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Walsh MCR, Alam MS, Pierce KK, Carmolli M, Alam M, Dickson DM, Bak DM, Afreen S, Nazib F, Golam K, Qadri F, Diehl SA, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, Haque R, Kirkpatrick BD. Safety and durable immunogenicity of the TV005 tetravalent dengue vaccine, across serotypes and age groups, in dengue-endemic Bangladesh: a randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24:150-160. [PMID: 37776876 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Morbidity and mortality from dengue virus (DENV) is rapidly growing in the large populations of south Asia. Few formal evaluations of candidate dengue vaccine candidates have been undertaken in India, Pakistan, or Bangladesh. Tetravalent vaccines must be tested for safety and immunogenicity in all age groups and in those previously exposed and naive to DENV infections. TV005 is a live, attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine. We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a single dose of TV005 across age groups in dengue-endemic Bangladesh. METHODS We performed a randomised, placebo-controlled age de-escalating clinical trial of TV005 at a single clinical site in dengue-endemic Dhaka, Bangladesh, following a technology transfer from the USA. Healthy (as determined by history, clinical examination, and safety laboratory test results) volunteers aged 1-50 years were randomly assigned 3:1 (stratified by four age groups) to receive a single dose of TV005 vaccine or placebo. Participants were followed up for 3 years. The study was double blind and was unmasked at day 180; outcome assessors, clinic staff, and volunteers remained blind throughout. Primary outcomes were safety, evaluated per-protocol as proportion of volunteers with solicited related adverse events of any severity through 28 days post dosing, and post-vaccination seropositivity by day 180 using serotype-specific neutralising antibodies (PRNT50 ≥10). Secondary outcomes included viremia, impact of past dengue exposure, and durability of antibody responses. This study is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02678455, and is complete. FINDINGS Between March 13, 2016, and Feb 14, 2017, 192 volunteers were enrolled into four age groups (adults [18-50 years; 20 male and 28 female], adolescents [11-17 years; 27 male and 21 female], children [5-10 years; 15 male and 33 female], and young children [1-4 years; 29 male and 19 female]) with 48 participant per group. All participants were Bangladeshi. Vaccination was well tolerated and most adverse events were mild. Rash was the most common vaccine-associated solicited adverse event, in 37 (26%) of 144 vaccine recipients versus six (12%) of 48 placebo recipients; followed by fever in seven (5% of 144) and arthralgias in seven (6% of 108), which were only observed in vaccine recipients. Post-vaccine, volunteers of all ages (n=142) were seropositive to most serotypes with 118 (83%) seropositive to DENV 1, 141 (99%) to DENV 2, 137 (96%) to DENV 3, and 124 (87%) to DENV 4, overall by day 180. Post-vaccination, viraemia was not consistently found and antibody titres were higher (10-15-fold for DENV 1-3 and 1·6-fold for DENV 4) in individuals with past dengue exposure compared with the dengue-naive participants (DENV 1 mean 480 [SD 4·0] vs 32 [2·4], DENV 2 1042 [3·2] vs 105 [3·1], DENV 3 1406 [2·8] vs 129 [4·7], and DENV 4 105 [3·3] vs 65 [3·1], respectively). Antibody titres to all serotypes remained stable in most adults (63-86%) after 3 years of follow-up. However, as expected for individuals without past exposure to dengue, titres for DENV 1, 3, and 4 waned by 3 years in the youngest (1-4 year old) cohort (69% seropositive for DENV 2 and 22-28% seropositive for DENV 1, 3, and 4). INTERPRETATION With 3 years of follow-up, the single-dose tetravalent dengue vaccine, TV005, was well tolerated and immunogenic for all four serotypes in young children to adults, including individuals with no previous dengue exposure. FUNDING National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Intramural Research Program and Johns Hopkins University. TRANSLATION For the Bangla translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Claire R Walsh
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | | | - Kristen K Pierce
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Marya Carmolli
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Masud Alam
- Infectious Diseases Division, iccdr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Dan M Bak
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sajia Afreen
- Infectious Diseases Division, iccdr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Forida Nazib
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Kibria Golam
- Infectious Diseases Division, iccdr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Infectious Diseases Division, iccdr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sean A Diehl
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, iccdr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- UVM Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Pierce KK, Durbin AP, Walsh MCR, Carmolli M, Sabundayo BP, Dickson DM, Diehl SA, Whitehead SS, Kirkpatrick BD. TV005 dengue vaccine protects against dengue serotypes 2 and 3 in two controlled human infection studies. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e173328. [PMID: 37971871 PMCID: PMC10836801 DOI: 10.1172/jci173328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDDisease due to dengue viruses is a growing global health threat, causing 100-400 million cases annually. An ideal dengue vaccine should demonstrate durable protection against all 4 serotypes in phase III efficacy trials, however the lack of circulating serotypes may lead to incomplete efficacy data. Controlled human infection models help downselect vaccine candidates and supply critical data to supplement efficacy trials. We evaluated the efficacy of a leading live-attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate, TV005, against infection with a newly established dengue serotype 3 or an established serotype 2 challenge virus.METHODSTwo randomized, controlled clinical trials were performed. In study 1, a total of 42 participants received TV005 or placebo (n = 21 each), and 6 months later, all were challenged with dengue 2 virus (rDEN2Δ30) at a dose of 103 PFU. In study 2, a total of 23 participants received TV005 and 20 received placebo, and 6 months later, all were challenged with 104 PFU dengue 3 virus (rDEN3Δ30). The study participants were closely monitored for safety, viremia, and immunologic responses. Infection, measured by post-challenge viremia, and the occurrence of rash and neutropenia were the primary endpoints. Secondary endpoints included safety, immunologic, and virologic profiles following vaccination with TV005 and subsequent challenge with the rDEN2Δ30 or rDEN3Δ30 strain.RESULTSTV005 was well tolerated and protected all vaccinated volunteers from viremia with DENV2 or DENV3 (none infected in either group). Placebo recipients had post-challenge viremia (100% in study 1, 85% in study 2), and all experienced rash following challenge with either serotype.CONCLUSIONSTV005 is a leading tetravalent dengue vaccine candidate that fully protected against infection with DENV2 and DENV3 in an established controlled human infection model.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02317900 and NCT02873260.FUNDINGIntramural Research Program, NIH (contract HHSN272200900010C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen K. Pierce
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Anna P. Durbin
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary-Claire R. Walsh
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Marya Carmolli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Beulah P. Sabundayo
- The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dorothy M. Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Pierce KK, Whitehead SS, Diehl SA, Naro G, Carmolli MC, He H, Tibery CM, Sabundayo BP, Kirkpatrick BD, Durbin AP. Evaluation of a new dengue 3 controlled human infection model for use in the evaluation of candidate dengue vaccines. medRxiv 2024:2023.06.07.23291100. [PMID: 37790382 PMCID: PMC10543052 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.23291100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
All four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV) cause the full spectrum of disease. Therefore, vaccines must protect against all serotypes. To evaluate candidate vaccines, a human challenge model of dengue serotype 3 (rDEN30Δ30) was developed. All challenge virus recipients safely met the primary endpoint of viremia and secondary endpoints of rash and seroconversion to DENV-3.
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Strother CA, Brewer-Jensen PD, Becker-Dreps S, Zepeda O, May S, Gonzalez F, Reyes Y, McElvany BD, Averill AM, Mallory ML, Montmayeur AM, Costantini VP, Vinjé J, Baric RS, Bucardo F, Lindesmith LC, Diehl SA. Infant antibody and B-cell responses following confirmed pediatric GII.17 norovirus infections functionally distinguish GII.17 genetic clusters. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229724. [PMID: 37662930 PMCID: PMC10471973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genogroup II (GII) noroviruses are a major cause of diarrheal disease burden in children in both high- and low-income countries. GII.17 noroviruses are composed of distinct genetic clusters (I, II, IIIa, and IIIb) and have shown potential for replacing historically more prevalent GII.4 strains, but the serological basis for GII.17 antigenic diversity has not been studied in children. Utilizing samples from a birth cohort, we investigated antibody and B-cell responses to GII.17 cluster variants in confirmed GII.17 infections in young children as well as demonstrated that the distinct genetic clusters co-circulate. Polyclonal serum antibodies bound multiple clusters but showed cluster-specific blockade activity in a surrogate virus neutralization assay. Antibodies secreted by immortalized memory B cells (MBCs) from an infant GII.17 case were highly specific to GII.17 and exhibited blockade activity against this genotype. We isolated an MBC-derived GII.17-specific Immunoglobulin A (IgA) monoclonal antibody called NVA.1 that potently and selectively blocked GII.17 cluster IIIb and recognized an epitope targeted in serum from cluster IIIb-infected children. These data indicate that multiple antigenically distinct GII.17 variants co-circulate in young children, suggesting retention of cluster diversity alongside potential for immune escape given the existence of antibody-defined cluster-specific epitopes elicited during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla A. Strother
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Paul D. Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Omar Zepeda
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Samantha May
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Fredman Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Benjamin D. McElvany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - April M. Averill
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Michael L. Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Anna M. Montmayeur
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Verónica P. Costantini
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jan Vinjé
- National Calicivirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Filemon Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Lisa C. Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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5
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Raza A, Diehl SA, Krementsov DN, Case LK, Li D, Kost J, Ball RL, Chesler EJ, Philip VM, Huang R, Chen Y, Ma R, Tyler AL, Mahoney JM, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C. A genetic locus complements resistance to Bordetella pertussis-induced histamine sensitization. Commun Biol 2023; 6:244. [PMID: 36879097 PMCID: PMC9988836 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histamine plays pivotal role in normal physiology and dysregulated production of histamine or signaling through histamine receptors (HRH) can promote pathology. Previously, we showed that Bordetella pertussis or pertussis toxin can induce histamine sensitization in laboratory inbred mice and is genetically controlled by Hrh1/HRH1. HRH1 allotypes differ at three amino acid residues with P263-V313-L331 and L263-M313-S331, imparting sensitization and resistance respectively. Unexpectedly, we found several wild-derived inbred strains that carry the resistant HRH1 allotype (L263-M313-S331) but exhibit histamine sensitization. This suggests the existence of a locus modifying pertussis-dependent histamine sensitization. Congenic mapping identified the location of this modifier locus on mouse chromosome 6 within a functional linkage disequilibrium domain encoding multiple loci controlling sensitization to histamine. We utilized interval-specific single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based association testing across laboratory and wild-derived inbred mouse strains and functional prioritization analyses to identify candidate genes for this modifier locus. Atg7, Plxnd1, Tmcc1, Mkrn2, Il17re, Pparg, Lhfpl4, Vgll4, Rho and Syn2 are candidate genes within this modifier locus, which we named Bphse, enhancer of Bordetella pertussis induced histamine sensitization. Taken together, these results identify, using the evolutionarily significant diversity of wild-derived inbred mice, additional genetic mechanisms controlling histamine sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Raza
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Dimitry N Krementsov
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Laure K Case
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Jason Kost
- Catalytic Data Science, Charleston, SC, 29403, USA
| | - Robyn L Ball
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | | | | | - Rui Huang
- School of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Runlin Ma
- School of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Anna L Tyler
- Department of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - J Matthew Mahoney
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
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6
