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Tamminga S, Schutte M, Visser S, Kezic S, de Groene G, Maas J, de Wind A, van der Molen H. Beroepsziektemeldingen vanwege COVID-19 bij NCVB. TBV - Tijdschr Bedrijfs- en Verzekeringsgeneeskd 2021; 29:32-34. [PMID: 33398217 PMCID: PMC7773795 DOI: 10.1007/s12498-020-1316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sietske Tamminga
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marijke Schutte
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten,, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven Visser
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanja Kezic
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerda de Groene
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Maas
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Astrid de Wind
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henk van der Molen
- UMC, locatie AMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Coronel Instituut voor Arbeid en Gezondheid, Nederlands Centrum voor Beroepsziekten, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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van der Molen HF, Kezic S, Visser S, de Groene G, Maas J, de Wind A, Tamminga S. Occupational COVID-19: what can be learned from notifications of occupational diseases? Occup Environ Med 2020; 78:oemed-2020-107121. [PMID: 33158969 PMCID: PMC8142446 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2020-107121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henk F van der Molen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Visser
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerda de Groene
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Maas
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid de Wind
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sietske Tamminga
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Netherlands Center for Occupational Diseases, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Lan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M.W.A. Verstegen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S. Tamminga
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B.A. Williams
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Tiedtke C, Tamminga S, Greidanus M, Frings-Dresen M, de Boer A, Dierckx de Casterlé B, de Rijk A. What do employers need to support return-to-work of employees who survived cancer? Eur J Public Health 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckw165.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Williams BA, Verstegen MW, Tamminga S. Fermentation in the large intestine of single-stomached animals and its relationship to animal health. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 14:207-28. [PMID: 19087424 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The phasing out of antibiotic compounds as growth promoters from the animal industry means that alternative practices will need to be investigated and the promising ones implemented in the very near future. Fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is being recognized as having important implications for health of the gut and thus of the host animal. Fermentation in single-stomached animals occurs to the largest extent in the large intestine, mainly because of the longer transit time there. The present review examines the micro-ecology of the GIT, with most emphasis on the large intestine as the most important site of fermentative activity, and an attempt is made to clarify the importance of the microfloral activity (i.e. fermentation) in relation to the health of the host. The differences between carbohydrate and protein fermentation are described, particularly in relation to their endproducts. The roles of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH3 in terms of their relationship to gut health are then examined. The large intestine has an important function in relation to the development of diarrhoea, particularly in terms of VFA production by fermentation and its role in water absorption. Suggestions are made as to feeds and additives (particularly those which are carbohydrate-based) which could be, or are, added to diets and which could steer the natural microbial population of the GIT. Various methods are described which are used to investigate changes in microbial populations and reasons are given for the importance of measuring the kinetics of fermentation activity as an indicator of microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Williams
- Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Marijkeweg 40, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lammers-Wienhoven SCW, Voigt J, Ram L, Bruchem J, Ketelaars J, Tamminga S. Effect of cell walls, dry matter and protein supply on endogenous nitrogen flow in the small intestine of sheep. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1997.tb00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kariuki JN, Tamminga S, Gitau GK, Gachuiri CK, Muia JMK. Performance of Sahiwal and Friesian heifers fed on napier grass supplemented with graded levels of lucerne. S AFR J ANIM SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.4314/sajas.v29i1.44220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mekoya A, Oosting S, Fernandez-Rivera S, Tamminga S, Van der Zijpp A. Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban to lactating ewes on milk yield and growth rate of lambs. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mekoya A, Oosting S, Fernandez-Rivera S, Tamminga S, Tegegne A, Van der Zijpp A. Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on post-weaning growth performance and sexual development of Menz sheep (Ethiopia). Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mekoya A, Oosting S, Fernandez-Rivera S, Tamminga S, Tegegne A, Van der Zijpp A. Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on reproductive performance of sheep. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abrahamse P, Vlaeminck B, Tamminga S, Dijkstra J. The Effect of Silage and Concentrate Type on Intake Behavior, Rumen Function, and Milk Production in Dairy Cows in Early and Late Lactation. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:4778-92. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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van Knegsel ATM, van den Brand H, Graat EAM, Dijkstra J, Jorritsma R, Decuypere E, Tamminga S, Kemp B. Dietary energy source in dairy cows in early lactation: metabolites and metabolic hormones. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1477-85. [PMID: 17297121 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Negative energy balance-related metabolic disorders suggest that the balance between available lipogenic and glucogenic nutrients is important. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of a glucogenic or a lipogenic diet on liver triacylglycerides (TAG), metabolites, and metabolic hormones in dairy cows in early lactation and to relate metabolite concentrations to the determined energy retention in body mass (ER). Sixteen dairy cows were fed either a lipogenic or glucogenic diet from wk 3 prepartum to wk 9 postpartum (pp) and were housed in climate respiration chambers from wk 2 to 9 pp. Diets were isocaloric (net energy basis). Postpartum, cows fed a lipogenic diet tended to have higher nonesterified fatty acid concentration (NEFA; 0.46 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.37 +/- 0.04 mmol/L) and lower insulin concentration (4.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.6 microIU/mL). No difference was found in plasma glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, insulin-like growth factor-I, and thyroid hormones. Liver TAG was equal between both diets in wk -2 and 2 pp. In wk 4 pp cows fed the glucogenic diet had numerically lower TAG levels, although there was no significant dietary effect. Negative relationships were detected between ER and milk fat and between ER and NEFA. A positive relationship was detected between ER and insulin concentration. Overall, results suggest that insulin plays a regulating role in altering energy partitioning between milk and body tissue. Feeding lactating dairy cows a glucogenic diet decreased mobilization of body fat compared with a lipogenic diet. The relative abundance of lipogenic nutrients, when feeding a more lipogenic diet, is related to more secretion of lipogenic nutrients in milk, lower plasma insulin, and higher plasma NEFA concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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van Knegsel ATM, van den Brand H, Dijkstra J, van Straalen WM, Heetkamp MJW, Tamminga S, Kemp B. Dietary energy source in dairy cows in early lactation: energy partitioning and milk composition. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1467-76. [PMID: 17297120 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(07)71632-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic problems related to negative energy balance suggest a role for the balance in supply of lipogenic and glucogenic nutrients. To test the effect of lipogenic and glucogenic nutrients on energy partitioning, energy balance and nitrogen balance of 16 lactating dairy cows were determined by indirect calorimetry in climate respiration chambers from wk 2 to 9 postpartum. Cows were fed a diet high in lipogenic nutrients or a diet high in glucogenic nutrients from wk 3 prepartum until wk 9 postpartum. Diets were isocaloric (net energy basis) and equal in intestinal digestible protein. There was no effect of diet on metabolizable energy intake and heat production. Cows fed the lipogenic diet partitioned more energy to milk than cows fed the glucogenic diet [1,175 +/- 18 vs. 1,073 +/- 12 kJ/(kg(0.75) x d)] and had a higher milk fat yield (1.89 +/- 0.02 vs. 1.67 +/- 0.03 kg/d). The increase in milk fat production was caused by an increase in C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 in milk fat. No difference was found in energy retained as body protein, but energy mobilized from body fat tended to be higher in cows fed the lipogenic diet than in cows fed the glucogenic diet [190 +/- 23 vs. 113 +/- 26 kJ/(kg(0.75) x d)]. Overall, results demonstrate that energy partitioning between milk and body tissue can be altered by feeding isocaloric diets differing in lipogenic and glucogenic nutrient content.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Chilibroste P, Dijkstra J, Robinson P, Tamminga S. A simulation model “CTR Dairy” to predict the supply of nutrients in dairy cows managed under discontinuous feeding patterns. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abrahamse P, Dijkstra J, Vlaeminck B, Tamminga S. Frequent Allocation of Rotationally Grazed Dairy Cows Changes Grazing Behavior and Improves Productivity. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2033-45. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bannink A, France J, Lopez S, Gerrits W, Kebreab E, Tamminga S, Dijkstra J. Modelling the implications of feeding strategy on rumen fermentation and functioning of the rumen wall. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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van Knegsel ATM, van den Brand H, Dijkstra J, van Straalen WM, Jorritsma R, Tamminga S, Kemp B. Effect of Glucogenic vs. Lipogenic Diets on Energy Balance, Blood Metabolites, and Reproduction in Primiparous and Multiparous Dairy Cows in Early Lactation. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:3397-409. [PMID: 17582125 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the availability of glucogenic nutrients relative to lipogenic nutrients has been hypothesized to decrease the production of milk fat, to improve the energy balance (EB), and to decrease the incidence and severity of metabolic and reproductive disorders in dairy cows in early lactation. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the effects of a glucogenic, lipogenic, or mixed diet on EB, plasma metabolites and metabolic hormones, liver triacylglycerides (TAG), and reproductive variables in high-producing dairy cows in early lactation. Cows (n = 114) were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets and were fed either a mainly lipogenic diet, a mainly glucogenic diet, or a mixture of both diets (50:50 dry matter basis) from wk 3 before the expected calving date until 9 wk postpartum. Diets were isocaloric (net energy basis) and equal in intestinal digestible protein. Dry matter intake, net energy intake, milk yield, and milk protein percentage did not differ among diets. Milk lactose percentage was less for cows fed the lipogenic diet. Milk fat percentage was less for multiparous cows fed the glucogenic diet compared with cows fed the mixed or lipogenic diet (3.69 vs. 4.02 vs. 4.22 +/- 0.07%, respectively). The calculated EB was less negative for multiparous cows fed the glucogenic diet compared with cows fed the mixed or lipogenic diet [-33 vs. -125 vs. -89 +/- 21 kJ/(kg(0.75) x d), respectively]. Postpartum, the glucogenic diet decreased plasma nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and liver TAG concentrations and increased insulin concentration in multiparous cows. The glucogenic diet tended to decrease the number of days until first milk progesterone rise in multiparous cows compared with the mixed or lipogenic diet (20.4 vs. 24.4 vs. 26.4 +/- 2.1 d, respectively). Diet had no effect on any of the above-mentioned variables in primiparous cows, except that milk lactose percentage was greater for primiparous cows fed the glucogenic diet. We concluded that the glucogenic diet was effective in improving the calculated EB and decreasing plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and liver TAG concentrations, suggesting a reduced risk of metabolic disorders in multiparous dairy cows fed a glucogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Lan Y, Williams B, Verstegen M, Patterson R, Tamminga S. Soy oligosaccharides in vitro fermentation characteristics and its effect on caecal microorganisms of young broiler chickens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to compare measurements of fractional clearance rates obtained by using an unlabeled valerate-CoEDTA technique with measurements obtained by using a (13)C-labeled volatile fatty acids (VFA) technique. The exponential decay rate of the (13)C/(12)C ratio after pulse-dosing (13)C-acetate, (13)C-propionate, or (13)C-butyrate into the rumen was compared with the decay rate of rumen valerate concentration following a simultaneous pulse dose. The unlabeled valerate, CoEDTA, and each labeled VFA, one at a time, were concurrently mixed with the evacuated ruminal content of 6 lactating cows in two 3 x 3 Latin squares. The clearance of VFA by passage to the omasum was assumed to be equivalent to the decay in ruminal Co concentration and was around 50% of the total clearance. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate had similar fractional clearance rates (31.2, 33.4, 30.4%/h, respectively), but propionate had a higher absorption rate (19.2%/h) than butyrate (14.2%/h). Linear regression determination coefficients using the valerate clearance rate as an estimator for acetate, propionate, and butyrate rumen clearance were 0.51, 0.56, and 0.99, respectively. In a second experiment, the (13)C-valerate fractional clearance rate estimate (33.7%/h) was similar to the estimate obtained with unlabeled valerate (35.0%/h) by the valerate-Co technique. No (13)C enrichment of rumen microbes was noted 4 h after the intraruminal infusion of (13)C-valerate. Fractional VFA absorption rate estimates obtained in both techniques were similar, although both were lower than estimates reported in the literature by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Resende Júnior
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG, Brazil, 37200-000.
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Vlaeminck B, Fievez V, Tamminga S, Dewhurst RJ, van Vuuren A, De Brabander D, Demeyer D. Milk Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Relation to the Rumen Fermentation Pattern. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3954-64. [PMID: 16960070 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine whether a relationship exists between molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and milk odd-and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations (i.e., iso C13:0, anteiso C13:0, iso C14:0, C15:0, iso C15:0, anteiso C15:0, iso C16:0, C17:0, iso C17:0, anteiso C17:0, and cis-9 C17:1); and 2) to evaluate the accuracy of prediction of the latter equations using an independent data set. For development of the regression equations, individual cow data from 10 feeding experiments with rumen-fistulated dairy cows were used, resulting in a data set of 148 observations. Milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids were closely related to the molar proportions of acetate (SE = 15.3 mmol/mol), propionate (SE = 14.7 mmol/mol), and butyrate (SE = 9.2 mmol/mol). These regression equations were further validated using data from the literature (n = 14). Evaluation of these prediction equations using the independent data set resulted in a root mean square prediction error of 3.0, 9.0, and 8.9% of the observed mean for acetate, propionate, and butyrate, respectively. In addition, less then 5% of the mean square prediction error was due to line bias. This suggests that the currently developed prediction equations based on milk odd- and branched-chain fatty acids show potential to predict molar proportions of individual volatile fatty acids in the rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vlaeminck
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality, Ghent University, Proefhoevestraat 10, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Tas BM, Taweel HZ, Smit HJ, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S. Effects of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars on Milk Yield and Nitrogen Utilization in Grazing Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:3494-500. [PMID: 16899684 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72388-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 4 diploid perennial ryegrass cultivars that differed in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations on milk yield and nitrogen (N) utilization in dairy cows were evaluated in a 2-yr grazing experiment. Twelve lactating dairy cows were assigned to 1 cultivar for a 2-wk period in a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 3 replicates. Each year, the experiment lasted 8 wk. Swards were in a vegetative stage throughout the experiment. Herbage constituents were determined, and DM intake was estimated with the n-alkane technique. Nitrogen utilization was calculated as N excreted in milk divided by N intake, assuming