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Ikenaga T, Nakamura T, Tajiri T, Tsuji M, Kato DI, Ineno T, Kobayashi Y, Tsutsui N, Kiyohara S. Diversity and evolution of serotonergic cells in taste buds of elasmobranchs and ancestral actinopterygian fish. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:431-439. [PMID: 37851111 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03837-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
A subset of gustatory cells are serotonin immunoreactive (ir) in the mammalian taste bud. In the taste bud of lamprey, elongated gustatory-like cells are also serotonin-ir. In contrast, flattened serotonin-ir cells are located only in the basal region of the taste buds in the teleosts and amphibians. These serotonin-ir cells are termed as basal cells. To evaluate the evolution and diversity of serotonergic cells in the taste bud of amniote animals, we explored the distribution and morphology of serotonin-ir cells in the taste buds of ancestral actinopterygian fish (spotted gar, sturgeon, Polypterus senegalus) and elasmobranch (stingray). In all examined animals, the taste buds contained serotonin-ir cells in their basal part. The number of serotonin-ir basal cells in each taste bud was different between these fish species. They were highest in the stingray and decreased in the order of the Polypterus, sturgeon, and gar. While serotonin immunoreactivity was observed only in the basal cells in the taste buds of the ancestral actinopterygian fish, some elongated cells were also serotonin-ir in addition to the basal cells in the stingray taste buds. mRNA of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (tph1), a rate-limiting enzyme of the serotonin synthesis, is expressed in both the elongated and basal cells of stingray taste buds, indicating that these cells synthesize the serotonin by themselves. These results suggest that the serotonin-ir basal cells arose from the ancestor of the cartilaginous fish, and serotonin-ir cells in the elasmobranch taste bud exhibit an intermediate aspect between the lamprey and actinopterygian fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| | - Tastufumi Nakamura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Tajiri
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Minaki Tsuji
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Dai-Ichiro Kato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Toshinao Ineno
- Aquaculture Research Institute, Shingu Station, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Kobayashi
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, 631-0052, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Okayama University, Okayama, 701-4303, Japan
| | - Naoaki Tsutsui
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
- Faculty of Science, Ushimado Marine Institute (UMI), Okayama University, Okayama, 701-4303, Japan
| | - Sadao Kiyohara
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
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2
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Ikenaga T, Morita S, Finger TE. Histological and Molecular Characterization of the Inferior Olivary Nucleus and Climbing Fibers in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:141-150. [PMID: 37042693 DOI: 10.2108/zs220080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum receives inputs via the climbing fibers originating from the inferior olivary nucleus in the ventral medulla. In mammals, the climbing fibers entwine and terminate onto both major and peripheral branches of dendrites of the Purkinje cells. In this study, the inferior olivary nucleus and climbing fiber in the goldfish were investigated with several histological techniques. By neural tracer application to the hemisphere of the cerebellum, labeled inferior olivary neurons were found in the ventral edge of the contralateral medulla. Kainate stimulated Co + + uptake and gephyrin immunoreactivities were found in inferior olivary neurons, indicating, respectively, that they receive both excitatory (glutamatergic) and inhibitory (GABAergic or glycinergic) inputs. Inferior olivary neurons express vglut2.1 transcripts, suggesting they are glutamatergic. Around 85% of inferior olivary neurons were labeled with anti-calretinin antiserum. Calretinin immunoreactive (ir) climbing fiber terminal-like structures were distributed near the Purkinje cells and in the molecular layer. Double labeling immunofluorescence with anti-calretinin and zebrin II antisera revealed that the calretinin-ir climbing fibers run along and made synaptic-like contacts on the major dendrites of the zebrin II-ir Purkinje cells. In teleost fish, cerebellar efferent neurons, eurydendroid cells, also lie near the Purkinje cells and extend dendrites outward to intermingle with dendrites of the Purkinje cells within the molecular layer. Here we found no contacts between the climbing fiber terminals and the eurydendroid cell dendrites. These results support the idea that Purkinje cells, but not eurydendroid cells, receive strong inputs via the climbing fibers, similar to the mammalian situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shohei Morita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Thomas E. Finger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, U.S.A
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Ikenaga T, Shimomai R, Hagio H, Kimura S, Matsumoto K, Kato DI, Uesugi K, Takeuchi A, Yamamoto N, Hibi M. Morphological analysis of the cerebellum and its efferent system in a basal actinopterygian fish, Polypterus senegalus. J Comp Neurol 2021; 530:1231-1246. [PMID: 34729771 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although all vertebrate cerebella contain granule cells, Purkinje cells, and efferent neurons, the cellular arrangement and neural circuitry are highly diverse. In amniotes, cerebellar efferent neurons form clusters, deep cerebellar nuclei, lie deep in the cerebellum, and receive synaptic inputs from Purkinje cells but not granule cells. However, in the cerebellum of teleosts, the efferent neurons, called eurydendroid cells, lie near the cell bodies of Purkinje cells and receive inputs both from axons of Purkinje cells and granule cell parallel fibers. It is largely unknown how the cerebellar structure evolved in ray-finned fish (actinopterygians). To address this issue, we analyzed the cerebellum of a bichir Polypterus senegalus, one of the most basal actinopterygians. We found that the cell bodies of Purkinje cells are not aligned in a layer; incoming climbing fibers terminate mainly on the basal portion of Purkinje cells, revealing that the Polypterus cerebellum has unique features among vertebrate cerebella. Retrograde labeling and marker analyses of the efferent neurons revealed that their cell bodies lie in restricted granular areas but not as deep cerebellar nuclei in the cerebellar white matter. The efferent neurons have long dendrites like eurydendroid cells, although they do not reach the molecular layer. Our findings suggest that the efferent system of the bichir cerebellum has intermediate features between teleosts and amniote vertebrates, and provides a model to understand the basis generating diversity in actinopterygian cerebella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Rinko Shimomai
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hanako Hagio
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Kimura
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Dai-Ichiro Kato
- Department of Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Takeuchi
- Research and Utilization Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Fish Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Inoue
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Ohji Niihara
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Janice B. Rabor
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasai
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuro Niidome
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
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Ikenaga T, Noguchi H, Kakumoto K, Kohda N, Tsukikawa H, Matsuguma K, Yamamoto T. Effect of phytic acid on postprandial serum uric acid level in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2019; 39:504-517. [PMID: 31469027 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1656337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Phytic acid, a constituent of various plants, has been related to health benefits. Phytic acid has been shown to inhibit purine nucleotide metabolism in vitro and suppress elevation of plasma uric acid levels after purine administration in animal models. This study investigated the effect of phytic acid on postprandial serum uric acid (SUA) in humans. This randomized, double-blind, crossover design study included 48 healthy subjects with normal fasting SUA. Subjects consumed a control drink and a phytic acid drink with purine-rich food, and serum and urine uric acid levels were measured for 360 min after purine loading. Phytic acid lowered the incremental area under the curve (0-360 min) and incremental maximum concentration of SUA after purine loading (p < 0.05); tended to lower cumulative urinary uric acid excretion (0-360 min) after purine loading (p < 0.10); and suppressed postprandial SUA in this clinical study. Altogether, our findings suggest that phytic acid may play a beneficial role in controlling postprandial SUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - H Noguchi
