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Bustin SA. Improving the quality of quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments: 15 years of MIQE. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 96:101249. [PMID: 38290180 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is fundamental to molecular biology. It is not just a laboratory technique, qPCR is a bridge between research and clinical practice. Its theoretical foundations guide the design of experiments, while its practical implications extend to diagnostics, treatment, and research advancements in the life sciences, human and veterinary medicine, agriculture, and forensics. However, the accuracy, reliability and reproducibility of qPCR data face challenges arising from various factors associated with experimental design, execution, data analysis and inadequate reporting details. Addressing these concerns, the Minimum Information for the Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines have emerged as a cohesive framework offering a standardised set of recommendations that describe the essential information required for assessing qPCR experiments. By emphasising the importance of methodological rigour, the MIQE guidelines have made a major contribution to improving the trustworthiness, consistency, and transparency of many published qPCR results. However, major challenges related to awareness, resources, and publication pressures continue to affect their consistent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, CM1 1SQ, UK.
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2
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Ilg MM, Harding S, Lapthorn AR, Kirvell S, Ralph DJ, Bustin SA, Ball G, Cellek S. Temporal gene signature of myofibroblast transformation in Peyronie's disease: first insights into the molecular mechanisms of irreversibility. J Sex Med 2024; 21:278-287. [PMID: 38383071 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transformation of resident fibroblasts to profibrotic myofibroblasts in the tunica albuginea is a critical step in the pathophysiology of Peyronie's disease (PD). We have previously shown that myofibroblasts do not revert to the fibroblast phenotype and we suggested that there is a point of no return at 36 hours after induction of the transformation. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive this proposed irreversibility are not known. AIM Identify molecular pathways that drive the irreversibility of myofibroblast transformation by analyzing the expression of the genes involved in the process in a temporal fashion. METHODS Human primary fibroblasts obtained from tunica albuginea of patients with Peyronie's disease were transformed to myofibroblasts using transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). The mRNA of the cells was collected at 0, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours after stimulation with TGF-β1 and then analyzed using a Nanostring nCounter Fibrosis panel. The gene expression results were analyzed using Reactome pathway analysis database and ANNi, a deep learning-based inference algorithm based on a swarm approach. OUTCOMES The study outcome was the time course of changes in gene expression during transformation of PD-derived fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. RESULTS The temporal analysis of the gene expression revealed that the majority of the changes at the gene expression level happened within the first 24 hours and remained so throughout the 72-hour period. At 36 hours, significant changes were observed in genes involved in MAPK-Hedgehog signaling pathways. CLINICAL TRANSLATION This study highlights the importance of early intervention in clinical management of PD and the future potential of new drugs targeting the point of no return. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS The use of human primary cells and confirmation of results with further RNA analysis are the strengths of this study. The study was limited to 760 genes rather than the whole transcriptome. CONCLUSION This study is to our knowledge the first analysis of temporal gene expression associated with the regulation of the transformation of resident fibroblasts to profibrotic myofibroblasts in PD. Further research is warranted to investigate the role of the MAPK-Hedgehog signaling pathways in reversibility of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Ilg
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Harding
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alice R Lapthorn
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Kirvell
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Ralph
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
- Urology Department, University College London, London, W1G 8PH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Ball
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Selim Cellek
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
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Bustin SA, Kirvell S, Nolan T, Shipley GL. FlashPCR: Revolutionising qPCR by Accelerating Amplification through Low ∆T Protocols. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2773. [PMID: 38474020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Versatility, sensitivity, and accuracy have made the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) a crucial tool for research, as well as diagnostic applications. However, for point-of-care (PoC) use, traditional qPCR faces two main challenges: long run times mean results are not available for half an hour or more, and the requisite high-temperature denaturation requires more robust and power-demanding instrumentation. This study addresses both issues and revises primer and probe designs, modified buffers, and low ∆T protocols which, together, speed up qPCR on conventional qPCR instruments and will allow for the development of robust, point-of-care devices. Our approach, called "FlashPCR", uses a protocol involving a 15-second denaturation at 79 °C, followed by repeated cycling for 1 s at 79 °C and 71 °C, together with high Tm primers and specific but simple buffers. It also allows for efficient reverse transcription as part of a one-step RT-qPCR protocol, making it universally applicable for both rapid research and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care Anglia, Ruskin University, Chelmsford CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Sara Kirvell
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care Anglia, Ruskin University, Chelmsford CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Tania Nolan
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care Anglia, Ruskin University, Chelmsford CB1 1PT, UK
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Bustin SA, Jellinger KA. Advances in Molecular Medicine: Unravelling Disease Complexity and Pioneering Precision Healthcare. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14168. [PMID: 37762471 PMCID: PMC10531697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating impacts of the climate crisis, zoonotic spill-over, and antibiotic resistance have positioned molecular medicine at the forefront of pioneering translational research [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Kurt A. Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, A1150 Vienna, Austria
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Bivins A, Kaya D, Bibby K, Simpson SL, Bustin SA, Shanks OC, Ahmed W. Variability in RT-qPCR assay parameters indicates unreliable SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification for wastewater surveillance. Water Res 2021; 203:117516. [PMID: 34412018 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202106.0320.v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, wastewater surveillance has become an important tool for monitoring the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within communities. In particular, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has been used to generate large datasets aimed at detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. Although RT-qPCR is rapid and sensitive, there is no standard method yet, there are no certified quantification standards, and experiments are conducted using different assays, reagents, instruments, and data analysis protocols. These variations can induce errors in quantitative data reports, thereby potentially misleading interpretations, and conclusions. We review the SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance literature focusing on variability of RT-qPCR data as revealed by inconsistent standard curves and associated parameters. We find that variation in these parameters and deviations from best practices, as described in the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines suggest a frequent lack of reproducibility and reliability in quantitative measurements of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- School of Chemical, Biological, & Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Center, Faculty of Health, Education and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Orin C Shanks
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park 4102, QLD, Australia.
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6
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Bivins A, Kaya D, Bibby K, Simpson SL, Bustin SA, Shanks OC, Ahmed W. Variability in RT-qPCR assay parameters indicates unreliable SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification for wastewater surveillance. Water Res 2021; 203:117516. [PMID: 34412018 PMCID: PMC8341816 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, wastewater surveillance has become an important tool for monitoring the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) within communities. In particular, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) has been used to generate large datasets aimed at detecting and quantifying SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater. Although RT-qPCR is rapid and sensitive, there is no standard method yet, there are no certified quantification standards, and experiments are conducted using different assays, reagents, instruments, and data analysis protocols. These variations can induce errors in quantitative data reports, thereby potentially misleading interpretations, and conclusions. We review the SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance literature focusing on variability of RT-qPCR data as revealed by inconsistent standard curves and associated parameters. We find that variation in these parameters and deviations from best practices, as described in the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines suggest a frequent lack of reproducibility and reliability in quantitative measurements of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Bivins
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- School of Chemical, Biological, & Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kyle Bibby
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | | | - Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Center, Faculty of Health, Education and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Orin C Shanks
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 26W Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park 4102, QLD, Australia.