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Adams C, Carbaugh DL, Shu B, Ng TS, Castillo IN, Bhowmik R, Segovia-Chumbez B, Puhl AC, Graham S, Diehl SA, Lazear HM, Lok SM, de Silva AM, Premkumar L. Structure and neutralization mechanism of a human antibody targeting a complex Epitope on Zika virus. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1010814. [PMID: 36626401 PMCID: PMC9870165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We currently have an incomplete understanding of why only a fraction of human antibodies that bind to flaviviruses block infection of cells. Here we define the footprint of a strongly neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (mAb G9E) with Zika virus (ZIKV) by both X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Flavivirus envelope (E) glycoproteins are present as homodimers on the virion surface, and G9E bound to a quaternary structure epitope spanning both E protomers forming a homodimer. As G9E mainly neutralized ZIKV by blocking a step after viral attachment to cells, we tested if the neutralization mechanism of G9E was dependent on the mAb cross-linking E molecules and blocking low-pH triggered conformational changes required for viral membrane fusion. We introduced targeted mutations to the G9E paratope to create recombinant antibodies that bound to the ZIKV envelope without cross-linking E protomers. The G9E paratope mutants that bound to a restricted epitope on one protomer poorly neutralized ZIKV compared to the wild-type mAb, demonstrating that the neutralization mechanism depended on the ability of G9E to cross-link E proteins. In cell-free low pH triggered viral fusion assay, both wild-type G9E, and epitope restricted paratope mutant G9E bound to ZIKV but only the wild-type G9E blocked fusion. We propose that, beyond antibody binding strength, the ability of human antibodies to cross-link E-proteins is a critical determinant of flavivirus neutralization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Derek L. Carbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bo Shu
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiam-Seng Ng
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izabella N. Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan Bhowmik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Bruno Segovia-Chumbez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Puhl
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Stephen Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shee-mei Lok
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Bio-Imaging Sciences, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aravinda M. de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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7
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Lee B, Colgate ER, Carmolli M, Dickson DM, Gullickson S, Diehl SA, Ara R, Alam M, Kibria G, Abdul Kader M, Afreen S, Ferdous T, Haque R, Kirkpatrick BD. Plasma VP8∗-Binding Antibodies in Rotavirus Infection and Oral Vaccination in Young Bangladeshi Children. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2022; 11:127-133. [PMID: 34904667 PMCID: PMC9055852 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the availability and success of live-attenuated oral vaccines, rotavirus (RV) remains the leading cause of pediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. Next-generation vaccines targeting RV VP8∗ are under evaluation, but the role of VP8∗-specific antibodies in human immunity to RV and their potential as immune correlates of protection remains underexplored. METHODS We measured plasma RV VP8∗-binding antibodies in 2 cohorts of young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Plasma from a cohort study of 137 unvaccinated children aged 6-24 months old hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis was assessed for VP8∗ antibody seropositivity. VP8∗ antibodies were compared with the current standard for RV immunity, total RV-specific IgA (RV-IgA). Additionally, VP8∗ antibody responses were measured as part of an immunogenicity trial of a monovalent, oral, live-attenuated RV vaccine (Rotarix). RESULTS Fewer children with acute RV gastroenteritis were seropositive for VP8∗-binding IgA or IgG antibodies at hospital admission compared with RV-IgA, suggesting that the absence of VP8∗-binding antibodies more accurately predicts susceptibility to RV gastroenteritis than RV-IgA in unvaccinated children. However, when present, these antibodies appeared insufficient to protect fully from disease and no threshold antibody level for protection was apparent. In vaccinated children, these antibodies were very poorly induced by Rotarix vaccine, suggesting that VP8∗-specific antibodies alone are not necessary for clinical protection following oral vaccination. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that VP8∗-binding antibodies may not be sufficient or necessary for protection from RV gastroenteritis following prior RV infection or oral vaccination; the role of VP8∗ antibodies induced by parenteral vaccination with non-replicating vaccines remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Marya Carmolli
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Soyeon Gullickson
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rifat Ara
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masud Alam
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Golam Kibria
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kader
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sajia Afreen
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahsin Ferdous
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Department of Parasitology and Emerging Infections, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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8
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Cantaert T, Jouvenet N, Diehl SA. Editorial: Balanced and Unbalanced Immune Response to Dengue Virus in Disease Protection and Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835731. [PMID: 35222425 PMCID: PMC8873179 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- *Correspondence: Tineke Cantaert, ; Nolwenn Jouvenet, ; Sean A. Diehl,
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Tineke Cantaert, ; Nolwenn Jouvenet, ; Sean A. Diehl,
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Translational Global Infectious Diseases Research Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
- *Correspondence: Tineke Cantaert, ; Nolwenn Jouvenet, ; Sean A. Diehl,
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9
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Weaver DT, McElvany BD, Gopalakrishnan V, Card KJ, Crozier D, Dhawan A, Dinh MN, Dolson E, Farrokhian N, Hitomi M, Ho E, Jagdish T, King ES, Cadnum JL, Donskey CJ, Krishnan N, Kuzmin G, Li J, Maltas J, Mo J, Pelesko J, Scarborough JA, Sedor G, Tian E, An GC, Diehl SA, Scott JG. UV decontamination of personal protective equipment with idle laboratory biosafety cabinets during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241734. [PMID: 34310599 PMCID: PMC8312969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucially important to the safety of both patients and medical personnel, particularly in the event of an infectious pandemic. As the incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) increases exponentially in the United States and many parts of the world, healthcare provider demand for these necessities is currently outpacing supply. In the midst of the current pandemic, there has been a concerted effort to identify viable ways to conserve PPE, including decontamination after use. In this study, we outline a procedure by which PPE may be decontaminated using ultraviolet (UV) radiation in biosafety cabinets (BSCs), a common element of many academic, public health, and hospital laboratories. According to the literature, effective decontamination of N95 respirator masks or surgical masks requires UV-C doses of greater than 1 Jcm−2, which was achieved after 4.3 hours per side when placing the N95 at the bottom of the BSCs tested in this study. We then demonstrated complete inactivation of the human coronavirus NL63 on N95 mask material after 15 minutes of UV-C exposure at 61 cm (232 μWcm−2). Our results provide support to healthcare organizations looking for methods to extend their reserves of PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis T. Weaver
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | | | - Vishhvaan Gopalakrishnan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Kyle J. Card
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Dena Crozier
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew Dhawan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Cleveland Clinic, Division of Neurology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Mina N. Dinh
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily Dolson
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Nathan Farrokhian
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Hitomi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily Ho
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Tanush Jagdish
- Dana Farber Cancer Insitute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eshan S. King
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nikhil Krishnan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Gleb Kuzmin
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Ju Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeff Maltas
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | | | - Julia Pelesko
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Scarborough
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Geoff Sedor
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Enze Tian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Gary C. An
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SAD); (JGS)
| | - Jacob G. Scott
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SAD); (JGS)
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10
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van den Broek-Altenburg EM, Atherly AJ, Diehl SA, Gleason KM, Hart VC, MacLean CD, Barkhuff DA, Levine MA, Carney JK. Jobs, Housing, and Mask Wearing: Cross-Sectional Study of Risk Factors for COVID-19. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2021; 7:e24320. [PMID: 33315576 PMCID: PMC7800904 DOI: 10.2196/24320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have focused on the characteristics of symptomatic patients with COVID-19 and clinical risk factors. This study reports the prevalence of COVID-19 in an asymptomatic population of a hospital service area (HSA) and identifies factors that affect exposure to the virus. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of COVID-19 in an HSA, identify factors that may increase or decrease the risk of infection, and analyze factors that increase the number of daily contacts. METHODS This study surveyed 1694 patients between April 30 and May 13, 2020, about their work and living situations, income, behavior, sociodemographic characteristics, and prepandemic health characteristics. This data was linked to testing data for 454 of these patients, including polymerase chain reaction test results and two different serologic assays. Positivity rate was used to calculate approximate prevalence, hospitalization rate, and infection fatality rate (IFR). Survey data was used to analyze risk factors, including the number of contacts reported by study participants. The data was also used to identify factors increasing the number of daily contacts, such as mask wearing and living environment. RESULTS We found a positivity rate of 2.2%, a hospitalization rate of 1.2%, and an adjusted IFR of 0.55%. A higher number of daily contacts with adults and older adults increases the probability of becoming infected. Occupation, living in an apartment versus a house, and wearing a face mask outside work increased the number of daily contacts. CONCLUSIONS Studying prevalence in an asymptomatic population revealed estimates of unreported COVID-19 cases. Occupational, living situation, and behavioral data about COVID-19-protective behaviors such as wearing a mask may aid in the identification of nonclinical factors affecting the number of daily contacts, which may increase SARS-CoV-2 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam J Atherly
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Kelsey M Gleason
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Victoria C Hart
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Charles D MacLean
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Daniel A Barkhuff
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Mark A Levine
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jan K Carney
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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11
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Bullis SSM, Grebber B, Cook S, Graham NR, Carmolli M, Dickson D, Diehl SA, Kirkpatrick BD, Lee B. SARS CoV-2 seroprevalence in a US school district during COVID-19. BMJ Paediatr Open 2021; 5:e001259. [PMID: 34725646 PMCID: PMC8551743 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2021-001259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced symptomatology and access to testing in children have led to underestimates of paediatric COVID-19 prevalence and raised concerns about school safety. To explore COVID-19 prevalence and risk factors in school settings, we conducted a SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey in a Vermont, USA school district in December 2020. Among 336 students (63%) and 196 teachers/staff (37%), adjusted seroprevalence was 4.7% (95% CI 2.9 to 7.2) and was lowest in preK-5 students (4-10 Years). Seroprevalence was 10-fold higher than corresponding state PCR data but was low overall with no evidence of onward transmissions. These results further support feasibility of in-person learning during COVID-19 with appropriate mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S M Bullis
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Sally Cook
- Vermont Department of Health, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Nancy R Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Marya Carmolli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dorothy Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Benjamin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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12