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - K Kakumoto
- Tokushima Research Institute, Pharmaceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokushima, Japan
| | - N Kohda
- Otsu Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Nutraceuticals Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shiga, Japan
| | - H Tsukikawa
- Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Souseikai Medical Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Matsuguma
- Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Souseikai Medical Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Yamamoto
- Health Evaluation Center, Osaka Gyoumeikan Hospital, Osaka, Japan
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Miyazaki T, Kato A, Ikenaga T, Hagio H, Yamamoto N. A lambda-shaped retractor lentis muscle in the yellowfin goby Acanthogobius flavimanus. J Morphol 2019; 280:526-533. [PMID: 30735283 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We identified a morphologically uncommon piscine retractor lentis muscle in the yellowfin goby Acanthogobius flavimanus. This lentis muscle has a shape similar to the Greek small letter lambda (λ). The two legs of the muscle are attached to the retinal periphery at the ventral eyecup, while the tip is connected to the lens surface by a ligament. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fibers of the lentis muscle run along the length of both the anterior and posterior legs. Immunolabeling with antiacetylated tubulin antibody and neuronal tracing with DiI of the whole lentis muscle revealed that the anterior leg is innervated by one or more nerves. The topographic distribution of ganglion cells in the retina was investigated to identify the visual axis. Three high cell density areas were observed in the dorso-temporal, ventro-nasals and ventro-temporal retina. These findings suggest that the λ-shaped lentis muscle may enable accommodatory movement of the lens toward the temporal as well as the nasal and/or ventral retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Miyazaki
- Department of Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Akari Kato
- Department of Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hanako Hagio
- Department of Marine Bioresources, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie, Japan.,Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Muko D, Ikenaga T, Kasai M, Rabor JB, Nishitani A, Niidome Y. Imaging mass spectrometry of gold nanoparticles in a tissue section as an immunohistochemical staining mass probe. J Mass Spectrom 2019; 54:1-6. [PMID: 30221808 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For analysis of low abundance peptides in a tissue section, immunohistochemical staining through antibody-antigen interaction is a usual technique. The antibody is conjugated with a probe moiety that aids in highly sensitive detection. Gold nanoparticles, which show excellent chemical stability and variation of surface modifications, are expected to act as a sensitive mass probe to desorb gold ions (Au+ , Au2 + , Au3 + ) that are distinguishable from fragment ions from organic molecules. Here, green fluorescent proteins (GFP) in a tissue section of a transgenic zebrafish were detected by the gold mass probe conjugated with antibodies. Due to the efficient ionization and desorption of gold ions, imaging mass spectrometry of Au2 + ions indicated the distribution of gold nanoparticles stained in a tissue section, and the mass signal distribution was consistent with the area where the GFP-expressing cells were distributed. Conventional immunofluorescence techniques showed intense autofluorescence that come from intrinsic fluorophores in the tissue section. In contrast, the gold nanoparticles acted as an immunostaining mass probe that displayed significantly lower background signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Muko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasai
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Janice B Rabor
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishitani
- Division of Gene Research, Research Support Centre, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuro Niidome
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
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Nakamura T, Matsuyama N, Kirino M, Kasai M, Kiyohara S, Ikenaga T. Distribution, Innervation, and Cellular Organization of Taste Buds in the Sea Catfish, Plotosus japonicus. Brain Behav Evol 2017; 89:209-218. [PMID: 28502972 DOI: 10.1159/000471758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The gustatory system of the sea catfish Plotosus japonicus, like that of other catfishes, is highly developed. To clarify the details of the morphology of the peripheral gustatory system of Plotosus, we used whole-mount immunohistochemistry to investigate the distribution and innervation of the taste buds within multiple organs including the barbels, oropharyngeal cavity, fins (pectoral, dorsal, and caudal), and trunk. Labeled taste buds could be observed in all the organs examined. The density of the taste buds was higher along the leading edges of the barbels and fins; this likely increases the chance of detecting food. In all the fins, the taste buds were distributed in linear arrays parallel to the fin rays. Labeling of nerve fibers by anti-acetylated tubulin antibody showed that the taste buds within each sensory field are innervated in different ways. In the barbels, large nerve bundles run along the length of the organ, with fascicles branching off to innervate polygonally organized groups of taste buds. In the fins, nerve bundles run along the axis of fin rays to innervate taste buds lying in a line. In each case, small fascicles of fibers branch from large bundles and terminate within the basal portions of the taste buds. Serotonin immunohistochemistry demonstrated that most of the taste buds in all the organs examined contained disk-shaped serotonin-immunopositive cells in their basal region. This indicates a similar organization of the taste buds, in terms of the existence of serotonin-immunopositive basal cells, across the different sensory fields in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Ryuzono S, Takase R, Kamada Y, Ikenaga T, Chigwechokha PK, Komatsu M, Shiozaki K. Suppression of Neu1 sialidase delays the absorption of yolk sac in medaka (Oryzias latipes) accompanied with the accumulation of α2-3 sialo-glycoproteins. Biochimie 2017; 135:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Shiomoto S, Nomura S, Kuwabara K, Uesugi K, Takeuchi A, Suzuki Y, Ikenaga T, Nikaido M, Hatta K. C4-P-07Analysis of fine three-dimensional structure of pharyngeal teeth of saury ( Cololabis saira: ‘SAMMA’), flying fish ( Cypselurus pinnatibarbatus japonicus: ‘TOBIUO'), medaka ( Oryzias latipes), zebrafish ( Danio rerio), and other teleost species by X-ray micro-computed tomography. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Moly PK, Ikenaga T, Kamihagi C, Islam AT, Hatta K. Identification of initially appearing glycine-immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:616-32. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pricila Khan Moly
- Graduate School of Life Science; University of Hyogo; 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Takanori Ikenaga
- Graduate School of Life Science; University of Hyogo; 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Chihiro Kamihagi
- Graduate School of Life Science; University of Hyogo; 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - A.F.M. Tariqul Islam
- Graduate School of Life Science; University of Hyogo; 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
| | - Kohei Hatta
- Graduate School of Life Science; University of Hyogo; 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun Hyogo 678-1297 Japan
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Ogawa R, Ikenaga T, Sumioka S, Yanagawa N, Yamada K, Tane K. Endoscopic Sphenoid Sinus Surgery for the Sequestrated Lateral Recess in the Management of Mucormycosis. Skull Base Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Nakayama S, Ikenaga T, Kawakami K, Ono F, Hatta K. Transgenic line with gal4 insertion useful to study morphogenesis of craniofacial perichondrium, vascular endothelium-associated cells, floor plate, and dorsal midline radial glia during zebrafish development. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:202-15. [PMID: 22348745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish is a good model for studying vertebrate development because of the availability of powerful genetic tools. We are interested in the study of the craniofacial skeletal structure of the zebrafish. For this purpose, we performed a gene trap screen and identified a Gal4 gene trap line, SAGFF(LF)134A. We then analyzed the expression pattern of SAGFF(LF)134A;Tg(UAS:GFP) and found that green fluorescent protein (GFP) was expressed not only in craniofacial skeletal elements but also in the vascular system, as well as in the nervous system. In craniofacial skeletal elements, strong GFP expression was detected not only in chondrocytes but also in the perichondrium. In the vascular system, GFP was expressed in endothelium-associated cells. In the spinal cord, strong GFP expression was found in the floor plate, and later in the dorsal radial glia located on the midline. Taking advantage of this transgenic line, which drives Gal4 expression in specific tissues, we crossed SAGFF(LF)134A with several UAS reporter lines. In particular, time-lapse imaging of photoconverted floor-plate cells of SAGFF(LF)134A;Tg(UAS:KikGR) revealed that the floor-plate cells changed their shape within 36 h from cuboidal/trapezoidal to wine glass shaped. Moreover, we identified a novel mode of association between axons and glia. The putative paths for the commissural axons, including pax8-positive CoBL interneurons, were identified as small openings in the basal endfoot of each floor plate. Our results indicate that the transgenic line would be useful for studying the morphogenesis of less-well-characterized tissues of interest, including the perichondrium, dorsal midline radial glia, late-stage floor plate, and vascular endothelium-associated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohei Nakayama
