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Huang TQ, Chen YX, Zeng SL, Lin Y, Li F, Jiang ZM, Liu EH. Bergenin Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis By Decreasing Gut Commensal Bacteroides vulgatus-Mediated Elevated Branched-Chain Amino Acids. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:3606-3621. [PMID: 38324392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is closely associated with the dysregulation of gut microbiota. There is growing evidence that natural products may improve ulcerative colitis by regulating the gut microbiota. In this research, we demonstrated that bergenin, a naturally occurring isocoumarin, significantly ameliorates colitis symptoms in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice. Transcriptomic analysis and Caco-2 cell assays revealed that bergenin could ameliorate ulcerative colitis by inhibiting TLR4 and regulating NF-κB and mTOR phosphorylation. 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics analyses revealed that bergenin could improve gut microbiota dysbiosis by decreasing branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) levels. BCAA intervention mediated the mTOR/p70S6K signaling pathway to exacerbate the symptoms of ulcerative colitis in mice. Notably, bergenin greatly decreased the symbiotic bacteria Bacteroides vulgatus (B. vulgatus), and the gavage of B. vulgatus increased BCAA concentrations and aggravated the symptoms of ulcerative colitis in mice. Our findings suggest that gut microbiota-mediated BCAA metabolism plays a vital role in the protective effect of bergenin on ulcerative colitis, providing novel insights for ulcerative colitis prevention through manipulation of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu-Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Su-Ling Zeng
- Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zheng-Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Jiang ZM, Zeng SL, Huang TQ, Lin Y, Wang FF, Gao XJ, Li J, Li P, Liu EH. Sinomenine ameliorates rheumatoid arthritis by modulating tryptophan metabolism and activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor via gut microbiota regulation. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023:S2095-9273(23)00410-3. [PMID: 37422372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Sinomenine (SIN) is an effective immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory drug used for treating RA, but how SIN regulates gut microbiota to alleviate RA remains underexplored. To identify the critical gut microbial species and microbial metabolites associated with the RA-protective effects of SIN, the microbiota-dependent anti-RA effects of SIN were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiotic treatment, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Metabolomics analysis, transcriptional analysis, and targeted bacteria/metabolites gavage were conducted to explore how SIN regulates gut microbiota to reduce the severity of RA. SIN could restore intestinal microbial balance by mainly modulating the abundance of Lactobacillus, and significantly relieve collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) symptoms in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. SIN significantly elevated microbial tryptophan metabolites indole-3-acrylic acid (IA), indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Tryptophan metabolites supplementation could activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and regulate Th17/Treg balance in CIA rats. Intriguingly, SIN relieved the arthritis symptoms involving the enrichment of two beneficial anti-CIA Lactobacillus species, L. paracasei and L. casei by mono-colonization. The promising therapeutic function of SIN was mostly attributed to the activation of AhR by explicitly targeting the Lactobacillus and microbial tryptophan metabolites. The intestinal bacterium L. paracasei and L. casei may be used to reduce the severity of CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Meng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Tian-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Yang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Xing-Jiao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China.
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210003, China.