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7
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Whale AS, von der Heide EK, Kohlenberg M, Brinckmann A, Baedker S, Karalay O, Fernandez-Gonzalez A, Busby EJ, Bustin SA, Hauser H, Missel A, O'Sullivan DM, Huggett JF, Pfaffl MW, Nolan T. Digital PCR can augment the interpretation of RT-qPCR Cq values for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. Methods 2021; 201:5-14. [PMID: 34454016 PMCID: PMC8387146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious, acute respiratory disease caused mainly by person-to-person transmission of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Its emergence has caused a world-wide acute health crisis, intensified by the challenge of reliably identifying individuals likely to transmit the disease. Diagnosis is hampered by the many unknowns surrounding this disease, including those relating to infectious viral burden. This uncertainty is exacerbated by disagreement surrounding the clinical relevance of molecular testing using reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the presence of viral RNA, most often based on the reporting of quantification cycles (Cq), which is also termed the cycle threshold (Ct) or crossing point (Cp). Despite it being common knowledge that Cqs are relative values varying according to a wide range of different parameters, there have been efforts to use them as though they were absolute units, with Cqs below an arbitrarily determined value, deemed to signify a positive result and those above, a negative one. Our results investigated the effects of a range of common variables on Cq values. These data include a detailed analysis of the effect of different carrier molecules on RNA extraction. The impact of sample matrix of buccal swabs and saliva on RNA extraction efficiency was demonstrated in RT-qPCR and the impact of potentially inhibiting compounds in urine along with bile salts were investigated in RT-digital PCR (RT-dPCR). The latter studies were performed such that the impact on the RT step could be separated from the PCR step. In this way, the RT was shown to be more susceptible to inhibitors than the PCR. Together, these studies demonstrate that the consequent variability of test results makes subjective Cq cut-off values unsuitable for the identification of infectious individuals. We also discuss the importance of using reliable control materials for accurate quantification and highlight the substantial role played by dPCR as a method for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Whale
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK.
| | - Eva K von der Heide
- LGC Genomics GmbH, Research and Development, TGS Haus 8, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Max Kohlenberg
- LGC Genomics GmbH, Research and Development, TGS Haus 8, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anja Brinckmann
- LGC Genomics GmbH, Research and Development, TGS Haus 8, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Silke Baedker
- QIAGEN GmbH, Research and Development, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724 Hilden, Germany.
| | - Oezlem Karalay
- QIAGEN GmbH, Research and Development, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724 Hilden, Germany.
| | | | - Eloise J Busby
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK.
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, UK.
| | - Heiko Hauser
- LGC Genomics GmbH, Research and Development, TGS Haus 8, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Missel
- QIAGEN GmbH, Research and Development, QIAGEN Strasse 1, 40724 Hilden, Germany.
| | - Denise M O'Sullivan
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK.
| | - Jim F Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK; School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Tania Nolan
- LGC Genomics GmbH, Research and Development, TGS Haus 8, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Diagnostics Unit, Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, UK.
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8
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Abstract
Primers are critical components of any PCR assay, as they are the main determinants of its specificity, sensitivity, and robustness. Despite the publication of numerous guidelines, the actual design of many published assays is often unsound: primers lack the claimed specificity, they may have to compete with secondary structures at their binding sites, primer dimer formation may affect the assay's sensitivity or they may bind only within a narrow temperature range. This chapter provides simple guidance to avoid these most common issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine, and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK.
| | | | - Tania Nolan
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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9
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Huggett JF, Benes V, Bustin SA, Garson JA, Harris K, Kammel M, Kubista M, McHugh TD, Moran-Gilad J, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Salit M, Shipley G, Vallone PM, Vandesompele J, Wittwer C, Zeichhardt H. Cautionary Note on Contamination of Reagents Used for Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2. Clin Chem 2020; 66:1369-1372. [PMID: 32894756 PMCID: PMC7499524 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jim F Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory (NML) at LGC, Queens Rd, Teddington, UK.,School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Essex, UK
| | - Jeremy A Garson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Karthyn Harris
- Microbiology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Kammel
- INSTAND e. V., Duesseldorf; IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mikael Kubista
- TATAA Biocenter, Sweden and Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, UK
| | - Jacob Moran-Gilad
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tania Nolan
- Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, The Gene Team, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marc Salit
- Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA.,Department of Bioengineering and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Peter M Vallone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University.,Biogazelle, Belgium; Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Carl Wittwer
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Heinz Zeichhardt
- INSTAND e. V., Duesseldorf; Charité - University Medicine Berlin; IQVD GmbH, Institut fuer Qualitaetssicherung in der Virusdiagnostik, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Ilg MM, Stafford SJ, Mateus M, Bustin SA, Carpenter MJ, Muneer A, Bivalacqua TJ, Ralph DJ, Cellek S. Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Can Prevent But Not Reverse Myofibroblast Transformation in Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med 2020; 17:1848-1864. [PMID: 32771352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myofibroblast transformation is a key step in the pathogenesis of Peyronie's disease (PD). Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) can prevent the formation of fibrosis in in vitro and in vivo models of PD. However, it is unknown whether these drugs can also reverse established fibrosis. AIM To investigate whether PDE5is and SERMs can reverse transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced myofibroblast transformation and determine the point of no return. METHODS In-Cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to quantify TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast transformation of human primary fibroblasts isolated from tunica albuginea (TA) of patients undergoing surgery for treatment of PD. Extracellular matrix production and collagen contraction assays were used as secondary assays. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and In-Cell enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to measure drug target expression. PDE5i (vardenafil) and SERM (tamoxifen) were applied at various time points after TGF-β1. OUTCOMES Reversibility of myofibroblast transformation and drug target expression were investigated in a time-dependent manner in TA-derived fibroblasts. RESULTS Vardenafil or tamoxifen could not reverse the myofibroblast traits of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and extracellular matrix production, whereas only tamoxifen affected collagen contraction after 72 hours of TGF-β1 treatment. Phosphodiesterase 5A and estrogen receptor (ER)-β were downregulated after 72 hours, and estrogen receptor -α protein could not be quantified. Tamoxifen could prevent myofibroblast transformation until 36 hours after TGF-β1 treatment, whereas vardenafil could prevent only 24 hours after TGF-β1 treatment. This was mirrored by downregulation of drug targets on mRNA and protein level. Furthermore, antifibrotic signaling pathways, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and betaglycan (TGFB receptor III), were significantly downregulated after 36 hours of TGF-β1 exposure, as opposed to upregulation of profibrotic thrombospondin-1 at the same time point. CLINICAL TRANSLATION This study suggests that using PDE5is and SERMs might only help for early-phase PD and further highlights the need to test drugs at the appropriate stage of the disease based on their mechanism of action. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS The study uses primary human TA-derived fibroblasts that enhances translatability of the results. Limitations include that only 1 example of PDE5i- and SERM-type drug was tested. Time course experiments were only performed for marker expression experiments and not for functional assays. CONCLUSION This is the first study to demonstrate that timing for administration of drugs affecting myofibroblast transformation appears to be vital in in vitro models of PD, where 36 hours of TGF-β1 treatment can be suggested as a "point of no return" for myofibroblast transformation. Ilg MM, Stafford SJ, Mateus M, et al. Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Can Prevent But Not Reverse Myofibroblast Transformation in Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med 2020;17:1848-1864.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus M Ilg
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK.
