Biological wastewater treatment: a comprehensive sustainability analysis using life cycle assessment

The research conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) on wastewater treatment (WWT) methods-membrane bioreactor (MBR), soil biotechnology (SBT), and bio-electrochemical constructed wetlands (BCW)-in comparison with the conventional activated sludge process (ASP). Employing SimaPro v9.5 with a cradle-to-gate system boundary, the analysis utilizes the IMPACT 2002 + method, employing per cubic meter of treated wastewater as the functional unit. The analysis shows that SBT exhibits the lowest environmental impacts among the considered WWT methods. The global warming potential was 0.0996 kg CO2 eq. for SBT, 1.33 kg CO2 eq. for MBR, 0.131 kg CO2 eq. for BCW, and 0.544 kg CO2 eq. for ASP. BCW demonstrates a 75.91% decrease, while MBR exhibits a 144.48% increase compared to ASP. Notably, electricity consumption emerges as the primary contributor to environmental impact in MBR and ASP. The resource impact category varies with a 138.15% increase in MBR and an 83.41% decrease in SBT compared to ASP. Additionally, the research indicates that the high human health impact observed in MBR results mainly from increased carcinogens (0.00176 kg C2H3Cl eq.), non-carcinogens (0.01 kg C2H3Cl eq.), and ionizing radiation (3.34 Bq C-14 eq.). The findings underscore the importance of considering treatment efficiency and broader environmental implications in selecting WWT methods. As the world emphasizes sustainability, such LCA studies provide valuable insights for making informed decisions in wastewater management.

Enhancement of progesterone biosynthesis via kisspeptin stimulation: Upregulation of steroidogenic transcripts and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) expression in the buffalo luteal cells

The presence of Kisspeptin (Kp) and its receptors in the corpus luteum (CL) of buffalo has recently been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated the role of Kp in the modulation of progesterone (P4) synthesis in vitro. The primary culture of bubaline luteal cells (LCs) was treated with 10, 50, and 100 nM of Kp and Kp antagonist (KpA) alongside a vehicle control. The combined effect of Kp and KpA was assessed at 100 nM concentration. Intracellular response to Kp treatment in the LCs was assessed by examining transcript profiles (LHR, STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, and ERK1/2) using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, the immunolocalization of ERK1/2 and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in the LCs was studied using immunocytochemistry. Accumulation of P4 from the culture supernatant was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results indicated that LCs had a greater p-ERK1/2 expression in the Kp treatment groups. A significant increase in the P4 concentration was recorded at 50 nM and 100 nM Kp, while KpA did not affect the basal concentration of P4. However, the addition of KpA to the Kp-treated group at 100 nM concentration suppressed the Kp-induced P4 accumulation into a concentration similar to the control. There was significant upregulation of ERK1/2 and CYP11A1 expressions in the Kp-treated LCs at 100 nM (18.1 and 37fold, respectively, p < 0.01). However, the addition of KpA to Kp-treated LCs modulated ERK1/2, LHR, STAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B1 at 100 nM concentration. It can be concluded that Kp at 100 nM stimulated P4 production, while the addition of KpA suppressed Kp-induced P4 production in the buffalo LCs culture. Furthermore, an increment in p-ERK1/2 expression in the LCs indicated activation of the Kp signaling pathway was associated with luteal steroidogenesis.

Correction to 1,2,3-Triazole Tethered Hybrid Capsaicinoids as Antiproliferative Agents Active against Lung Cancer Cells (A549)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03325.].

Signatures of Correlated Defects in an Ultraclean Wigner Crystal in the Extreme Quantum Limit

Low-disorder two-dimensional electron systems in the presence of a strong, perpendicular magnetic field terminate at very small Landau level filling factors in a Wigner crystal (WC), where the electrons form an ordered array to minimize the Coulomb repulsion. The nature of this exotic, many-body, quantum phase is yet to be fully understood and experimentally revealed. Here we probe one of WC's most fundamental parameters, namely, the energy gap that determines its low-temperature conductivity, in record mobility, ultrahigh-purity, two-dimensional electrons confined to GaAs quantum wells. The WC domains in these samples contain ≃1000 electrons. The measured gaps are a factor of three larger than previously reported for lower quality samples, and agree remarkably well with values predicted for the lowest-energy, intrinsic, hypercorrelated bubble defects in a WC made of flux-electron composite fermions, rather than bare electrons. The agreement is particularly noteworthy, given that the calculations are done for disorder-free composite fermion WCs, and there are no adjustable parameters. The results reflect the exceptionally high quality of the samples, and suggest that composite fermion WCs are indeed more stable compared to their electron counterparts.

Therapeutic Potential of HMF and Its Derivatives: a Computational Study

Over the past century, chemicals and energy have increasingly been derived from non-renewable resources. The growing demand for essential chemicals and shrinking inventory make reliable, sustainable sources essential. Carbohydrates offer by far the greatest carbon supply. Furan compounds, a particular family of dehydration products, are believed to offer high chemical potential. Here, we analyze 5-HMF (5, hydroxymethylfurfural) and some of its derivatives in particular, a furan-type platform chemical. To analyze the therapeutic potential of HMF and its derivatives, this study utilized cutting-edge technologies such as computer-aided drug design, virtual screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamic simulation. We conducted 189 docking simulations and examined some of the most promising dock poses using the molecular dynamic simulator. As for the receptors for our compounds, the leading candidates are human acetylcholinesterase, beta-lactamases, P. aeruginosa LasR, and S. aureus tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases. Out of all derivatives considered in this study, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FCA) performed best.

Study of wave motion on the emergence of veering, locking, and coupling in periodic composite panels

This research proposes the effect of micropolar-Cosserat (MC) parameters (length-scale parameters and Cosserat shear modulus) on the dispersion characteristics of propagating wave modes in periodic composite panels (PCPs). These inbuilt parameters are due to the assumption of the length-scale boundary conditions that allow for capturing the micro-rotational (MR) wave mode along with the flexural ones. A significant contribution of this study is the transformation of the two-dimensional (2-D) periodic composite problem into a series of one-dimensional (1-D) ones using the MC continuum theory. The analysis employs the transfer matrix method in the framework of the state-space approach to investigate periodic systems in the eigenvalue domain. Additionally, Bloch-Floquet's periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) are applied to the unit cell to ensure the periodicity of the system. The main innovation lies in observing veering, locking, and coupling phenomena, which occur due to alterations in lamina orientation and MC parameters. Moreover, the presence of inbuilt parameters renders the dispersion characteristics highly sensitive to even minor coefficient variations, with a mere 1% change significantly impacting eigenmode fluctuations. The sudden bandgap (BG) disappearing nature could be used to identify the accurate value of the coefficient for designing and analyzing PCPs.

Eco-safe composite edible coating of hydrocolloids with papaya leaf extract improves postharvest quality and shelf life of papaya fruit under ambient storage

Papaya postharvest management using low-temperature storage is discouraged as it is a tropical fruit. Extensive research is going on to preserve papaya quality at ambient storage using edible coatings and its composites. The present investigation examined the effects of an eco-safe composite edible coating consisting of hydrocolloid carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (1%), guar gum (1.5%), xanthan gum (0.3%), and Gum Arabic (10%) combined with papaya leaf extract (PLE) (1:1 ratio by volume) applied as dip treatment on "Red Lady" papaya fruit at ambient storage condition. Among all the attempted treatments, "PLE incorporated with CMC (1%)" was found to be the best, as the treated fruit exhibited the highest levels of biochemicals, whereas the lowest levels of physiological and enzymatic activity, which positively affected the shelf life. The "CMC + PLE" treatment enhanced the fruit gloss score by 70.1%, phenolics by 6.1%, ascorbic acid by 22.3%, total carotenoid content by 7.4%, and fruit predilection score by 22.0% over the control fruit. However, it lowered (controlling) the physiological loss in weight by 51.0%, decay incidence by 66.6%, and polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase activity by 24.92% and 35.29%, respectively, over control. Moreover, this treatment exhibited the highest fruit purchase predilection score and prolonged the storage life for >3 days on the physiological loss standard basis (≤10%). This study indicates that "CMC (1%) with PLE (1:1)" composite coating application on papaya under ambient conditions might be an effective, environmentally friendly, and health-friendly way to retain the quality and extend the storage life.