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Weaver DT, McElvany BD, Gopalakrishnan V, Card KJ, Crozier D, Dhawan A, Dinh MN, Dolson E, Farrokhian N, Hitomi M, Ho E, Jagdish T, King ES, Cadnum JL, Donskey CJ, Krishnan N, Kuzmin G, Li J, Maltas J, Mo J, Pelesko J, Scarborough JA, Sedor G, Tian E, An GC, Diehl SA, Scott JG. UV decontamination of personal protective equipment with idle laboratory biosafety cabinets during the COVID-19 pandemic. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0241734. [PMID: 34310599 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.25.20043489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is crucially important to the safety of both patients and medical personnel, particularly in the event of an infectious pandemic. As the incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) increases exponentially in the United States and many parts of the world, healthcare provider demand for these necessities is currently outpacing supply. In the midst of the current pandemic, there has been a concerted effort to identify viable ways to conserve PPE, including decontamination after use. In this study, we outline a procedure by which PPE may be decontaminated using ultraviolet (UV) radiation in biosafety cabinets (BSCs), a common element of many academic, public health, and hospital laboratories. According to the literature, effective decontamination of N95 respirator masks or surgical masks requires UV-C doses of greater than 1 Jcm-2, which was achieved after 4.3 hours per side when placing the N95 at the bottom of the BSCs tested in this study. We then demonstrated complete inactivation of the human coronavirus NL63 on N95 mask material after 15 minutes of UV-C exposure at 61 cm (232 μWcm-2). Our results provide support to healthcare organizations looking for methods to extend their reserves of PPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis T Weaver
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Benjamin D McElvany
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Vishhvaan Gopalakrishnan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Kyle J Card
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Dena Crozier
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrew Dhawan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Cleveland Clinic, Division of Neurology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Mina N Dinh
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily Dolson
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Nathan Farrokhian
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Hitomi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Emily Ho
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Tanush Jagdish
- Dana Farber Cancer Insitute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eshan S King
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nikhil Krishnan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Gleb Kuzmin
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Ju Li
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Jeff Maltas
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | | | - Julia Pelesko
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jessica A Scarborough
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Geoff Sedor
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Enze Tian
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Gary C An
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Sean A Diehl
- University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Jacob G Scott
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
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13
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Tu HA, Nivarthi UK, Graham NR, Eisenhauer P, Delacruz MJ, Pierce KK, Whitehead SS, Boyson JE, Botten JW, Kirkpatrick BD, Durbin AP, deSilva AM, Diehl SA. Stimulation of B Cell Immunity in Flavivirus-Naive Individuals by the Tetravalent Live Attenuated Dengue Vaccine TV003. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100155. [PMID: 33377126 PMCID: PMC7762770 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The tetravalent live attenuated dengue vaccine candidate TV003 induces neutralizing antibodies against all four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1–DENV4) and protects against experimental challenge with DENV2 in humans. Here, we track vaccine viremia and B and T cell responses to this vaccination/challenge model to understand how vaccine viremia links adaptive immunity and development of protective antibody responses. TV003 viremia triggers an acute plasmablast response that, in combination with DENV-specific CD4+ T cells, correlates with serum neutralizing antibodies. TV003 vaccinees develop DENV2-reactive memory B cells, including serotype-specific and multivalent specificities in line with the composition of serum antibodies. There is no post-challenge plasmablast response in vaccinees, although stronger and earlier post-TV003 plasmablast responses associate with sterile humoral protection from DENV2 challenge. TV003 vaccine triggers plasmablasts and memory B cells, which, with support from CD4+ T cells, functionally link early vaccine viremia and the serum antibody responses. The tetravalent live attenuated dengue vaccine TV003 stimulates plasmablasts Robust plasmablast response is associated with sterile protection from challenge DENV-specific memory B cells persist 6 months after vaccination DENV-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with neutralizing antibodies
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy A Tu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Usha K Nivarthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy R Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Philip Eisenhauer
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J Delacruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan E Boyson
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Jason W Botten
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Aravinda M deSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.,Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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14
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Graham NR, Whitaker AN, Strother CA, Miles AK, Grier D, McElvany BD, Bruce EA, Poynter ME, Pierce KK, Kirkpatrick BD, Stapleton RD, An G, van den Broek‐Altenburg E, Botten JW, Crothers JW, Diehl SA. Kinetics and isotype assessment of antibodies targeting the spike protein receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 in COVID-19 patients as a function of age, biological sex and disease severity. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1189. [PMID: 33072323 PMCID: PMC7541824 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is an incomplete understanding of the host humoral immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2, which underlies COVID-19, during acute infection. Host factors such as age and sex as well as the kinetics and functionality of antibody responses are important factors to consider as vaccine development proceeds. The receptor-binding domain of the CoV spike (RBD-S) protein mediates host cell binding and infection and is a major target for vaccine design to elicit neutralising antibodies. METHODS We assessed serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD-S IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies by a two-step ELISA and neutralising antibodies in a cross-sectional study of hospitalised COVID-19 patients of varying disease severities. Anti-RBD-S IgG levels were also determined in asymptomatic seropositives. RESULTS We found equivalent levels of anti-RBD-S antibodies in male and female patients and no age-related deficiencies even out to 93 years of age. The anti-RBD-S response was evident as little as 6 days after onset of symptoms and for at least 5 weeks after symptom onset. Anti-RBD-S IgG, IgM and IgA responses were simultaneously induced within 10 days after onset, with anti-RBD-S IgG sustained over a 5-week period. Anti-RBD-S antibodies strongly correlated with neutralising activity. Lastly, anti-RBD-S IgG responses were higher in symptomatic COVID-19 patients during acute infection compared with asymptomatic seropositive donors. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that anti-RBD-S IgG reflect functional immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, but do not completely explain age- and sex-related disparities in COVID-19 fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vaccine Testing CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Annalis N Whitaker
- Department of Medicine‐ImmunobiologyLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Camilla A Strother
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Ashley K Miles
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vaccine Testing CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Dore Grier
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Benjamin D McElvany
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vaccine Testing CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Emily A Bruce
- Department of Medicine‐ImmunobiologyLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Matthew E Poynter
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vermont Lung CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Department of Medicine‐Pulmonary and Critical CareLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vaccine Testing CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Department of Medicine‐Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vaccine Testing CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Department of Medicine‐Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Renee D Stapleton
- Vermont Lung CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Department of Medicine‐Pulmonary and Critical CareLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Gary An
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Department of SurgeryLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | | | - Jason W Botten
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vaccine Testing CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Department of Medicine‐ImmunobiologyLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Jessica W Crothers
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Department of Medicine‐Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vaccine Testing CenterLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate ProgramUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Vermont Center for Immunology and Infectious DiseaseLarner College of Medicine, University of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
- Translational Global Infectious Disease Research CenterUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVTUSA
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15
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Bruce EA, Huang ML, Perchetti GA, Tighe S, Laaguiby P, Hoffman JJ, Gerrard DL, Nalla AK, Wei Y, Greninger AL, Diehl SA, Shirley DJ, Leonard DGB, Huston CD, Kirkpatrick BD, Dragon JA, Crothers JW, Jerome KR, Botten JW. Direct RT-qPCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from patient nasopharyngeal swabs without an RNA extraction step. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000896. [PMID: 33006983 PMCID: PMC7556528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented need for rapid diagnostic testing. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a standard assay that includes an RNA extraction step from a nasopharyngeal (NP) swab followed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect the purified SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The current global shortage of RNA extraction kits has caused a severe bottleneck to COVID-19 testing. The goal of this study was to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected from NP samples via a direct RT-qPCR assay that omits the RNA extraction step altogether. The direct RT-qPCR approach correctly identified 92% of a reference set of blinded NP samples (n = 155) demonstrated to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by traditional clinical diagnostic RT-qPCR that included an RNA extraction. Importantly, the direct method had sufficient sensitivity to reliably detect those patients with viral loads that correlate with the presence of infectious virus. Thus, this strategy has the potential to ease supply choke points to substantially expand COVID-19 testing and screening capacity and should be applicable throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bruce
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Garrett A. Perchetti
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Scott Tighe
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Pheobe Laaguiby
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jessica J. Hoffman
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Diana L. Gerrard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Arun K. Nalla
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yulun Wei
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Vaccine Testing Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - David J. Shirley
- Data Science Division, IXIS, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Debra G. B. Leonard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Huston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Vaccine Testing Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Dragon
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Jessica W. Crothers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Botten
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Vaccine Testing Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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16
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Graham NR, Whitaker AN, Strother CA, Miles AK, Grier D, McElvany BD, Bruce EA, Poynter ME, Pierce KK, Kirkpatrick BD, Stapleton RD, An G, Botten JW, Crothers JW, Diehl SA. Kinetics and Isotype Assessment of Antibodies Targeting the Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 In COVID-19 Patients as a function of Age and Biological Sex. medRxiv 2020:2020.07.15.20154443. [PMID: 32743592 PMCID: PMC7386516 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.15.20154443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the newly emerged virus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. There is an incomplete understanding of the host humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection. Host factors such as age and sex as well the kinetics and functionality of antibody responses are important factors to consider as vaccine development proceeds. The receptor-binding domain of the CoV spike (RBD-S) protein is important in host cell recognition and infection and antibodies targeting this domain are often neutralizing. In a cross-sectional study of anti-RBD-S antibodies in COVID-19 patients we found equivalent levels in male and female patients and no age-related deficiencies even out to 93 years of age. The anti-RBD-S response was evident as little as 6 days after onset of symptoms and for at least 5 weeks after symptom onset. Anti-RBD-S IgG, IgM, and IgA responses were simultaneously induced within 10 days after onset, but isotype-specific kinetics differed such that anti-RBD-S IgG was most sustained over a 5-week period. The kinetics and magnitude of neutralizing antibody formation strongly correlated with that seen for anti-RBD-S antibodies. Our results suggest age- and sex- related disparities in COVID-19 fatalities are not explained by anti-RBD-S responses. The multi-isotype anti-RBD-S response induced by live virus infection could serve as a potential marker by which to monitor vaccine-induced responses.