| | - Simon J Stafford
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
| | - Marta Mateus
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
| | - Michael J Carpenter
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
| | - Asif Muneer
- Department of Urology, University College London, London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- James Buchanan Brady Urologic Institute, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Ralph
- Department of Urology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Selim Cellek
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
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Abstract
Testing for the presence of coronavirus is an essential diagnostic tool for monitoring and managing the current COVID-19 pandemic. The only reliable test in current use for testing acute infection targets the genome of SARS-CoV-2, and the most widely used method is quantitative fluorescence-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Despite its ubiquity, there is a significant amount of uncertainty about how this test works, potential throughput and reliability. This has resulted in widespread misrepresentation of the problems faced using this test during the current COVID-19 epidemic. This primer provides simple, straightforward and impartial information about RT-qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Tania Nolan
- Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9NT, UK;
- The Gene Team, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP31 1AA, UK
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12
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Abstract
Reducing the time taken to run qPCR assays on today’s qPCR cyclers is rather straightforward and requires no specialised reagents or instruments. As the first article in a new series of short technical reports, I demonstrate that it is possible to reduce significantly both denaturation temperatures and cycling times, whilst retaining sensitivity and specificity of the original qPCR conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Faculty of Medical Science, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK;
| | - Carl T Wittwer
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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14
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Abstract
Many journal editors are a failing to implement their own authors' instructions, resulting in the publication of many articles that do not meet basic standards of transparency, employ unsuitable data analysis methods and report overly optimistic conclusions. This problem is particularly acute where quantitative measurements are made and results in the publication of papers that lack scientific rigor and contributes to the concerns with regard to the reproducibility of biomedical research. This hampers research areas such as biomarker identification, as reproducing all but the most striking changes is challenging and translation to patient care rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Faculty of Medical Science , Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jim F Huggett
- Analytical Microbiology, School of Bioscience and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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15
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Ansari WK, Parvej MS, El Zowalaty ME, Jackson S, Bustin SA, Ibrahim AK, El Zowalaty AE, Rahman MT, Zhang H, Khan MFR, Ahamed MM, Rahman MF, Rahman M, Nazir KHMNH, Ahmed S, Hossen ML, Kafi MA, Yamage M, Debnath NC, Ahmed G, Ashour HM, Masudur Rahman M, Noreddin A, Rahman MB. Surveillance, epidemiological, and virological detection of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses in duck and poultry from Bangladesh. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:49-59. [PMID: 27599930 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) continue to pose a global threat. Waterfowl are the main reservoir and are responsible for the spillover of AIVs to other hosts. This study was conducted as part of routine surveillance activities in Bangladesh and it reports on the serological and molecular detection of H5N1 AIV subtype. A total of 2169 cloacal and 2191 oropharyngeal swabs as well as 1725 sera samples were collected from live birds including duck and chicken in different locations in Bangladesh between the years of 2013 and 2014. Samples were tested using virus isolation, serological tests and molecular methods of RT-PCR. Influenza A viruses were detected using reverse transcription PCR targeting the virus matrix (M) gene in 41/4360 (0.94%) samples including both cloacal and oropharyngeal swab samples, 31 of which were subtyped as H5N1 using subtype-specific primers. Twenty-one live H5N1 virus isolates were recovered from those 31 samples. Screening of 1,868 blood samples collected from the same birds using H5-specific ELISA identified 545/1603 (34%) positive samples. Disconcertingly, an analysis of 221 serum samples collected from vaccinated layer chicken in four districts revealed that only 18 samples (8.1%) were seropositive for anti H5 antibodies, compared to unvaccinated birds (n=105), where 8 samples (7.6%) were seropositive. Our result indicates that the vaccination program as currently implemented should be reviewed and updated. In addition, surveillance programs are crucial for monitoring the efficacy of the current poultry vaccinations programs, and to monitor the circulating AIV strains and emergence of AIV subtypes in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahedul Karim Ansari
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shafiullah Parvej
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- School of Health Sciences, KwaZulu Natal University, Durban 4000, South Africa; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
| | - Sally Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Adel K Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E El Zowalaty
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | | | - Md Mostakin Ahamed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marzia Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | - Sultan Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Liakot Hossen
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abdul Kafi
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Mat Yamage
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Bangladesh
| | - Nitish C Debnath
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Bangladesh
| | - Graba Ahmed
- Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Bangladesh
| | - Hossam M Ashour
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Florida St. Petersburg, Florida, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Md Masudur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, California, 92618, USA
| | - Md Bahanur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh.
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Bustin SA. Improving the reliability of peer-reviewed publications: We are all in it together. Biomol Detect Quantif 2016; 7:A1-5. [PMID: 27077047 PMCID: PMC4827640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The current, and welcome, focus on standardization of techniques and transparency of reporting in the biomedical, peer-reviewed literature is commendable. However, that focus has been intermittent as well as lacklustre and so failed to tackle the alarming lack of reliability and reproducibly of biomedical research. Authors have access to numerous recommendations, ranging from simple standards dealing with technical issues to those regulating clinical trials, suggesting that improved reporting guidelines are not the solution. The elemental solution is for editors to require meticulous implementation of their journals' instructions for authors and reviewers and stipulate that no paper is published without a transparent, complete and accurate materials and methods section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Bustin
- Faculty of Medical Science, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK
- The Gene Team Ltd., UK
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17
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Ruijter JM, Lefever S, Anckaert J, Hellemans J, Pfaffl MW, Benes V, Bustin SA, Vandesompele J, Untergasser A. RDML-Ninja and RDMLdb for standardized exchange of qPCR data. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:197. [PMID: 26087842 PMCID: PMC4474546 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The universal qPCR data exchange file format RDML is today well accepted by the scientific community, part of the MIQE guidelines and implemented in many qPCR instruments. With the increased use of RDML new challenges emerge. The flexibility of the RDML format resulted in some implementations that did not meet the expectations of the consortium in the level of support or the use of elements. Results In the current RDML version 1.2 the description of the elements was sharpened. The open source editor RDML-Ninja was released (http://sourceforge.net/projects/qpcr-ninja/). RDML-Ninja allows to visualize, edit and validate RDML files and thus clarifies the use of RDML elements. Furthermore RDML-Ninja serves as reference implementation for RDML and enables migration between RDML versions independent of the instrument software. The database RDMLdb will serve as an online repository for RDML files and facilitate the exchange of RDML data (http://www.rdmldb.org). Authors can upload their RDML files and reference them in publications by the unique identifier provided by RDMLdb. The MIQE guidelines propose a rich set of information required to document each qPCR run. RDML provides the vehicle to store and maintain this information and current development aims at further integration of MIQE requirements into the RDML format. Conclusions The editor RDML-Ninja and the database RDMLdb enable scientists to evaluate and exchange qPCR data in the instrument-independent RDML format. We are confident that this infrastructure will build the foundation for standardized qPCR data exchange among scientists, research groups, and during publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Ruijter
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1100AZ, Netherlands.