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori, Akou-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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Abstract
In the formation of the spinal network, various transcription factors interact to develop specific cell types. By using a gene trap technique, we established a stable line of zebrafish in which the red fluorescent protein (RFP) was inserted into the pax8 gene. RFP insertion marked putative pax8-lineage cells with fluorescence and inhibited pax8 expression in homozygous embryos. Pax8 homozygous embryos displayed defects in the otic vesicle, as previously reported in studies with morpholinos. The pax8 homozygous embryos survived to adulthood, in contrast to mammalian counterparts that die prematurely. RFP is expressed in the dorsal spinal cord. Examination of the axon morphology revealed that RFP(+) neurons include commissural bifurcating longitudinal (CoBL) interneurons, but other inhibitory neurons such as commissural local (CoLo) interneurons and circumferential ascending (CiA) interneurons do not express RFP. We examined the effect of inhibiting pax2a/pax8 expression on interneuron development. In pax8 homozygous fish, the RFP(+) cells underwent differentiation similar to that of pax8 heterozygous fish, and the swimming behavior remained intact. In contrast, the RFP(+) cells of pax2a/pax8 double mutants displayed altered cell fates. CoBLs were not observed. Instead, RFP(+) cells exhibited axons descending ipsilaterally, a morphology resembling that of V2a/V2b interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jason M. Urban
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nichole Gebhart
- The Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, St Augustine, FL, 32080, USA
| | - Kohei Hatta
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Kouto, Kamigori, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Fumihito Ono
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Ikenaga T, Ogura T, Finger TE. Vagal gustatory reflex circuits for intraoral food sorting behavior in the goldfish: cellular organization and neurotransmitters. J Comp Neurol 2009; 516:213-25. [PMID: 19598285 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sense of taste is crucial in an animal's determination as to what is edible and what is not. This gustatory function is especially important in goldfish, who utilize a sophisticated oropharyngeal sorting mechanism to separate food from substrate material. The computational aspects of this detection are carried out by the medullary vagal lobe, which is a large, laminated structure combining elements of both the gustatory nucleus of the solitary tract and the nucleus ambiguus. The sensory layers of the vagal lobe are coupled to the motor layers via a simple reflex arc. Details of this reflex circuit were investigated with histology and calcium imaging. Biocytin injections into the motor layer labeled vagal reflex interneurons that have radially directed dendrites ramifying within the layers of primary afferent terminals. Axons of reflex interneurons extend radially inward to terminate onto both vagal motoneurons and small, GABAergic interneurons in the motor layer. Functional imaging shows increases in intracellular Ca++ of vagal motoneurons following electrical stimulation in the sensory layer. These responses were suppressed under Ca(++)-free conditions and by interruption of the axons bridging between the sensory and motor layers. Pharmacological experiments showed that glutamate acting via (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy- 5-ethylisoxazole-4-propioinc acid (AMPA)/kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors mediate neurotransmission between reflex interneurons and vagal motoneurons. Thus, the vagal gustatory portion of the viscerosensory complex is linked to branchiomotor neurons of the pharynx via a glutamatergic interneuronal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Rocky Mountain Taste & Smell Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Yokoyama K, Matsuki M, Shimano H, Sumioka S, Ikenaga T, Hanabusa K, Yasuda S, Inoue H, Watanabe T, Miyashita M, Hiramatsu R, Murao K, Kondo A, Tanabe H, Kuroiwa T. Diffusion tensor imaging in chronic subdural hematoma: correlation between clinical signs and fractional anisotropy in the pyramidal tract. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29:1159-63. [PMID: 18356470 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was introduced as a good technique to evaluate structural abnormalities in the white matter. In this study, we used DTI to examine anisotropic changes of the pyramidal tracts displaced by chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six patients with unilateral CSDH underwent DTI before and after surgery. We measured fractional anisotropy (FA) values in pyramidal tracts of bilateral cerebral peduncles and calculated the ratio of the FA value on the lesion side to that on the contralateral side (FA ratio) and compared the ratios with motor weakness. Moreover, the relationships between FA ratios and clinical factors such as age, sex, midline shift, interval from trauma, and hematoma attenuation on CT were evaluated. RESULTS FA values of pyramidal tracts on the lesion side were significantly lower than those on the contralateral side (0.66 +/- 0.07 versus 0.74 +/- 0.05, P < .0001). The FA ratio was correlated to the severity of motor weakness (r(2) = 0.32, P = .002). FA ratios after surgery improved significantly compared with those before surgery (0.96 +/- 0.08 versus 0.89 +/- 0.07, P = .0004). Intervals from trauma and the midline shift were significantly associated with decreased FA ratios (P = .0008 and P = .037). CONCLUSIONS In patients with CSDH, a reversible decrease of FA in the affected pyramidal tract on DTI was correlated to motor weakness. These anisotropic changes were considered to be caused by a reversible distortion of neuron fibers and vasogenic edema due to the hematoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yokoyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain and Spine Surgery Center and Research Institution of Microvascular Decompression, Shiroyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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17
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Huesa G, Ikenaga T, Böttger B, Finger TE. Calcium-fluxing glutamate receptors associated with primary gustatory afferent terminals in goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Comp Neurol 2008; 506:694-707. [PMID: 18067143 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors modulate transmission at primary afferent synapses in several glutamatergic systems. To test whether primary gustatory afferent fibers express Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA/kainate receptors, we utilized kainate-stimulated uptake of Co(2+) along with immunocytochemistry for the Ca(2+)-binding proteins (CaBPs) calbindin and calretinin to investigate the primary gustatory afferents in goldfish (Carassius auratus). In goldfish, the primary gustatory nucleus (equivalent to the gustatory portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract) includes the vagal lobe, which is a large, laminated structure protruding dorsally from the medulla. Kainate-stimulated uptake of Co(2+) (a measure of Ca(2+)-fluxing glutamate receptors) shows punctate staining distributed in the distinct laminar pattern matching the layers of termination of the primary gustatory afferent fibers. In addition, CaBP immunocytochemistry, which correlates highly with expression of Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA/kainate receptors, shows a laminar pattern of distribution similar to that found with kainate-stimulated cobalt uptake. Nearly all neurons of the vagal gustatory ganglion show Co(2+) uptake and are immunopositive for CaBPs. Transection of the vagus nerve proximal to the ganglion results in loss of such punctate Co(2+) uptake and of punctate CaBP staining as soon as 4 days postlesion. These results are consonant with the presence of Ca(2+)-fluxing glutamate receptors on the presynaptic terminals of primary gustatory terminals, providing an avenue for modulation of primary gustatory input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Huesa
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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18
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Abstract
