1
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Krup AL, Winchester SAB, Ranade SS, Agrawal A, Devine WP, Sinha T, Choudhary K, Dominguez MH, Thomas R, Black BL, Srivastava D, Bruneau BG. A Mesp1-dependent developmental breakpoint in transcriptional and epigenomic specification of early cardiac precursors. Development 2023; 150:dev201229. [PMID: 36994838 PMCID: PMC10259516 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional networks governing cardiac precursor cell (CPC) specification are incompletely understood owing, in part, to limitations in distinguishing CPCs from non-cardiac mesoderm in early gastrulation. We leveraged detection of early cardiac lineage transgenes within a granular single-cell transcriptomic time course of mouse embryos to identify emerging CPCs and describe their transcriptional profiles. Mesp1, a transiently expressed mesodermal transcription factor, is canonically described as an early regulator of cardiac specification. However, we observed perdurance of CPC transgene-expressing cells in Mesp1 mutants, albeit mislocalized, prompting us to investigate the scope of the role of Mesp1 in CPC emergence and differentiation. Mesp1 mutant CPCs failed to robustly activate markers of cardiomyocyte maturity and crucial cardiac transcription factors, yet they exhibited transcriptional profiles resembling cardiac mesoderm progressing towards cardiomyocyte fates. Single-cell chromatin accessibility analysis defined a Mesp1-dependent developmental breakpoint in cardiac lineage progression at a shift from mesendoderm transcriptional networks to those necessary for cardiac patterning and morphogenesis. These results reveal Mesp1-independent aspects of early CPC specification and underscore a Mesp1-dependent regulatory landscape required for progression through cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Leigh Krup
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sarah A. B. Winchester
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sanjeev S. Ranade
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ayushi Agrawal
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - W. Patrick Devine
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tanvi Sinha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Krishna Choudhary
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Martin H. Dominguez
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Reuben Thomas
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Brian L. Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Benoit G. Bruneau
- Gladstone Institutes of Cardiovascular Disease, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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2
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Alexanian M, Przytycki PF, Micheletti R, Padmanabhan A, Ye L, Travers JG, Gonzalez-Teran B, Silva AC, Duan Q, Ranade SS, Felix F, Linares-Saldana R, Li L, Lee CY, Sadagopan N, Pelonero A, Huang Y, Andreoletti G, Jain R, McKinsey TA, Rosenfeld MG, Gifford CA, Pollard KS, Haldar SM, Srivastava D. A transcriptional switch governs fibroblast activation in heart disease. Nature 2021; 595:438-443. [PMID: 34163071 PMCID: PMC8341289 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03674-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In diseased organs, stress-activated signalling cascades alter chromatin, thereby triggering maladaptive cell state transitions. Fibroblast activation is a common stress response in tissues that worsens lung, liver, kidney and heart disease, yet its mechanistic basis remains unclear1,2. Pharmacological inhibition of bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) proteins alleviates cardiac dysfunction3-7, providing a tool to interrogate and modulate cardiac cell states as a potential therapeutic approach. Here we use single-cell epigenomic analyses of hearts dynamically exposed to BET inhibitors to reveal a reversible transcriptional switch that underlies the activation of fibroblasts. Resident cardiac fibroblasts demonstrated robust toggling between the quiescent and activated state in a manner directly correlating with BET inhibitor exposure and cardiac function. Single-cell chromatin accessibility revealed previously undescribed DNA elements, the accessibility of which dynamically correlated with cardiac performance. Among the most dynamic elements was an enhancer that regulated the transcription factor MEOX1, which was specifically expressed in activated fibroblasts, occupied putative regulatory elements of a broad fibrotic gene program and was required for TGFβ-induced fibroblast activation. Selective CRISPR inhibition of the single most dynamic cis-element within the enhancer blocked TGFβ-induced Meox1 activation. We identify MEOX1 as a central regulator of fibroblast activation associated with cardiac dysfunction and demonstrate its upregulation after activation of human lung, liver and kidney fibroblasts. The plasticity and specificity of BET-dependent regulation of MEOX1 in tissue fibroblasts provide previously unknown trans- and cis-targets for treating fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rudi Micheletti
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arun Padmanabhan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lin Ye
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua G Travers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Qiming Duan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ricardo Linares-Saldana