a zero N retention. Two cultivars had consistently higher WSC concentrations and slightly lower neutral detergent fiber concentrations than the other 2 cultivars. The ranking of the cultivars in chemical composition traits in both years was rather consistent. Cows grazing the cultivar with the lowest concentration of WSC had the lowest herbage DM intake, N intake, milk yield, and milk N yield in 2002, but with a similar difference in WSC concentration, no differences among cultivars were found in 2003. In both years, milk urea N concentration was slightly higher for cows grazing the cultivar with the lowest WSC concentration, although it was significant only in 2003. Nitrogen utilization (N milk:N intake, g/g) varied between 0.241 and 0.246 in 2002 and between 0.190 and 0.209 in 2003, and in both years there was no effect of cultivar. At relatively high N concentrations in grass and only small differences among cultivars in neutral detergent fiber concentrations, cultivars with an elevated WSC concentration did not increase N utilization in grazing dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Tas
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Taweel H, Tas B, Smit H, Tamminga S, Elgersma A. A note on eating behaviour of dairy cows at different stocking systems—diurnal rhythm and effects of ambient temperature. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Taweel H, Tas B, Smit H, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S. Grazing behaviour, intake, rumen function and milk production of dairy cows offered Lolium perenne containing different levels of water-soluble carbohydrates. Livest Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2005.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bannink A, Kogut J, Dijkstra J, France J, Kebreab E, Van Vuuren AM, Tamminga S. Estimation of the stoichiometry of volatile fatty acid production in the rumen of lactating cows. J Theor Biol 2006; 238:36-51. [PMID: 16111711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve the prediction of the quantity and type of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) produced from fermented substrate in the rumen of lactating cows. A model was formulated that describes the conversion of substrate (soluble carbohydrates, starch, hemi-cellulose, cellulose, and protein) into VFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, and other VFA). Inputs to the model were observed rates of true rumen digestion of substrates, whereas outputs were observed molar proportions of VFA in rumen fluid. A literature survey generated data of 182 diets (96 roughage and 86 concentrate diets). Coefficient values that define the conversion of a specific substrate into VFA were estimated meta-analytically by regression of the model against observed VFA molar proportions using non-linear regression techniques. Coefficient estimates significantly differed for acetate and propionate production in particular, between different types of substrate and between roughage and concentrate diets. Deviations of fitted from observed VFA molar proportions could be attributed to random error for 100%. In addition to regression against observed data, simulation studies were performed to investigate the potential of the estimation method. Fitted coefficient estimates from simulated data sets appeared accurate, as well as fitted rates of VFA production, although the model accounted for only a small fraction (maximally 45%) of the variation in VFA molar proportions. The simulation results showed that the latter result was merely a consequence of the statistical analysis chosen and should not be interpreted as an indication of inaccuracy of coefficient estimates. Deviations between fitted and observed values corresponded to those obtained in simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bannink
- Wageningen University Research Center, Animal Sciences Group, Nutrition & Food, P.O. Box 65, 8200AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Taweel H, Tas B, Smit H, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S. Improving the quality of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) for dairy cows by selecting for fast clearing and/or degradable neutral detergent fiber. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tas BM, Taweel HZ, Smit HJ, Elgersma A, Dijkstra J, Tamminga S. Effects of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars on Intake, Digestibility, and Milk Yield in Dairy Cows. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:3240-8. [PMID: 16107414 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)73007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 8 diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars on dry matter (DM) intake, DM digestibility, and milk yield (MY) of dairy cows were evaluated in the summer of 2000 and 2001. Each summer, herbage was harvested daily and stall-fed to 12 dairy cows during six 2-wk periods. Six cultivars were fed in 3 periods (1, 3, and 5) according to a double 3 x 3 Latin square design. In the other periods (2, 4, and 6), 2 cultivars were fed in a repeated measurement design. Herbage mass and leaf blades in the sward canopy varied among cultivars, but differences were not consistent between years. The largest differences in herbage composition were found in water-soluble carbohydrate content, followed by crude protein content. only small differences were found in the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content. A higher water-soluble carbohydrate content was found in 2 cultivars in both years, whereas ranking of cultivars in crude protein and NDF content was not consistent with years. Dry matter intake and MY were not affected by cultivar. In both years, DM digestiblity was high (>77%), with very small differences among cultivars in 2000 (<0.5%) and larger differences in 2001 (up to 4%). This was associated with a delayed heading date in 2001, resulting in larger differences in leaf blades and NDF content among cultivars. It may be concluded that the 8 cultivars used in our experiments do not provide grass breeders with encouraging evidence to include selection criteria for an increased DM intake, DM digestibility, and MY in their grass breeding schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Tas