| | - Steve Lefever
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Gent, B-9000, Belgium. .,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
| | - Jasper Anckaert
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Gent, B-9000, Belgium. .,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.
| | | | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Physiology, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising Weihenstephan, Munich, 85354, Germany.
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, CM1 1SQ, UK.
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, Gent, B-9000, Belgium. .,Bioinformatics Institute Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium. .,Biogazelle, Zwijnaarde, 9052, Belgium.
| | - Andreas Untergasser
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany. .,Center of Molecular Biology (ZMBH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 282, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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Greenwood C, Ruff D, Kirvell S, Johnson G, Dhillon HS, Bustin SA. Proximity assays for sensitive quantification of proteins. Biomol Detect Quantif 2015; 4:10-6. [PMID: 27077033 PMCID: PMC4822221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proximity assays are immunohistochemical tools that utilise two or more DNA-tagged aptamers or antibodies binding in close proximity to the same protein or protein complex. Amplification by PCR or isothermal methods and hybridisation of a labelled probe to its DNA target generates a signal that enables sensitive and robust detection of proteins, protein modifications or protein-protein interactions. Assays can be carried out in homogeneous or solid phase formats and in situ assays can visualise single protein molecules or complexes with high spatial accuracy. These properties highlight the potential of proximity assays in research, diagnostic, pharmacological and many other applications that require sensitive, specific and accurate assessments of protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Greenwood
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - David Ruff
- Fluidigm Corporation, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sara Kirvell
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Gemma Johnson
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Harvinder S Dhillon
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex CM1 1SQ, UK
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19
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Bustin SA. The reproducibility of biomedical research: Sleepers awake! Biomol Detect Quantif 2014; 2:35-42. [PMID: 27896142 PMCID: PMC5121206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bdq.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern about the reliability of biomedical research, with recent articles suggesting that up to 85% of research funding is wasted. This article argues that an important reason for this is the inappropriate use of molecular techniques, particularly in the field of RNA biomarkers, coupled with a tendency to exaggerate the importance of research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Bustin
- Faculty of Medical Science, Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK
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20
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Johnson G, Ferrini A, Dolan SK, Nolan T, Agrawal S, Doyle S, Bustin SA. Biomarkers for invasive aspergillosis: the challenges continue. Biomark Med 2014; 8:429-51. [PMID: 24712434 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA), an opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, is rising, but its early diagnosis remains challenging and treatment options are limited. Hence there is an urgent need to improve existing diagnostic procedures as well as develop novel approaches. The clinical usefulness of galactomannan and β-d-glucan, widely used assays detecting cell-wall antigens of Aspergillus, is unclear and depends on clinicians' awareness of their practical limitations. This leaves room for new methods that utilise genomic, proteomic and metabolomics approaches as well as novel detection procedures, for example point-of-care lateral-flow devices. Each of these strategies has its own limitations and it is likely that a combination of methods will be required to achieve optimal performance for the diagnosis of IA and subsequent appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Johnson
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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21
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Vrtačnik P, Kos Š, Bustin SA, Marc J, Ostanek B. Influence of trypsinization and alternative procedures for cell preparation before RNA extraction on RNA integrity. Anal Biochem 2014; 463:38-44. [PMID: 24983903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy of techniques such as microarrays, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing is critically dependent on RNA quality. We have repeatedly observed extensive RNA degradation following trypsinization, a routine procedure used to dissociate adherent tissue culture cells prior to RNA extraction. This study investigated the cause of this degradation and identifies an alternative procedure that enables extraction of intact high-quality RNA. Trypsinization and several alternative procedures were used to dissociate a range of different cell lines prior to RNA extraction. The contribution of exogenous ribonucleases or induction of endogenous ribonucleases by trypsin reagent proteases to RNA degradation was examined. Trypsinization resulted in a complete degradation of RNA regardless of cell line type, differentiation stage, or passage number. This occurred when intact RNA was incubated directly with trypsin and was not suppressed by inhibiting trypsin's protease activity. Prevention of degradation by sodium hypochlorite treatment of trypsin reagent identified the presence of ribonucleases in trypsin derived from animal pancreas. Consistent extraction of high-quality RNA requires the use of direct cell lysis with a phenol guanidine-based reagent or an animal origin-free protease-based dissociation agent if enzymatic detachment prior to RNA extraction cannot be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vrtačnik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Špela Kos
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK
| | - Janja Marc
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Barbara Ostanek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) is the causative agent of a zoonotic disease that affects populations worldwide with often devastating economic and health consequences. Most AIV subtypes cause little or no disease in waterfowl, but outbreaks in poultry can be associated with high mortality. Although transmission of AIV to humans occurs rarely and is strain dependent, the virus has the ability to mutate or reassort into a form that triggers a life-threatening infection. The constant emergence of new influenza strains makes it particularly challenging to predict the behavior, spread, virulence or potential for human-to-human transmission. Because it is difficult to anticipate which viral strain or what location will initiate the next pandemic, it is difficult to prepare for that event. However, rigorous implementation of biosecurity, vaccination and education programs can minimize the threat of AIV. Global surveillance programs help record and identify newly evolving and potentially pandemic strains harbored by the reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Zowalaty
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, Essex, UK
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Abstract
The quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has become a key molecular enabling technology with an immense range of research, clinical, forensic as well as diagnostic applications. Its relatively moderate instrumentation and reagent requirements have led to its adoption by numerous laboratories, including those located in the Arabian world, where qPCR, which targets DNA, and reverse transcription qPCR (RT-qPCR), which targets RNA, are widely used for region-specific biotechnology, agricultural and human genetic studies. However, it has become increasingly apparent that there are significant problems with both the quality of qPCR-based data as well as the transparency of reporting. This realisation led to the publication of the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines in 2009 and their more widespread adoption in the last couple of years. An analysis of the performance of biomedical research in the Arabian world between 2001–2005 suggests that the Arabian world is producing fewer biomedical publications of lower quality than other Middle Eastern countries. Hence we have analysed specifically the quality of RT-qPCR-based peer-reviewed papers published since 2009 from Arabian researchers using a bespoke iOS/Android app developed by one of the authors. Our results show that compliance with 15 essential MIQE criteria was low (median of 40%, range 0–93%) and few details on RNA quality controls (22% compliance), assays design (12%), RT strategies (32%), amplification efficiencies (30%) and the normalisation process (3%). These data indicate that one of the reasons for the poor performance of Arabian world biomedical research may be the low standard of any supporting qPCR experiments and identify which aspects of qPCR experiments require significant improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif M. Abdel Nour
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-Biosafety Level 3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Esam Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-Biosafety Level 3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi Damanhouri
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephen A. Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Ian A. Nicholls
- Bioorganic & Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory Linnæus University Centre for Biomaterials Chemistry and School of Chemistry & Biomedicine Linnæus University, Kalmar SE-39182, Sweden; E-Mail:
| | - Michael Iba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; E-Mail:
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26
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Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson J, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley G, Wittwer CT, Schjerling P, Day PJ, Abreu M, Aguado B, Beaulieu JF, Beckers A, Bogaert S, Browne JA, Carrasco-Ramiro F, Ceelen L, Ciborowski K, Cornillie P, Coulon S, Cuypers A, De Brouwer S, De Ceuninck L, De Craene J, De Naeyer H, De Spiegelaere W, Deckers K, Dheedene A, Durinck K, Ferreira-Teixeira M, Fieuw A, Gallup JM, Gonzalo-Flores S, Goossens K, Heindryckx F, Herring E, Hoenicka H, Icardi L, Jaggi R, Javad F, Karampelias M, Kibenge F, Kibenge M, Kumps C, Lambertz I, Lammens T, Markey A, Messiaen P, Mets E, Morais S, Mudarra-Rubio A, Nakiwala J, Nelis H, Olsvik PA, Pérez-Novo C, Plusquin M, Remans T, Rihani A, Rodrigues-Santos P, Rondou P, Sanders R, Schmidt-Bleek K, Skovgaard K, Smeets K, Tabera L, Toegel S, Van Acker T, Van den Broeck W, Van der Meulen J, Van Gele M, Van Peer G, Van Poucke M, Van Roy N, Vergult S, Wauman J, Tshuikina-Wiklander M, Willems E, Zaccara S, Zeka F, Vandesompele J. The need for transparency and good practices in the qPCR literature. Nat Methods 2013; 10:1063-7. [PMID: 24173381 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two surveys of over 1,700 publications whose authors use quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) reveal a lack of transparent and comprehensive reporting of essential technical information. Reporting standards are significantly improved in publications that cite the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines, although such publications are still vastly outnumbered by those that do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
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27
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Johnson GL, Sarker SJ, Hill K, Tsitsikas DA, Morin A, Bustin SA, Agrawal SG. Significant decline in Galactomannan Signal during storage of clinical serum samples. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12970-7. [PMID: 23797658 PMCID: PMC3742168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140712970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactomannan (GM) is widely used for detection of invasive aspergillosis in high-risk haemato-oncology patients. Recent publications have reported a lack of repeatability of GM detection. The objective of this retrospective study was to assess the repeatability of GM levels during storage of clinical samples. In a GM screening strategy, positive sera were repeat tested as per manufacturer’s recommendations. Short-term (ST) storage of samples was at +4 °C while long-term (LT) storage was at −80 °C. Bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid was also repeating tested after ST storage and LT storage. Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was employed to assess the repeatability of GM levels. In a subset of 14 GM positive sera, repeat testing was performed on both the original serum and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) pre-treated sample. There was a significant reduction in GM signals on repeat testing following ST storage (median GM index: 0.65 vs. 0.19; p < 0.001) and LT storage (median GM index: 0.56 vs. 0.10; p < 0.001) of serum samples. Of samples that were initially GM positive, an average GM index reduction of 50% was seen, with approximately two-thirds becoming GM negative on repeat testing of the same sample. In contrast, GM signal loss was not seen on repeat testing of BAL fluid following ST or LT storage. When GM positive serum samples were repeat tested using EDTA pre-treated serum from the first step of the testing protocol, all samples remained GM positive. In contrast, when the same samples were repeat tested from the original collected serum, 9 samples (64%) became GM negative. The significant reduction in GM signals during ST and LT storage of serum samples has implications for clinical management. Although the reasons for GM decline are unknown, they occur prior to the EDTA pre-treatment stage, indicating that the time from phlebotomy to testing should be minimized. BAL fluid GM index values remain stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L. Johnson
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Shah-Jalal Sarker
- Centre for Experimental Cancer Medicine, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Kate Hill
- Division of Infection, Barts Health NHS Trust, London E1 2ES, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Dimitris A. Tsitsikas
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK; E-Mails: (D.A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Amelie Morin
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK; E-Mails: (D.A.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Stephen A. Bustin
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, Faculty of Health, Social Care & Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Samir G. Agrawal
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; E-Mail:
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London EC1A 7BE, UK; E-Mails: (D.A.T.); (A.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-203-465-5993; Fax: +44-203-465-5992
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Huggett JF, Foy CA, Benes V, Emslie K, Garson JA, Haynes R, Hellemans J, Kubista M, Mueller RD, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL, Vandesompele J, Wittwer CT, Bustin SA. The digital MIQE guidelines: Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Digital PCR Experiments. Clin Chem 2013; 59:892-902. [PMID: 23570709 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.206375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 586] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in digital PCR (dPCR) because technological progress makes it a practical and increasingly affordable technology. dPCR allows the precise quantification of nucleic acids, facilitating the measurement of small percentage differences and quantification of rare variants. dPCR may also be more reproducible and less susceptible to inhibition than quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Consequently, dPCR has the potential to have a substantial impact on research as well as diagnostic applications. However, as with qPCR, the ability to perform robust meaningful experiments requires careful design and adequate controls. To assist independent evaluation of experimental data, comprehensive disclosure of all relevant experimental details is required. To facilitate this process we present the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Digital PCR Experiments guidelines. This report addresses known requirements for dPCR that have already been identified during this early stage of its development and commercial implementation. Adoption of these guidelines by the scientific community will help to standardize experimental protocols, maximize efficient utilization of resources, and enhance the impact of this promising new technology.