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nandhini Sadagopan
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gaia Andreoletti
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research & Translation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saptarsi M Haldar
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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3
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Theodoris CV, Zhou P, Liu L, Zhang Y, Nishino T, Huang Y, Kostina A, Ranade SS, Gifford CA, Uspenskiy V, Malashicheva A, Ding S, Srivastava D. Network-based screen in iPSC-derived cells reveals therapeutic candidate for heart valve disease. Science 2021; 371:eabd0724. [PMID: 33303684 PMCID: PMC7880903 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mapping the gene-regulatory networks dysregulated in human disease would allow the design of network-correcting therapies that treat the core disease mechanism. However, small molecules are traditionally screened for their effects on one to several outputs at most, biasing discovery and limiting the likelihood of true disease-modifying drug candidates. Here, we developed a machine-learning approach to identify small molecules that broadly correct gene networks dysregulated in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) disease model of a common form of heart disease involving the aortic valve (AV). Gene network correction by the most efficacious therapeutic candidate, XCT790, generalized to patient-derived primary AV cells and was sufficient to prevent and treat AV disease in vivo in a mouse model. This strategy, made feasible by human iPSC technology, network analysis, and machine learning, may represent an effective path for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina V Theodoris
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology (DSCB), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tomohiro Nishino
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Kostina
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sanjeev S Ranade
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Casey A Gifford
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Anna Malashicheva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Almazov Federal Medical Research Centre, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sheng Ding
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Roddenberry Stem Cell Center, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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de Soysa TY, Ranade SS, Okawa S, Ravichandran S, Huang Y, Salunga HT, Schricker A, Del Sol A, Gifford CA, Srivastava D. Single-cell analysis of cardiogenesis reveals basis for organ-level developmental defects. Nature 2019; 572:120-124. [PMID: 31341279 PMCID: PMC6719697 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis involves integration of myriad cell types, and dysregulation of cellular gene networks results in birth defects, affecting 5 per cent of live births. Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common malformations and result from disruption of discrete subsets of cardiac progenitor cells1, yet the transcriptional changes in individual progenitors that lead to organ-level defects remain unknown. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to interrogate early cardiac progenitor cells as they become specified during normal and abnormal cardiogenesis, revealing how dysregulation of specific cellular sub-populations has catastrophic consequences. A network-based computational method for scRNA-seq that predicts lineage-specifying transcription factors2,3 identified Hand2 as a specifier of outflow tract cells but not right ventricular cells, despite failure of right ventricular formation in Hand2-null mice4. Temporal single-cell transcriptome analysis of Hand2-null embryos revealed failure of outflow tract myocardium specification, whereas right ventricular myocardium was specified but failed to properly differentiate and migrate. Loss of Hand2 also led to dysregulation of retinoic acid signaling and disruption of anterior-posterior patterning of cardiac progenitors. This work reveals transcriptional determinants that specify fate and differentiation in individual cardiac progenitor cells, and exposes mechanisms of disrupted cardiac development at single-cell resolution, providing a framework to investigate congenital heart defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yvanka de Soysa
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sanjeev S Ranade
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Okawa
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Integrated BioBank of Luxembourg, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Srikanth Ravichandran
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hazel T Salunga
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amelia Schricker
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Del Sol
- Computational Biology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,CIC bioGUNE, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Casey A Gifford
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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5