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
For estimating herbage intake during grazing, the traditional sward cutting technique was compared in grazing experiments in 2002 and 2003 with the recently developed n-alkanes technique and with the net energy method. The first method estimates herbage intake by the difference between the herbage mass before and after grazing and the regrowth between the 2 points in time. The second technique estimates herbage intake by the ratio of a dosed even-chain synthetic n-alkane (C32) and a naturally occurring odd-chain n-alkane (C31 or C33) in the herbage and feces. The third technique calculated the intake from the animal's energy requirements for milk production and maintenance. The sward cutting technique estimated herbage intake with the highest coefficient of variation and had different results in the 2 experimental years. The n-alkanes method yielded less variable results, whereas the net energy method gave the least variable results. In 2002, the estimates of the alkane ratio C32:C33 were best related with estimations of the net energy method. In 2003, the estimates of the alkane ratio C32:C31 were best related. The estimate based on the alkane ratio C32:C33 had a lower coefficient of variation than the one based on the alkane ratio C32:C31. Therefore, the C32:C33 alkane method was considered to be a better direct estimator for herbage intake by grazing lactating dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Smit
- Crop and Weed Ecology Group, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 AK Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
This experiment aimed at studying the behavioral strategies grazing dairy cows use to satisfy their nutritional needs as the day progresses and the possible role of rumen fill in controlling these behavioral strategies. The day was divided into 3 main periods (0600 to 1200 h, 1200 to 1800 h, and 1800 to 2400 h), where the 3 main grazing bouts (dawn, afternoon, and dusk) of dairy cows usually occur. Four late lactating rumen-cannulated dairy cows were used in a repeated measures design; grazing bout was the within-subjects factor. Cows had access to a 1-ha grass sward under a continuous stocking system. To estimate dry matter intake, bite rate, bite mass (BM), and intake rate at the 3 grazing bouts, cows were rumen-evacuated at 0600, 1200, 1800, and 2330 h, and the jaw recorders were fitted to the cows between these time points. Time spent eating by dairy cows at the dusk grazing bout was much longer than that at the other 2 grazing bouts and composed about 40% of the daily total eating time. Total grazing jaw movement (TGJM) rate was constant during the day at around 75/min. Bite rate, BM, and, hence, intake rate increased, but chewing rate decreased as the day progressed. The increase in BM was mainly due to the increase in dry matter content of the grass at dusk rather than increased bite dimensions. Therefore, it could be concluded that the main behavioral strategies dairy cows use to satisfy their nutritional needs under continuous stocking include manipulating their eating time, biting rate, and chewing rate, with little control over TGJM rate and BM. Dairy cows interrupted the first 2 grazing bouts (dawn and afternoon) long before reaching their maximal rumen capacity, indicating that rumen fill is less likely to play a significant role in signaling the termination of these 2 grazing bouts. However, rumen pool sizes were always maximal at the time when the dusk grazing bout ceased, indicating that rumen fill is more likely to play a major role in signaling the termination of the dusk grazing bout.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Z Taweel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen Institute for Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
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Lan Y, Xun S, Tamminga S, Williams BA, Verstegen MWA, Erdi G. Real-time PCR detection of lactic acid bacteria in cecal contents of eimeria tenella-lnfected broilers fed soybean oligosaccharides and soluble soybean polysaccharides. Poult Sci 2004; 83:1696-702. [PMID: 15510555 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.10.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to test whether dietary soybean meal oligosaccharides (SMO) and water-soluble polysaccharides (SMP) can assist broiler chickens in resisting Eimeria tenella, and to determine the survival of lactic acid bacteria in cecal contents postinfection. All birds received a soybean meal-free diet. The 6 experimental treatments were as follows: positive (COR) and negative (COW) control groups, 2 groups fed diets containing either 1% SMO or 0.5% SMP from 1 to 11 d of age; a vaccinated group (VAC), and an anticoccidial medicated group (ANT). Chickens of all treatments except COW were orally infected with 1000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella on d 15. Fecal oocyst shedding was monitored per treatment group between d 5 and 13 postinfection. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in cecal contents were evaluated by a real-time PCR technique on d 7 postinfection. The results showed that the SMO and SMP groups had a lower number of oocysts per gram of feces during the monitoring period than the COR group. Threshold cycles were 22.21, 27.68, 13.99, 14.92, 12.97, and 14.85, for COW, COR, SMO, SMP, VAC, and ANT groups, respectively; specific PCR products were confirmed by the results of melting curve analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis. The results suggest that these LAB communities were promoted by SMO and SMP and have a competitive exclusion function when broiler chickens are infected with E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lan
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gosselink J, Dulphy J, Poncet C, Aufrère J, Tamminga S, Cone J. Rumen escape nitrogen from forages in sheep: comparison of in situ and in vitro techniques using in vivo data. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gosselink J, Dulphy J, Tamminga S, Cone J. Comparison of the in situ technique and the gas production