Fractional Quantum Hall State at Filling Factor ν=1/4 in Ultra-High-Quality GaAs Two-Dimensional Hole Systems

Single-component fractional quantum Hall states (FQHSs) at even-denominator filling factors may host non-Abelian quasiparticles that are considered to be building blocks of topological quantum computers. Such states, however, are rarely observed in the lowest-energy Landau level, namely at filling factors ν<1. Here, we report evidence for an even-denominator FQHS at ν=1/4 in ultra-high-quality two-dimensional hole systems confined to modulation-doped GaAs quantum wells. We observe a deep minimum in the longitudinal resistance at ν=1/4, superimposed on a highly insulating background, suggesting a close competition between the ν=1/4 FQHS and the magnetic-field-induced, pinned Wigner solid states. Our experimental observations are consistent with the very recent theoretical calculations that predict that substantial Landau level mixing, caused by the large hole effective mass, can induce composite fermion pairing and lead to a non-Abelian FQHS at ν=1/4. Our results demonstrate that Landau level mixing can provide a very potent means for tuning the interaction between composite fermions and creating new non-Abelian FQHSs.

Role of Pro-BNP in predicting outcome in acute heart failure patient presenting to a medical emergency: An observational study from North India

Background

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a clinical syndrome defined as the new onset or acutely decompensated heart failure (ADHF) leading to signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF). The critical cut-off values for these biomarkers that suggest high mortality are not clearly defined in previous studies. More studies are required to better understand the correlation of Pro- BNP and its association with HF. The primary objective is to study the role of Pro-BNP and critical factors in predicting outcomes in AHF patients presenting to a medical emergency.

Materials and Methods

The data from the patients presented with symptoms of HF in the Department of Medical Emergency at our hospital were recorded and analysed. AHF is a clinical syndrome defined as the new onset or ADHF leading to signs and symptoms of HF, as based on the European Society of Cardiology.

Results

The present study highlights the various risk factors of AHF in patients and their association with mortality. In the present study, mortality in patients with very high Pro-BNP levels ≥2000 pg/ml was significantly higher than in patients with moderately elevated Pro-BNP. The patients who survived after 5 days of hospitalization had Pro-BNP levels ≤2000 pg/ml, suggesting that very high Pro-BNP levels ≥2000 pg/ml are associated with fatal outcomes.

Conclusion

To conclude, diabetes and sepsis are critical factors for the hospitalization and mortality of patients with AHF in northern India. Very high Pro-BNP levels ≥2000 pg/ml in patients with AHF requiring hospitalization and associated with fatal outcomes.

Changes in discourse on unmet need for family planning among married women in India: evidence from NFHS-5 (2019-2021)

Unmet needs for contraception in India have declined over time but the rate has not been uniform among women across geographies and socio-economic strata. Identifying the characteristics of women in communities where unmet need is still high is important to devise appropriate strategies to ensure access and uptake of modern contraceptive methods. The current study examined whether there was a national decline in unmet need over time and if regional disparities exist in unmet need. Demographic variations in unmet need based on factors such as maternal age, education, religion, caste, wealth index quintile, family size, and access to antenatal care (ANC) were also documented. Our approach was to document the prevalence of total unmet need for family planning and unmet need for spacing among married Indian women and quantify variability based on socio-economic and demographic drivers within a hierarchal framework, thus providing both macro and micro perspectives. We used data from the fourth and fifth rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) collected from all the States and Union Territories (UTs) in India. Quantile regression analysis and multilevel regression techniques were used to understand the predictors for the total unmet need for family planning and the unmet need for spacing. Results show a considerable decline in the prevalence of unmet need for family planning in India from NFHS-4 to 5 (from 12.9 to 9.3%) in the last six6 years. The north-eastern states show a significant reduction in unmet need for family planning in Manipur (17.8%), Nagaland (13.5%), and followed by Sikkim (9.1%). The predictors such as years of schooling, place of residence, caste, religion, wealth quintile, number of antenatal care (ANC) visits, and children ever born have a significant association with unmet needs for family planning and spacing among married women in India. There is a significant association between years of schooling with the total unmet needs for family planning at (q25) quantiles and the unmet need for spacing at (q25, q50) quantiles. Results reveal that the demand for unmet need for spacing and limiting was the highest among the women in the age categories 15-19 (17.8%) and 20-24 (17.3%). The demand for limiting was the highest (6.8%) among Muslim women. Across wealth quantile categories, the overall unmet demand (11.4%) for spacing and limiting was the highest among the women in the lowest socioeconomic groups. We conclude that greater access to frontline health workers among young wives, and significant investment in education in general, will continue to reduce the unmet needs for family planning in India.

Key drivers of reversal of trend in childhood anaemia in India: evidence from Indian demographic and health surveys, 2016-21

AIM

Recent National Family Health Survey results portray striking improvements in most population and health indicators, including fertility, family planning, maternal and child health, gender treatment, household environments, and health insurance coverage of the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), with all India resonance. However, the prevalence of any anaemia (< 11 g/dl) among children under age five has exhibited a reversed trajectory in recent years. Therefore, the present study explores key drivers of the reversal of the trend in the prevalence of childhood anaemia between 2015 and2021.

METHODS

Data of four rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) were used to show the overall trend of anaemia among children. However, for the analysis of key drivers of the reversal trend of childhood anaemia, only the recent two rounds (NFHS-4 & NFHS-5) were used. Descriptive, bivariate multivariable analysis and Fairlie decomposition model were used to explore the drivers of the reversal of the trend in childhood anaemia.

RESULTS

During the past two decades, India has seen a decline in the prevalence of childhood anaemia (NFHS-2 to NFHS-4). However, a reversal of trend was observed recently. The prevalence of anaemia among children aged 6-59 months increased from 59 percent in NFHS-4 to 67 percent in NFHS-5. In addition, the prevalence of mild anaemia increased from 23.3 percent in NFHS-2 to 28.7 percent in NFHS-5. However, the prevalence of moderate and severe anaemia declined considerably from NFHS-2 (40 percent and 4.1 percent) to NFHS-4 (28.7 percent and 1.6 percent), but showed an increase in the prevalence in NFHS-5 (36.3 percent and 2.2 percent). Among others, mothers' educational attainment, anaemia status and socio-economic status emerge as the key drivers of the change in the prevalence of childhood anaemia.

CONCLUSION

These findings may have vital implications for the ongoing Anaemia Mukt Bharat Programme, one of the government's dream projects in India.

Can adoption of climate resilient management practices achieve carbon neutrality in traditional green revolution states of Punjab and Haryana?

Decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and enhancing soil carbon (C) sequestration in cropland are necessary to achieve carbon neutrality at national scale. The major objective of this study is to quantify the GHG mitigation potential of adopted climate resilient (CR) practices in CR villages using Ex-ACT tool developed by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Intensively cultivated area of Punjab and Haryana was selected for carrying out this study. In both the states, villages were selected by considering the climate for past 30 years. In the selected villages, a set of CR practices were implemented in annuals, perennials, irrigated rice, fertilizer use, land use change and livestock and quantified the GHG mitigation potential in these villages for next twenty years. The tool predicted that the CR practices adopted were successful in enhancing the overall sink (carbon balance) in all the study villages. The villages of Punjab had recorded higher mitigation potential as compared to the villages of Haryana. The overall sink potential in these villages ranged from -354 to -38309 Mg CO₂-eq. The change in sink potential varied from 3.16 to 112% with lowest in Radauri and highest in Badhauchhi kalan village. The sink potential got doubled in Badhauchhi kalan village due to stopping rice straw burning and increase in area under perennials by 25%. The source potential varied from 6.33 to -7.44% across the study villages. Even with the implementation of NICRA, there was increase in source by 5.58 and 6.33% in Killi Nihal Singh Wala and Radauri due to irrigated rice, land use change and livestock. Majorly, rice straw burning was seen in most of the study villages, yet, with proper residue management and adoption of CR practices (mainly intermittent flooding) in rice cultivation resulted in emissions reduction up to 5-26% with enhanced productivity up to 15-18%, which can be considered for scaling up. Fertilizer management reduced the emissions by average of 13% across the study villages. Farm gate emission intensity per ton of milk and rice recorded highest emission intensity compared to annuals and perennials suggesting strict implementation of CR practices in rice cultivation and livestock sector. Implementation and scaling up of CR practices could potentially reduce the emissions and make the village C negative in intensive rice-wheat production system.