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Bustin SA, Murphy J. RNA biomarkers in colorectal cancer. Methods 2013; 59:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Abstract
Nucleic acids are the ultimate biomarker and real-time PCR (qPCR) is firmly established as the method of choice for nucleic acid detection. Together, they allow the accurate, sensitive and specific identification of pathogens, and the use of qPCR has become routine in diagnostic laboratories. The reliability of qPCR-based assays relies on a combination of optimal sample selection, assay design and validation as well as appropriate data analysis and the "Minimal Information for the Publication of real-time PCR" (MIQE) guidelines aim to improve both the reliability of assay design as well as the transparency of reporting, essential conditions if qPCR is to remain the benchmark technology for molecular diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Johnson
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is widely used as a diagnostic tool in clinical laboratories and is particularly effective for detecting and identifying infectious agents for which routine culture and microscopy methods are inadequate. Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed patients, and optimal diagnostic criteria are contentious. Although PCR-based methods have long been used for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis (IA), variable performance in clinical practice has limited their value. This shortcoming is a consequence of differing sample selection, collection and preparation protocols coupled with a lack of standardisation of the PCR itself. Furthermore, it has become clear that the performance of PCR-based assays in general is compromised by the inadequacy of experimental controls, insufficient optimisation of assay performance as well as lack of transparency in reporting experimental details. The recently published "Minimum Information for the publication of real-time Quantitative PCR Experiments" (MIQE) guidelines provide a blueprint for good PCR assay design and unambiguous reporting of experimental detail and results. We report the first real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay targeting Aspergillus species that has been designed, optimised and validated in strict compliance with the MIQE guidelines. The hydrolysis probe-based assay, designed to target the 18S rRNA DNA sequence of Aspergillus species, has an efficiency of 100% (range 95-107%), a dynamic range of at least six orders of magnitude and limits of quantification and detection of 6 and 0.6 Aspergillus fumigatus genomes, respectively. It does not amplify Candida, Scedosporium, Fusarium or Rhizopus species and its clinical sensitivity is demonstrated in histological material from proven IA cases, as well as concordant PCR and galactomannan data in matched broncho-alveolar lavage and blood samples. The robustness, specificity and sensitivity of this assay make it an ideal molecular diagnostic tool for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma L Johnson
- Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary University, London, United Kingdom.
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Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL, Vandesompele J, Wittwer CT. Primer sequence disclosure: a clarification of the MIQE guidelines. Clin Chem 2011; 57:919-21. [PMID: 21421813 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.162958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bustin SA, Beaulieu JF, Huggett J, Jaggi R, Kibenge FSB, Olsvik PA, Penning LC, Toegel S. MIQE précis: Practical implementation of minimum standard guidelines for fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR experiments. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:74. [PMID: 20858237 PMCID: PMC2955025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The conclusions of thousands of peer-reviewed publications rely on data obtained using fluorescence-based quantitative real-time PCR technology. However, the inadequate reporting of experimental detail, combined with the frequent use of flawed protocols is leading to the publication of papers that may not be technically appropriate. We take the view that this problem requires the delineation of a more transparent and comprehensive reporting policy from scientific journals. This editorial aims to provide practical guidance for the incorporation of absolute minimum standards encompassing the key assay parameters for accurate design, documentation and reporting of qPCR experiments (MIQE précis) and guidance on the publication of pure 'reference gene' articles.
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Bustin SA. Why the need for qPCR publication guidelines?—The case for MIQE. Methods 2010; 50:217-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Banerjea A, Hands RE, Powar MP, Bustin SA, Dorudi S. Microsatellite and chromosomal stable colorectal cancers demonstrate poor immunogenicity and early disease recurrence. Colorectal Dis 2009; 11:601-8. [PMID: 18637931 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancers may demonstrate chromosomal instability (CSI) or microsatellite instability (MSI-H). A third group of microsatellite and chromosome stable (MACS) colorectal cancer has been described more recently. Patients with MSI-H colorectal cancers demonstrate improved outcome and a pronounced inflammatory infiltrate. Enhanced host immune response and increased immunogenicity might explain these observations. This study aims to further characterize colorectal cancer immunogenicity. METHOD Microsatellite stability status was determined in resected tumour samples. Microsatellite stable (MSS) tumour samples were stratified by DNA ploidy status, as determined by flow cytometry into aneuploid MSS (CSI) and diploid MSS (MACS) cancers. Lymphocyte proliferation, quantified by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assays assessed tumour protein immunogenicity and ELISA assays quantified inflammatory cytokine release. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate analyses were used to determine prognostic value. RESULTS Patients with MSI-H colorectal cancer had improved outcome but those with MACS cancers undergoing curative surgery had significantly poorer disease-free survival (P = 0.002). The MACS phenotype was an independent predictor of poor outcome (HR = 2.44, 1.33-4.47, P = 0.004). Lymphocyte proliferation assays confirmed enhanced immunogenicity of MSI-H proteins and reduced immunogenicity of MACS proteins (P < 0.0001). In vitro levels of IFN-gamma (P = 0.004) and IL-18 (P < 0.0001) mirrored these differences in lymphocyte activity. CONCLUSIONS Stratification of colorectal cancer by MSI and ploidy status may have prognostic value in patients undergoing curative surgery. MSI-H cancers display enhanced immunogenic properties but the immune response to MACS cancers appears to be absent and this may contribute to their poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Banerjea
- SpR General Surgery, North East Thames Region, UK.
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36
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Abstract
Molecular diagnostics is one of the major growth areas of modern medicine, with real-time PCR established as a qualitative and quantitative technology that is rapid, accurate and sensitive. The sequencing of the human genome, comprehensive genomic, mRNA and miRNA expression profiling of numerous cancer types, the ongoing identification of disease-associated polymorphisms and the expanding availability of genomic sequence information for human pathogens has opened the door to a wide range of translational applications for this technology. Consequently, novel real-time PCR assays have been developed for diagnosis and prognosis, treatment monitoring, transplant biology and pathogen detection, as well as more controversial uses such as lifestyle genotyping. However, this technology is still troubled by significant technical deficiencies. Hence its often-improper use as a clinical tool has important public health implications, most recently demonstrated through its association with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine/autism controversy. This serves as a timely reminder of the indispensable requirement for careful experimental design, validation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Murphy
- Centre for Academic Surgery, Royal London Hospital, London, UK.