In tetrapods, cerebellar efferent systems are mainly mediated via the cerebellar nuclei. In teleosts, the cerebellum lacks cerebellar nuclei. Instead, the cerebellar efferent neurons, termed eurydendroid cells, are arrayed within and below the ganglionic layer. Tracer injections outside of the cerebellum, which retrogradely label eurydendroid cells demonstrate that most eurydendroid cells possess two or more primary dendrites which extend broadly into the molecular layer. Some eurydendroid cells mostly situated in caudal portions of the cerebellum have only one primary dendrite. The eurydendroid cells receive inputs from the Purkinje cells and parallel fibers, but apparently do not receive inputs from the climbing fibers. Eurydendroid cells of the corpus cerebelli and medial valvula project to many brain regions, from the diencephalon to the caudal medulla. A few eurydendroid cells in the valvula project directly to the telencephalon. About half of the eurydendroid cells are aspartate immunopositive. Anti-GABA and anti-zebrin II antibodies that are known as markers for the Purkinje cells in mammals also recognize the Purkinje cells in the teleost cerebellum, but do not recognize the eurydendroid cells. These results suggest that the eurydendroid cells receive GABAergic inputs from the Purkinje cells. This relationship between the eurydendroid and Purkinje cells is similar to that between the cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells in mammals. The eurydendroid cells of teleost have both dissimilar as well as similar features compared to neurons of the cerebellar nuclei in tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Abstract
Although the basic swimming rhythm is created by central pattern generators (CPGs) located in each spinal segment, command signals from the brain should be indispensable for the activation of CPGs to initiate swimming. We hypothesized that the nucleus of medial longitudinal fascicles (Nflm) is the midbrain locomotor region driving swimming rhythms in teleosts. To test this hypothesis, we recorded neuronal activities from Nflm neurons in swimming carp and analyzed the cytoarchitecture of the nucleus. We identified two types of Nflm neurons exhibiting electric activities closely related to swimming rhythms. Remarkably, tonic neurons that continued firing during swimming were found. The Nflm and neighboring oculomotor nucleus contain about 600 neurons in total, and among them as many as 500 were labeled retrogradely by an intraspinal tracer implantation and 400 neurons showed glutamatergic immunoreactivity. They are the most likely candidates for the descending neurons as the origin of driving signals that initiate swimming. Double-labeling experiments demonstrated direct connections of Nflm neurons to spinal neurons consisting of the CPG. These data imply that most Nflm neurons possibly exert an excitatory drive to the spinal CPGs through the descending axons with excitatory transmitter(s), probably glutamate. Furthermore, we confirmed that the caudal part of Nflm and the rostral part of the oculomotor nucleus overlap rostrocaudally by approximately 200 mum. In connection with the control of swimming by the brain, we carried out experiments to clarify the efferent system of the cerebellum of the goldfish. Cerebellar efferent fibers terminated in most brain regions except for the telencephalon. Importantly, the cerebellum projected also to the Nflm, suggesting the involvement of this brain region in the control of swimming. We have also determined that in the carp so-called eurydendroid cells are cerebellar efferent neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Uematsu
- Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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20
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Ikenaga T, Huesa G, Finger TE. Co-occurrence of calcium-binding proteins and calcium-permeable glutamate receptors in the primary gustatory nucleus of goldfish. J Comp Neurol 2006; 499:90-105. [PMID: 16958099 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary vagal gustatory afferents utilize glutamate as a neurotransmitter acting on AMPA/kainate receptors of second-order neurons. Some forms of ionotropic glutamate receptors permit passage of Ca++ ions upon activation by appropriate ligands. Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) play a buffering role for regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution and morphology of neurons with CaBPs, including calretinin, calbindin, and parvalbumin, and to compare this distribution with neurons exhibiting Ca++-permeable glutamate receptors as determined by kainate-stimulated uptake of Co++ in the vagal lobe of goldfish. Calretinin- and calbindin-positive neurons occurred throughout the sensory zone including round unipolar, horizontal; and perpendicular bipolar or multipolar somata. Parvalbumin neurons were mainly round monopolar neurons, especially common in the superficial layers of the sensory zone. In the motor zone, while parvalbumin labeled nearly all motoneurons, calretinin labeled only external motoneurons. In double labeling with calretinin and parvalbumin, few neurons in the sensory layer labeled with both antisera. Immunocytochemistry following kainate-stimulate uptake of Co++ showed that most calretinin, but few parvalbumin immunopositive neurons also were labeled by cobalt in the central and deep layers of the sensory zone. All motoneurons were labeled by Co++, including those immunoreactive for calretinin or parvalbumin. These results indicate that calretinin expression is strongly correlated with calcium-permeable ionotropic glutamate receptors in the neurons of the sensory zone of the goldfish vagal lobe, but even within this limited region, not all Ca++-permeable neurons possess any of the CaBPs examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Medical School, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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21
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Moon SJ, Fujikawa Y, Nishihara T, Kono S, Kozono K, Ikenaga T, Esaka M, Iijima N, Nagamatsu Y, Yoshida M, Uematsu K. Partial cloning and expression of mRNA coding choline acetyltransferase in the spinal cord of the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 141:253-60. [PMID: 15951213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 01/31/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) synthesizes a neurotransmitter, acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons. ChAT is considered to be the most specific marker for cholinergic neurons. To obtain a better marker of the neurons, as the first step, we isolated a partial ChAT cDNA from the goldfish (Carassius auratus) brain by RT-PCR methods. The partial cDNA of the goldfish ChAT was composed of 718 nucleotides. The amino acid sequence of the goldfish ChAT is approximately 70% identical to those of mammalian and chicken ChAT. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that ChAT mRNA was expressed in the brain and the spinal cord of the goldfish, and much abundant in the spinal cord. In the spinal cord of the goldfish, ChAT-positive neurons were detected mainly in the ventral horn by in situ hybridization. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization combined with a retrograde labeling by using True Blue demonstrated ChAT mRNA positive neurons were exactly motoneurons. In the cord, putative presynaptic sympathetic neurons were also labeled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ju Moon
- Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Graduate School of Biosphere Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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22
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Abstract
In teleosts, cerebellar efferent neurons, known as eurydendroid cells, are dispersed within the cerebellar cortex rather than coalescing into deep cerebellar nuclei. To clarify their morphology, eurydendroid cells were labeled retrogradely by biotinylated dextran amine injection into the base of the corpus cerebelli. Labeling allowed the cells to be classified into three types-fusiform, polygonal, and monopolar-depending on their somal shapes and numbers of primary dendrites. The fusiform and polygonal type cells were distributed not only in the Purkinje cell layer but also in the molecular and granule cell layers. The monopolar type cells were distributed predominantly in the Purkinje cell layer of the ventrocaudal portion of the corpus cerebelli. These results suggest that there are some functional differences between these eurydendroid cell types. The eurydendroid cells were double-labeled by retrograde labeling and immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies against GABA, aspartate, and zebrin II. No GABA-like immunoreactivity was detected in the retrogradely labeled eurydendroid cells. About half of retrogradely labeled cells were immunoreactive to the anti-aspartate antibody, suggesting that some eurydendroid cells utilize aspartate as a neurotransmitter. Zebrin II reacts with cerebellar Purkinje cells but left all retrogradely labeled neurons nonreactive, although some of these were surrounded by immunopositive fibers. This relationship between the eurydendroid and Purkinje cells is similar to that between the deep cerebellar nuclei and Purkinje cells in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Japan.