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Yu Y, Zhao F, Chen J, Zou Y, Zeng SL, Liu SB, Tan HZ. Sensitivity of in vitro digestible energy determined with computer-controlled simulated digestion system and its accuracy to predict dietary metabolizable energy for roosters. Poult Sci 2020; 100:206-214. [PMID: 33357683 PMCID: PMC7772654 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to validate the sensitivity and accuracy of in vitro digestible energy (IVDE) determined with a computer-controlled simulated digestion system (CCSDS) to predict metabolizable energy (ME) of diets for roosters. In experiment 1, soybean hulls were added to a basal diet (calibration diet 1) at 2.06, 4.12, 6.17, 8.23, 10.28, 12.32, or 14.37% of the diets (calibration diets 2–8) to produce an interval of approximately 80 kcal ME/kg. The sensitivity was measured by comparing the determined and actual IVDE of the diets. With these data, a linear model was developed to predict ME from IVDE. In experiment 2, validation diets were identical except they were composed of different cereal ingredients. For each diet, the correlations and ratios between IVDE and ME were analyzed to test the sensitivity of IVDE to predict ME across different ingredients. In experiment 1, a slope of 0.9899 was calculated in a linear regression of determined IVDE on actual IVDE (R2 = 0.9998; P < 0.01). The ratio of determined IVDE to actual IVDE was 0.9878. The ratio of IVDE to apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and to nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) was 1.03 and 1.05, respectively. The linear models to predict ME from IVDE were AME = 0.8449 × IVDE + 451 (R2 = 0.9812, residual standard deviation [RSD] = 28 kcal/kg; P < 0.01) and AMEn = 0.8357 × IVDE + 436 (R2 = 0.9821, RSD = 27 kcal/kg; P < 0.01). In experiment 2, a significant simple correlation was observed between the IVDE and AME or AMEn of validation diets (r > 0.97; P < 0.01). The ratio of IVDE to AME and to AMEn was 1.04 and 1.05, respectively. Predicted and determined AME or AMEn of 8 validation diets differed by less than 100 kcal/kg. The regression of determined AME or AMEn against predicted AME or AMEn (R2 ≥ 0.9466; P < 0.01) resulted in an overlapped line where Y = X. These results suggest the IVDE determined with CCSDS is highly sensitive and can be used to accurately predict the ME of diets for roosters across a wide range of cereal grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - F Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - J Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y Zou
- Wen's Food Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, Guangdong 527439, China
| | - S L Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S B Liu
- Wen's Food Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, Guangdong 527439, China
| | - H Z Tan
- Wen's Food Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, Guangdong 527439, China
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Fang CH, Zhang P, Zhou WP, Zhou J, Dai CL, Liu JF, Jia WD, Liang X, Zeng SL, Wen S. [Efficacy of three-dimensional visualization technology in the precision diagnosis and treatment for primary liver cancer: a retrospective multicenter study of 1 665 cases in China]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2020; 58:375-382. [PMID: 32393005 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112139-20200220-00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of three-dimensional(3D) visualization technology in the precision diagnosis and treatment for primary liver cancer. Methods: A total of 1 665 patients with primary liver cancer who admitted to seven medical centers in China between January 2009 to January 2019, diagnosed and treated by 3D visualization protocol were analyzed, and their clinical data were retrospectively reviewed. There were 1 255 males(75.4%) and 410 females(24.6%), with age of (52.9±11.9) years (range: 18 to 86 years). The acquisition of high-quality CT images with submillimeter spatial resolution were conducted using a quality control system. By means of homogenization methods, 3D reconstruction and 3D visualization analysis were performed. Postoperative observation: pathology reports, microvascular invasion, perioperative complications and follow-up. SPSS 25.0 statistical software was used for statistical description and analysis of clinical data. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to calculate overall survival and disease-free survival rate. Results: (1)In the sample of 1 265 patients, 3D reconstructed models clearly displayed as follows. tumor size: ≤2 cm in 155 cases (9.31%), >2 cm to 5 cm in 551 cases (33.09%), >5 cm to 10 cm in 636 cases (38.20%), >10 cm in 323 cases (19.40%). (2) Classification of hepatic blood vessels. Hepatic artery: type Ⅰ(normal type) in 1 494 cases(89.73%),variant hepatic artery in 171 cases (10.27%), including type Ⅱ in 35 cases, type Ⅲ in 38 cases, and other types in 98 cases. Hepatic vein: type Ⅰ (normal) in 1 195 cases (71.77%),variant hepatic veins in 470 cases(28.23%), including type Ⅱ in 376 cases and type Ⅲ in 94 cases. Portal vein:normal type in 1 315 cases (78.98%), variant portal veins in 350 cases (21.02%), including type Ⅰ in 189 cases, type Ⅱin 103 cases, type Ⅲ in 50 cases, type Ⅳ in 8 cases. Hepatic artery variation coexisting with portal vein variation in 24 cases (1.44%). Hepatic vein variation coexisting with portal vein variation in 113 cases (6.79%). Three types of vascular variation in 4 cases (0.24%), including coexistence of type Ⅱ hepatic artery variation or type Ⅰ portal vein variation with type Ⅲ hepatic vein variation in 2 cases,coexistence of type Ⅲ hepatic artery variation or type Ⅲ portal vein variation with type Ⅱ hepatic vein variation in 2 cases. (3) Preoperative liver volume calculation:1 499.3 (514.4)ml (range:641.7 to 6 637.0 ml) of total liver volume, including 479.1 (460.1) ml (range:10.5 to 2 086.8 ml) for liver resection and 959.9 (460.4)ml (range:306.1 to 5 638.0 ml) for residual function. (4)Operative methods: anatomical hepatectomy in 1 458 cases (87.57%); non-anatomic hepatectomy in 207 cases (12.43%). (5)the median operation time was 285(165)minutes (range: 40 to720 minutes). (6)The median intraoperative blood loss was 200(250)ml (range:10 to 4 200 ml) and 346 cases (20.78%) had intraoperative transfusion. (7)Pathology reports: hepatocellular carcinoma in 1 371 cases (82.34%), cholangiocarcinoma in 260 cases (15.62%) and mixed hepatocellular carcinoma in 34 cases (2.04%). Microvascular invasion: M0 in 199 cases, M1 in 64 cases, and M2 in 27 cases. (8)Postoperative complications in 207 cases (12.43%), including Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ in 57 cases, grade Ⅲ or Ⅳ in 147 cases and grade Ⅴ in 3 cases.There were 13 cases (0.78%) of liver failure and 3 cases (0.18%) of perioperative death. (9) The follow-up time was 3.0 to 96.0 months, with a median time of 21.0(17.8) years. The overall 3-year survival and disease-free survival rates were 80.0% and 56.5%, respectively. The overall 5-year survival and disease-free survival rates were 59.7% and 30.0%, respectively. Conclusion: 3D visualization technology plays an important role in realizing accurate diagnosis of anatomical location and morphology of primary liver cancer, improving the success rate of surgery and reducing the incidence of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Fang
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - P Zhang
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - W P Zhou
- Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - J Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - C L Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - J F Liu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China
| | - W D Jia
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - X Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - S L Zeng
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - S Wen
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Zeng SL, Li SZ, Xiao PT, Cai YY, Chu C, Chen BZ, Li P, Li J, Liu EH. Citrus polymethoxyflavones attenuate metabolic syndrome by regulating gut microbiome and amino acid metabolism. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaax6208. [PMID: 31922003 PMCID: PMC6941918 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax6208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is intricately linked to dysregulation of gut microbiota and host metabolomes. Here, we first find that a purified citrus polymethoxyflavone-rich extract (PMFE) potently ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced MetS, alleviates gut dysbiosis, and regulates branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism using 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing and metabolomic profiling. The metabolic protective effects of PMFE are gut microbiota dependent, as demonstrated by antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT). The modulation of gut microbiota altered BCAA levels in the host serum and feces, which were significantly associated with metabolic features and actively responsive to therapeutic interventions with PMFE. Notably, PMFE greatly enriched the commensal bacterium Bacteroides ovatus, and gavage with B. ovatus reduced BCAA concentrations and alleviated MetS in HFD mice. PMFE may be used as a prebiotic agent to attenuate MetS, and target-specific microbial species may have unique therapeutic promise for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Shang-Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping-Ting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bai-Zhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. (E.-H.L.); (J.L.); (P.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. (E.-H.L.); (J.L.); (P.L.)
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
- Corresponding author. (E.-H.L.); (J.L.); (P.L.)