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Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL, Vandesompele J, Wittwer CT. The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem 2009. [PMID: 19246619 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of sufficient experimental detail in many publications, which impedes a reader's ability to evaluate critically the quality of the results presented or to repeat the experiments. CONTENT The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines target the reliability of results to help ensure the integrity of the scientific literature, promote consistency between laboratories, and increase experimental transparency. MIQE is a set of guidelines that describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating qPCR experiments. Included is a checklist to accompany the initial submission of a manuscript to the publisher. By providing all relevant experimental conditions and assay characteristics, reviewers can assess the validity of the protocols used. Full disclosure of all reagents, sequences, and analysis methods is necessary to enable other investigators to reproduce results. MIQE details should be published either in abbreviated form or as an online supplement. SUMMARY Following these guidelines will encourage better experimental practice, allowing more reliable and unequivocal interpretation of qPCR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Centre for Academic Surgery, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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Garson JA, Huggett JF, Bustin SA, Pfaffl MW, Benes V, Vandesompele J, Shipley GL. Unreliable real-time PCR analysis of human endogenous retrovirus-W (HERV-W) RNA expression and DNA copy number in multiple sclerosis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:377-8; author reply 379-81. [PMID: 19292592 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A. Garson
- Centre for Virology, Department of Infection, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Virology, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jim F. Huggett
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and International Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen A. Bustin
- Barts and the London Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jo Vandesompele
- Centre for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gregory L. Shipley
- Quantitative Genomics Core Laboratory, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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39
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Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, Kubista M, Mueller R, Nolan T, Pfaffl MW, Shipley GL, Vandesompele J, Wittwer CT. The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem 2009; 55:611-22. [PMID: 19246619 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10181] [Impact Index Per Article: 678.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, a lack of consensus exists on how best to perform and interpret quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) experiments. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of sufficient experimental detail in many publications, which impedes a reader's ability to evaluate critically the quality of the results presented or to repeat the experiments. CONTENT The Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guidelines target the reliability of results to help ensure the integrity of the scientific literature, promote consistency between laboratories, and increase experimental transparency. MIQE is a set of guidelines that describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating qPCR experiments. Included is a checklist to accompany the initial submission of a manuscript to the publisher. By providing all relevant experimental conditions and assay characteristics, reviewers can assess the validity of the protocols used. Full disclosure of all reagents, sequences, and analysis methods is necessary to enable other investigators to reproduce results. MIQE details should be published either in abbreviated form or as an online supplement. SUMMARY Following these guidelines will encourage better experimental practice, allowing more reliable and unequivocal interpretation of qPCR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Centre for Academic Surgery, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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McCarthy K, Laban C, Bustin SA, Ogunkolade W, Khalaf S, Carpenter R, Jenkins PJ. Expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase, and vitamin D receptor mRNA in normal and malignant breast tissue. Anticancer Res 2009; 29:155-157. [PMID: 19331145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has anti-proliferative and proapoptotic effects on several cell types, including breast cancer cells. There have been no studies quantifying the expression of the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1-alpha-hydroxylase (1alphaOHase), which converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to its active metabolite, in breast tissue. We performed real-time RT-PCR to quantity 1alphaOHase and vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA in samples of breast cancer, adjacent non-cancerous tissue and normal breast tissue. 1alphaOHase and VDR mRNA were universally expressed, however, 1alphaOHase expression was significantly down-regulated in adjacent non-cancerous tissue from women with breast cancer in comparison to individuals without cancer. VDR was also up-regulated in breast tumours. The vitamin D axis expression in the breast suggests a role for its actions in normal tissue homeostasis and breast cancer pathogenesis. The decreased expression of 1alphaOHase in normal tissue from women with breast cancer may be important in their predisposition to the development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McCarthy
- Section of Endocrine Oncology, Department of Endocrinology, Barts and The London, Queen Mary School of Medicine, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London EC1A 6BT, UK.
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Abstract
Monocytes infiltrate islets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Activated monocyte/macrophages express cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoting prostaglandin-E(2) (PGE(2)) secretion, while COX-1 expression is constitutive. We investigated in female NOD mice: (i) natural history of monocyte COX expression basally and following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation; (ii) impact of COX-2 specific inhibitor (Vioxx) on PGE(2), insulitis and diabetes. CD11b(+) monocytes were analysed for COX mRNA expression from NOD (n = 48) and C57BL/6 control (n = 18) mice. NOD mice were treated with either Vioxx (total dose 80 mg/kg) (n = 29) or methylcellulose as control (n = 29) administered by gavage at 4 weeks until diabetes developed or age 30 weeks. In all groups, basal monocyte COX mRNA and PGE(2) secretion were normal, while following LPS, after 5 weeks of age monocyte/macrophage COX-1 mRNA decreased (P < 0.01) and COX-2 mRNA increased (P < 0.01). However, diabetic NOD mice had reduced COX mRNA response (P = 0.03). Vioxx administration influenced neither PGE(2), insulitis nor diabetes. We demonstrate an isoform switch in monocyte/macrophage COX mRNA expression following LPS, which is altered in diabetic NOD mice as in human diabetes. However, Vioxx failed to affect insulitis or diabetes. We conclude that monocyte responses are altered in diabetic NOD mice but COX-2 expression is unlikely to be critical to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Beyan
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine (DMM), Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Institute of Cell & Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; 3rd Floor, Alexandra Wing Royal London Hospital, London, E1 1BB, UK
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Sindelka R, Jonák J, Hands R, Bustin SA, Kubista M. Intracellular expression profiles measured by real-time PCR tomography in the Xenopus laevis oocyte. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 36:387-92. [PMID: 18039714 PMCID: PMC2241880 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time PCR tomography is a novel, quantitative method for measuring localized RNA expression profiles within single cells. We demonstrate its usefulness by dissecting an oocyte from Xenopus laevis into slices along its animal–vegetal axis, extracting its RNA and measuring the levels of 18 selected mRNAs by real-time RT-PCR. This identified two classes of mRNA, one preferentially located towards the animal, the other towards the vegetal pole. mRNAs within each group show comparable intracellular gradients, suggesting they are produced by similar mechanisms. The polarization is substantial, though not extreme, with around 5% of vegetal gene mRNA molecules detected at the animal pole, and around 50% of the molecules in the far most vegetal section. Most animal pole mRNAs were found in the second section from the animal pole and in the central section, which is where the nucleus is located. mRNA expression profiles did not change following in vitro fertilization and we conclude that the cortical rotation that follows fertilization has no detectable effect on intracellular mRNA gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Sindelka
- Laboratory of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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45
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Abstract
The real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) addresses the evident requirement for quantitative data analysis in molecular medicine, biotechnology, microbiology and diagnostics and has become the method of choice for the quantification of mRNA. Although it is often described as a "gold" standard, it is far from being a standard assay. The significant problems caused by variability of RNA templates, assay designs and protocols, as well as inappropriate data normalization and inconsistent data analysis, are widely known but also widely disregarded. As a first step towards standardization, we describe a series of RT-qPCR protocols that illustrate the essential technical steps required to generate quantitative data that are reliable and reproducible. We would like to emphasize, however, that RT-qPCR data constitute only a snapshot of information regarding the quantity of a given transcript in a cell or tissue. Any assessment of the biological consequences of variable mRNA levels must include additional information regarding regulatory RNAs, protein levels and protein activity. The entire protocol described here, encompassing all stages from initial assay design to reliable qPCR data analysis, requires approximately 15 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Nolan
- Sigma-Aldrich, Homefield Road, Haverhill, UK
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46
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Abstract
Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR has become established as the benchmark technology for the quantification of nucleic acids, offering an immense choice of protocols, chemistries and instruments. However, whilst there are comparatively few technical problems associated with DNA-targeted quantitative PCR, this is not the case for real-time reverse transcription PCR assays, and there is considerable uncertainty regarding biological or clinical relevance of many real-time reverse transcription PCR results. A survey of working practices of nearly 100 delegates carried out prior to the Third qPCR Symposium held in London, UK, April 25-26, 2005, reveals some of the reasons underlying the variability of reported real-time reverse transcription PCR results. Specifically, the survey reveals extensive interlaboratory variation in assay design, validation and analysis that, together with other dubious practices, are the likely cause for the publication of variable results. These results emphasize the urgent need for the establishment of best practice guidelines for this technology, particularly in the context of its mounting adaptation as a high-throughput clinical diagnostic assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- The Royal London Hospital, Centre for Academic Surgery, 4th Floor Alexandra Wing, London, E1 1BB, UK.