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17
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Grifoni A, Voic H, Dhanda SK, Kidd CK, Brien JD, Buus S, Stryhn A, Durbin AP, Whitehead S, Diehl SA, De Silva AD, Balmaseda A, Harris E, Weiskopf D, Sette A. T Cell Responses Induced by Attenuated Flavivirus Vaccination Are Specific and Show Limited Cross-Reactivity with Other Flavivirus Species. J Virol 2020; 94:e00089-20. [PMID: 32132233 PMCID: PMC7199411 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00089-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the flavivirus genus share a high level of sequence similarity and often circulate in the same geographical regions. However, whether T cells induced by one viral species cross-react with other related flaviviruses has not been globally addressed. In this study, we tested pools of epitopes derived from dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), West Nile (WNV), and yellow fever (YFV) viruses by intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of individuals naturally exposed to DENV or immunized with DENV (TV005) or YF17D vaccine. CD8 T cell responses recognized epitopes from multiple flaviviruses; however, the magnitude of cross-reactive responses was consistently severalfold lower than those to the autologous epitope pools and was associated with lower expression of activation markers such as CD40L, CD69, and CD137. Next, we characterized the antigen sensitivity of short-term T cell lines (TCL) representing 29 different individual epitope/donor combinations. TCL derived from DENV monovalent vaccinees induced CD8 and CD4 T cells that cross-reacted within the DENV serocomplex but were consistently associated with >100-fold-lower antigen sensitivity for most other flaviviruses, with no cross-recognition of YFV-derived peptides. CD8 and CD4 TCL from YF17D vaccinees were associated with very limited cross-reactivity with any other flaviviruses and in five out of eight cases >1,000-fold-lower antigen sensitivity. Overall, our data suggest limited cross-reactivity for both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses between flaviviruses and have implications for understanding immunity elicited by natural infection and strategies to develop live attenuated vaccines against flaviviral species.IMPORTANCE The envelope (E) protein is the dominant target of neutralizing antibodies for dengue virus (DENV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Accordingly, several DENV vaccine constructs use the E protein in a live attenuated vaccine format, utilizing a backbone derived from a heterologous flavivirus (such as YF) as a delivery vector. This backbone comprises the nonstructural (NS) and capsid (C) antigens, which are dominant targets of T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that cross-reactivity at the level of T cell responses among different flaviviruses is very limited, despite high levels of sequence homology. Thus, the use of heterologous flavivirus species as a live attenuated vaccine vector is not likely to generate optimal T cell responses and might thus impair vaccine performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hannah Voic
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar Dhanda
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Conner K Kidd
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Søren Buus
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Aruna D De Silva
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- National Virology Laboratory, National Center for Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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18
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Bruce EA, Huang ML, Perchetti GA, Tighe S, Laaguiby P, Hoffman JJ, Gerrard DL, Nalla AK, Wei Y, Greninger AL, Diehl SA, Shirley DJ, Leonard DGB, Huston CD, Kirkpatrick BD, Dragon JA, Crothers JW, Jerome KR, Botten JW. DIRECT RT-qPCR DETECTION OF SARS-CoV-2 RNA FROM PATIENT NASOPHARYNGEAL SWABS WITHOUT AN RNA EXTRACTION STEP. bioRxiv 2020:2020.03.20.001008. [PMID: 32511328 PMCID: PMC7239058 DOI: 10.1101/2020.03.20.001008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented need for rapid diagnostic testing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend a standard assay that includes an RNA extraction step from a nasopharyngeal (NP) swab followed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect the purified SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The current global shortage of RNA extraction kits has caused a severe bottleneck to COVID-19 testing. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be detected from NP samples via a direct RT-qPCR assay that omits the RNA extraction step altogether, and tested this hypothesis on a series of blinded clinical samples. The direct RT-qPCR approach correctly identified 92% of NP samples (n = 155) demonstrated to be positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by traditional clinical diagnostic RT-qPCR that included an RNA extraction. Thus, direct RT-qPCR could be a front-line approach to identify the substantial majority of COVID-19 patients, reserving a repeat test with RNA extraction for those individuals with high suspicion of infection but an initial negative result. This strategy would drastically ease supply chokepoints of COVID-19 testing and should be applicable throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Bruce
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Garrett A. Perchetti
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Scott Tighe
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Pheobe Laaguiby
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jessica J. Hoffman
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Diana L. Gerrard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington VT, 05401, USA
| | - Arun K. Nalla
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Yulun Wei
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexander L. Greninger
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
- Vaccine Testing Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405 USA
| | | | - Debra G. B. Leonard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont and the University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Christopher D. Huston
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington VT, 05401, USA
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
- Vaccine Testing Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405 USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Vermont Medical Center, Burlington VT, 05401, USA
| | - Julie A. Dragon
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Resource, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Jessica W. Crothers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont and the University of Vermont Health Network, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Virology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
| | - Jason W. Botten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, 05405, USA
- Vaccine Testing Center, Robert Larner, M.D. College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405 USA
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19
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Graham N, Eisenhauer P, Diehl SA, Pierce KK, Whitehead SS, Durbin AP, Kirkpatrick BD, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Boyson JE, Botten JW. Rapid Induction and Maintenance of Virus-Specific CD8 + T EMRA and CD4 + T EM Cells Following Protective Vaccination Against Dengue Virus Challenge in Humans. Front Immunol 2020; 11:479. [PMID: 32265929 PMCID: PMC7105617 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes serious human disease. The current lack of an effective vaccine to simultaneously protect against the four serotypes of DENV in seronegative individuals is a major unmet medical need. Further, the immunological basis for protective immunity in the setting of DENV infection or vaccination is not fully understood. Our team has developed a live attenuated tetravalent dengue virus vaccine that provides complete protection in a human model of dengue virus challenge. The goal of this study was to define, in the context of protective human vaccination, the quality of vaccine-induced DENV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and the temporal dynamics associated with their formation and maintenance. Multifunctional, DENV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells developed 8-14 days after vaccination and were maintained for at least 6 months. Virus-specific CD8 T+ cells were a mixture of effector memory T cells (TEM) and effector memory T cells re-expressing CD45RA (TEMRA), with TEM cells predominating until day 21 post-vaccination and TEMRA cells thereafter. The majority of virus-specific CD4+ T cells were TEM with a small fraction being TEMRA. The frequency of virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were further skewed to the TEMRA phenotype following either a second dose of the tetravalent vaccine or challenge with a single serotype of DENV. Collectively, our study has defined the phenotypic profile of antiviral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells associated with protective immunity to DENV infection and the kinetics of their formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Phil Eisenhauer
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Kristen K. Pierce
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anna P. Durbin
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Beth D. Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan E. Boyson
- Department of Surgery, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Jason W. Botten
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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20
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Lee B, Carmolli M, Dickson DM, Colgate ER, Diehl SA, Uddin MI, Islam S, Hossain M, Rafique TA, Bhuiyan TR, Alam M, Nayak U, Mychaleckyj JC, McNeal MM, Petri WA, Qadri F, Haque R, Kirkpatrick BD. Rotavirus-Specific Immunoglobulin A Responses Are Impaired and Serve as a Suboptimal Correlate of Protection Among Infants in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 67:186-192. [PMID: 29394355 PMCID: PMC6030840 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus (RV)–specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) responses following oral RV vaccination are impaired in low-income countries, where the utility of RV-IgA as a correlate of protection (CoP) remains unclear. In a monovalent oral RV vaccine (Rotarix) efficacy trial among infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh, we identified factors associated with poor RV-IgA responses and explored the utility of RV-IgA as a CoP. Methods Infants were randomized to receive Rotarix or no Rotarix at 10 and 17 weeks of life and followed with active diarrheal surveillance. RV-IgA concentration, seroconversion, and seropositivity were determined at 18 weeks of life and analyzed for correlation(s) with rotavirus diarrhea (RVD) and for contribution to Rotarix vaccine effect. Results Among vaccinated infants, overall RV-IgA geometric mean concentration was 21 U/mL; only 27% seroconverted and 32% were seropositive after vaccination. Increased RV-specific maternal antibodies significantly impaired immunogenicity. Seroconversion was associated with reduced risk of RVD through 1 year of life, but RV-IgA seropositivity only explained 7.8% of the vaccine effect demonstrated by the clinical endpoint (RVD). Conclusions RV-IgA responses were low among infants in Bangladesh and were significantly impaired by maternal antibodies. RV-IgA is a suboptimal CoP in this setting; an improved CoP for RV in low-income countries is needed. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01375647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
- Correspondence: B. Lee, University of Vermont Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Ave, Given C219, Burlington, VT 05405 ()
| | - Marya Carmolli
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | | | - Shahidul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Motaher Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Monica M McNeal
- Laboratory of Specialized Clinical Studies, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Ohio
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
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21
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Lee B, Dickson DM, deCamp AC, Ross Colgate E, Diehl SA, Uddin MI, Sharmin S, Islam S, Bhuiyan TR, Alam M, Nayak U, Mychaleckyj JC, Taniuchi M, Petri WA, Haque R, Qadri F, Kirkpatrick BD. Histo-Blood Group Antigen Phenotype Determines Susceptibility to Genotype-Specific Rotavirus Infections and Impacts Measures of Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:1399-1407. [PMID: 29390150 PMCID: PMC5894073 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lewis and secretor histo–blood group antigens (HBGAs) have been associated with decreased susceptibility to P[8] genotype rotavirus (RV) infections. Efficacy of vaccines containing attenuated P[8] strains is decreased in low-income countries. Host phenotype might impact vaccine efficacy (VE) by altering susceptibility to vaccination or RV diarrhea (RVD). We performed a substudy in a monovalent RV vaccine (RV1) efficacy trial in Bangladesh to determine the impact of Lewis and secretor status on risk of RVD and VE. Methods In infants randomized to receive RV1 or no RV1 at 10 and 17 weeks with 1 year of complete active diarrheal surveillance, we performed Lewis and secretor phenotyping and genotyped the infecting strain of each episode of RVD. Results A vaccine containing P[8] RV protected secretors and nonsecretors similarly. However, unvaccinated nonsecretors had a reduced risk of RVD (relative risk, 0.53 [95% confidence interval, .36–.79]) mediated by complete protection from P[4] but not P[8] RVs. This effect reduced VE in nonsecretors to 31.7%, compared to 56.2% among secretors, and decreased VE for the overall cohort. Conclusions Host HBGA status may impact VE estimates by altering susceptibility to RV in unvaccinated children; future trials should therefore account for HBGA status. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01375647.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lee
- Vaccine Testing Center, 1Department of Pediatrics
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Allan C deCamp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
| | | | - Salma Sharmin
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Shahidul Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | | | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences
| | | | - Mami Taniuchi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington
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22
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Campbell RA, Schwertz H, Hottz ED, Rowley JW, Manne BK, Washington AV, Hunter-Mellado R, Tolley ND, Christensen M, Eustes AS, Montenont E, Bhatlekar S, Ventrone CH, Kirkpatrick BD, Pierce KK, Whitehead SS, Diehl SA, Bray PF, Zimmerman GA, Kosaka Y, Bozza PT, Bozza FA, Weyrich AS, Rondina MT. Human megakaryocytes possess intrinsic antiviral immunity through regulated induction of IFITM3. Blood 2019; 133:2013-2026. [PMID: 30723081 PMCID: PMC6509546 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-873984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolving evidence indicates that platelets and megakaryocytes (MKs) have unexpected activities in inflammation and infection; whether viral infections upregulate biologically active, antiviral immune genes in platelets and MKs is unknown, however. We examined antiviral immune genes in these cells in dengue and influenza infections, viruses that are global public health threats. Using complementary biochemical, pharmacological, and genetic approaches, we examined the regulation and function of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), an antiviral immune effector gene not previously studied in human platelets and MKs. IFITM3 was markedly upregulated in platelets isolated from patients during clinical influenza and dengue virus (DENV) infections. Lower IFITM3 expression in platelets correlated with increased illness severity and mortality in patients. Administering a live, attenuated DENV vaccine to healthy subjects significantly increased platelet IFITM3 expression. Infecting human MKs with DENV selectively increased type I interferons and IFITM3. Overexpression of IFITM3 in MKs was sufficient to prevent DENV infection. In naturally occurring, genetic loss-of-function studies, MKs from healthy subjects harboring a homozygous mutation in IFITM3 (rs12252-C, a common single-nucleotide polymorphism in areas of the world where DENV is endemic) were significantly more susceptible to DENV infection. DENV-induced MK secretion of interferons prevented infection of bystander MKs and hematopoietic stem cells. Thus, viral infections upregulate IFITM3 in human platelets and MKs, and IFITM3 expression is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. These observations establish, for the first time, that human MKs possess antiviral functions, preventing DENV infection of MKs and hematopoietic stem cells after local immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Campbell
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Hansjorg Schwertz
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas and
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jesse W Rowley
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - A Valance Washington
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Robert Hunter-Mellado
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Neal D Tolley
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Alicia S Eustes
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Emilie Montenont
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Seema Bhatlekar
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Cassandra H Ventrone
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Paul F Bray
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Yasuhiro Kosaka
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas and