Is there a ubiquitous association between sleep disorder and frailty? findings from LASI (2017-18)

BACKGROUND

Relatively little is known about how sleep disorders affect frailty of seniors. The study uses Fried's frailty index, to investigate the relationship between sleep disorder and frailty among older Indian adults.

METHODS

The study analysed Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (2017-18) data which uses a multistage stratified area probability cluster sampling design. The association between frailty was studied for which the total sample size was 31,902. The principal dependent variable was frailty. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation were presented in the study. A binary logistic regression analysis was used to fulfil the study objectives to find the possible association.

RESULTS

The prevalence of frailty in India was 21.3 percent. Older adults with sleep disorder had 66 percent higher likelihood to be frail than their counterparts. The benefits of physical activity in containing frailty is huge, the association were quite high. Poor Self-rated health was significantly associated with higher frailty (OR = 1.73; CI = 1.47-2.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Frailty is an enormously growing public health issue and has bi-directional relation with sleep disorders. The study has clinical relevance since sleep complaints offer a means for identifying those who are vulnerable to frailty and through appropriate intervention, the causes of sleep disorder would help to delay and in some cases reverse frailty.

Hydrogeochemical characterisation and geospatial analysis of groundwater for drinking water quality in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India

This study characterises the quality of groundwater for the Ludhiana district of Punjab, India by analysing water samples collected from 152 locations spread across 3767 km². The samples were analysed for 18 parameters consisting of pH, EC, TDS, TA, TH, major anions and cations. The parameter values have been used to calculate the drinking water quality index of the study area which suggests that 2.6, 57.9, 32.9, 4 and 2.6% of the samples fall under the excellent, good, poor, very poor and unsuitable categories, respectively. The sequence of abundance for ions (in meq/l) as revealed from the laboratory tests is Na⁺ (37.1%) > Ca²⁺ (30.8%) > Mg²⁺ (29.1%) > K⁺ (2.8%) for cations and HCO₃^- (80%) > Cl^¯ (8.9%) > CO₃^2- (6.5%) > SO₄^2- (3.9%) > NO₃^-, F^-, PO₄^3- (< 1%) for anions. The spatial variability of these parameters has been depicted through the use of interpolation maps. Evaluation of different ionic ratios indicates that carbonate weathering and silicate weathering are both significantly affecting the groundwater chemistry with a slight dominance of carbonate weathering. Also, the ion exchange process is taking place in the area as confirmed by CAI index values. In terms of saturation index, the groundwater is undersaturated with respect to halite, fluorite and sylvite, whereas it is supersaturated for calcite, dolomite and aragonite minerals. The principal components in PCA explained 75.4% of the total variance with 29.1 and 28.3% contributions from PC1 and PC2. Both of these components indicate towards the geogenic and anthropogenic influence on groundwater mineralization of the area. The analysis suggests that groundwater for the study area is suitable for drinking in most of the region expect in a few places. Such a study could be used to understand the current status of groundwater quality in the area, the results of which can be used to prevent further contamination and sustain the resource for the future.

Quality of life, voiding & sexual dysfunction following robot-assisted vesicovaginal fistula repair: a tertiary care centre experience

Robot-assisted VVF (RA-VVF) repair has the advantage of small cystotomy, precise dissection and minimal surrounding tissue trauma. Translation of this to better functional outcomes is not studied so far. This study aims to evaluate the quality of life, voiding, and sexual dysfunction following robot-assisted VVF repair. Women with successful RA-VVF repair were screened using UDI-6, IIQ-7, FSFI, and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. The preoperative assessment was done in the prospective cohort only. Of the 75 women who underwent RA-VVF repair, 47 were enrolled, 33 in retrospective, and 14 in a prospective cohort. Overall, 28 (60%) women had urinary complaints with a median UDI-6 total score of 4 (0-100) and  IIQ-7 score (0-23) in 5 (10%) women. However, UDS (15 women) showed no DO with cystometric capacity (352 ± 98.12) ml and normal compliance in 14 (93%) women. Mean BOOI and DCI were 11.90 ± 7.01 and 44.25 ± 8.60 respectively, with PdetQmax ranging from 17 to 44. None had difficulty in voiding (Qmax 13.85 ± 4.90). Twenty (43%) women were sexually active, and 2 had sexual dysfunction (FSFI score < 26.55). Quality of life was "good" to "very good" in all domains (score > 90) except for the social domain. The prospective cohort showed significant improvement in UDI-6 score (p < 0.05), IIQ-7 score (p < 0.05), and quality of life (p < 0.05) postoperatively. RA-VVF repair results in minimal voiding dysfunction and significant improvement in overall quality of life. For sexual dysfunction assessment, a longer follow-up is required.

Predictors of mortality and nephrectomy in emphysematous pyelonephritis: a tertiary care centre study

INTRODUCTION

Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is a deadly disease due to its associated morbidity and mortality. Attempts have been made to identify predictors of severity, mortality and need for nephrectomy in EPN with little success.

METHODS

We conducted an ambispective study of EPN patients between March 2014 and September 2019. Retrospective data were collected which included age, sex, comorbidities, symptoms, signs, laboratory investigations including imaging, need for dialysis, management and any complications. All patients were then followed prospectively for renal dynamic scan, stone surgery or nephrectomy. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors affecting mortality and need for elective nephrectomy.

RESULTS

In total, 112 patients were included. Mean patient age was 50.01 years, 55% were female and 5% had bilateral involvement. Fever and flank pain were the most common symptoms. Diabetes was seen in 75% of cases and 30% of cases required haemodialysis at initial presentation. About 60% of patients improved with pigtail drainage. Need for nephrectomy was greater in Huang-Tseng stage 3a (14.8%). Huang-Tseng stages 3b and 4 had higher mortality rates (25%) than the other stages (2.2%). Twelve of 99 patients had non functional kidney on follow-up and underwent elective nephrectomy. Low platelet counts, high body mass index, septic shock, dialysis and higher Huang-Tseng stage were found to be predictive of mortality and renal parenchymal thickness on computed tomography scan was predictive of follow-up nephrectomy.

CONCLUSIONS

Thrombocytopaenia, high body mass index, septic shock, haemodialysis and higher Huang-Tseng stage are predictors of mortality and renal parenchymal thickness <5mm is a predictor of poor salvage of affected kidney on follow-up.

Clinical Profile and Outcome of Children Admitted with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C) in a Tertiary Hospital

Background Most children infected with SARS-CoV-2 infection, are asymptomatic or develops mild to moderate symptoms. Few weeks later, few children develops delayed hyper inflammatory syndrome known as Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Objective To describe various demographic features of children with Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. To analyze common clinical presentation, clinical and laboratory markers of severity and outcome of children with Multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Method This study was prospective observational study conducted on children with Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. This was conducted in Department of Pediatrics of Nobel Medical College during 12 months period from July 2021 to June 2022. Basic demographic features, common clinical presentation in children with Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and its severity and outcome were analyzed. Independent sample t-test and chi square test was used for comparison of means and categorical variables. Logistic regression was done to assess the relationship between clinical variables and outcome. Result A total of 36 children were included in our study. Maximum number of cases were male (61.11%) and age group > 10 years (58.33%). Fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, shock and renal dysfunction were common clinical features. Children requiring mechanical ventilation had higher C-reactive protein (CRP), lower platelets, higher d-Dimer and lower ejection fraction. Vasoactive Inotropic score (VIS > 10) was associated with higher chances of mechanical ventilation and prolonged pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay. Mortality rate in our study was 5.55% and three children developed coronary aneurysm.

Valley-Tunable Even-Denominator Fractional Quantum Hall State in the Lowest Landau Level of an Anisotropic System

Fractional quantum Hall states (FQHSs) at even-denominator Landau level filling factors (ν) are of prime interest as they are predicted to host exotic, topological states of matter. We report here the observation of a FQHS at ν=1/2 in a two-dimensional electron system of exceptionally high quality, confined to a wide AlAs quantum well, where the electrons can occupy multiple conduction-band valleys with an anisotropic effective mass. The anisotropy and multivalley degree of freedom offer an unprecedented tunability of the ν=1/2 FQHS as we can control both the valley occupancy via the application of in-plane strain, and the ratio between the strengths of the short- and long-range Coulomb interaction by tilting the sample in the magnetic field to change the electron charge distribution. Thanks to this tunability, we observe phase transitions from a compressible Fermi liquid to an incompressible FQHS and then to an insulating phase as a function of tilt angle. We find that this evolution and the energy gap of the ν=1/2 FQHS depend strongly on valley occupancy.