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Beyan H, Goodier MR, Nawroly NS, Hawa MI, Bustin SA, Ogunkolade WB, Londei M, Yousaf N, Leslie RDG. Altered monocyte cyclooxygenase response to lipopolysaccharide in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55:3439-45. [PMID: 17130490 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is caused by adaptive immune responses, but innate immunity is important because monocytes infiltrate islets. Activated monocytes express cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, promoting prostaglandin-E(2) (PGE(2)) secretion, whereas COX-1 expression is constitutive. We aimed to define monocyte COX expression in type 1 diabetes basally and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Isolated CD14(+) monocytes were analyzed for COX mRNA and protein expression from identical twins (discordant for type 1 diabetes) and control subjects. Basal monocyte COX mRNA, protein expression, and PGE(2) secretion were normal in type 1 diabetic subjects. After LPS, twins and control subjects showed a COX mRNA isoform switch with decreased COX-1 mRNA (P < 0.01), increased COX-2 mRNA (P < 0.01), and increased COX-2 protein expression (P < 0.01). Compared with control subjects, both diabetic and nondiabetic twins showed greater LPS-induced downregulation of monocyte COX-1 mRNA (P = 0.02), reduced upregulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein (P < 0.03), and greater inhibition by the COX-2 inhibitor di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) of monocyte PGE(2) (P < 0.007). We demonstrate an alteration in monocyte COX mRNA expression as well as monocyte COX-2 and PGE(2) production after LPS in type 1 diabetic patients and their nondiabetic twins. Because COX-2 response to LPS is proinflammatory, an inherited reduced response would predispose to chronic inflammatory diseases such as type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huriya Beyan
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, London E1 2AT, U.K
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48
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McVittie C, Khalaf S, Ogunkolade W, McCarthy K, Laban C, Macaulay VM, Carpenter R, Bustin SA, Jenkins P. Extended silencing of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor gene in MCF-7 cells by serial transfection with siRNA. Anal Biochem 2006; 357:305-7. [PMID: 16942747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clare McVittie
- Department of Breast Surgery, St. Bartholomew's and the London Hospitals, London EC1A 7BE, UK.
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49
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Ogunkolade WB, Boucher BJ, Bustin SA, Burrin JM, Noonan K, Mannan N, Hitman GA. Vitamin D metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is influenced by chewing "betel nut" (Areca catechu) and vitamin D status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:2612-7. [PMID: 16670168 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D deficiency, common in South Asians, is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and ischemic heart disease. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) activation depends on activated vitamin D [1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D)] concentration, reflecting opposing actions of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase [1-alpha(OH)ase] for formation and 25(OH)D-24-hydroxylase [24(OH)ase] for catabolism. We previously reported that circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D contributed to determination of VDR-protein levels and VDR genotype was a determinant of both VDR mRNA and VDR-protein in South Asians. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that chewing betel nut, an addictive habit common throughout South Asian communities, contributes to hypovitaminosis-D by modulating the enzymes regulating circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D concentration. DESIGN Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) 1-alpha(OH)ase and 24(OH)ase mRNA concentrations were measured and examined in relation to cross-sectional data on the vitamin-D axis, diet, smoking, and betel usage, including PBMC VDR-RNA and VDR-protein content in a pilot study of 33 healthy British Bangladeshis. RESULTS PBMC 24(OH)ase mRNA correlated positively and serum 1,25(OH)(2)D negatively with betel quids per day (r = 0.49, P = 0.006 and r = -0.486, P = 0.006, respectively). Independent determinants for 24(OH)ase included betel quids per day (P < 0.0001) and serum 25-OHD (P = 0.024). Independent determinants for serum 1,25(OH)(2)D were gender, smoking, and betel quids per day. PBMC 1-alpha(OH)ase mRNA correlated inversely with VDR mRNA (r = -0.44; P = 0.013); its independent determinants were serum 1,25(OH)(2)D and VDR TaqI and BsmI polymorphisms (P = 0.03-0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Betel chewing is a more powerful independent determinant of increased 24(OH)ase expression and of decreased serum calcitriol than serum 25-OHD, supporting the hypothesis that this habit could aggravate the effects of vitamin-D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Ogunkolade
- Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Royal London Hospital, London E1 1BB, United Kingdom
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50
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McCarthy K, Bustin SA, Ogunkolade B, Khalaf S, Laban CA, McVittie CJ, Carpenter R, Jenkins PJ. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression and hormone receptor status in breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006; 32:707-9. [PMID: 16650963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2006.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to evaluate COX-2 mRNA expression with known clinical prognostic features of breast cancer, oestrogen/progesterone receptor status, tumour size and grade. METHODS Total RNA was extracted from 45 frozen breast tumour (invasive) and 22 normal breast tissue samples. COX-2 mRNA transcription was quantified using a real time RT-PCR assay and expressed as copy number/microg total RNA. All specimens were assessed for tumour grade, size, nodal status and presence of vascular invasion and oestrogen and progesterone receptor status. RESULTS COX-2 mRNA was detected in all samples with a median copy number of 1.15 x 10(7) for tumours and 6.5 x 10(6) for normal samples. Expression was significantly higher in oestrogen receptor negative tumours compared to the receptor positive group. There was no correlation between COX-2 mRNA levels and tumour size, grade, nodal status and presence of vascular invasion. CONCLUSIONS COX-2 mRNA expression is increased in oestrogen and progesterone receptor negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K McCarthy
- Breast Unit, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts and The London Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, West Smithfield, London EC1A 7EA, UK
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