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
- Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
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23
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Grifoni A, Voic H, Sidney J, de Silva AD, Durbin A, Diehl SA, Harris E, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Crosseactivity of flaviviruses specific CD8+T cell responses across different viral species. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.76.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Several flaviviruses, including Dengue Virus (DENV), Zika Virus (ZIKV), Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), West Nile Virus (WNV), and Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), share significant sequence homology and often circulate in the same geographical regions. Significant levels of cross-reactivity could in turn result in pre-existing T cell immunity modulating T cell responses to subsequent flavivirus infections or vaccination. Whether and to what extent cross-reactivity at the level of CD8 responses is detected is currently unclear. Thus we designed pools of epitopes and predicted HLA binding peptides derived from DENV, ZIKV, JEV, WNV and YFV. We then used PBMC of individuals vaccinated with DENV or YF to test their potential to recall antigen specific CD8 memory T cell response in an Intracellular Cytokine Staining (ICS) assay. Significant cross-reactivity of CD8 T cell responses against several of the pools was observed both in the case of DENV and YF vaccinees, but the extent of cross-reactivity varied as a function of the flavivirus species considered, and the cross-reactive responses were significantly lower than the responses to the autologous virus. Phenotypic analyses showed a suboptimal expression of activation markers in cross-reactive responses. We are currently characterizing cross-reactive responses at the single epitope level, and in PBMCs from donors naturally exposed to flaviviruses. Characterization of the extent and functionality of CD8 cross-reaction across different flaviviruses will contribute to the understanding of immunity in the natural infection, and has particular implications for vaccine efficacy and safety in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Durbin
- 2Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
| | - Sean A Diehl
- 3University of Vermont, School of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Eva Harris
- 4Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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24
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Collins MH, Tu HA, Gimblet-Ochieng C, Liou GJA, Jadi RS, Metz SW, Thomas A, McElvany BD, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Reyes Y, Bowman NM, Becker-Dreps S, Bucardo F, Lazear HM, Diehl SA, de Silva AM. Human antibody response to Zika targets type-specific quaternary structure epitopes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124588. [PMID: 30996133 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas has revealed rare but serious manifestations of infection. ZIKV has emerged in regions endemic for dengue virus (DENV), a closely related mosquito-borne flavivirus. Cross-reactive antibodies confound studies of ZIKV epidemiology and pathogenesis. The immune responses to ZIKV may be different in people, depending on their DENV immune status. Here, we focus on the human B cell and antibody response to ZIKV as a primary flavivirus infection to define the properties of neutralizing and protective antibodies generated in the absence of preexisting immunity to DENV. The plasma antibody and memory B cell response is highly ZIKV type-specific, and ZIKV-neutralizing antibodies mainly target quaternary structure epitopes on the viral envelope. To map viral epitopes targeted by protective antibodies, we isolated 2 type-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a ZIKV case. Both mAbs were strongly neutralizing in vitro and protective in vivo. The mAbs recognize distinct epitopes centered on domains I and II of the envelope protein. We also demonstrate that the epitopes of these mAbs define antigenic regions commonly targeted by plasma antibodies in individuals from endemic and nonendemic regions who have recovered from ZIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Collins
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, and Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, Georgia, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huy A Tu
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Ciara Gimblet-Ochieng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guei-Jiun Alice Liou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ramesh S Jadi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stefan W Metz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashlie Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin D McElvany
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Edgar Davidson
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yaoska Reyes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of León, Nicaragua
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Departments of Family Medicine and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Filemón Bucardo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of León, Nicaragua
| | - Helen M Lazear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.,Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Church JA, Rukobo S, Govha M, Carmolli MP, Diehl SA, Chasekwa B, Ntozini R, Mutasa K, Humphrey JH, Kirkpatrick BD, Prendergast AJ. Neonatal vitamin A supplementation and immune responses to oral polio vaccine in Zimbabwean infants. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:110-115. [PMID: 30576507 PMCID: PMC6391935 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Micronutrient deficiencies may contribute to reduced oral vaccine immunogenicity in developing countries. We hypothesised that neonatal vitamin A supplementation (NVAS) would improve oral vaccine responses. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of infants recruited at birth to the Zimbabwe Vitamin A for Mothers and Babies (ZVITAMBO) trial, a randomised controlled trial of single, high-dose NVAS vs placebo conducted in Zimbabwe between 1997–2001. We measured poliovirus-specific IgA to type 1–3 polio strains by semiquantitative capture ELISA in cryopreserved plasma samples collected at 6 months of age. Results A total of 181 infants fulfilled inclusion criteria, of whom 80 were randomised to NVAS and 101 to placebo. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between groups. At 6 months of age, median (IQR) vaccine titres for infants randomised to NVAS vs placebo were 932 (421–3001) vs 1774 (711–5431) for Sabin-1 (p=0.04); 1361 (705–3402) vs 2309 (1081–4283) for Sabin-2 (p=0.15); and 1584 (796–4216) vs 2260 (996–5723) for Sabin-3 (p=0.14), respectively. After adjusting for breast feeding status, birth weight, season and infant sex in a linear regression model, there was only weak evidence of difference in log mean titres between vitamin A and placebo groups for Sabin-1 (p=0.08) and no evidence of difference in log mean titres for Sabin-2 and Sabin-3. Conclusions NVAS did not augment oral polio vaccine responses in Zimbabwean infants. Further research is required to understand the impact of NVAS on responses to other oral vaccines. The trial is registered with clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00198718.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Church
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Centre for Genomics & Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London, UK
| | - Sandra Rukobo
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Margaret Govha
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Marya P Carmolli
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vemont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vemont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bernard Chasekwa
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Robert Ntozini
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kuda Mutasa
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Jean H Humphrey
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vemont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, 16 Lauchlan Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe.,Centre for Genomics & Child Health, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Newark Street, London, UK.,Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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26
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Nivarthi UK, Tu HA, Delacruz MJ, Swanstrom J, Patel B, Durbin AP, Whitehead SS, Pierce KK, Kirkpatrick BD, Baric RS, Nguyen N, Emerling DE, de Silva AM, Diehl SA. Longitudinal analysis of acute and convalescent B cell responses in a human primary dengue serotype 2 infection model. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:465-478. [PMID: 30857944 PMCID: PMC6444124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute viral infections induce a rapid and transient increase in antibody-secreting plasmablasts. At convalescence, memory B cells (MBC) and long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are responsible for long-term humoral immunity. Following an acute viral infection, the specific properties and relationships between antibodies produced by these B cell compartments are poorly understood. METHODS We utilized a controlled human challenge model of primary dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) infection to study acute and convalescent B-cell responses. FINDINGS The level of DENV2 replication was correlated with the magnitude of the plasmablast response. Functional analysis of plasmablast-derived monoclonal antibodies showed that the DENV2-specific response was dominated by cells producing DENV2 serotype-specific antibodies. DENV2-neutralizing antibodies targeted quaternary structure epitopes centered on domain III of the viral envelope protein (EDIII). Functional analysis of MBC and serum antibodies from the same subjects six months post-challenge revealed maintenance of the serotype-specific response in both compartments. The serum response mainly targeted DENV2 serotype-specific epitopes on EDIII. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest overall functional alignment of DENV2-specific responses from the plasmablast, through the MBC and LLPC compartments following primary DENV2 inflection. These results provide enhanced resolution of the temporal and specificity of the B cell compartment in viral infection and serve as framework for evaluation of B cell responses in challenge models. FUNDING This study was supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha K Nivarthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Huy A Tu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Matthew J Delacruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jesica Swanstrom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Bhumi Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Department of International Health, Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ngan Nguyen
- Atreca, Inc. Redwood City, California 94063, USA
| | | | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Vaccine Testing Center, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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27
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Katzelnick LC, Coello Escoto A, McElvany BD, Chávez C, Salje H, Luo W, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Jarman R, Durbin AP, Diehl SA, Smith DJ, Whitehead SS, Cummings DAT. Viridot: An automated virus plaque (immunofocus) counter for the measurement of serological neutralizing responses with application to dengue virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006862. [PMID: 30356267 PMCID: PMC6226209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gold-standard method for quantifying neutralizing antibody responses to many viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), is the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT, also called the immunofocus reduction neutralization test). The PRNT conducted on 96-well plates is high-throughput and requires a smaller volume of antiserum than on 6- or 24-well plates, but manual plaque counting is challenging and existing automated plaque counters are expensive or difficult to optimize. We have developed Viridot (Viridot package), a program for R with a user interface in shiny, that counts viral plaques of a variety of phenotypes, estimates neutralizing antibody titers, and performs other calculations of use to virologists. The Viridot plaque counter includes an automatic parameter identification mode (misses <10 plaques/well for 87% of diverse DENV strains [n = 1521]) and a mode that allows the user to fine-tune the parameters used for counting plaques. We compared standardized manual and Viridot plaque counting methods applied to the same wells by two analyses and found that Viridot plaque counts were as similar to the same analyst's manual count (Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient, ρc = 0.99 [95% confidence interval: 0.99–1.00]) as manual counts between analysts (ρc = 0.99 [95% CI: 0.98–0.99]). The average ratio of neutralizing antibody titers based on manual counted plaques to Viridot counted plaques was 1.05 (95% CI: 0.98–1.14), similar to the average ratio of antibody titers based on manual plaque counts by the two analysts (1.06 [95% CI: 0.84–1.34]). Across diverse DENV and ZIKV strains (n = 14), manual and Viridot plaque counts were mostly consistent (range of ρc = 0.74 to 1.00) and the average ratio of antibody titers based on manual and Viridot counted plaques was close to 1 (0.94 [0.86–1.02]). Thus, Viridot can be used for plaque counting and neutralizing antibody titer estimation of diverse DENV strains and potentially other viruses on 96-well plates as well as for formalization of plaque-counting rules for standardization across experiments and analysts. Although the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) is an important assay for measuring neutralizing antibody responses against many viruses, no free, open-source programs specifically designed for virus plaque counting and neutralizing antibody titer estimation are available. We have developed Viridot, a package for R with a user-interface in shiny, which is designed for use by laboratory-based virologists and researchers with minimal coding experience. The program includes: automatic and user-specification of settings for plaque counting; saving of plaque counting settings; counting of many plates at once; and easy output of plaque counts, plaque sizes, and images with counted plaques circled. Viridot also includes programs to analyze plaque counts, including estimation of: neutralizing antibody titers, pfu/mL of a virus stock, and the dilution factor of virus needed for an experiment. Viridot can be used to standardize plaque-counting methods within and between laboratories, helping researchers formalize an important aspect of the PRNT method that is often subjective. Viridot thus provides laboratory researchers around the world with a free tool to improve the speed and consistency with which the PRNT is conducted, aiding the public health response to emerging viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C. Katzelnick
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Coello Escoto
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Benjamin D. McElvany
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Disease, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Christian Chávez
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wensheng Luo
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Richard Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Anna P. Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Disease, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen S. Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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28
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Raza A, Diehl SA, Finstad KH, Case LK, Krementsov DN, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C. Genetic analysis of Bphse and Shs, novel loci controlling hypersensitivity to histamine in mice. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.104.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Histamine (HA) is a biogenic amine produced by mast cells and basophils that regulates many physiological processes including acute and chronic inflammation, immune regulation, and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Previously, we mapped Bphs, the autosomal dominant locus in mice controlling hypersensitivity to HA following exposure to either Bordetella pertussis or pertussis toxin (PTX) to chromosome 6 (Chr6). Positional candidate gene cloning identified Bphs as HA H1 receptor (Hrh1/H1R). The Bphs-susceptible H1R allele possesses the Pro263, Val312 and Pro330 haplotype while the Bphs-resistant H1R allele have the Leu263, Met312 and Ser330 haplotype. Unexpectedly, when we tested a panel of inbred wild-derived strains for Bphs, we discovered strains e.g. MOLF/EiJ, that are phenotypically Bphs-susceptible despite carrying the resistant H1R allele. Phylogenetically, these strains are confined to a unique branch of wild-derived strains. This supports the existence of an evolutionary selected mechanism capable of complementing Hrh1resistance. Linkage analysis mapped the locus to Chr6, in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with Hrh1. We have designated this locus Bphs-enhancer (Bphse). Additionally, we identified a second Hrh1-linked gene in aged and CFA immunized SJL/J mice controlling HA hypersensitivity in the absence of Bordetella pertussis/PTX-sensitization. We have designated this spontaneous histamine sensitivity (Shs/Shs). Taken together, these data support the existence of a LD domain harboring multiple genes that control hypersensitivity to HA. The identification of the genes underlying both Bphse and Shs has the potential to significantly extend our understanding of the genetic control of HA signaling.