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23
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ur Rahman L, Ikenaga T, Kitamura Y. Penicillin derivatives induce chemical structure-dependent root development, and application for plant transformation. Plant Cell Rep 2004; 22:668-77. [PMID: 14727052 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Revised: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 09/30/2003] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigated five penicillin derivatives that are popularly used for transformation experiments with Agrobacterium rhizogenes-penicillin G, carbenicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin and cephalexin-for their effects on the growth and morphology of Beta vulgaris, Capsicum annuum and Glehnia littoralis roots. Attention was given to the relationship between their chemical structures and functions. Ampicillin was found to stimulate root elongation but inhibit root branching, whereas carbenicillin inhibited root elongation but promoted root branching. Root cultures were also exposed to hydrolyzed products of these antibiotics-i.e. phenylmalonic acid (PM), phenylglycine and 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA): PM inhibited root elongation the most, while root elongation was supported best by 6-APA. These results indicate that both the side chains and the major component of penicillin derivatives affect root development and that the nature of the side chains is responsible for the responses. Ampicillin but not carbenicillin was used in subsequent experiments described herein to eliminate bacteria and to support root growth of transformants of the recalcitrant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L ur Rahman
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, 852-8521, Nagasaki, Japan
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24
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Furuse M, Ohta T, Ikenaga T, Liang YM, Isono N, Kuroiwa T, Preul MC. Effects of intravascular perfusion of cooled crystalloid solution on cold-induced brain injury using an extracorporeal cooling-filtration system. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2003; 145:983-92; discussion 992-3. [PMID: 14628204 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-003-0119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated cerebral metabolic change during brain hypothermia with intravascular perfusion of cooled crystalloid solution using an extracorporeal cooling-filtration system and cerebroprotective effects of this hypothermia on brain injury in an animal model. METHOD Microdialysis probes were implanted into the bilateral parietal cortices. A cold-induced brain injury was produced behind the microdialysis probe on the right parietal cortex. Immediately after injury in the cooled group (n=9), Ringer's solution cooled to 5 degrees C was infused into the right vertebral artery after occlusion of the bilateral common carotid and the left vertebral arteries. Excessive fluid was ultrafiltrated by a dialyzer. Brain temperature was maintained at about 20 degrees C for 60 minutes. In 7 dogs, three neck arteries were occluded for 60 minutes after injury without cooled fluid infusion. The extracellular concentrations of glutamate, lactate, and pyruvate were measured serially for 180 minutes after injury. FINDINGS Extracellular glutamate concentrations in the cooled group did not increase, while there was a significant increase in the injured hemisphere as compared to the uninjured hemisphere in the non-cooled group ( P<0.05). Extracellular lactate concentrations increased slightly after occlusion in both groups. The depth of cortical injury was limited in the cooled group, but extended into the white matter in the non-cooled group up to 240 minutes after injury. INTERPRETATION Occlusion of three main arteries induced ischaemia under critical threshold in canine brains. Under this condition, intravascular cooling with crystalloid solution suppressed accumulation of extracellular glutamate and reduced tissue damage in the early phase after cold-induced brain injury, as cerebroprotective effects. This information suggests that a method employing brain hypothermia via intra-arterial cooling with an extracorporeal cooling-filtration system has potential to achieve successful, safe, selective brain cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Furuse
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Efferent fiber connections of the corpus and valvula cerebelli in the goldfish, Carassius auratus, were studied using an anterograde neural fiber tracing technique. Efferent targets of the corpus cerebelli are the posterior parvocellular preoptic nucleus, the ventromedial and ventrolateral thalamic nucleus, dorsal posterior thalamic nucleus, periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum, dorsal periventricular pretectal nucleus, inferior lobe, optic tectum, torus semicircularis, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle, nucleus ruber, dorsal tegmental nucleus, nucleus lateralis valvulae, reticular formation, torus longitudinalis, and the medial and lateral lobe of the valvula cerebelli. Projections to the posterior parvocellular preoptic nucleus and the periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum are not reported in previous studies. Efferent targets of the medial lobe of the valvula cerebelli are similar to that of the corpus cerebelli except for lacking a projection to the inferior lobe and torus longitudinalis, but showing one to the corpus cerebelli. On the other hand, the lateral lobe of the valvula cerebelli projects only to the dorsal zone of the periventricular hypothalamus, the diffuse nucleus of the inferior lobe, corpus mamillare, vagal lobe and the corpus cerebelli. There are topographical projections from the lateral valvula to the inferior lobe. These results suggest that the function of the corpus and medial lobe of the valvula cerebelli include not only motor control but also functions similar to the mammalian higher cerebellum. This study also suggests that there are obvious functional divisions between the medial and lateral lobes of the valvula cerebelli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
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26
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Abstract
In order to obtain a potential new tool to analyze networks of the central nervous system of teleost fishes, we tested a fish-pathogenic betanodavirus, sevenband grouper nervous necrosis virus (SGNNV), as a transneuronal tracer using the freshwater angelfish Pterophyllum scalare as a test animal. Intravitreous injections of SGNNV into the right eye resulted first in the labelings of neuronal cell bodies in the ganglion cell layers of the retina and then those in the inner and outer nuclear layers in sequence. For the first time, labeled neurons were found also in the stratum periventriculare of the contralateral optic tectum, the ventrolateral and ventromedial thalamic nuclei, and the periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum in the brain, then the periventricular pretectal nucleus pars dorsalis and pars ventralis. In contrast, by injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the eye no labeled cell bodies were observed in these brain areas, but axons and terminals were labeled anterogradely. These results suggest that the virus could be transported in both directions in axons of the first order neuron and transfected the second and third order neurons by passing across synaptic clefts, and that this technique is practically applicable to the study of neurobiology in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Ikenaga
- Laboratory of Fish Physiology, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Abstract
Callus was induced from the epicotyl of S. aculeatissimum, and the relation between culture conditions and the production of steroidal saponins in the callus was studied. The results indicated that the callus produced the steroidal saponins aculeatiside A and B. The highest production of steroidal saponins occurred at the middle of the log phase. Optimal conditions for the production of steroidal saponins were culturing on MS basal medium supplemented with the combination of 0.05 ppm or 0.1 ppm NAA and 10 ppm BA, and fructose as a carbon source, in the dark at 25 °C. Under these optimal conditions, the callus produced 0.8% (per dry weight) steroidal saponins, or 0.32% aculeatiside A and 0.48% aculeatiside B.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan e-mail: Fax: +81-958-8432138, , , , , , JP