Differential expression of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin synthases and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor in the endometrium and circulation in different graded CEH-pyometra in bitch

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH)-pyometra (CEH-P) is one of the most common reproductive disorders in bitches, posing a risk to both future fertility and life. The aims of the current study were to elucidate the differential expression patterns of inflammatory mediators at transcript and protein levels in the endometrium and to assess the concentrations of key inflammatory mediators in the peripheral circulation of bitches with different graded CEH-P. A total of 25 client-owned intact mixed breed bitches of 3-10 years presented to the outpatient department of RVP-TVCC of the institute were considered for the study. Of which, 22 cases suggestive of pyometra and 3 cases of CEH obtained during routine elective ovariohysterectomy were subjected to histopathological examination. Uteri were categorized into CEH (n = 3), moderate CEH-P (mCEH-P, n = 9), severe CEH-P (sCEH-P, n = 6) and atrophic pyometra (AT-P, n = 7). A group of age matched (n = 12) bitches without pyometra served as control. Endometrial transcripts such as IL6, IL8, PTGS2, PGFS, and SLPI were expressed differentially in the CEH and CEH-P bitch. In addition, a strong immunoreactivity (IR) of IL6, IL8, PTGS2, and mPGES1 was recorded in the sCEH-P uterus, while expression of IL10 was noticed in AT-P. In circulation, serum IL6 was the most relevant marker with high sensitivity of 96.2% and specificity of 84.6% at a cut off concentration 8.5 pg/mL followed by SLPI with 95.2% sensitivity, and 84.6% specificity at cut off concentration of 1.3 ng/mL. Serum IL10, PGFM and SLPI concentration in the peripheral circulation were 1.5-2.23 fold higher in mCEH-P, 0.87-2.5 fold higher in sCEH-P and 2.9-3.5 fold higher in AT-P than that of control. It is concluded that monitoring the serum concentration of IL6, IL10 and SLPI would be useful adjunct to the established hematobiochemical parameters in the management of pyometra in the bitch with critical illness.

Nature, pattern, and changes in alcohol consumption among men in India: Insights from NFHS-4 and NFHS-5

The consumption pattern of alcohol varies between cultures and different communities. Moreover, alcohol consumption pattern depends on age, religion, education, type of drink, and other socio-economic parameters. Alcohol use has reportedly declined in most developed counties, but developing countries still witnessed an increasing trend. The study investigated socio-economic drivers, nature, and patterns of alcohol use among adult men in India. We have also investigated the state-level alcohol prevalence in India better to understand the impact of state-level alcohol prohibition policies. We have retrieved the data from the National Family Health survey's fourth and fifth-round, which was conducted in 2015-2016 and 2020-2021, respectively. We used the bi-variate technique to estimate that percentage of men who consume alcohol. Furthermore, a multivariate logistic regression model was applied to assess the association of each background characteristic with alcohol consumption. It is observed that 19 percent of men aged 15 and above currently drink alcohol, including 20 percent in rural and 17 percent in urban areas. The consumption of tadi/madi/country liquor/homemade liquor was high in rural areas than in urban areas in both rounds of the survey. Additionally, beer or wine consumption is higher in urban areas than in rural areas in NFHS-4 and NFHS-5. Among the 35-49 years of age group, around 6 and 8 times more likely to consume alcohol in NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, respectively. Rural men were 18 and one percent less likely to consume alcohol in NFHS-4 & 5 compared to urban (OR: 0.82 and 0.99 in NFHS-4 & 5 respectively). Despite an overall reduction in alcohol consumption among men, lowering alcohol consumption remains the main priority of policymakers. There is a need to target the most vulnerable socio-economic segments where alcohol consumption is still a problem, one of the primary reasons for violence against women.

Quantifying the burden of Hypercholesterolemia among Adolescents in India

 

Hypercholesterolemia is a kind of hyperlipidemia in which an individual's blood contains excessive non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, which has emerged as a significant covariate of coronary heart disease. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to unearth the current hypercholesterolemia levels, probable risk factors, and its impact on other metabolic diseases among adolescents using data on 35,830 adolescents aged 10-19 years from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey, India, 2016-18. Findings suggest that the mean lipid levels for total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides were 140.6, 84.1, 47.3, and 95.3, respectively, with females bearing the higher burden. The study further identified early adolescents, urban residents, and overweight individuals at a higher risk of having elevated non-HDL. Western and Eastern regions bore higher LDL levels. Further, for a unit increase in TSFT risk of having high LDL increased by 2.55 times. Zinc deficits are at 2.13 times higher risk compared to zinc sufficient. Adolescents consuming unhealthy diets were at higher risk of elevated LDL. The study contends that it is essential to prevent the increasing levels of lipid profiles among Indian adolescents. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies and unhealthy dietary habits are significantly associated with high LDL and non-HDL levels. In the longer run, this might cause the early onset of complex cardiometabolic disorders, which would disrupt the individual's social and economic well-being. Hence, appropriate interventions are needed to curtail these early onsets by primarily focusing on adolescents.

Key messages

Even-Denominator Fractional Quantum Hall State at Filling Factor ν=3/4

Fractional quantum Hall states (FQHSs) exemplify exotic phases of low-disorder two-dimensional (2D) electron systems when electron-electron interaction dominates over the thermal and kinetic energies. Particularly intriguing among the FQHSs are those observed at even-denominator Landau level filling factors, as their quasiparticles are generally believed to obey non-Abelian statistics and be of potential use in topological quantum computing. Such states, however, are very rare and fragile, and are typically observed in the excited Landau level of 2D electron systems with the lowest amount of disorder. Here we report the observation of a new and unexpected even-denominator FQHS at filling factor ν=3/4 in a GaAs 2D hole system with an exceptionally high quality (mobility). Our magnetotransport measurements reveal a strong minimum in the longitudinal resistance at ν=3/4, accompanied by a developing Hall plateau centered at (h/e^{2})/(3/4). This even-denominator FQHS is very unusual as it is observed in the lowest Landau level and in a 2D hole system. While its origin is unclear, it is likely a non-Abelian state, emerging from the residual interaction between composite fermions.

1,2,3-Triazole Tethered Hybrid Capsaicinoids as Antiproliferative Agents Active against Lung Cancer Cells (A549)

A series of novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of capsaicin and its structural isomer (new natural product hybrid capsaicinoid) were synthesized by exploiting one-/two-point modification of capsaicin without altering the amide linkage (neck). The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antiproliferative activity against an NCI panel of 60 cancer cell lines at a single dose of 10 μM. Most of the compounds have demonstrated reduced growth between 55 and 95%, whereas capsaicin (10) has shown reduced growth between 0 and 24%. Compounds showing more than 50% growth inhibition were further evaluated for the IC50 value. Among the cell lines tested, lung cancer cell lines (A549, NCI-H460) were found to be more susceptible toward most of the synthesized compounds. Compounds 14g and 14j demonstrated good antiproliferative activity in NCI-H460 with IC50 values of 6.65 and 5.55 μM, respectively, while compounds 18b, 18c, 18f, and 18m demonstrated potential antiproliferative activity in A549 cell lines with IC50 values ranging between 2.9 and 10.5 μM. Among the compounds, compound 18f was found to demonstrate the best activity with an IC50 value of 2.91 μM against A549. Furthermore, 18f induces cell cycle arrest at the S-phase and disrupts the mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing cell migration potential by inducing cellular apoptosis and higher ROS generation along with a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in addition to surface and nuclear morphological alterations such as a reduction in the number and shrinkage of cells coupled with nuclear blabbing indicating the sign of apoptosis of A549 non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Compound 18f has emerged as a lead molecule and may serve as a template for further discovery of capsaicinoid scaffolds.