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Gifford CA, Ranade SS, Samarakoon R, Salunga HT, de Soysa TY, Huang Y, Zhou P, Elfenbein A, Wyman SK, Bui YK, Cordes Metzler KR, Ursell P, Ivey KN, Srivastava D. Oligogenic inheritance of a human heart disease involving a genetic modifier. Science 2019; 364:865-870. [PMID: 31147515 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complex genetic mechanisms are thought to underlie many human diseases, yet experimental proof of this model has been elusive. Here, we show that a human cardiac anomaly can be caused by a combination of rare, inherited heterozygous mutations. Whole-exome sequencing of a nuclear family revealed that three offspring with childhood-onset cardiomyopathy had inherited three missense single-nucleotide variants in the MKL2, MYH7, and NKX2-5 genes. The MYH7 and MKL2 variants were inherited from the affected, asymptomatic father and the rare NKX2-5 variant (minor allele frequency, 0.0012) from the unaffected mother. We used CRISPR-Cas9 to generate mice encoding the orthologous variants and found that compound heterozygosity for all three variants recapitulated the human disease phenotype. Analysis of murine hearts and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes provided histologic and molecular evidence for the NKX2-5 variant's contribution as a genetic modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A Gifford
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sanjeev S Ranade
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ryan Samarakoon
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hazel T Salunga
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - T Yvanka de Soysa
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Aryé Elfenbein
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Stacia K Wyman
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yen Kim Bui
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kimberly R Cordes Metzler
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Philip Ursell
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kathryn N Ivey
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. .,Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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6
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Ranade SS, Shah S, Talwalkar GV. Histopathological Evidence in Support of the Association of Elevated Proton Spin-lattice Relaxation Times with the Malignant State. Tumori 2018; 65:157-62. [PMID: 462567 DOI: 10.1177/030089167906500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique was explored for its potential diagnostic value in human cancer. Measurements of proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of cellular water protons of normal and malignant esophageal tissues showed elevated T, values in the latter. In some cases, tissues which appeared normal on gross examination assumed as uninvolved tissues had T, values higher than the other grossly uninvolved tissues and often closer to the T, of the corresponding tumor tissue. A histopathological study of the assumed uninvolved areas also studied for the T, values was therefore undertaken. A preliminary study demonstrated the presence of malignant cell groups or clusters in some of the uninvolved samples with higher T1 compared to the true uninvolved tissues, which had a normal histological picture and low T, values. This observation has brought out the importance of histopathological studies in addition to relaxation studies to comprehend contributory factors to relaxation. Secondly, it lends support to the thesis of elevated T, values being characteristics of the malignant state.
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7
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Theodoris CV, Mourkioti F, Huang Y, Ranade SS, Liu L, Blau HM, Srivastava D. Long telomeres protect against age-dependent cardiac disease caused by NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1683-1688. [PMID: 28346225 DOI: 10.1172/jci90338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by gene haploinsufficiency in humans commonly lack a phenotype in mice that are heterozygous for the orthologous factor, impeding the study of complex phenotypes and critically limiting the discovery of therapeutics. Laboratory mice have longer telomeres relative to humans, potentially protecting against age-related disease caused by haploinsufficiency. Here, we demonstrate that telomere shortening in NOTCH1-haploinsufficient mice is sufficient to elicit age-dependent cardiovascular disease involving premature calcification of the aortic valve, a phenotype that closely mimics human disease caused by NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency. Furthermore, progressive telomere shortening correlated with severity of disease, causing cardiac valve and septal disease in the neonate that was similar to the range of valve disease observed within human families. Genes that were dysregulated due to NOTCH1 haploinsufficiency in mice with shortened telomeres were concordant with proosteoblast and proinflammatory gene network alterations in human NOTCH1 heterozygous endothelial cells. These dysregulated genes were enriched for telomere-contacting promoters, suggesting a potential mechanism for telomere-dependent regulation of homeostatic gene expression. These findings reveal a critical role for telomere length in a mouse model of age-dependent human disease and provide an in vivo model in which to test therapeutic candidates targeting the progression of aortic valve disease.