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Fang CH, Zhang P, Luo HL, Zhu W, Zeng SL, Hu HY, Xiang N, Yang J, Zeng N, Fan YF, Jia FC, Liu LX. [Application of augmented-reality surgical navigation technology combined with ICG molecular fluorescence imaging in laparoscopic hepatectomy]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2019; 57:578-584. [PMID: 31422626 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To study the application value of augmented-reality (AR) surgical navigation technology combined with indocyanine green (ICG) molecular fluorescence imaging in three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopic hepatectomy. Methods: The clinical data of forty-eight patients who had undergone 3D laparoscopic hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma at First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University from January 2018 to April 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.The patients were divided into two groups: the group of 3D laparoscopic hepatectomy navigated by augment reality technology combined with ICG molecular fluorescence imaging (Group A) , and group of conventional 3D laparoscopic hepatectomy (Group B) . Patients in Group A (n=23) underwent 3D laparoscopic hepatectomy using augmented-reality technology combined with ICG molecular fluorescence imaging. In this group, the self-developed three-dimensional laparoscopic augmented-reality surgical navigation system (No. 2018SR840555) was operated to project the preoperative three-dimensional model to the surgical field, and the use of this system in combination with ICG molecular fluorescence imaging navigated laparoscopic hepatectomy. No surgical navigation technology was applied in Group B (n=25) . All patients signed the informed consent, which were in accordance with the requirements of medical ethics (Ethics No.: 2018-GDYK-003) . The preoperative data, surgical indicators and postoperative complications between the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results: The median amount of intraoperative blood loss of Group A was 250 (200) ml (M (Q(R)) ) , which was significantly lower than that of Group B (300 (150) ml) (Z=-2.307, P=0.021) .The transfusion rate of Group A was 13.0% (3/23) , which was significantly lower than that of Group B (40.0%, 10/25) (χ(2)=4.408, P=0.036) .The median postoperative hospitalization time of Group A was 8 (2) d, which was significantly shorter than that of Group B (11 (6.5) d) (Z=-2.694, P=0.007) . There were no serious complications and perioperative death in both groups.The incidence of postoperative complications in Group A was 17.4% (4/23) , which was not significantly different from that in group B (28%, 7/25) (χ(2)=0.763, P=0.382) . Conclusion: Augmented-reality surgical navigation technology combined with ICG molecular fluorescence imaging has better effect in 3D laparoscopic hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Fang
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - P Zhang
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - H L Luo
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - W Zhu
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - S L Zeng
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - H Y Hu
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - N Xiang
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - J Yang
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - N Zeng
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Y F Fan
- First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangdong Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - F C Jia
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - L X Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
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Li SZ, Zeng SL, Wu Y, Zheng GD, Chu C, Yin Q, Chen BZ, Li P, Lu X, Liu EH. Cultivar differentiation of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium by a combination of hierarchical three-step filtering metabolomics analysis, DNA barcoding and electronic nose. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1056:62-69. [PMID: 30797461 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) was mainly originated from the dried pericarp of Citrus reticulata 'Chachi' (Crc), Citrus reticulata 'Dahongpao' (Crd), Citrus reticulata 'Unshiu' (Cru) and Citrus reticulata 'Tangerina' (Crt) in China. Since these four cultivars have great similarities in morphology, reliable methods to differentiate CRP cultivars have rarely been reported. To discriminate the differences of these CRP cultivars, herein an efficient and reliable method by combining metabolomics, DNA barcoding and electronic nose was first established. The hierarchical three-step filtering metabolomics analysis based on liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) indicated that 9 species-specific chemical markers including 6 flavanone glycosides and 3 polymethoxyflavones could be considered as marker metabolites for discrimination of the geoherb Crc from other cultivars. A total of 19 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were found in nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of CRP, and three stable SNP sites (33, 128 and 174) in the ITS2 region can distinguish the four CRP cultivars. The electronic nose coupled with chemometrics could also be used to effectively distinguish Crc from other CRP cultivars. Therefore, our results indicated that the integrated method will be an effective strategy for discrimination of similar herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Guo-Dong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Yin
- Department of Management, Xinjiang Uygur Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Wulumuqi, Xinjiang, 830001, PR China