| | - R Handayani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan, , , , , , JP
| | - T Oyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan, , , , , , JP
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Abstract
The variable region of heavy chain [V(H)] of human rheumatoid factor (hRF) IgM was connected with the variable region of light chain [V(L)] with the peptide-linker (GGGSGGGSGGGS) by genetic engineering method and the single-chain Fv (scFv) was expressed in E. coli. On design, scFv and scFv (tag) were planned; the latter had a detection marker at the carboxyl-terminal. These scFvs were expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli, purified in the presence of 8 M urea by gel filtration and renatured to the active form in vitro. As a control, the Fv, non-covalently associated V(H) and V(L) fragments, was also constructed. The 3 derivatives showed almost the same binding activity to rabbit-IgG to which hRF is cross-reactive. ScFv (tag) was the most stable against urea among the 3 derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ikenaga T, Ogura T. Real-time morphology processing using highly parallel 2-D cellular automata CAM2. IEEE Trans Image Process 2000; 9:2018-2026. [PMID: 18262940 DOI: 10.1109/83.887970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mathematical morphology is a promising computer paradigm based on set theory and has many applications in image processing. Although some architectures have been proposed, there are as yet no compact, practical computers that can handle a variety of morphological operations with large, complex structuring elements at video rates. This has prevented the great potential of morphology from being fully realized. This paper describes a morphology processing method that uses a highly parallel two-dimensional (2-D) cellular automaton architecture called it CAM2 (Cellular AutoMata on Content Addressable Memory). New mapping methods achieve high-throughput complex morphology processing. Evaluation results show that CAM2 performs one morphological operation for basic structuring elements within 30 micros. Furthermore, CAM2 can also handle an extremely large and complex structuring element of 100x100 at video rates. CAM2 will increase the potential use of morphology and make a significant contribution to the development of various real-time image processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- NTT Lifestyle and Environmental technology Laboratories, Kanagawa 243-0198, Japan.
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Kitamura Y, Ikenaga T, Ooe Y, Hiraoka N, Mizukami H. Induction of furanocoumarin biosynthesis in Glehnia littoralis cell suspension cultures by elicitor treatment. Phytochemistry 1998; 48:113-117. [PMID: 9621456 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)00849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell suspension cultures were established from Glehnia littoralis plants belonging to two different geographic strains. When the cells were treated with yeast extract, they started to produce and excrete furanocoumarins into the culture medium; a major component, bergapten, and a minor one, xanthotoxin, were detected and identified by HPLC and GC/MS. Changes in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and furanocoumarin production after elicitor treatment were traced, showing that PAL activity increased rapidly, reached a maximum after 24 h, and then declined to the normal level after 96 h which preceded the induced bergapten production. The induced-PAL activity of the cultured cells established from an S-type plant which accumulated trace amounts of furanocoumarins was about 50% of that in the cultured cells from an N-type plant that accumulated more than 0.1% furanocoumarins in the underground parts. However, the elicited production of bergapten was about six times higher in the cell cultures from the S-type plant. Addition of the PAL inhibitor 2-aminoindan-2-phosphoric acid (AIP) at 10 microM suppressed the induction of PAL activity and furanocoumarin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kitamura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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31
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Miura H, Kitamura Y, Ikenaga T, Mizobe K, Shimizu T, Nakamura M, Kato Y, Yamada T, Maitani T, Goda Y. Anthocyanin production of Glehnia littoralis callus cultures. Phytochemistry 1998; 48:279-283. [PMID: 9637064 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(97)01115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A stable callus line that produces anthocyanins was established from callus derived from a petiole of a Glehnia littoralis seedling and subcultured in the dark. The major anthocyanin which made up about 60% of the total anthocyanins was determined as cyanidin 3-O-(6-O-(6-O-(E)-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl) -2-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. Anthocyanin contents in the cells cultured on B5 basal medium containing NAA (1 mg l-1), kinetin (0.01 mg l-1) and 3% sucrose reached 14% (dry wt basis) and the productivity has been sustained for 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Ikenaga T, Kajikawa M, Kajikawa H, Yamamura K, Wakabayashi C, Sumioka S, Furuse M, Nomura E, Yamaguchi S. [Unilateral dissection of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery and ipsilateral multiple cerebral infarctions caused by suicidal hanging: a case report]. No Shinkei Geka 1996; 24:853-8. [PMID: 8827737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a case of traumatic dissection of the unilateral internal carotid artery of the cervical portion caused by hanging. A 63-year-old man attempted suicide by hanging and was rescued immediately after. No neurological deficits were detected for the first 4 hours. But then, right hemiplegia, aphasia and disturbed consciousness suddenly developed. On the 2nd day, MRI revealed multiple infarctions in the left cerebral hemisphere. MR angiography demonstrated severe stenosis at the cervical portion of the left internal carotid artery due to dissection. The left middle cerebral artery was not demonstrated. The patient was conservatively treated with fibrinolytic agents and regained consciousness gradually. But aphasia and right hemiplegia remained. During the next few weeks, the stenosis at the ICA slightly improved and the MCA was completely recanalized. Extracranial Doppler sonography revealed chronological hemodynamic changes of mean flow velocity and pulsatility index at the proximal and distal portion of the ICA stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- Section of Neurosurgery, Suisekai Kajikawa Hospital
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33
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Ikenaga T, Oyama T, Muranaka T. Growth and steroidal saponin production in hairy root cultures of Solanum aculeatissimum. Plant Cell Rep 1995; 14:413-417. [PMID: 24185447 DOI: 10.1007/bf00234045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/1993] [Revised: 10/11/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hairy root cultures of Solanum aculeatissimum were established by trans-formation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain 15834. Root growth and production of steroidal saponin were investigated under various culture conditions. Transformed roots grew better in Gamborg's B5 medium containing 3 % sucrose under continuous light than in the dark. Also, the roots turned light green when cultured under continuous light. Green hairy roots produced aculeatiside A (6.71mg ·) L(-1) and aculeatiside B (6.39mg · L(-1)) after 8 weeks of culture, while no steroidal saponin was detected in hairy roots cultured in the dark. Of the three culture media tested, Gamborg's B5 medium was superior for growth and steroidal saponin production. Growth and steroidal saponin production were enhanced when 100μg · L(-1) auxin except for 2,4-D was added to the medium. The addition of 2,4-D inhibited growth. Production of steroidal saponin was highest with NAA. Transformed roots used in this experiment were confirmed that hairy roots examined contain both TL-DNA and TR-DNA region of Ri plasmid by PCR amplification analysis of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, 852, Nagasaki, Japan