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8
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Nonomura K, Woo SH, Chang RB, Gillich A, Qiu Z, Francisco AG, Ranade SS, Liberles SD, Patapoutian A. Piezo2 senses airway stretch and mediates lung inflation-induced apnoea. Nature 2016; 541:176-181. [PMID: 28002412 DOI: 10.1038/nature20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory dysfunction is a notorious cause of perinatal mortality in infants and sleep apnoea in adults, but the mechanisms of respiratory control are not clearly understood. Mechanical signals transduced by airway-innervating sensory neurons control respiration; however, the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms of these signals remain obscured. Here we show that global and sensory neuron-specific ablation of the mechanically activated ion channel Piezo2 causes respiratory distress and death in newborn mice. Optogenetic activation of Piezo2+ vagal sensory neurons causes apnoea in adult mice. Moreover, induced ablation of Piezo2 in sensory neurons of adult mice causes decreased neuronal responses to lung inflation, an impaired Hering-Breuer mechanoreflex, and increased tidal volume under normal conditions. These phenotypes are reproduced in mice lacking Piezo2 in the nodose ganglion. Our data suggest that Piezo2 is an airway stretch sensor and that Piezo2-mediated mechanotransduction within various airway-innervating sensory neurons is critical for establishing efficient respiration at birth and maintaining normal breathing in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nonomura
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Woo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Rui B Chang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Astrid Gillich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Allain G Francisco
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Sanjeev S Ranade
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Stephen D Liberles
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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9
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Abstract
Mechanotransduction, the conversion of physical forces into biochemical signals, is essential for various physiological processes such as the conscious sensations of touch and hearing, and the unconscious sensation of blood flow. Mechanically activated (MA) ion channels have been proposed as sensors of physical force, but the identity of these channels and an understanding of how mechanical force is transduced has remained elusive. A number of recent studies on previously known ion channels along with the identification of novel MA ion channels have greatly transformed our understanding of touch and hearing in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Here, we present an updated review of eukaryotic ion channel families that have been implicated in mechanotransduction processes and evaluate the qualifications of the candidate genes according to specified criteria. We then discuss the proposed gating models for MA ion channels and highlight recent structural studies of mechanosensitive potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev S Ranade
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ruhma Syeda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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10
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Cahalan SM, Lukacs V, Ranade SS, Chien S, Bandell M, Patapoutian A. Piezo1 links mechanical forces to red blood cell volume. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26001274 PMCID: PMC4456639 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) experience significant mechanical forces while recirculating, but the consequences of these forces are not fully understood. Recent work has shown that gain-of-function mutations in mechanically activated Piezo1 cation channels are associated with the dehydrating RBC disease xerocytosis, implicating a role of mechanotransduction in RBC volume regulation. However, the mechanisms by which these mutations result in RBC dehydration are unknown. In this study, we show that RBCs exhibit robust calcium entry in response to mechanical stretch and that this entry is dependent on Piezo1 expression. Furthermore, RBCs from blood-cell-specific Piezo1 conditional knockout mice are overhydrated and exhibit increased fragility both in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we show that Yoda1, a chemical activator of Piezo1, causes calcium influx and subsequent dehydration of RBCs via downstream activation of the KCa3.1 Gardos channel, directly implicating Piezo1 signaling in RBC volume control. Therefore, mechanically activated Piezo1 plays an essential role in RBC volume homeostasis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07370.001 Within our bodies, cells and tissues are constantly being pushed and pulled by their surrounding environment. These mechanical forces are then transformed into electrical or chemical signals by cells. This process is crucial for many biological structures, such as blood vessels, to develop correctly, and is also a key part of our senses of touch and hearing. In 2010, researchers discovered a group of ion channels—proteins embedded in the membrane that surrounds a cell—that open up when a force is applied and allow calcium and other ions to enter the cell. This movement of ions generates the electrical response of the cell to the applied force. However, not much is known about the roles of these ‘Piezo’ ion channels. Red blood cells experience significant forces when they pass through narrow blood vessels. In a disease called xerocytosis, the red blood cells become severely dehydrated and shrink. In 2013, researchers discovered that patients with this disease have mutations in the gene that codes for the Piezo1 protein: a Piezo protein that has also been linked to a role in blood vessel development in embryos. This suggested that Piezo1 may regulate the volume of red blood cells. Cahalan, Lukacs et al.