| | - Bai-Zhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Guangdong, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Zeng SL, Li SZ, Lai CJS, Wei MY, Chen BZ, Li P, Zheng GD, Liu EH. Evaluation of anti-lipase activity and bioactive flavonoids in the Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium from different harvest time. Phytomedicine 2018; 43:103-109. [PMID: 29747741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of pancreatic lipase is an attractive approach to the treatment of obesity and other metabolic disorders. Naturally occurring phytochemicals are promising sources of lipase inhibitors. PURPOSE In the present study, the anti-lipase activity of Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) extracts was firstly evaluated in vitro. Moreover, the dynamic alteration of bioactive flavonoids in CRP collected at different time and its correlation with anti-lipase activities was investigated. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker (QAMS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of six flavonoids including narirutin, hesperidin, didymin, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone and tangeretin. Anti-lipase activity evaluation and docking studies of the flavonoids was also carried out to screen out the candidate lipase inhibitors. RESULTS The QAMS method validation results exhibited that the developed method had desirable specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy. CRP collected in early months contained higher concentrations of bioactive flavonoids, and exhibited more potent anti-lipase activity. CONCLUSION Harvest timing had a significant impact on the amounts of bioactive flavonoids and the anti-lipase activities of CRP extracts. The contents of total flavonoids were positively correlated with the anti-lipase activities of CRP, and polymethoxyflavones played a significant role in the hypolipidemic effect of CRP. Nobiletin might be the most potential lipase inhibitor in CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shang-Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Chang-Jiang-Sheng Lai
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Min-Yan Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Bai-Zhong Chen
- Guangdong Xinbaotang Biological Technology Co., Ltd. Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Guo-Dong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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9
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Gao Z, Gao W, Zeng SL, Li P, Liu EH. Chemical structures, bioactivities and molecular mechanisms of citrus polymethoxyflavones. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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10
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Zeng SL, Duan L, Chen BZ, Li P, Liu EH. Chemicalome and metabolome profiling of polymethoxylated flavonoids in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium based on an integrated strategy combining background subtraction and modified mass defect filter in a Microsoft Excel Platform. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1508:106-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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11
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Zeng SL, Li P, Liu EH. Metabolic profile of Guge Fengtong tablet in rat urine and bile after oral administration, using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:954-60. [PMID: 26721715 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30103-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed and validated a rapid analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) to investigate the metabolic profile of Guge Fengtong tablet (GGFTT), a traditional Chinese medicine. The urine and bile samples were collected with 24 h after oral administration of GGFTT. A total of 34 compounds, including 11 parent compounds and 23 metabolites were unambiguously or tentatively identified. Our results indicated that glucuronidation, oxidation and methylation were the major metabolic pathways of the constituents in GGFTT. In addition, the results of this work also demonstrated the feasibility of HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS for reliable characterization of the in vivo metabolites from herbal preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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12
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Li P, Zeng SL, Duan L, Ma XD, Dou LL, Wang LJ, Li P, Bi ZM, Liu EH. Comparison of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Aurantii Fructus based on multiple chromatographic analysis and chemometrics methods. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1469:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Zeng SL, Liu XG, Lai CJS, Liu EH, Li P. Diagnostic ion filtering strategy for chemical characterization of Guge Fengtong Tablet with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:390-400. [PMID: 25986289 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to characterize the chemical constituents of Guge Fengtong Tablet (GGFTT). Based on the chromatographic retention behavior, fragmentation pathways of chemical components and the published literatures, a diagnostic ion filtering strategy with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS) was established to identify the multiple bioactive constituents of GGFTT. The rapid identification of forty-seven components, including 18 phenolic acids, 8 saponins, 14 gingerol-related compounds, and 7 diarylhepatonoids, was accomplished using this newly developed method. The coupling of HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS with the diagnostic ion filtering strategy was useful and efficient for the in-depth structural elucidation of chemical compounds of GGFTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chang-Jiang-Sheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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14
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Guo L, Zeng SL, Zhang Y, Li P, Liu EH. Comparative analysis of steroidal saponins in four Dioscoreae herbs by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 117:91-8. [PMID: 26344383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal saponins, which exhibit multiple pharmacological effects, are the major bioactive constituents in herbal medicines from Dioscoreae species. In this study, a sensitive method based on high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was established and validated for qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroidal saponins in four Dioscoreae herbs including Dioscoreae Nipponica Rhizome (DNR) and Dioscoreae Hypoglaucae Rhizome (DHR), Dioscoreae Spongiosae Rhizome (DSR) and Dioscoreae Rhizome (DR). A total of eleven steroidal saponins were identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF/MS). Furthermore, seven major steroidal saponins was simultaneous quantified using a high performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QQQ/MS). The qualitative and quantitative analysis results indicated that the chemical composition of DNR, DHR and DSR samples exhibited a high level of global similarity, while the ingredients in DR varied greatly from the other three herbs. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were performed to compare and discriminate the Dioscoreae herbs based on the quantitative data. The results demonstrated the qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroidal saponins based on HPLC-MS is a feasible method for quality control of Dioscoreae herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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15
