tumors. Am J Pathol 2004; 164:17-22. [PMID: 14695314 PMCID: PMC1602244 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in the fumarate hydratase (FH) gene at 1q43 predispose to dominantly inherited cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas, uterine leiomyosarcoma, and papillary renal cell cancer (HLRCC syndrome). To evaluate the role of FH inactivation in sporadic tumorigenesis, we analyzed a series of 299 malignant tumors representing 10 different malignant tumor types for FH mutations. Additionally, 153 uterine leiomyomas from 46 unselected individuals were subjected to and informative in loss of heterozygosity analysis at the FH locus, and the five (3.3%) tumors displaying loss of heterozygosity were subjected to FH mutation analysis. Although mutation search in the 299 malignant tumors was negative, somatic FH mutations were found in two nonsyndromic leiomyomas; a splice site change IVS4 + 3A>G, leading to deletion of exon four, and a missense mutation Ala196Thr. The occurrence of somatic mutations strongly suggests that FH is a true target of the 1q43 deletions. Although uterine leiomyomas are the most common tumors of women, specific inactivating somatic mutations contributing to the formation of nonsyndromic leiomyomas have not been reported previously. Taking into account the apparent risk of uterine leiomyosarcoma associated with FH germline mutations, the finding raises the possibility that also some nonsyndromic leiomyomas may have a genetic profile that is more prone to malignant degeneration. Our data also indicate that somatic FH mutations appear to be limited to tumor types observed in hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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36
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Vanharanta S, Buchta M, McWhinney SR, Virta SK, Peçzkowska M, Morrison CD, Lehtonen R, Januszewicz A, Järvinen H, Juhola M, Mecklin JP, Pukkala E, Herva R, Kiuru M, Nupponen NN, Aaltonen LA, Neumann HPH, Eng C. Early-onset renal cell carcinoma as a novel extraparaganglial component of SDHB-associated heritable paraganglioma. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74:153-9. [PMID: 14685938 PMCID: PMC1181902 DOI: 10.1086/381054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/08/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary paraganglioma syndrome has recently been shown to be caused by germline heterozygous mutations in three (SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD) of the four genes that encode mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase. Extraparaganglial component neoplasias have never been previously documented. In a population-based registry of symptomatic presentations of phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma comprising 352 registrants, among whom 16 unrelated registrants were SDHB mutation positive, one family with germline SDHB mutation c.847-50delTCTC had two members with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), of solid histology, at ages 24 and 26 years. Both also had paraganglioma. A registry of early-onset RCCs revealed a family comprising a son with clear-cell RCC and his mother with a cardiac tumor, both with the germline SDHB R27X mutation. The cardiac tumor proved to be a paraganglioma. All RCCs showed loss of the remaining wild-type allele. Our observations suggest that germline SDHB mutations can predispose to early-onset kidney cancers in addition to paragangliomas and carry implications for medical surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakari Vanharanta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Buchta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah R. McWhinney
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanna K. Virta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mariola Peçzkowska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carl D. Morrison
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Lehtonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej Januszewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Heikki Järvinen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matti Juhola
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jukka-Pekka Mecklin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Riitta Herva
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nina N. Nupponen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lauri A. Aaltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hartmut P. H. Neumann
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Charis Eng
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Second Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, and Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Liisankatu, Helsinki; Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland; Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Albert Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw; Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus; and Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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