—including some of the researchers who worked on the 2010 and 2013 studies—have now investigated the role of Piezo1 in red blood cells in more detail. Applying strong forces to red blood cells from mice caused calcium to rapidly enter cells through Piezo1 channels. Cahalan, Lukacs et al. then deleted the Piezo1 gene from red blood cells. This made the cells larger and more fragile than normal cells because they contained too much water. To investigate how Piezo1 regulates water content, the cells were treated with a chemical compound called Yoda1. This compound was shown in a separate study by Syeda et al. to activate Piezo1 channels. Activating Piezo1 caused a second type of ion channel to open up as well, which allowed potassium ions and water molecules to leave the cell. This resulted in the cell becoming dehydrated. This work raises the possibility that Piezo proteins are involved in other diseases where red blood cell volume is altered. In particular, many believe that Piezo1 may be involved in sickle cell disease, a possibility that can now be tested using the tools described in this study. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07370.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Cahalan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Viktor Lukacs
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Sanjeev S Ranade
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Michael Bandell
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, United States
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, United States
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Ranade SS, Woo SH, Dubin AE, Moshourab RA, Wetzel C, Petrus M, Mathur J, Bégay V, Coste B, Mainquist J, Wilson AJ, Francisco AG, Reddy K, Qiu Z, Wood JN, Lewin GR, Patapoutian A. Piezo2 is the major transducer of mechanical forces for touch sensation in mice. Nature 2015; 516:121-5. [PMID: 25471886 DOI: 10.1038/nature13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 538] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sense of touch provides critical information about our physical environment by transforming mechanical energy into electrical signals. It is postulated that mechanically activated cation channels initiate touch sensation, but the identity of these molecules in mammals has been elusive. Piezo2 is a rapidly adapting, mechanically activated ion channel expressed in a subset of sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and in cutaneous mechanoreceptors known as Merkel-cell-neurite complexes. It has been demonstrated that Merkel cells have a role in vertebrate mechanosensation using Piezo2, particularly in shaping the type of current sent by the innervating sensory neuron; however, major aspects of touch sensation remain intact without Merkel cell activity. Here we show that mice lacking Piezo2 in both adult sensory neurons and Merkel cells exhibit a profound loss of touch sensation. We precisely localize Piezo2 to the peripheral endings of a broad range of low-threshold mechanoreceptors that innervate both hairy and glabrous skin. Most rapidly adapting, mechanically activated currents in dorsal root ganglion neuronal cultures are absent in Piezo2 conditional knockout mice, and ex vivo skin nerve preparation studies show that the mechanosensitivity of low-threshold mechanoreceptors strongly depends on Piezo2. This cellular phenotype correlates with an unprecedented behavioural phenotype: an almost complete deficit in light-touch sensation in multiple behavioural assays, without affecting other somatosensory functions. Our results highlight that a single ion channel that displays rapidly adapting, mechanically activated currents in vitro is responsible for the mechanosensitivity of most low-threshold mechanoreceptor subtypes involved in innocuous touch sensation. Notably, we find that touch and pain sensation are separable, suggesting that as-yet-unknown mechanically activated ion channel(s) must account for noxious (painful) mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev S Ranade
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Seung-Hyun Woo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Adrienne E Dubin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Rabih A Moshourab
- 1] Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Straße 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany [2] Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt Operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Charité Mitte and Virchow-Klinikum Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustburgerplatz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Wetzel
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Straße 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matt Petrus
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jayanti Mathur
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Valérie Bégay
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Straße 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bertrand Coste
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - James Mainquist
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - A J Wilson
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Allain G Francisco
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kritika Reddy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- 1] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA [2] Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - John N Wood
- Molecular Nociception Group, Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Straße 10, D-13092 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Ranade SS, Qiu Z, Woo SH, Hur SS, Murthy SE, Cahalan SM, Xu J, Mathur J, Bandell M, Coste B, Li YSJ, Chien S, Patapoutian A. Piezo1, a mechanically activated ion channel, is required for vascular development in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10347-52. [PMID: 24958852 PMCID: PMC4104881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409233111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 539] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensation is perhaps the last sensory modality not understood at the molecular level. Ion channels that sense mechanical force are postulated to play critical roles in a variety of biological processes including sensing touch/pain (somatosensation), sound (hearing), and shear stress (cardiovascular physiology); however, the identity of these ion channels has remained elusive. We previously identified Piezo1 and Piezo2 as mechanically activated cation channels that are expressed in many mechanosensitive cell types. Here, we show that Piezo1 is expressed in endothelial cells of developing blood vessels in mice. Piezo1-deficient embryos die at midgestation with defects in vascular remodeling, a process critically influenced by blood flow. We demonstrate that Piezo1 is activated by shear stress, the major type of mechanical force experienced by endothelial cells in response to blood flow. Furthermore, loss of Piezo1 in endothelial cells leads to deficits in stress fiber and cellular orientation in response to shear stress, linking Piezo1 mechanotransduction to regulation of cell morphology. These findings highlight an essential role of mammalian Piezo1 in vascular development during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev S Ranade