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Diehl SA, Tu H, Nivarthi UK, McElvany BD, Emerling DE, de Silva AM. The human B cell response to infection with dengue virus serotype 2 broadly engages the plasmablast repertoire and maintains a high degree of type-specificity in memory. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.182.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The complexity of the serological response to the four serotypes of the dengue virus (DENV1-4) is a key factor confounding rational vaccine development for dengue. To refine our understanding of the basis of the humoral response to DENV, we used high-coverage approaches to unravel the early and late B cell response at the clonal level to a single controlled infection with DENV2 in humans. In peripheral blood specimens we identified the peak DENV2-induced early plasmablast response. By analyzing paired immunoglobulin heavy (IGH) and light (IGL) chains derived from peak plasmablasts we found broad evidence of lineage expansion, somatic hypermutation, and variable gene usage. We selected 92 IGH/IGL pairs from expanded lineages and found that 54 (59%) of these monoclonal antibodies (mAb) bound DENV2, five of which also neutralized virus. In these same subjects we assessed the memory B cell (MBC) repertoire at six months post infection by screening IgG from MBCs immortalized by genetic reprogramming to a germinal center-like state. Compared to the early plasmablast response, we found a drastic reduction in the DENV-specific population in the memory phase of the B cell response. There was a unexpectedly high degree of DENV2 type-specificity in the convalescent MBC pool, though heterotypic clones were also observed. MBC-derived mAbs mainly reacted to epitopes present on whole virions. Our results suggest that controlled DENV2 infection elicits a broad and complex early B cell response to DENV that contracts to yield a DENV-specific MBC compartment. These results provide insights into the basis for long-term serotype-specific humoral immunity and provide additional metrics by which to assess DENV vaccines.
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Grifoni A, Pham J, Peters B, de-Oliveira-Pinto ML, de Silva A, Durbin A, Diehl SA, Harris E, Crowe J, Busch M, Vivanco-Cid H, Graham BS, Turtle L, Kallas E, Watkins D, Weiskopf D, Sette A. ZIKV-specific CD8 T cell immunity in humans is affected by DENV pre-exposure. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.61.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have characterized humoral immunity to Zika virus (ZIKV) in humans but little is known regarding the corresponding T cell responses to ZIKV. In this study we sought to investigate the ZIKV-specific T cell response in terms of kinetics and viral epitopes targeted and whether pre-existing dengue virus (DENV) T cell immunity can affect these responses. Our results shows that memory T cell responses elicited by prior infection with DENV infection or vaccination recognize ZIKV-derived peptides. The cross-reactive response is explained by the sequence similarity of the two viruses, as the ZIKV peptides recognized are either identical or highly conserved between DENV and ZIKV. In addition, DENV exposure also influences the timing and magnitude of the ZIKV-specific T cell response. In the acute phase of infection, ZIKV-reactive T cells are detected earlier and in greater magnitude than those in DENV pre-exposed patients. Conversely, while the frequency of ZIKV-reactive T cells continues to rise in the convalescent phase in DENV-naive donors, it declines in DENV pre-exposed donors. In addition, ZIKV-specific CD8 T cells form DENV pre-exposed donors selectively up-regulated granzyme B and PD1, as compared to DENV-naïve donors. These results overall suggest a more efficient control of ZIKV replication and/or clearance of ZIKV antigen in patients with previous DENV exposure. Finally, when we focused on the viral epitopes targeted by DENV naïve donors, ZIKV structural proteins (E, prM and C) are major targets of CD8 T cell responses, whereas DENV pre-exposed individuals skew the T cell epitopes primarily in nonstructural proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Pham
- 1La Jolla Inst. for Allergy and Immunology
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Micheal Busch
- 8Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hector Vivanco-Cid
- 9Instituto de Investigaciones Medico-Biologicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, Mexico, Mexico
| | | | | | - Esper Kallas
- 12Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil, Brazil
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Grifoni A, Angelo MA, Lopez B, O'Rourke PH, Sidney J, Cerpas C, Balmaseda A, Silveira CGT, Maestri A, Costa PR, Durbin AP, Diehl SA, Phillips E, Mallal S, De Silva AD, Nchinda G, Nkenfou C, Collins MH, de Silva AM, Lim MQ, Macary PA, Tatullo F, Solomon T, Satchidanandam V, Desai A, Ravi V, Coloma J, Turtle L, Rivino L, Kallas EG, Peters B, Harris E, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Global Assessment of Dengue Virus-Specific CD4 + T Cell Responses in Dengue-Endemic Areas. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1309. [PMID: 29081779 PMCID: PMC5646259 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is a major public health problem worldwide. Assessment of adaptive immunity is important to understanding immunopathology and to define correlates of protection against dengue virus (DENV). To enable global assessment of CD4+ T cell responses, we mapped HLA-DRB1-restricted DENV-specific CD4+ T cell epitopes in individuals previously exposed to DENV in the general population of the dengue-endemic region of Managua, Nicaragua. Methods HLA class II epitopes in the population of Managua were identified by an in vitro IFNγ ELISPOT assay. CD4+ T cells purified by magnetic bead negative selection were stimulated with HLA-matched epitope pools in the presence of autologous antigen-presenting cells, followed by pool deconvolution to identify specific epitopes. The epitopes identified in this study were combined with those previously identified in the DENV endemic region of Sri Lanka, to generate a “megapool” (MP) consisting of 180 peptides specifically designed to achieve balanced HLA and DENV serotype coverage. The DENV CD4MP180 was validated by intracellular cytokine staining assays. Results We detected responses directed against a total of 431 epitopes, representing all 4 DENV serotypes, restricted by 15 different HLA-DRB1 alleles. The responses were associated with a similar pattern of protein immunodominance, overall higher magnitude of responses, as compared to what was observed previously in the Sri Lanka region. Based on these epitope mapping studies, we designed a DENV CD4 MP180 with higher and more consistent coverage, which allowed the detection of CD4+ T cell DENV responses ex vivo in various cohorts of DENV exposed donors worldwide, including donors from Nicaragua, Brazil, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and U.S. domestic flavivirus-naïve subjects immunized with Tetravalent Dengue Live-Attenuated Vaccine (TV005). This broad reactivity reflects that the 21 HLA-DRB1 alleles analyzed in this and previous studies account for more than 80% of alleles present with a phenotypic frequency ≥5% worldwide, corresponding to 92% phenotypic coverage of the general population (i.e., 92% of individuals express at least one of these alleles). Conclusion The DENV CD4 MP180 can be utilized to measure ex vivo responses to DENV irrespective of geographical location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael A Angelo
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Lopez
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Patrick H O'Rourke
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Cristhiam Cerpas
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministerio de Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Cassia G T Silveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvino Maestri
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscilla R Costa
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Elizabeth Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Aruna D De Silva
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Genetech Research Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS CIRCB, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Celine Nkenfou
- Chantal BIYA International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS CIRCB, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Aravinda M de Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Mei Qiu Lim
- Emerging Infectious Disease Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul A Macary
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Filippo Tatullo
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Solomon
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vijaya Satchidanandam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anita Desai
- Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Vasanthapram Ravi
- Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Josefina Coloma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Rivino
- Emerging Infectious Disease Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Church JA, Rukobo S, Govha M, Carmolli MP, Diehl SA, Chasekwa B, Ntozini R, Mutasa K, Humphrey JH, Kirkpatrick BD, Prendergast AJ. Immune responses to oral poliovirus vaccine in HIV-exposed uninfected Zimbabwean infants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2543-2547. [PMID: 28857649 PMCID: PMC5703368 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1359454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains uncertain whether HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants have impaired responses to oral vaccines. We performed a cross-sectional study of 6-month-old infants recruited at birth to the ZVITAMBO trial in Zimbabwe between 1997–2001, before introduction of prevention of mother-to-child transmission interventions. We measured poliovirus-specific IgA to type 1–3 polio strains by semi-quantitative capture ELISA in cryopreserved serum samples collected from 85 HEU and 101 HIV-unexposed infants at 6 months of age, one month after their last immunisation with trivalent OPV. Almost all infants were breastfed, with the majority in both groups mixed breastfed (70.6% HEU versus 71.3% HIV-unexposed). Median (IQR) vaccine titers for HEU and HIV-unexposed infants were 1592 (618–4896) vs. 1774 (711–5431) for Sabin 1 (P = 0.46); 1895 (810–4398) vs. 2308 (1081–4283) for Sabin 2 (P = 0.52); and 1798 (774–4192) vs. 2260 (996–5723) for Sabin 3 (P = 0.18). There were no significant differences in vaccine titers between HEU and HIV-unexposed infants, suggesting that vertical HIV exposure does not impact oral poliovirus vaccine immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Church
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe.,b Blizard Institute , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Sandra Rukobo
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Margaret Govha
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Marya P Carmolli
- c Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center , University of Vermont , Burlington , VT , USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- c Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center , University of Vermont , Burlington , VT , USA
| | - Bernard Chasekwa
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Robert Ntozini
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Kuda Mutasa
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Jean H Humphrey
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe.,d Department of International Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- c Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center , University of Vermont , Burlington , VT , USA
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- a Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe.,b Blizard Institute , Queen Mary University of London , London , UK.,d Department of International Health , Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore , MD , USA
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33
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Grifoni A, Angelo M, Sidney J, Paul S, Peters B, de Silva AD, Phillips EJ, Mallal SA, Diehl SA, Botten J, Boyson JE, Kirkpatrick BD, Whitehead SS, Durbin A, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Cellular immunity patterns of rDEN2Δ30 (Tonga/74) support its suitability as a human DENV challenge strain. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.199.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The need for human DENV challenge model to better evaluate DENV candidate vaccines has become of extreme importance in the past years after neutralizing antibody failure to be a good correlate of protection and the lack of valid alternatives. rDEN2Δ30, a variant of DENV2 Tonga/74 strain lacking 30 nucleotides from its 3′ untranslated region, has been established as DENV human challenge model. In this study, DENV cellular immune responses of rDEN2Δ30 strain have been compared with natural infection to derive correlates of protection for DENV vaccines based on cellular immunity. For this purpose, HLA class I and class II restricted peptides have been predicted and tested in an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, to assess CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses in healthy donors infected with rDEN2Δ30. CD8 and CD4 responses were detected in approximately 80% and 90% of donors respectively. Strong CD8 responses are detected in rDEN2Δ30 recipients and when compared with natural infections similarity in terms of magnitude and numbers of recognized epitopes is observed. In particular, the immunodominance hierarchy of the DENV nonstructural proteins NS3, NS5 is maintained in both analyzed cohorts. On the contrary, CD4 responses were mainly focused on nonstructural proteins and less strong respect to natural infection. Large overlap is observed in the epitopes recognized by rDEN2Δ30 infection and natural infection both for CD8 (100%) and CD4 (85%) responses. Finally, when rDEN2Δ30 CD8 response is compared with the one induced by other attenuated DENV isolates, a stronger response is observed. In conclusion, T cell response of rDENV2D30 has very similar specificity to natural infection supporting its suitability as an appropriate human DENV challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sinu Paul
- 1La Jolla Inst. for Allergy and Immunology
| | | | - Aruna D de Silva
- 1La Jolla Inst. for Allergy and Immunology
- 2Genetech Research Institute, Sri Lanka
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34