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Atsuumi S, Funabashi H, Nakano M, Koike Y, Tanaka S, Harada J, Matsuyama K, Ikenaga T, Morishima H. Renin inhibitors. III. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of transition-state inhibitors containing dihydroxyethylene isostere at the P1-P1 site. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1994; 42:306-13. [PMID: 8149456 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.42.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of transition-state inhibitors containing the dihydroxyethylene isostere at the scissile site are described. The compounds with (2S,3R,4S)-4-amino-5-cyclohexyl-1-morpholino-2,3-pentanediol at the P1-P1 site are potent renin inhibitors. (2S,3R,4S)-4-[N-[(2S)-3-Ethylsulfonyl-2-(1-naphthylmethyl)propiony l]-L- norleucyl]amino-5-cyclohexyl-1-morpholino-2,3-pentanediol (2) (BW-175), which is the most potent inhibitor (IC50: 3.3 nM against human renin) in this series, poorly inhibits cathepsin D (IC50: 26000 nM) and pepsin (IC50: > 100000 nM), and thus it is specific for renin. Compound 2 contains only one amino acid and showed an oral bioavailability of 2.8% at 10 mg/kg and 9.7% at 30 mg/kg in rats. The interaction between renin and inhibitor 2 is discussed on the basis of molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Atsuumi
- Structural Biology & Chemistry, Tsukuba Research Institute, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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Ikenaga T, Hizako M, Tajima M, Nakashima K. Production of choleretic substances in the capitulum, leaf and stem of Artemisia capillaris during the plant growth cycle. Biol Pharm Bull 1994; 17:150-1. [PMID: 8148806 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.17.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Five Artemisia capillaris plants were selected at random from among a bed of twenty plants cultivated in a field for one year. Several branches were collected from each plant once a month, except in August and October, when two collections were made during budding and flowering. Each organ (leaf, stem, and capitulum) was separated from the branch and dried, and later analyzed for capillarisin and 6,7-dimethylesculetin content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The capillarisin and 6,7-dimethylesculetin content reached maximum levels in the leaf just before the appearance of flower buds at end of July. About one month later, at the end of August during budding and flowering, capillarisin content in the capitulum reached a peak and then decreased. On the other hand, 6,7-dimethylescuretin content reached a maximum at the beginning of September, two weeks after the capillarisin maximum. The results suggest that the most appropriate time to harvest A. capillaris for use as a crude drug is between the flower bud stage and early flower stage, from late August to early September.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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36
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Mizukami H, Ohbayashi K, Kitamura Y, Ikenaga T. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of medicinal plants and crude drugs. I. RFLP probes allow clear identification of Duboisia interspecific hybrid genotypes in both fresh and dried tissues. Biol Pharm Bull 1993; 16:388-90. [PMID: 8102923 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.16.388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient method for identification of Duboisia leichhardtii F. Muell, D. myoporoides R. BR. and their interspecific hybrid was established by analyzing restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles using non-radioactive rice ribosomal DNA as a probe. This procedure was shown to be applicable to both fresh and dried samples, and also suitable for detection of somatic hybrid at the callus stage after protoplast fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mizukami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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37
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Kihara S, Ohtuka H, Ikenaga T, Kawano I, Ogawa M. Branch retinal artery occlusion following thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: report of a case. Surg Today 1993; 23:750-4. [PMID: 8400682 DOI: 10.1007/bf00311718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A rare case of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) following a subtotal thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer in a 58-year-old woman is reported herein. Five days after her thyroidectomy, the patient complained of having had a reduction in visual acuity and visual field loss of the superior nasal side in her right eye since the operation. BRAO was diagnosed following the discovery by funduscopy of inferotemporal branch artery occlusion with retinal edema, hemorrhage, and periarterial sheathing in the right eye. Despite immediately puncturing the anterior camera and massaging the eyeball while administering intravenous anticoagulant therapy, the visual field disturbance remained unchanged. The most common causative factor of postoperative sudden BRAO is reported to be emboli. However, in our case, the most likely cause was the stretching and pressure exerted on the carotid artery with consequent atheromatous plaque formation at the time of thyroidectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kihara
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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Abstract
A case is reported of a 55 year old male patient with primary hypertrophic pyloric stenosis who was subjected to distal gastrectomy. Adult hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is an uncommon condition which is usually misdiagnosed as carcinoma of the antrum. It is a benign disease resulting from hypertrophy of the circular fibres of the pyloric canal and is recognizable radiologically by narrowing and elongation of the pyloric canal and endoscopically by appearances resembling those of the cervix. This condition is probably congenital although aetiology has not been established. In the absence of symptoms, no clinical treatment is required. However, surgical intervention is advocated, when stenosis gives rise to symptoms, there is a suspicion of malignancy, or the ulceration due to the disease. Distal gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy is the treatment of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- Second Department of Surgery, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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Takada J, Okada K, Ikenaga T, Matsuyama K, Yano M. Phosphoramidon-sensitive endothelin-converting enzyme in the cytosol of cultured bovine endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 176:860-5. [PMID: 2025297 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)80265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neutral metalloproteases with endothelin-1 (ET-1) converting activity were detected in membranous and cytosolic fractions of cultured endothelial cells (EC) from bovine carotid artery in a ratio of 5:1, respectively. The cytosolic enzyme specifically and quantitatively converts big ET-1 to ET-1 (Km = 10.7 microM), but does not convert big ET-3. Like the membranous enzyme, the cytosolic enzyme is only active at pH 6.5-7.5, and is competitively inhibited by phosphoramidon (Ki = 0.79 microM). The apparent molecular weight of the cytosolic enzyme is about 540 kD, which is 5-6 times greater than that of the membranous enzyme. These results indicate the presence of two types of phosphoramidon-sensitive neutral ET-converting enzyme in vascular EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Takada
- Central Research Laboratories, Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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40
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Kato Y, Yamamoto M, Ikenaga T, Shintome T, Asano M, Okabe M, Hara T, Deguchi T. In vivo effect of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor derivatives on hematopoiesis in primates. Acta Haematol 1991; 86:70-8. [PMID: 1719725 DOI: 10.1159/000204807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Using cynomolgus monkeys, we studied the hematopoietic effect and antigenicity of the human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) derivatives mutated at N-terminal amino acids (NC-59 and KW-2228) and that lacking N-terminal amino acids (M-7) in comparison with intact hG-CSF. These compounds were subcutaneously administered daily into the back of cynomolgus monkeys at the doses of 1 and 100 micrograms/kg for 2 weeks, and withdrawn for 2 weeks (1st course). After that, the same schedule was repeated (2nd course), and intact hG-CSF and KW-2228 were further administered for 2 weeks (3rd course). In the first course, all of the G-CSF derivatives showed excellent dose-dependent granulopoietic activities. In the 2nd course, however, the activities of NC-59 and M-7 were decreased and the elevations of binding and neutralizing antibody titers were observed. On the other hand, KW-2228 showed granulopoietic activities equal to or better than that of intact hG-CSF and had low antibody titer throughout all the courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Kyowa Bio-Research Laboratories Co., Ltd., Yamaguchi, Japan