Groundwater quality assessment and modeling utilizing water quality index and GIS in Kabul Basin, Afghanistan

Groundwater stands as a unique source of water supply in Kabul city, Afghanistan. In this investigation, 35 samples of groundwater were comprehensively analyzed to determine its hydrogeochemical characterizations, quality, water types, and its acceptability as drinking sources. A portable digital multiparameter instrument (LAB MAN Scientific instrument) was used to measure the total dissolved solids (TDS), hydrogen potential (pH), and electrical conductivity (EC). Total hardness, chloride, and bicarbonate were examined via a titrimetric approach. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were measured with a flame photometer. Fluoride was determined by using a digital portable multiparameter. UV-VIS spectrophotometers were employed to count sulfate and nitrate concentrations. The distribution pattern of measured parameters and the Water Quality Index (WQI) in groundwater were spatially modeled utilizing the ArcGIS tool. The findings provide insight into the main anions and cations, which are found in ascending sequence F < NO₃ < SO₄ < Cl < HCO₃ and K < Ca < Na < Mg, respectively. Based on the measurements of ion concentrations, bicarbonate (71.4%), chloride (14.28%), nitrate (2.85%), magnesium (80%), sodium (82.85%), calcium (5.71%), and potassium (17.14%) were all determined to be over the World Health Organization (WHO) limits of drinking water. Using the Piper trilinear diagram, two significant hydrochemical facies (CaNaHCO₃ and NaHCO₃) were discovered. Based on the mathematical model of WQI outputs, 88.57% of the research region has excellent to good water, whereas 11.43% has poor to very poor water.

Fungal Planet description sheets: 1383-1435

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Agaricus albofoetidus, Agaricus aureoelephanti and Agaricus parviumbrus on soil, Fusarium ramsdenii from stem cankers of Araucaria cunninghamii, Keissleriella sporoboli from stem of Sporobolus natalensis, Leptosphaerulina queenslandica and Pestalotiopsis chiaroscuro from leaves of Sporobolus natalensis, Serendipita petricolae as endophyte from roots of Eriochilus petricola, Stagonospora tauntonensis from stem of Sporobolus natalensis, Teratosphaeria carnegiei from leaves of Eucalyptus grandis × E. camaldulensis and Wongia ficherai from roots of Eragrostis curvula. Canada, Lulworthia fundyensis from intertidal wood and Newbrunswickomyces abietophilus (incl. Newbrunswickomyces gen. nov.) on buds of Abies balsamea. Czech Republic, Geosmithia funiculosa from a bark beetle gallery on Ulmus minor and Neoherpotrichiella juglandicola (incl. Neoherpotrichiella gen. nov.) from wood of Juglans regia. France, Aspergillus rouenensis and Neoacrodontium gallica (incl. Neoacrodontium gen. nov.) from bore dust of Xestobium rufovillosum feeding on Quercus wood, Endoradiciella communis (incl. Endoradiciella gen. nov.) endophytic in roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum and Entoloma simulans on soil. India, Amanita konajensis on soil and Keithomyces indicus from soil. Israel, Microascus rothbergiorum from Stylophora pistillata. Italy, Calonarius ligusticus on soil. Netherlands, Appendopyricularia juncicola (incl. Appendopyricularia gen. nov.), Eriospora juncicola and Tetraploa juncicola on dead culms of Juncus effusus, Gonatophragmium physciae on Physcia caesia and Paracosmospora physciae (incl. Paracosmospora gen. nov.) on Physcia tenella, Myrmecridium phragmitigenum on dead culm of Phragmites australis, Neochalara lolae on stems of Pteridium aquilinum, Niesslia nieuwwulvenica on dead culm of undetermined Poaceae, Nothodevriesia narthecii (incl. Nothodevriesia gen. nov.) on dead leaves of Narthecium ossifragum and Parastenospora pini (incl. Parastenospora gen. nov.) on dead twigs of Pinus sylvestris. Norway, Verticillium bjoernoeyanum from sand grains attached to a piece of driftwood on a sandy beach. Portugal, Collybiopsis cimrmanii on the base of living Quercus ilex and amongst dead leaves of Laurus and herbs. South Africa, Paraproliferophorum hyphaenes (incl. Paraproliferophorum gen. nov.) on living leaves of Hyphaene sp. and Saccothecium widdringtoniae on twigs of Widdringtonia wallichii. Spain, Cortinarius dryosalor on soil, Cyphellophora endoradicis endophytic in roots of Microthlaspi perfoliatum, Geoglossum lauri-silvae on soil, Leptographium gemmatum from fluvial sediments, Physalacria auricularioides from a dead twig of Castanea sativa, Terfezia bertae and Tuber davidlopezii in soil. Sweden, Alpova larskersii, Inocybe alpestris and Inocybe boreogodeyi on soil. Thailand, Russula banwatchanensis, Russula purpureoviridis and Russula lilacina on soil. Ukraine, Nectriella adonidis on overwintered stems of Adonis vernalis. USA, Microcyclus jacquiniae from living leaves of Jacquinia keyensis and Penicillium neoherquei from a minute mushroom sporocarp. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes. Citation: Crous PW, Boers J, Holdom D, et al. 2022. Fungal Planet description sheets: 1383-1435. Persoonia 48: 261-371. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.48.08.

Hydrogen sulphide ameliorates hexavalent chromium toxicity in two cereal crops: Role of antioxidant enzymes and proline metabolism

Chromium pollution in soils is a major threat as it reduces crop yields. Hence, researchers seek methods/strategies which could curtail such losses. We report the role of H₂ S in alleviating hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] stress in two cereals crops, i.e. wheat and rice seedlings, by estimating various physiological attributes. Cr(VI) reduced shoot and root length in both cereals through increased accumulation of Cr(VI) in root tips and increased in oxidative stress markers, i.e. superoxide radicals (SOR), H₂ O₂ and lipid peroxidation (as MDA equivalent). Supplementation with H₂ S alleviated Cr(VI) toxicity in both cereal crops. Application of H₂ S increased tolerance to Cr(VI) stress by protecting photosynthesis and enhancing activity of antioxidant enzymes, particularly glutathione-S-transferase and content of proline. Rice was more resistant to Cr(VI) than wheat seedlings.

2-Pyridin-4-yl-methylene-beta-boswellic Acid-A Potential Candidate for Targeting O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Epi-transcriptional Reprogramming in KRAS G13D-Microsatellite Stable, G12V-Microsatellite Instable Mutant Colon Cancer

PMBA (2-Pyridin-4-yl-methylene-beta-boswellic acid), screened from among the 21 novel series of semisynthetic analogues of β-boswellic acid, is being presented as a lead compound for integrative management of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer (CRC), upon testing and analysis for its anticancerous activity on a panel of NCI-60 cancer cell lines and in vivo models of the disease. PMBA (1.7-29 μM) exhibited potent proliferation inhibition on the cell lines and showed sensitivity in microsatellite instability and microsatellite stable (GSE39582 and GSE92921) subsets of KRAS gene (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)-mutated colon cell lines, as revealed via flow cytometry analysis. A considerable decrease in mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway downstream effectors was observed in the treated cell lines via the western blot and STRING (Search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins) analysis. PMBA was further found to target KRAS at its guanosine diphosphate site. Treatment of the cell lines with PMBA showed significant reduction in MGMT promoter methylation but restored MGMT (O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase) messenger ribonucleic acid expression via significant demethylation of the hypermethylated CpG (Cytosine phosphate guanine) sites in the MGMT promoter. A significant decrease in dimethylated H3K9 (Dimethylation of lysine 9 on histone 3) levels in the MGMT promoter in DNA hypo- and hypermethylated HCT-116^G13D and SW-620^G12V cells was observed after treatment. In the MNU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)-induced CRC in vivo model, PMBA instillation restricted and repressed polyp formation, suppressed tumor proliferation marker Ki67 (Marker of proliferation), ablated KRAS-associated cytokine signaling, and decreased mortality. Clinical trial data for the parent molecule revealed its effectiveness against the disease, oral bioavailability, and system tolerance. Comprehensively, PMBA represents a new class of KRAS inhibitors having a therapeutic window in the scope of a drug candidate. The findings suggest that the PMBA analogue could inhibit the growth of human CRC in vivo through downregulation of cancer-associated biomarkers as well as reactivate expression of the MGMT gene associated with increased H3K9 acetylation and H3K4 methylation with facilitated transcriptional activation, which might be important in silencing of genes associated with upregulation in the activity of KRAS.