technique in mimicking rumen dry matter degradation. J Anim Feed Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/73743/2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gosselink J, Dulphy J, Poncet C, Jailler M, Tamminga S, Cone J. Prediction of forage digestibility in ruminants using in situ and in vitro techniques. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Yu P, Tamminga S, Egan AR, Christensen DA. Probing Equivocal Effects of Heat Processing of Legume Seeds on Performance of Ruminants - A Review -. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2004.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Elgersma A, Ellen G, van der Horst H, Muuse B, Boer H, Tamminga S. Comparison of the fatty acid composition of fresh and ensiled perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), affected by cultivar and regrowth interval. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(03)00134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Tóthi R, Zhang R, Chilibroste P, Boer H, Tamminga S. Effect of processed cereal grains as a supplement on
grass intake, rumen pool sizes, ruminal kinetics and
the performance of grazing lactating dairy cows. J Anim Feed Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/67720/2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yu P, Goelema J, Leury B, Tamminga S, Egan A. An analysis of the nutritive value of heat processed legume seeds for animal production using the DVE/OEB model: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Muia J, Tamminga S, Mbugua P, Kariuki J. Rumen degradation and estimation of microbial protein yield and intestinal digestion of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and various concentrates. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Woldemeskel M, Tegegne A, Umunna NN, Kaitho RJ, Tamminga S. Effects of Leucaena pallida and Sesbania sesban supplementation on testicular histology of tropical sheep and goats. Anim Reprod Sci 2001; 67:253-65. [PMID: 11530271 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4320(01)00131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Thirty Ethiopian highland rams with an average body weight of 23.7kg (S.D.=1.23) and age of 18 months and 25 East African bucks with an average body weight of 18.6kg (S.D.=2.06) and age of 14 months were used to study the long term effects of supplementation with the leaves of Leucaena pallida and Sesbania sesban on testicular histology. Within species, animals were blocked based on body weight and scrotal circumference and randomly assigned, within blocks, to five nutritional treatment groups in a complete randomised block design. All animals were provided with unchopped teff (Eragrostis tef) straw ad libitum and were supplemented with either 150g of wheat bran (control), leucaena (200 or 400g) or sesbania (200 or 400g) leaves for a period of 6 months. At the end of the experimental period, all animals were surgically castrated and testicular samples were collected and prepared for histopathological examination. In sheep 200g S. sesban induced relatively more necrosis of the seminiferous tubules than 200g L. pallida, but with similar degree of tubular degeneration. However, lesions in testis of goats fed on 200g S. sesban and 200g L. pallida did not differ. The effect of 400g S. sesban and 400g L. pallida in sheep indicated that the former hardly induced lesions except depressive effect on spermatogenesis. Similar results were observed in goats. About 400g S. sesban induced milder lesions in sheep and goats than were 200g S. sesban. The lesions were compared and discussed in relation to the phytochemical composition of the supplementary feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Woldemeskel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
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39
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Muia J, Tamminga S, Mbugua P, Kariuki J. Effect of supplementing napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with poultry litter and sunflower meal based concentrates on feed intake and rumen fermentation in Friesian steers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kariuki J, Tamminga S, Gachuiri C, Gitau G, Muia J. Intake and rumen degradation in cattle fed napier grass ( Pennisetum purpureum) supplemented with various levels of Desmodium intortum and Ipomoea batatus vines. S AFR J ANIM SCI 2001. [DOI: 10.4314/sajas.v31i3.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chilibroste P, Tamminga S, Boer H, Gibb MJ, den Dikken G. Duration of regrowth of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) effects on grazing behavior, intake, rumen fill, and fermentation of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:984-95. [PMID: 10821574 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The relative importance of duration of sward regrowth and fill and fermentation in the rumen on the control of grazing time and intake rate during the first grazing session of the day was studied. Four lactating dairy cows were allowed to graze ryegrass (Lolium perenne) swards, with five different regrowth periods after mowing (6, 9, 16, 22, and 30 d). The cows were allowed to graze until they stopped voluntarily (cessation of grazing activity for at least 15 min). Before and after grazing the rumen contents were evacuated, weighed, sampled, and returned to the animals. Samples of rumen liquid were taken immediately before rumen evacuation and approximately 30, 60, 120, and 240 min after the grazing session was finished. Grazing time and intake rate did not follow a significant trend with period of regrowth. Bite rate did not change significantly with duration of regrowth with cows exhibiting high rates of biting for all the sward conditions. Rumen pools sizes of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and volatile fatty acids (VFA), measured after grazing, increased significantly with days of sward regrowth, even though the changes over days were small. Concentration of VFA followed a significant quadratic trend with a maximum concentration observed at approximately 110 min after cessation of grazing. In this study, rumen fill, VFA (either total or major components), ammonia, pH, and osmotic pressure as individual variables were not correlated with grazing time or dry matter intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chilibroste
- Wageningen Institute of Animal Science, Animal Nutrition Group, Marijkeweg, The Netherlands.