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41
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Ikenaga T, Kikuta S, Itimura K, Nakashima K, Matsubara T. Growth and Production of Steroid Saponin in Solanum aculeatissimum During One Vegetation Period. Planta Med 1988; 54:140-2. [PMID: 17265223 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-962372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
SOLANUM ACULEATISSIMUM (Solanaceae) plants, which were cultivated in the open field, were harvested once a month from June 1985 to January 1986. The growth matter and content of steroid saponins, aculeatiside A and B which are precursors of steroid hormones in root, were then measured in order to examine their seasonal variations during one vegetation period. The aerial parts of the plants died of chill and frost in January. In November the dry weight of root reached the maximum, and the content of steroid saponins was more than 10% and showed a maximum. The yield of steroid saponins per plant was greatest in November. These results suggest that November is the appropriate time for harvest, and that S. ACULEATISSIMUM can be more useful than the DIOSCOREA species which is now used as a source plant of steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ikenaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852, Japan
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Adachi M, Muto T, Morioka Y, Ikenaga T, Hara M. Flat adenoma and flat mucosal carcinoma (IIb type)--a new precursor of colorectal carcinoma? Report of two cases. Dis Colon Rectum 1988; 31:236-43. [PMID: 3349880 DOI: 10.1007/bf02552553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two flat adenomas and a flat mucosal carcinoma of the colon were reported in patients with synchronous and metachronous colonic carcinomas. These lesions were almost flat and were not detected by preoperative endoscopic examinations. Colonoscopists should be aware of the presence of flat adenomas, which can be easily missed, and recognize them as lesions that play an important role in the "adenoma-carcinoma sequence."
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adachi
- First Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Yoshida Y, Hashimoto M, Yamada N, Hayakawa K, Fukuchi S, Sawada T, Ikenaga T, Adachi M, Muto T. [Toxic megacolon associated with ulcerative colitis--report of two cases]. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 1985; 82:1948-53. [PMID: 4068316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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44
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Ichihashi H, Kondo T, Yamauchi M, Isomatsu T, Nakamura T, Sakabe T, Nakajima T, Ikenaga T, Shiratori T, Taguchi T. [A cooperative study of alternating immunochemotherapy with futraful and PSK (second report)--3-year survival rate]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1985; 12:331-6. [PMID: 3918509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients who had undergone gastrectomy for stomach cancer were placed on adjuvant chemotherapy two weeks after surgery. They were divided into three groups according to the following regimen in order to compare the 3-year survival rate : in the first group, administration of futraful was carried out for 3 consecutive months and followed by administration of PSK for 2 consecutive months. This course was repeated for more than 2 courses. Administration of futraful in the second group was repeated for 3 consecutive months with 2 months of withdrawal and repeated for more than 2 courses. The third group received surgery alone. When all the patients of each group were compared, there was no difference in 3-year survival rate, but the group receiving alternating therapy with futraful and PSK showed a significantly high survival rate for the first year only. Further, among patients having stage III carcinoma, those with n2 + n3 or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma had a remarkably high survival rate.
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45
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Sawada T, Fujimoto T, Ikenaga T. [Enterostomy construction and stoma location]. Kango Gijutsu 1984; 30:1661-6. [PMID: 6566790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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46
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Hara T, Harada S, Ikenaga T, Deguchi T. [Safety evaluation of micronomicin IV. Acute toxicity in rats, rabbits and dogs after drip intravenous infusion]. Jpn J Antibiot 1983; 36:3204-7. [PMID: 6674532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var. nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al. This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties. The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex. MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc, as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a. Toxicological studies of MCR were carried out for safety evaluation as follows: Studies were carried out to assess acute toxicity, when administered in 1 hour by drip intravenous infusion to Wistar rats, Japanese White rabbits and Beagle dogs. The results of the studies are summarised as follows: There was no difference on acute toxicity between drip intravenous infusion (d.i.v.) and intramuscular injection (i.m.) in rats. However, acute toxicity of d.i.v. was less than that of bolus intravenous administration (i.v.) in rats. Acute toxicity of d.i.v. was stronger than that of i.m. in dogs when administered in rats. Acute toxicity varied with species, and it was ranked in rabbits not equal to dogs greater than rats. There was no difference on symptoms between d.i.v. and i.m.
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Hara T, Harada S, Ikenaga T, Yamamoto M, Kashitani J, Deguchi T. [Safety evaluation of micronomicin VI. Subacute toxicity in rabbits after drip intravenous infusion]. Jpn J Antibiot 1983; 36:3226-38. [PMID: 6674534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Micronomicin (MCR) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic produced by Micromonospora sagamiensis var. nonreducans which was isolated from soil collected at Sagamihara City by Nara et al. This antibiotic shows a close similarity to gentamicin C components in physical and chemical properties. The antibacterial activity of MCR is broad-spectrum and almost equal to that of gentamicin C complex. MCR exhibits particularly high activity against Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia, etc. as well as against some Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains resistant to gentamicin C1a. Subacute toxicity studies of MCR in rabbits were carried out by drip intravenous infusion (d.i.v.) comparing with intramuscular injection (i.m.) for 30 days (doses; d.i.v. = 4, 25, 63 mg/kg, i.m. = 63 mg/kg). The results of the studies are as follows: Animals did not die at any dose. Renal disorders occurred mainly at the dose level of 63 mg/kg; they were almost similar to those observed when administered by i.m., and the grade of disorders in d.i.v. was the same as in i.m. The maximum safety dose was 4 mg/kg.
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48
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Sawada T, Ikenaga T. [Long term follow-up after surgery of cancer of the large intestine--functional disorders (complications) and their management]. Kango Gijutsu 1981; 27:1974-9. [PMID: 6915156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Uchigata M, Hinoue S, Ikenaga T, Aiba T. [Two cases of the brain metastasis from the cancer of colon--case reports and literature review (author's transl)]. No To Shinkei 1981; 33:71-75. [PMID: 7470334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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50
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Sawada T, Hinoue H, Ikenaga T. [Current trends in colostomy and the associated equipment]. Kango Gijutsu 1980; 26:843-850. [PMID: 6900712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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