Prospecting potential of endophytes for modulation of biosynthesis of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites and plant growth promotion of medicinal and aromatic plants

Medicinal and aromatic plants possess pharmacological properties (antidiabetes, anticancer, antihypertension, anticardiovascular, antileprosy, etc.) because of their potential to synthesize a wide range of therapeutic bioactive secondary metabolites. The concentration of bioactive secondry metabolites depends on plant species, local environment, soil type and internal microbiome. The internal microbiome of medicinal plants plays the crucial role in the production of bioactive secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketones, flavonoids, quinols and phenols. In this review, the host specific secondry metabolites produced by endophytes, their therapeutic properties and host-endophytes interaction in relation to production of bioactive secondry metaboloites and the role of endophytes in enhancing the production of bioactive secondry metabolites is discussed. How biological nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, micronutrient uptake, phytohormone production, disease suppression, etc. can play a vital role in enhacing the plant growth and development.The role of endophytes in enhancing the plant growth and content of bioactive secondary metabolites in medicinal and aromatic plants in a sustainable mode is highlighted.

MN/CA9 gene expression as a potential tumor marker for renal cell carcinoma

MN/CA9 is a cell surface glycoprotein and a tumor-associated antigen. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of cell proliferation and oncogenesis. There is no ideal tumor marker currently available for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with sufficient sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, we studied MN/CA9 gene expression in the tumor tissue, apparently normal kidney tissue, preoperative blood, and urine samples of patients with RCC. We included thirty cases of renal tumors (26 RCC and 4 benign tumors) in the study. We applied an RT-PCR assay for MN/CA9 gene expression to 26 RCC kidney tumor samples and four benign kidney tumor tissue samples. We also evaluated MN/CA9 gene expression in preoperative blood and urine samples of 15 of these cases. Additionally, thirty-five grossly normal renal tissue samples, including 21 from kidneys with RCC, were also evaluated for gene expression. The RT-PCR analysis revealed that twenty-one out of 26 RCC tissue samples showed MN/CA9 gene expression compared to three out of 35 non-malignant renal tissue samples (p < 0.05). Two out of four benign renal tissue samples also expressed this gene. We also observed MN/CA9 gene expression in nine out of 15 blood samples and four out of 15 urine samples. All patients with urinary MN/CA9 gene expression showed expression in blood and tumor tissue samples. We found a correlation in terms of MN/CA9 expression between blood and tumor tissue samples of RCC patients as those who exhibit MN/CA9 expression in blood were also positive at the tumor tissue levels. The difference in MN/CA9 gene expression in tumor tissue, blood, and urine samples in relation to the stage of the disease, nuclear grade, and histological cell-type was not statistically significant. However, all the three patients who had metastatic RCC had MN/CA9 gene expression in their blood. The existence of a tumor-associated antigen such as MN/CA9 may present a possible target for molecular diagnosis and management of RCC.

An evaluation of remineralised MIH using CPP-ACP and fluoride varnish: An in-situ and in-vitro study

BACKGROUND

Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) affected teeth have enamel with altered mineral content like decreased calcium and phosphorus and increased carbon content leading to porous enamel and subsequent post-eruptive breakdown.

AIM

An in situ study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of a Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP)-based cream and fluoride varnish on the remineralization of MIH affected teeth.

METHODS

Enamel slabs were prepared from MIH affected teeth that had been extracted for various reasons and inserted in appliances of 30 participants who were undergoing interceptive orthodontic therapy. They were randomly divided into two groups using block randomization technique: Group A-daily single application of CPP-ACP cream (n = 15); Group B-professional application of fluoride varnishes every 3 months (n = 15). After 6 months of regular wear of the appliance, the enamel slabs were placed under Field Emission Scanning Microscope (FESEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) for evaluation of ultra structure and mineral content, respectively.

RESULTS

A significant increase in calcium and phosphorus content, and a decrease in carbon content was observed within the 6 months period, suggesting remineralization in both the groups. On comparing the Ca:P and Ca:C ratios, a significant increase in the Ca:C ratio was evident in the two groups. No significant difference was seen in the Ca:P ratio in the CPP-ACP group at six months. The inter-group comparison did not reveal any significant difference between the two groups either at baseline or at 6 months post-intervention.

CONCLUSION

Remineralization can be achieved in MIH affected teeth with the use of remineralizing agents.

Full coverage crowns for rehabilitation of MIH affected molars: 24 month randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Teeth affected with severe molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) require extensive restorations, which do not last for a long time and often require treatment in the form of onlays or full coverage restorations.

AIM

To evaluate and compare the clinical performance of zirconia, lithium disilicate, and cast metal crowns as full-coverage restorations on MIH-affected first permanent molars (FPMs).

METHODS

60 MIH affected FPMs requiring full-coverage crowns were identified in children aged 8-15 years and were randomly allocated to the three treatment groups according to the type of full coverage restoration received using block randomization technique. After an adequate removal of the MIH defect and restoration with composite resin, the tooth preparation was done followed by fabrication of crown and its cementation using resin cement. The intergroup comparison was done on the basis of USPHS criteria, gingival, plaque scores, patient and parents acceptance through a visual analog scale to decipher their clinical performance at 6, 12, 24 months.

RESULTS

After 24 months, the crowns showed similar clinical success in terms of the criterias used to compare their clinical performance. The retention, marginal adaptation, relief from hypersensitivity, proximal contact, gingival health with no statistically significant difference among the three groups.

CONCLUSION

Based on the observations, Lithium disilicate, Zirconia and full cast metal crowns showed similar clinical success in rehabilitation of First permanent molars with severe MIH over 24 months of evaluation. The clinical success is not influenced by the material of the restoration. However, prospective studies with a longer follow-up are required to reach a more definitive conclusion.

Free-roaming dog population dynamics in Ranchi, India

Rabies causes approximately 20,000 human deaths in India each year. Nearly all of these occur following dog bites. Large-scale, high-coverage dog rabies vaccination campaigns are the cornerstone of rabies elimination strategies in both human and dog populations, although this is particularly challenging to achieve in India as a large proportion of the dog population are free-roaming and unowned. Further, little is known about free-roaming dog ecology in India which makes defining optimum vaccination strategies difficult. In this study, data collected using a mobile phone application during three annual mass vaccination and neutering (surgical sterilisation of both males and females) campaigns of free-roaming dogs in Ranchi, India (during which a total of 43,847 vaccinations, 26,213 neuter surgeries and 28,172 re-sight observations were made) were interrogated, using two novel approaches to estimate the proportion of neutered dogs that were lost from the city (assumed due to mortality or migration) between campaign years. Analysis revealed high losses of neutered dogs each year, ranging from 25.3% (28.2-22.8) to 55.8% (57.0-54.6). We also estimated that the total population declined by 12.58% (9.89-15.03) over the three-year period. This demonstrates that there is a high turnover of free-roaming dogs and that despite neutering a large number of dogs in an annual sterilisation campaign, the decline in population size was modest over a three-year time period. These findings have significant implications for the planning of rabies vaccination campaigns and population management programmes as well as highlighting the need for further research into the demographics of free-roaming, unowned dogs in India.

The effects of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient utilization, blood metabolites, faecal bacteria, and economics of crossbred calves

Background

The ban on antibiotics as growth promoters paved the way for probiotics and prebiotics as growth promoters in animal production.

Aims

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic Mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, blood biochemical variables, and faecal bacterial count in crossbred calves.

Methods

Fifteen-day-old crossbred calves (n=24) were divided into four groups, each consisting of six calves, and subjected to different experimental diets. The control group (T₀) received a basal diet without any additives. The T₁ and T₂ groups received the basal diet and the probiotic (L. acidophilus, 2 × 10¹⁰ cfu/g) @ 1 g/calf per day and prebiotic (Mannan oligosaccharide) @ 4 g/calf per day, respectively. Calves of the T₃ group were offered a basal diet and synbiotic (L. acidophilus, 0.5 g + Mannan oligosaccharide, 2 g/calf per day). The feed additives were mixed in milk.

Results

The results of 90 days feeding trial showed that calves of the T₃ and T₁ groups had higher (P<0.05) body weight (BW) gain and dry matter digestibility than the control. Feeding the probiotic showed a positive effect (P<0.05) on body length at the first, second, and third months, compared to the control. The blood serum total protein and globulin concentrations in the T₁ group, on days 30 and 90, and T₃ group, on day 90, were higher (P<0.05) than those of the control. All the treatment groups (T₁, T₂, and T₃) showed a reduction (P<0.05) in faecal coliform and E. coli count, compared to the control, on the 15th and 30th days of the study. Additionally, the T₂ group showed a significant coliform count reduction on days 45 and 60 of the study.