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Langhout DJ, Schutte JB, de Jong J, Sloetjes H, Verstegen MW, Tamminga S. Effect of viscosity on digestion of nutrients in conventional and germ-free chicks. Br J Nutr 2000; 83:533-40. [PMID: 10953678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted with conventional and germ-free broiler chicks to obtain more information on the role of the intestinal microflora in the anti-nutritive effects of NSP in broiler chicks. As the NSP source, highly methylated citrus pectin (HMC) was used at a dose level of 30 g/kg in a maize-based diet. The diets fed to the germ-free chicks were gamma-irradiated, whereas those fed to the conventional chicks were not. Feeding the HMC diet to conventional birds depressed weight gain and food utilization (P < 0.05), whereas in germ-free birds only weight gain was reduced (P < 0.05). Feeding the HMC diet to conventional birds reduced digestibilities of energy and starch at the end of the jejunum. Ileal digestibilities of starch and energy were not strongly affected when birds were fed on the HMC-containing diet. Faecal digestibilities of organic matter, crude fat, starch and amino acids, N retention and metabolizable energy were reduced when conventional chicks were fed on the HMC diet. Feeding the HMC diet to germ-free birds hardly affected faecal digestibility of nutrients and N retention, whereas metabolizable energy was increased. Feeding the HMC diet to conventional or germ-free birds increased the viscosity of the digesta in the small intestine. This increase in digesta viscosity was more pronounced in conventional than in germ-free birds. The pH of ileal digesta was reduced when HMC was added to the diet of conventional chicks, but not in germ-free chicks. Feeding the HMC diet to conventional birds markedly affected morphology of the gut wall, whereas in germ-free chicks very little effect was found on gut morphology. Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that the gastrointestinal microflora mediates the magnitude of the anti-nutritive effects of HMC in broiler chicks. However, the exact role of the microflora in chicks in the magnitude of the anti-nutritional effects of HMC could not be derived from the present study, since the results might have been influenced by gamma-irradiation of the diets fed to the germ-free chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Langhout
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Department of Animal Nutrition and Physiology (ILOB), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yu P, Goelema JO, Tamminga S. Determination of Optimal Conditions of Pressure Toasting on Legume Seeds for Dairy Feed Industry : I. Effects of Pressure Toasting on Nutritive Values of Lupinus albus in Lactating Dairy Cows. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.1999.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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Grala W, Verstegen M, Jansman A, Huisman J, van Leeuwen P, Tamminga S. Effects of ileal endogenous nitrogen losses and dietary amino acid supplementation on nitrogen retention in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Langhout DJ, Schutte JB, Van Leeuwen P, Wiebenga J, Tamminga S. Effect of dietary high- and low-methylated citrus pectin on the activity of the ileal microflora and morphology of the small intestinal wall of broiler chicks. Br Poult Sci 1999; 40:340-7. [PMID: 10475630 DOI: 10.1080/00071669987421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
1. A study was conducted with broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of dietary high-methylated citrus pectin (HMC) or low-methylated citrus pectin (LMC) on the performance, nutrient digestibility, morphology of the small intestinal wall and ileal microbial activity. 2. Both pectin products were tested at a dietary content of 30 g/kg using a diet based on maize and soya flour. 3. Inclusion of HMC in the diet depressed weight gain and food utilization significantly. With a dietary addition of LMC there were only small decreases in weight gain and food utilisation. 4. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat, starch and amino acids, nitrogen retention and metabolisable energy value were reduced significantly when HMC was added to the diet. The addition of LMC to the diet reduced fat and ash digestibility and metabolisable energy value significantly. 5. Inclusion of LMC in the diet increased ileal viscosity marginally, whilst HMC had such an effect that the supernatant could not be extracted. Microbial activity in the ileum, particularly that of Enterococci, Bacteroidaceae, Clostridia and E. coli, was increased significantly with dietary addition of HMC. Inclusion of LMC in the diet did not greatly affect microbial activity as only the number of Clostridia was increased. 6. The addition of HMC to the diet markedly affected the morphology of the intestinal wall and significantly increased the number of goblet cells per 100 villus cells and the sucrase isomaltase activity was increased significantly. However, the morphology of the intestinal wall was hardly affected by LMC, whereas the number of goblet cells per 100 villi cells was significantly increased. 7. Results of the present study indicate that the inclusion of water-soluble pectins in diets of chicks changes ileal microbial activity and the morphology of the small intestinal wall. The magnitude of these changes depends on the degree of methylation of the pectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Langhout