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zhaozhu Qiu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Seung-Hyun Woo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sung Sik Hur
- Department of Bioengineering andInstitute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92032
| | - Swetha E Murthy
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Stuart M Cahalan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jie Xu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Jayanti Mathur
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Michael Bandell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121; and
| | - Bertrand Coste
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Yi-Shuan J Li
- Department of Bioengineering andInstitute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92032
| | - Shu Chien
- Department of Bioengineering andInstitute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92032
| | - Ardem Patapoutian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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Chaughule RS, Ranade SS, Shah NC. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of Saccharum officinarum L. (sugarcane) during its growth for sucrose content. Indian J Exp Biol 2000; 38:1062-5. [PMID: 11324162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was employed to monitor changes in image intensities in stems of sugarcane which reflect on the increase in sucrose concentration. Contrast in images originates in the increase of sucrose concentration in the aqueous phase of the predominant parenchyma cells and physiological changes. In matured stems mixed MR intensity patterns were observed in transverse planes. We associate this due to the reflection of vascular bundles in ground parenchyma cells which constitute 80% sucrose storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Chaughule
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400 005, India
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Ranade SS, Trivedi PN, Bamane VS. Mediastinal lymph nodes: relaxation time/pathologic correlation and implications in staging of lung cancer with MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 174:284-5. [PMID: 2294568 DOI: 10.1148/radiology.174.1.284-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ranade SS, Trivedi PN, Bamanie VS. Lung cancer: tissue characterization by magnetic resonance imaging T1 and T2 values in vitro and role of histopathology. Br J Radiol 1989; 62:1111-2. [PMID: 2605463 DOI: 10.1259/0007-1285-62-744-1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Ranade SS, Trivedi PN, Bamane VS. Magnetic resonance imaging of normal and pathological white matter maturation. Pediatr Radiol 1989; 19:346. [PMID: 2590289 DOI: 10.1007/bf02467314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ranade SS. Proton relaxation in vivo, in vitro and cellularity. Acta Radiol 1988; 29:143. [PMID: 2964838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ranade SS, Bharade SH, Talwalkar GV, Sujata GK, Shrinivasan VT, Singh BB. Significance of histopathology in pulsed NMR studies on cancer. Magn Reson Med 1985; 2:128-35. [PMID: 3831682 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.1910020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of tissue by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry opened a new area of research. The differences in the NMR parameters T1 and T2 of normal and malignant tissues constitute the basis for their distinction by pulsed NMR spectrometry and also by NMR imaging in vivo. The present studies were undertaken to correlate the role of constituent histological elements encountered in various malignancy-associated changes and T1 variations and are based on evaluation of samples taken from surgically resected specimens of carcinoma of the esophagus, comprising the uninvolved portions of the esophagus and the gastric end on gross examination. The uninvolved and involved regions showed low and high T1 values, respectively. High T1 values were also encountered in the zones of samples of uninvolved esophagus which histologically revealed areas with dysplasia. This feature, viz., dysplasia representing malignancy-associated changes, has been found to recur in many samples. Detailed histological studies provided further evidence confirming that areas with dysplasia contribute to an increase in T1 values whereas in zones at the gastric end metaplasia and hyperplasia are more common. The results are of value for demarcation of tumor area by in vivo NMR imaging.
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Abstract
Many of the trace metals are associated with enzymes involved in vital physiological roles. It would therefore seem reasonable to expect alterations in the levels of certain elements to be associated with cancer. Secondly, their levels would indicate whether or not they have a direct influence on the proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1), as determined by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR). The results obtained on leukaemic bone marrow and oesophageal cancer were reported earlier. In the present work is reported the data obtained for the levels of the transition elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in human cancers of other regions of the body. The role of trace metals has been discussed from the point of view both of their value as markers of malignancy, and of the elevation of proton spin-lattice relaxation times.