Conclusion

The dietary addition of L. acidophilus, 2 × 10¹⁰ cfu/g @ 1 g/calf per day and the combination of L. acidophilus, 0.5 g + Mannan oligosaccharide, 2 g/calf per day improved growth performance, serum biochemical values, and favourable gut microbiota.

Predicting Quadruple Semitendinosus Graft Size for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction by Patient Anthropometric Variables: A Cohort Study of 280 Cases

Introduction:

Pre-operative identification of patients with inadequate hamstring graft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is still a subject of interest. The purpose of this study is to correlate dimension of a harvested dimensions graft with patient physical anthropometric variables.

Materials and methods:

This cohort study included 280 patients (male = 226, female = 54) scheduled for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Interrelationships between quadruple semitendinosus (ST) graft and anthropometric parameters (age, sex, height, weight, and BMI) were assessed using Pearson Correlation test and regression analysis. Difference among gender was analysed using Mann Whitney and t test. The observed graft diameter was also compared with the literature using Bland – Altman plot.

Results:

Mean age of cohort was 29 years (range, 17-50 years), mean height was 1.69m (range, 1.6-1.9m), mean weight was 75 kg (range, 50-116kg) and mean BMI was 26kg/m2 (range 16.65-40.40kg/m2). Mean quadruple length of harvested ST graft was 7cm (7.1±0.6 cm, range, 5.6-8.8cm) and mean diameter was 8mm (8.2±0.8mm, range, 6.5-10mm). Only height and weight were significantly correlated with graft length and diameter in both sex (p value <0.05). Female, compared to male, had significantly smaller (p<0.0001) and thinner graft (p<0.0001). There was a strong agreement between the literature and our observed graft diameter, but with an overestimated graft diameter in 18.5% of the cases.

Conclusion:

Among anthropometric parameter, only height and weight had moderate positive correlation with graft diameter. Males had longer and wider ST graft in contrast to age-matched female group.

Expression of kisspeptin and its receptor in different functional classes of ovarian follicle in the buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

Recently, we reported the differential expression of kisspeptinergic system in the bubaline hypothalamus and corpus luteum. Here, we document the expression of kisspeptin (Kp) and its receptor (Kiss1r) in the ovarian follicles of the buffalo with respect to the functional status. Follicles of ≥10 to ≤13 mm diameter (n = 45) were retrospectively categorized into active (n = 18), intermediate (n = 16) and atretic (n = 11) follicles based on the concentrations of intrafollicular progesterone (P₄) and estradiol (E₂). The P₄:E₂ ratio was significantly lower in the active follicle (0.43 ± 0.08) than that of the intermediate (3.46 ± 0.53) and atretic (28.4 ± 10.6) follicles (P < 0.05). Relative fold change in the transcripts of kisspeptin (Kiss1), Kiss1r, gonadotrophin receptors, steroid acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CYP11A1), cytochrome P450 Family 19 subfamily A member 1 (CYP19A1), insulin like growth factor -1 (IGF-1), apoptotic factors (caspase 3 and B-cell lymphoma 2, BCL2) was calculated using qPCR in the follicular wall of the three categories of follicle (n = 8/group). In another experiment, histological sections of the ovary (n = 41) were used to group the follicles as described above and immunostaining of Kp, Kiss1r and aromatase was done. A significant upregulation of StAR, CYP11A1 and CYP19A1 in the active follicles supported the endocrine basis of follicular classification. The transcripts of Kiss1 and Kiss1r were upregulated by 19.45 fold and 4.25 fold, respectively in the active follicle as compared to other groups. Immunolocalization studies revealed that Kp and Kiss1r were localized to the basal and antral granulosa cells (GC) of the active and intermediate follicles; however, the staining intensity was stronger in the former group. Strong expression of CYP19A1 in the GC layer of active follicle supported the histological basis of defining the functional status of the follicle. It is concluded that the follicular compartment of the bubaline ovary expressed the constituents of kisspeptinergic system. The expression of Kp and Kiss1r was influenced by the functional status of the follicle with intense localization in the GC layer of the active follicles.

Antibiotic resistance in patients with chronic ear discharge awaiting surgery in Nepal

SETTING

Biratnagar Eye Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal, which offers ear surgery for chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).

OBJECTIVE

In patients with CSOM awaiting surgery, to determine the 1) sociodemographic characteristics 2) bacterial isolates and their antibiotic resistance patterns and 3) characteristics of those refused surgery, including antibiotic resistance.

DESIGN

A cohort study using hospital data, January 2018-January 2020.

RESULTS

Of 117 patients with CSOM and awaiting surgery, 64% were in the 18-35 years age group, and 79% were cross-border from India. Of 118 bacterial isolates, 80% had Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 16% had Staphylococcus aureus. All isolates showed multidrug resistance to nine of the 12 antibiotics tested. The lowest antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa was for vancomycin (29%) and moxifloxacin (36%), and for S. aureus, this was vancomycin (9%) and amikacin (17%). Fourteen (12%) patients underwent surgery: myringoplasty (n = 7, 50%), cortical mastoidectomy with tympanostomy (n = 4, 29%) and modified radical mastoidectomy (n = 3, 21%). Those infected with P. aeruginosa and with resistance to over six antibiotics were significantly more likely to be refused for surgery.

CONCLUSION

Patients awaiting ear surgery were predominantly infected with multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and were consequently refused surgery. This study can help inform efforts for improving surgical uptake and introducing cross-border antimicrobial resistance surveillance.

Antimicrobial resistance in neonates with suspected sepsis

SETTING

Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the pattern of antimicrobial resistance and hospital exit outcomes in neonates with suspected sepsis in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

DESIGN

This hospital-based cohort study was conducted to follow patients from January to December 2019. All identified cases of suspected sepsis were enlisted from hospital records.

RESULTS

Sepsis was suspected in 177 (88%) of the 200 cases admitted in the NICU; 52 (29%) were culture-positive. Pseudomonas was the predominant organism isolated (n = 40; 78%), followed by coagulase negative staphylococcus (n = 12, 23%). Nine (17%) of the 52 isolates were resistant to the Access and Watch group of antibiotics, including some resistance to Reserve group drugs such as imipenem and linezolid. Most treated cases (n = 170, 96%) improved, although 7 (4%) left against medical advice.

CONCLUSION

Most of the pathogens were resistant to WHO Access and Watch antibiotics and occasional resistance was observed to Reserve group drugs. Most sepsis was caused by Gram-negative bacilli. Improving turnaround times for antibiotic sensitivity testing using point-of-care testing, and a greater yield of culture-positive results are needed to enhance the management of neonatal sepsis.

A comprehensive review of groundwater vulnerability assessment using index-based, modelling, and coupling methods

Groundwater has become increasingly vulnerable to quality degradation. An elaborate understanding of its flow, draft, recharge and pollutant transport processes needs to be developed to understand its risk to contamination. This paper has discussed different tools and methods that are used to map groundwater vulnerability around the world. To maintain the quality and impact of the study, rigorous search for relevant literature published in high impact scientific journals has been done, and the comprehensive information on groundwater vulnerability assessment methods being used, has been compiled. The GIS based overlay and index-based methods like DRASTIC, GALDIT, GOD, COP and PI takes into consideration various thematic layers, overlays them to calculate weighted index and identifies vulnerability classes. They have been criticised for the lack of numerical basis in their formulation. Therefore, over the years, many of the proposed indices have been modified to provide quantitative estimates of groundwater potential to degrade and deplete. However, where the data and software are not a constraint, the use of numerical based simulation models can be done for more elaborate and numerical based quantification of the vulnerability. These numerical models typically require extensive data and are exceedingly becoming more sophisticated with the introduction of new parameters. This study concludes that integrating the GIS with numerical models offers the advantage of data management and assists to spatially analyse the datasets. The difficulties that are associated with the differences between GIS and numerical model's data structures should be thoroughly understood, prior to coupling, to develop uniform conversion software.

Direct introgression of untapped diversity into elite wheat lines

The effective utilization of natural variation has become essential in addressing the challenges that climate change and population growth pose to global food security. Currently adopted protracted approaches to introgress exotic alleles into elite cultivars need substantial transformation. Here, through a strategic three-way crossing scheme among diverse exotics and the best historical elites (exotic/elite1//elite2), 2,867 pre-breeding lines were developed, genotyped and screened for multiple agronomic traits in four mega-environments. A meta-genome-wide association study, selective sweeps and haplotype-block-based analyses unveiled selection footprints in the genomes of pre-breeding lines as well as exotic-specific associations with agronomic traits. A simulation with a neutrality assumption demonstrated that many pre-breeding lines had significant exotic contributions despite substantial selection bias towards elite genomes. National breeding programmes worldwide have adopted 95 lines for germplasm enhancement, and 7 additional lines are being advanced in varietal release trials. This study presents a great leap forwards in the mobilization of GenBank variation to the breeding pipelines.

Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global health concern owing to its complexity, which often poses a great challenge to the development of therapeutic approaches. No single theory has yet accounted for the various risk factors leading to the pathological and clinical manifestations of dementia-type AD. Therefore, treatment options targeting various molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease have been unsuccessful. However, the exploration of various immunotherapeutic avenues revitalizes hope after decades of disappointment. The hallmark of a good immunotherapeutic candidate is not only to remove amyloid plaques but also to slow cognitive decline. In line with this, both active and passive immunotherapy have shown success and limitations. Recent approval of aducanumab for the treatment of AD demonstrates how close passive immunotherapy is to being successful. However, several major bottlenecks still need to be resolved. This review outlines recent successes and challenges in the pursuit of an AD vaccine.

Synthesis, antibacterial, anti-oxidant and molecular docking studies of imidazoquinolines

Quinoline and imidazole derivatives have been playing a significant role in functional bioactivities and were potentially used as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Owing to the limitation of drug resistance, herein we synthesized thio-, chloro-, and hydroxyl-functionalized various imidazoquinolines by molecular hybridization approach. All the imidazoquinoline derivatives were examined for their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial pathogens by the agar well diffusion method. In addition, the anti-oxidant efficacy of imidazoquinolines was also tested using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Among them, electron-withdrawing (-Cl) substituent containing imidazoquinoline 5f showed higher antibacterial and anti-oxidant activities than other imidazoquinolines and reached the effectiveness of the standard. In addition, compounds 4f, 5e, and 3f showed moderate antibacterial activity and other derivatives displayed weak activity against various pathogens. Molecular docking studies were also performed on selected imidazoquinoline derivatives (3f, 4f, and 5f), which showed high docking score and strong binding energy values. These results revealed that thio-imidazoquinoline could assist as a prototype for the designing of multidrug-resistant antibiotics against various microbial organisms.

The current progress and critical analysis of three-dimensional scanning and three-dimensional printing applications in breast surgery

Background

Several attempts have been made to develop a tool capable of evaluating breast shape and volume to aid surgical planning and outcome assessment. More recently, newer technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) scanning and 3D printing have been applied in breast assessment. The aim of this study was to review the literature to assess the applicability of 3D scanning and 3D printing in breast surgery.

Methods

A literature search was carried on PubMed, Google Scholar and OVID from January 2000 to December 2019 using the keywords ‘3D’, ‘Three-dimensional’, ‘Three/four dimensions’ and ‘Breast’.

Results

A total of 6564 articles were identified initially; the abstracts of 1846 articles were scanned, and 81 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Articles were reviewed and classified according to their aims, study subjects, the software and hardware used, main outcomes and major limitations.

Conclusions

These technologies are fast and easy to use, however, high costs, long processing times and the need for training might limit their application. To incorporate these technologies into standard healthcare, their efficacy and effectiveness must be demonstrated through multiple and rigorous clinical trials.

E-pharmacophore based screening to identify potential HIV-1 gp120 and CD4 interaction blockers for wild and mutant types

HIV-1 gp120 provides a multistage viral entry process through the conserved CD4 binding site. Hunting of potential blockers can diminish the interaction of gp120 with the CD4 host receptor leading to the suppression of HIV-1 infection. Structure-based pharmacophore virtual screening followed by binding free energy calculation, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and density functional theory (DFT) calculation is applied to discriminate the potential blockers from six small molecule databases. Five compounds from six databases exhibited vital interactions with key residues ASP368, GLU370, ASN425, MET426, TRP427 and GLY473 of gp120, involved in the binding with CD4, host receptor. Most importantly, compound NCI-254200 displayed strong communication with key residues of wild type and drug resistance single mutant gp120 (M426L and W427V) even in the dynamic condition, evidenced from MD simulation. This investigation provided a potential compound NCI-254200 which may show inhibitory activity against HIV-1 gp120 variant interactions with CD4 host cell receptors.

Fugitive dust emission control study for a developed smart dry fog system

Air pollution due to dust emission is continuously increasing day by day in mining and allied industrial areas. Mining operations contribute a substantial amount of dust emission at the crushing, screening, and bulk material handling in loading areas. The ambient suspended dust particles create a severe nuisance to workers and local dwellers. For effective controlling of positive dust emission, an innovative automated dry fog dust suppression system (DFDSS) has been developed using hybrid nozzles, sensors, actuators, controllers, screw compressors, air receivers, pumps, motors, and water arrangement with filtration facility. The DFDSS was installed in a crushing and screening plant of an iron ore mine in India. Performance study indicted fugitive dust emission concentration values ranged from 354 to 7040 μg m^-3, which was reduced to 91-300 μg m^-3 after installation of DFDSS. The reduced values were within the permissible limit of 1200 μg m^-3 at a distance of 25 ± 2 m in the predominant downwind direction. The installed DFDSS added a meager addition of moisture content of 0.032% in the handling iron ore material, which was below the acceptable limit of 0.1%. The DFDSS precisely regulated fugitive dust emission from various mining activities without affecting the minerals processing performance. Thus, the DFDSS can be implemented effectively in different mining and allied industries where there is a dust emission problem.

Seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and predictors of seropositivity among employees of a teaching hospital in New Delhi, India

Objectives

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a high risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to the increased likelihood of clinical exposure during patient management. The study objective was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and its predictors among hospital employees.

Methods

The cross-sectional study was conducted at a teaching hospital from August 2020 to September 2020 among 1,401 employees, including 1,217 HCWs, in New Delhi, India. The serum samples were examined for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 using the COVID Kavach-Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibody Detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. Data were collected electronically using the EpiCollect mobile platform. A p < 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.

Results

A total of 169 participants (12.1%) had detectable IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The highest seropositivity rate was observed in the administrative staff (20.1%), while it was lowest among medical doctors (5.5%, p < 0.001). Male sex and ever having lived in a containment zone were independently associated with past infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Conclusion

The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in health workers may be lower than in the general population in New Delhi. However, nonpharmaceutical interventions were not associated with a reduction in the risk of acquisition of SARS-CoV-2.

Findings from the 2017 HIV estimation round & trend analysis of key indicators 2010-2017: Evidence for prioritising HIV/AIDS programme in India

Background & objectives:

The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) and the ICMR-National Institute of Medical Statistics, the nodal agency for conducting HIV estimations in India, have been generating HIV estimates regularly since 2003. The objective of this study was to describe India's biennial HIV estimation 2017 process, data inputs, tool, methodology and epidemiological assumptions used to generate the HIV estimates and trends of key indicators for 2010-2017 at national and State/Union Territory levels.

Methods:

Demographic Projection (DemProj) and AIDS Impact Modules (AIM) of Spectrum 5.63 software recommended by the United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS Global Reference Group on HIV Estimates, Modelling and Projections, were used for generating HIV estimations on key indicators. HIV sentinel surveillance, epidemiological and programme data were entered into Estimation Projection Package (EPP), and curve fitting was done using EPP classic model. Finally, calibration was done using the State HIV prevalence of two rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) -3 and -4 and Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance (IBBS), 2014-2015.

Results:

The national adult prevalence of HIV was estimated to be 0.22 per cent in 2017. Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland had the highest prevalence over one per cent. An estimated 2.1 million people were living with HIV in 2017, with Maharashtra estimated to have the highest number. Of the 88 thousand annual new HIV infections estimated nationally in 2017, Telangana accounted for the largest share. HIV incidence was found to be higher among key population groups, especially people who inject drugs. The annual AIDS-related deaths were estimated to be 69 thousand nationally. For all indicators, geographic variation in levels and trends between States existed.

Interpretation & conclusions:

With a slow decline in annual new HIV infections by only 27 per cent from 2010 to 2017 against the national target of 75 per cent by 2020, the national target to end AIDS by 2030 may be missed; although at the sub-national level some States have made better progress to reduce new HIV infection. It calls for reinforcement of HIV prevention, diagnosis and treatment efforts by geographical regions and population groups.