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Lai CJS, Tan T, Zeng SL, Qi LW, Liu XG, Dong X, Li P, Liu EH. An integrated high resolution mass spectrometric data acquisition method for rapid screening of saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:184-91. [PMID: 25778929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a convenient method without pretreatments for nontarget discovery of interested compounds. The segment and exposure strategy, coupled with two mass spectrometer data acquisition methods was firstly proposed for screening the saponins in extract of Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) via high-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF/MS). By gradually removing certain major or moderate interference compounds, the developed segment and exposure strategy could significantly improve the detection efficiency for trace compounds. Moreover, the newly developed five-point screening approach based on a modified mass defect filter strategy and the visual isotopic ion technique was verified to be efficient and reliable in picking out the interested precursor ions. In total, 234 ginsenosides including 67 potential new ones were characterized or tentatively identified from the extract of Sanqi. Particularly, some unusual compounds containing the branched glycosyl group or new substituted acyl groups were firstly reported. The proposed integrated strategy held a strong promise for analyses of the complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jiang-Sheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Su-Ling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lian-Wen Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - E-Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
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16
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Chen J, Zeng SL, Rao ZR, Shi JW. Serotonergic projections from the midbrain periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe dorsalis to the nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus. Brain Res 1992; 584:294-8. [PMID: 1515946 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(92)90908-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
By a double-labeling method combining the retrograde tracing of horseradish peroxidase and the immunocytochemical technique, serotonin-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR) of the rat were observed to send projection fibers to the nucleus parafascicularis of the thalamus bilaterally with an ipsilateral dominance. These serotonin-containing projecting neurons were observed mainly at the middle-caudal levels of the ventrolateral subdivision of the PAG and less at the middle-rostral levels of the DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chen
- Department of Anatomy, 4th Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li YQ, Zeng SL, Rao ZR, Shi JW. Serotonin-, substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons projecting from the midbrain periaqueductal gray to the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1992; 134:175-9. [PMID: 1375351 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90510-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin-, substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) were observed to send their axons to the nucleus tractus solitarii in the rat by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing method combined with the immunocytochemical technique. These neurons were most frequently observed in the ventrolateral subnucleus and ventral portion of the medial subnucleus of the PAG at the entire rostrocaudal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Li
- Department of Anatomy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'am, People's Republic of China
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18
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Li YQ, Zeng SL, Dong YX, Rao ZR, Shi JW. Serotonin-, substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons projecting from the periaqueductal gray to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1991; 134:33-6. [PMID: 1726116 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90502-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct projections from serotonin-, substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) in the rat were investigated by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase tracing method combined with the immunocytochemical technique. Serotonin-, substance P- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactive PAG neurons sending their axons to the VMH were distributed in the ventrolateral subnucleus and ventral portion of the medial subnucleus of PAG at the middle and caudal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Li
- Department of Anatomy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, The People's Republic of China
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19
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Zeng SL, Li YQ, Rao ZR, Shi JW. Projections from serotonin- and substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray onto the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1991; 131:205-9. [PMID: 1722297 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin- and substance P-like immunoreactive (5HT-LI and SP-LI) neurons in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the rat were observed to send their axons to the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha (Rgc alpha) by the retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-tracing method combined with the 5HT- or SP-immunohistochemical technique. These 5HT- or SP-LI PAG neurons were distributed mainly in the ventrolateral subdivision and ventral portion of the medial subdivision at the middle and caudal levels of the PAG, and additionally in the nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR).
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Zeng
- Department of Anatomy, Nanjing Railway Medical College, People's Republic of China
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