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Gopalakrishna S, Ranade SS, Srinivasan VT, Singh BB, Panday VK, Talwalkar GV. Proton spin-lattice relaxation studies and elemental analysis of human lymph nodes afflicted with lymphoma. Indian J Exp Biol 1984; 22:407-9. [PMID: 6510974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ranade SS, Shah S, Phadke RS, Kasturi SR. Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies of water proton in subcellular fractions. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1983; 20:180-2. [PMID: 6671682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Shah S, Ranade SS, Kasturi SR, Phadke RS, Advani SH. Distinction between normal and leukemic bone marrow by water protons nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times. Magn Reson Imaging 1982; 1:23-8. [PMID: 6965035 DOI: 10.1016/0730-725x(82)90269-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies have been carried out on bone marrow of normal human subjects and patients with leukemia: chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). It was observed that the proton spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) value was discriminatory in the normal and leukemic cases with a statistical significance of (p less than 0.01). Ouabain treatment of cells did not show any perceptible change of T1 value when compared with the nontreated cells, indicating that the concomitant cation effluxes do not affect spin-lattice relaxation time. The water contents of normal, leukemic, and ouabain treated cells were in the range 60%-80%. Higher Fe levels were encountered in the normal than the leukemic samples, while levels of Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, and Ni were elevated in the leukemic samples compared with the normals. Despite the T1 differences observed, the multiparameter studies do not uniquely pinpoint factors responsible for the elevation of T1 in the malignant state.
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Shah SS, Ranade SS, Phadke RS, Kasturi SR. Significance of water proton spin-lattice relaxation times in normal and malignant tissues and their subcellular fractions--I. Magn Reson Imaging 1982; 1:91-104. [PMID: 6927200 DOI: 10.1016/0730-725x(82)90225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Shah SS, Ranade SS, Phadke RS, Kasturi SR. Significance of water proton spin-lattice relaxation times in normal and malignant tissues and their subcellular fractions--II. Magn Reson Imaging 1982; 1:155-64. [PMID: 6927203 DOI: 10.1016/0730-725x(82)90207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
In this report we present an analysis by atomic absorption spectrometry of some of the transition metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, and Ni in tissues and nuclear fractions in an experimental tumour system.
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Ranade SS. The effect of U.V.-irradiation on lambda DNA transcription. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 1977; 31:451-8. [PMID: 326709 DOI: 10.1080/09553007714550541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of U.V.-irradiation of template DNA has been studied in vitro in the E. coli RNA polymerase system with native and U.V.-treated lambda DNA. Lambda DNA is more susceptible to U.V. than is calf-thymus DNA, yet a residual activity is observed at a U.V. dose of 0-5+10(4) erg/mm2. From the kinetic analysis of the reaction and the incorporation of lambda 32P-labelled nucleoside triphosphates, it seems reasonable to conclude that U.V.-irradiation probably does not affect the DNA initiation sites, recognizable by RNA polymerase. The transcription products made with U.V.-irradiated lambda DNA are assymmetrical, and hybridized to the right half (R) and the left half (L) of lambda DNA with the ratio of R/L = 4/1, and they show a lower hybridizability than the transcripts with native lambda DNA. The initiation sites recognizable by RNA polymerase seem to be the same on both native and U.V.-irradiated lambda DNA though the transcription of U.V.-treated lambda DNA appears to terminate with rather short RNA chains.
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Nadkarni JS, Nadkarni JJ, Ranade SS, Chaughule RS, Kasturi SR, Advani SH. In vitro studies on human leukemic cells by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, compared with the membrane specific immunofluorescence reactivity. Indian J Cancer 1976; 13:76-80. [PMID: 786854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ranade SS, Chaughule RS, Kasturi SR, Nadkarni JS, Talwalkar GV, Wagh UV, Korgaonkar KS, Vijayaraghavan R. Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance studies on human malignant tissues and cells in vitro. Indian J Biochem Biophys 1975; 12:229-32. [PMID: 1221023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Cultures of Escherichia coli subjected to various treatments were studied for their viability loss, as well as for the changes in fluorescent response on staining with the fluorochrome acridine orange. The treatments employed were irradiation with gamma rays (two different dose rates), beta rays, and ultraviolet rays; thermal shock; thymine starvation; and streptomycin inhibition. Marked deviations from "Strugger effect" are seen. The differences in response observed at different dose rates of irradiation are discussed.
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Bose S, Ranade SS, Ranadive KJ. Evaluation of radiosensitivity in the cyclic phases of mouse fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. Naturwissenschaften 1965; 52:497. [PMID: 5880221 DOI: 10.1007/bf00646583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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