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Kwakkenbos MJ, Diehl SA, Yasuda E, Bakker AQ, van Geelen CMM, Lukens MV, van Bleek GM, Widjojoatmodjo MN, Bogers WMJM, Mei H, Radbruch A, Scheeren FA, Spits H, Beaumont T. Corrigendum: Generation of stable monoclonal antibody-producing B cell receptor-positive human memory B cells by genetic programming. Nat Med 2016; 22:1502. [PMID: 27923028 DOI: 10.1038/nm1216-1502a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Colgate ER, Haque R, Dickson DM, Carmolli MP, Mychaleckyj JC, Nayak U, Qadri F, Alam M, Walsh MC, Diehl SA, Zaman K, Petri WA, Kirkpatrick BD. Delayed Dosing of Oral Rotavirus Vaccine Demonstrates Decreased Risk of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Associated With Serum Zinc: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:634-41. [PMID: 27217217 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus is the world's leading cause of childhood diarrheal death. Despite successes, oral rotavirus vaccines are less effective in developing countries. In an urban slum of Dhaka, we performed active diarrhea surveillance to evaluate monovalent G1P[8] rotavirus vaccine (RV1) efficacy and understand variables contributing to risk of rotavirus diarrhea (RVD). METHODS We performed a randomized controlled trial of monovalent oral rotavirus vaccine (RV1). Seven hundred healthy infants received RV1 or no RV1 (1:1) using delayed dosing (10 and 17 weeks) and were followed for 1 year. Intensive diarrhea surveillance was performed. The primary outcome was ≥1 episode of RVD. Nutritional, socioeconomic, and immunologic factors were assessed by logistic regression best-subsets analysis for association with risk of RVD and interactions with vaccine arm. RESULTS Incidence of all RVD was 38.3 cases per 100 person-years. Per-protocol RV1 efficacy was 73.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.8%-87.0%) against severe RVD and 51% (95% CI, 33.8%-63.7%) against all RVD. Serum zinc level (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; P = .002) and lack of rotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) seroconversion (OR, 1.95; P = .018) were associated with risk of RVD, independent of vaccination status. Water treatment and exclusive breastfeeding were of borderline significance. Factors not associated with RVD included height for age at 10 weeks, vitamin D, retinol binding protein, maternal education, household income, and sex. CONCLUSIONS In an urban slum with high incidence of RVD, the efficacy of RV1 against severe RVD was higher than anticipated in the setting of delayed dosing. Lower serum zinc level and lack of IgA seroconversion were associated with increased risk of RVD independent of vaccination. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01375647.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Marya P Carmolli
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Department of Public Health Sciences Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - Mary Claire Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - K Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center and Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
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Kirkpatrick BD, Whitehead SS, Pierce KK, Tibery CM, Grier PL, Hynes NA, Larsson CJ, Sabundayo BP, Talaat KR, Janiak A, Carmolli MP, Luke CJ, Diehl SA, Durbin AP. The live attenuated dengue vaccine TV003 elicits complete protection against dengue in a human challenge model. Sci Transl Med 2016; 8:330ra36. [PMID: 27089205 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A dengue human challenge model can be an important tool to identify candidate dengue vaccines that should be further evaluated in large efficacy trials in endemic areas. Dengue is responsible for about 390 million infections annually. Protective efficacy results for the most advanced dengue vaccine candidate (CYD) were disappointing despite its ability to induce neutralizing antibodies against all four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. TV003 is a live attenuated tetravalent DENV vaccine currently in phase 2 evaluation. To better assess the protective efficacy of TV003, a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which recipients of TV003 or placebo were challenged 6 months later with a DENV-2 strain, rDEN2Δ30, was conducted. The primary endpoint of the trial was protection against dengue infection, defined as rDEN2Δ30 viremia. Secondary endpoints were protection against rash and neutropenia. All 21 recipients of TV003 who were challenged with rDEN2Δ30 were protected from infection with rDEN2Δ30. None developed viremia, rash, or neutropenia after challenge. In contrast, 100% of the 20 placebo recipients who were challenged with rDEN2Δ30 developed viremia, 80% developed rash, and 20% developed neutropenia. TV003 induced complete protection against challenge with rDEN2Δ30 administered 6 months after vaccination. TV003 will be further evaluated in dengue-endemic areas. The controlled dengue human challenge model can accelerate vaccine development by evaluating the protection afforded by the vaccine, thereby eliminating poor candidates from further consideration before the initiation of large efficacy trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Cecilia M Tibery
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Palmtama L Grier
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Noreen A Hynes
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Catherine J Larsson
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Beulah P Sabundayo
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kawsar R Talaat
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anna Janiak
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Marya P Carmolli
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Catherine J Luke
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Yang R, Lirussi D, Thornton TM, Jelley-Gibbs DM, Diehl SA, Case LK, Madesh M, Taatjes DJ, Teuscher C, Haynes L, Rincón M. Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ and membrane potential, an alternative pathway for Interleukin 6 to regulate CD4 cell effector function. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25974216 PMCID: PMC4447996 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-6 plays an important role in determining the fate of effector CD4 cells and the cytokines that these cells produce. Here we identify a novel molecular mechanism by which IL-6 regulates CD4 cell effector function. We show that IL-6-dependent signal facilitates the formation of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes to sustain high mitochondrial membrane potential late during activation of CD4 cells. Mitochondrial hyperpolarization caused by IL-6 is uncoupled from the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. However, it is a mechanism to raise the levels of mitochondrial Ca2+ late during activation of CD4 cells. Increased levels of mitochondrial Ca2+ in the presence of IL-6 are used to prolong Il4 and Il21 expression in effector CD4 cells. Thus, the effect of IL-6 on mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial Ca2+ is an alternative pathway by which IL-6 regulates effector function of CD4 cells and it could contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06376.001 Inflammation is a normal part of the body's response to an infection or injury and it helps to start the healing process. However, if left unchecked, inflammation itself can damage tissues, and diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are the result of uncontrolled inflammation. Certain immune cells release molecules that can either trigger or suppress inflammation. Interleukin 6 is an example of a ‘pro-inflammatory’ molecule, which regulates the activity of groups of immune cells collectively known as ‘CD4 cells’. People who are overweight or obese have higher levels of interleukin 6 than people of a healthy weight. Obesity and other metabolic conditions have been linked to problems with structures called mitochondria, which make a molecule called ATP that provides cells with the energy they need to survive. But it is not known if interleukin 6 can affect the activity of mitochondria inside CD4 cells. Now, Yang et al. have discovered that interleukin 6 can affect the mitochondria inside CD4 cells and, in doing so, have identified a new way that interleukin 6 can regulate these cells' activity. Experiments involving immune cells from mice revealed that interleukin 6 triggers a cascade of signaling events that aid the formation of so-called ‘mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes’ in CD4 cells. These are groups of proteins that work together in the membranes of mitochondria and are vital for the activity of these structures. The formation of these supercomplexes maintains a large voltage difference across the membrane of the mitochondria that occurs during the later stages of CD4 cell activation. Yang et al. found that this voltage difference was not linked to the production of ATP, but that it did raise the levels of calcium ions inside the mitochondria. Further experiments revealed that these increased levels of calcium ions prolong the production of other pro-inflammatory molecules in the CD4 cells. Following the discovery of a new pathway that regulates the activity of CD4 cells, the next challenge is to see if the parts of this pathway could be targeted with drugs to help treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, because interleukin 6 plays an active role in other diseases such as cancer, further studies of this new pathway may help explain how this molecule encourages cancers to progress and/or spread around the body. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06376.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Dario Lirussi
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Tina M Thornton
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | | | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Laure K Case
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | - Cory Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
| | | | - Mercedes Rincón
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, United States
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Kirkpatrick BD, Durbin AP, Pierce KK, Carmolli MP, Tibery CM, Grier PL, Hynes N, Diehl SA, Elwood D, Jarvis AP, Sabundayo BP, Lyon CE, Larsson CJ, Jo M, Lovchik JM, Luke CJ, Walsh MC, Fraser EA, Subbarao K, Whitehead SS. Robust and Balanced Immune Responses to All 4 Dengue Virus Serotypes Following Administration of a Single Dose of a Live Attenuated Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine to Healthy, Flavivirus-Naive Adults. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:702-10. [PMID: 25801652 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 4 serotypes of dengue virus, DENV-1-4, are the leading cause of arboviral disease globally. The ideal dengue vaccine would provide protection against all serotypes after a single dose. METHODS Two randomized, placebo-controlled trials were performed with 168 flavivirus-naive adults to demonstrate the safety and immunogenicity of a live attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine (TV003), compared with those of a second tetravalent vaccine with an enhanced DENV-2 component (TV005), and to evaluate the benefit of a booster dose at 6 months. Safety data, viremia, and neutralizing antibody titers were evaluated. RESULTS A single dose of TV005 elicited a tetravalent response in 90% of vaccinees by 3 months after vaccination and a trivalent response in 98%. Compared with TV003, the higher-dose DENV-2 component increased the observed frequency of immunogenicity to DENV-2 in the TV005 trial. Both the first and second doses were well tolerated. Neither vaccine viremia, rash, nor a significant antibody boost were observed following a second dose. CONCLUSIONS A single subcutaneous dose of TV005 dengue vaccine is safe and induces a tetravalent antibody response at an unprecedented frequency among vaccinees. A second dose has limited benefit and appears to be unnecessary. Studies to confirm these findings and assess vaccine efficacy will now move to populations in regions where DENV transmission is endemic. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT01072786 and NCT01436422.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Anna P Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Marya P Carmolli
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Cecilia M Tibery
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Palmtama L Grier
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Noreen Hynes
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Dan Elwood
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Adrienne P Jarvis
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Beulah P Sabundayo
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Caroline E Lyon
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Catherine J Larsson
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Matthew Jo
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Janece M Lovchik
- Center for Immunization Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore
| | - Catherine J Luke
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary C Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Ellen A Fraser
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven S Whitehead
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kirkpatrick BD, Colgate ER, Mychaleckyj JC, Haque R, Dickson DM, Carmolli MP, Nayak U, Taniuchi M, Naylor C, Qadri F, Ma JZ, Alam M, Walsh MC, Diehl SA, Petri WA. The "Performance of Rotavirus and Oral Polio Vaccines in Developing Countries" (PROVIDE) study: description of methods of an interventional study designed to explore complex biologic problems. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 92:744-51. [PMID: 25711607 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccines appear less effective in children in the developing world. Proposed biologic reasons include concurrent enteric infections, malnutrition, breast milk interference, and environmental enteropathy (EE). Rigorous study design and careful data management are essential to begin to understand this complex problem while assuring research subject safety. Herein, we describe the methodology and lessons learned in the PROVIDE study (Dhaka, Bangladesh). A randomized clinical trial platform evaluated the efficacy of delayed-dose oral rotavirus vaccine as well as the benefit of an injectable polio vaccine replacing one dose of oral polio vaccine. This rigorous infrastructure supported the additional examination of hypotheses of vaccine underperformance. Primary and secondary efficacy and immunogenicity measures for rotavirus and polio vaccines were measured, as well as the impact of EE and additional exploratory variables. Methods for the enrollment and 2-year follow-up of a 700 child birth cohort are described, including core laboratory, safety, regulatory, and data management practices. Intense efforts to standardize clinical, laboratory, and data management procedures in a developing world setting provide clinical trials rigor to all outcomes. Although this study infrastructure requires extensive time and effort, it allows optimized safety and confidence in the validity of data gathered in complex, developing country settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Dorothy M Dickson