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Yu P, Goelema JO, Tamminga S. Influence of Pressure Toasting on Starch Ruminal Degradative Kinetics and Fermentation Characteristics and Gelatinization of Whole Horse Beans (Vicia faba) in Lactating Dairy Cows. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.1999.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Caine W, Verstegen M, Sauer W, Tamminga S, van Leeuwen P. Flux of amino acids and peptides across the portal
vein-drained tissue of pigs. J Anim Feed Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/68805/1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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48
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Houdijk JG, Bosch MW, Tamminga S, Verstegen MW, Berenpas EB, Knoop H. Apparent ileal and total-tract nutrient digestion by pigs as affected by dietary nondigestible oligosaccharides. J Anim Sci 1999; 77:148-58. [PMID: 10064038 DOI: 10.2527/1999.771148x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of two types of nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), and transgalactooligosaccharides (TOS) were studied on growing and weanling pigs' nutrient digestion. Dietary NDO were included at the expense of purified cellulose. Twenty-five 57-d-old growing pigs, averaging 15.9+/-.6 kg on d 0 of the experiment, were fed a corn-based control diet or the control with 6.8 or 13.5 g of FOS/kg or 4.0 or 8.0 g of TOS/kg (five pigs per diet). Feces were collected on d 28 to 32, and small-intestinal digesta were collected (slaughter technique) on d 42 to 47 of the experiment. Feeds, feces, and digesta were analyzed for DM, inorganic matter, CP, ether extract, and crude fiber. Dietary NDO did not significantly affect apparent fecal and small intestinal digestion of nutrients in growing pigs. After being fed a NDO-free diet through d 10 after weaning, 38-d-old weanling pigs (n = 20), averaging 10.4+/-.8 kg on d 0 of the experiment, were fed a control diet (based on cornstarch, casein, and oat husk meal) or the control with 10 or 40 g of FOS or TOS/kg (four pigs per diet). Feces and urine were collected on d 13 to 17, and ileal digesta were collected via a postvalve T-cecum cannula on d 33 to 37 of the experiment. Feeds, feces, and digesta were analyzed for DM, inorganic matter, CP, ether extract, starch, NDF, ADF, ADL, Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn. Nonstarch neutral-detergent soluble carbohydrates (NNSC) completed the mass balance for the carbohydrates. Urine was analyzed for N and minerals. The apparent fecal digestion of NNSC increased in the NDO-supplemented diets. The TOS-fed pigs tended (P<.10) to have a higher apparent fecal digestion of CP than the FOS-fed and control pigs but excreted more N via the urine (P<.01). Nitrogen and mineral balances were not affected. The FOS was nearly completely degraded prececally. Mean fiber digestion was lower at the fecal compared with the ileal level, as was the extent of NDO effects. This indicates that fiber digestion requires more than 2 wk to adapt to dietary NDO. Apparent ileal digestion of hemicellulose increased for the NDO-supplemented diets (P<.05), but that of NNSC decreased (P<.001). Thus, under the well-controlled conditions of this experiment, dietary NDO hardly affected nutrient digestion in well-kept growing and weanling pigs. However, digestion of dietary nonstarch carbohydrates may be affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Houdijk
- Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands. j.houdijk @ed.sac.ac.uk
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Caine W, Tamminga S, Sauer W, Verstegen M, Schulze H. Bacterial contributions to total and endogenous recoveries of nitrogen and amino acids in ileal digesta of newly weaned piglets fed protease-treated soybean meal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(98)00168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Goelema J, Spreeuwenberg M, Hof G, van der Poel A, Tamminga S. Effect of pressure toasting on the rumen degradability and intestinal digestibility of whole and broken peas, lupins and faba beans and a mixture of these feedstuffs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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