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marya P Carmolli
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Uma Nayak
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mami Taniuchi
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Caitlin Naylor
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Firdausi Qadri
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jennie Z Ma
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Masud Alam
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mary Claire Walsh
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - William A Petri
- Department of Medicine and Vaccine Testing Center, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Departments of Medicine, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; The icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Carbone G, Wilson A, Diehl SA, Bunn J, Cooper SM, Rincon M. Interleukin-6 receptor blockade selectively reduces IL-21 production by CD4 T cells and IgG4 autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:279-88. [PMID: 23493630 PMCID: PMC3596713 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels are known to be increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), reduces disease activity in RA, although its mechanisms of action remain unclear. Since IL-6 regulates cytokine production by CD4 T cells during activation, we investigated whether treatment with tocilizumab altered the phenotype and cytokine production by CD4 T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We show here that tocilizumab treatment does not change the production of cytokines by naïve CD4 T cells. However, tocilizumab treatment causes a selective decrease of IL-21 production by memory/activated CD4 T cells. Since IL-21 is known to promote plasma cell differentiation, we examined the effect of tocilizumab on the production of autoantibodies. We show that there is a decrease in the levels of IgG4 anti-CCP antibodies, but there is no effect on IgG1 anti-CCP antibodies. In addition, we show that IL-21 is a powerful inducer of IgG4 production by B cells. Thus, IL-6 contributes to the presence of IgG4-specific anti-CCP autoantibodies in RA patients, likely through its effect on IL-21 production by CD4 T cells, and IL-6R blockade down-regulates this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Carbone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Diehl SA, Schmidlin H, Nagasawa M, Blom B, Spits H. IL-6 triggers IL-21 production by human CD4+ T cells to drive STAT3-dependent plasma cell differentiation in B cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:802-11. [PMID: 22491065 PMCID: PMC3396759 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-21-producing CD4+ T cells are central to humoral immunity. Deciphering the signals that induce IL-21 production in CD4+ T cells and those triggered by IL-21 in B cells are, therefore, of importance for understanding the generation of antibody responses. Here, we show that IL-6 increased IL-21 production by human CD4+ T cells, particularly in those that express the transcriptional regulator B cell lymphoma (BCL)6, which is required in mice for the development of CXCR5+ IL-21-producing T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, retroviral overexpression of BCL6 in total human CD4+ T cells, only transiently increased CXCR5, the canonical TFH–defining surface marker. We show here that IL-21 was required for the induction of antibody production by IL-6. In IL-21–treated B cells, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 was required for optimal Ig production and upregulation of PRDM1, the master plasma cell factor. These results, therefore, demonstrate the critical importance of STAT3 activation in B cells during IL-21-driven humoral immunity and suggest that BCL6 expression, while not sufficient, may serve as a platform for the acquisition of a TFH–like phenotype by human CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Diehl
- Department of Medicine-Immunobiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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42
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Blankenhorn EP, Butterfield R, Case LK, Wall EH, del Rio R, Diehl SA, Krementsov DN, Saligrama N, Teuscher C. Genetics of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis supports the role of T helper cells in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis. Ann Neurol 2012; 70:887-96. [PMID: 22190363 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is the primary genetic contributor to multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), but multiple additional interacting loci are required for genetic susceptibility. The identity of most of these non-MHC genes is unknown. In this report, we identify genes within evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways leading to MS and EAE. METHODS To identify non-MHC binary and quantitative trait loci (BTL/QTL) important in the pathogenesis of EAE, we generated phenotype-selected congenic mice using EAE-resistant B10.S and EAE-susceptible SJL mice. We hypothesized that genes linked to EAE BTL/QTL and MS-GWAS can be identified if they belong to common evolutionarily conserved pathways, which can be identified with a bioinformatic approach using Ingenuity software. RESULTS Many known BTL/QTL were retained and linked to susceptibility during phenotype selection, the most significant being a region on chromosome 17 distal to H2 (Eae5). We show in pathway analysis that T helper (T(H))-cell differentiation genes are critical for both diseases. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that Eae5 is important in CD4 T-effector and/or Foxp3(+) T-regulatory cells (Tregs), and we found that B10.S-Eae5(SJL) congenic mice have significantly greater numbers of lymph node CD4 and Tregs than B10.S mice. INTERPRETATION These results support the polygenic model of MS/EAE, whereby MHC and multiple minor loci are required for full susceptibility, and confirm a critical genetic dependence on CD4 T(H)-cell differentiation and function in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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43
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Becker PD, Legrand N, van Geelen CMM, Noerder M, Huntington ND, Lim A, Yasuda E, Diehl SA, Scheeren FA, Ott M, Weijer K, Wedemeyer H, Di Santo JP, Beaumont T, Guzman CA, Spits H. Generation of human antigen-specific monoclonal IgM antibodies using vaccinated "human immune system" mice. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20957227 PMCID: PMC2949385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Passive transfer of antibodies not only provides immediate short-term protection against disease, but also can be exploited as a therapeutic tool. However, the ‘humanization’ of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is a time-consuming and expensive process that has the inherent drawback of potentially altering antigenic specificity and/or affinity. The immortalization of human B cells represents an alternative for obtaining human mAbs, but relies on the availability of biological samples from vaccinated individuals or convalescent patients. In this work we describe a novel approach to generate fully human mAbs by combining a humanized mouse model with a new B cell immortalization technique. Methodology/Principal Findings After transplantation with CD34+CD38− human hematopoietic progenitor cells, BALB/c Rag2−/−IL-2Rγc−/− mice acquire a human immune system and harbor B cells with a diverse IgM repertoire. “Human Immune System” mice were then immunized with two commercial vaccine antigens, tetanus toxoid and hepatitis B surface antigen. Sorted human CD19+CD27+ B cells were retrovirally transduced with the human B cell lymphoma (BCL)-6 and BCL-XL genes, and subsequently cultured in the presence of CD40-ligand and IL-21. This procedure allows generating stable B cell receptor-positive B cells that secrete immunoglobulins. We recovered stable B cell clones that produced IgM specific for tetanus toxoid and the hepatitis B surface antigen, respectively. Conclusion/Significance This work provides the proof-of-concept for the usefulness of this novel method based on the immunization of humanized mice for the rapid generation of human mAbs against a wide range of antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D. Becker
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nicolas Legrand
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Miriam Noerder
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nicholas D. Huntington
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Annick Lim
- INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Sean A. Diehl
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferenc A. Scheeren
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Ott
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Twincore Centre of Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kees Weijer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Twincore Centre of Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - James P. Di Santo
- Cytokines and Lymphoid Development Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- INSERM U668, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Carlos A. Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hergen Spits
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam (AMC-UvA), Center for Immunology Amsterdam (CIA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Schmidlin H, Diehl SA, Blom B. New insights into the regulation of human B-cell differentiation. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:277-85. [PMID: 19447676 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes provide the cellular basis of the humoral immune response. All stages of this process, from B-cell activation to formation of germinal centers and differentiation into memory B cells or plasma cells, are influenced by extrinsic signals and controlled by transcriptional regulation. Compared to naïve B cells, memory B cells display a distinct expression profile, which allows for their rapid secondary responses. Indisputably, many B-cell malignancies result from aberrations in the circuitry controlling B-cell function, particularly during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. Here, we review new insights into memory B-cell subtypes, recent literature on transcription factors regulating human B-cell differentiation and further evidence for B-cell lymphomagenesis emanating from errors during GC cell reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Schmidlin
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Nagaleekar VK, Diehl SA, Juncadella I, Charland C, Muthusamy N, Eaton S, Haynes L, Garrett-Sinha LA, Anguita J, Rincón M. IP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release in naive CD4 T cells dictates their cytokine program. J Immunol 2009; 181:8315-22. [PMID: 19050248 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.12.8315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IP(3) (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) receptors (IP(3)Rs) regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores in response to IP(3). Little is known about regulation of the expression of IP(3)Rs and their role during the activation of CD4 T cells. In this study we show that mouse naive CD4 T cells express IP(3)R1, IP(3)R2, and IP(3)R3, but that gene expression of IP(3)R3 primarily is down-regulated upon activation due to loss of the Ets-1 transcription factor. Down-regulation of IP(3)R expression in activated CD4 T cells is associated with the failure of TCR ligation to trigger Ca(2+) release in these cells. We also show that down-regulation of specific IP(3)Rs in activated CD4 T cells correlates with the requirement of IP(3)R-mediated Ca(2+) release only for the induction of, but not for the maintenance of, IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression. Interestingly, while inhibition of IP(3)R function early during activation blocks IL-2 and IFN-gamma production, it promotes the production of IL-17 by CD4 T cells. Thus, IP(3)Rs play a key role in the activation and differentiation of CD4 T cells. The immunosuppressive effect of pharmacological blockers of these receptors may be complicated by promoting the development of inflammatory CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswas K Nagaleekar
- Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Diehl SA, Schmidlin H, Nagasawa M, van Haren SD, Kwakkenbos MJ, Yasuda E, Beaumont T, Scheeren FA, Spits H. STAT3-mediated up-regulation of BLIMP1 Is coordinated with BCL6 down-regulation to control human plasma cell differentiation. J Immunol 2008; 180:4805-15. [PMID: 18354204 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.7.4805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
STAT family members have been implicated in regulating the balance between B cell lymphoma (BCL)6 and B lymphocyte induced maturation protein (BLIMP)1 to control plasma cell differentiation. We previously showed that STAT5 induces BCL6 to block plasma cell differentiation and extend the life span of human B cells. The heterogeneity in STAT activation by cytokines and their effects on B cell differentiation prompted us to investigate the effect of STAT3 activation in plasma cell differentiation. First stimulation with IL-21, which promotes plasma cell differentiation, induced robust and prolonged STAT3 activation in primary human B cells. We then investigated effects of direct STAT3 activation on regulation of plasma cell genes, cellular phenotype, and Ig production. Activation of a tamoxifen-regulated STAT3-estrogen receptor fusion protein triggered BLIMP1 mRNA and protein up-regulation, plasma cell phenotypic features, and Ig secretion. When STAT3 was activated by IL-21 in B cells ectopically expressing BCL6, BLIMP1 was up-regulated, but only partial plasma cell differentiation was achieved. Lastly, through coexpression of BCL6 and STAT3-ER, we verified that STAT3 activation functionally mimicked IL-21 treatment and that STAT3-mediated BLIMP1 up-regulation occurred despite high BCL6 expression levels indicating that BCL6 is not the dominant repressor of BLIMP1. Thus, up-regulation of BLIMP1 alone is not sufficient for differentiation of primary human B cells into plasma cells; concomitant down-regulation of BCL6 is absolutely required for completion of the plasma cell differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Diehl
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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