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Stern AL, Levine S, Richardson SA, Blackstone NT, Economos C, Griffin TS. Improving school lunch menus with multi-objective optimisation: nutrition, cost, consumption and environmental impacts. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1715-1727. [PMID: 37165566 PMCID: PMC10410403 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To support school foods programmes by evaluating the relationship between nutritional quality, cost, student consumption and the environmental impacts of menus. DESIGN Using linear programming and data from previously served menu items, the relationships between the nutritional quality, cost, student consumption and the environmental impacts of lunch menus were investigated. Optimised lunch menus with the maximum potential student consumption and nutritional quality and lowest costs and environmental impacts were developed and compared with previously served menus (baseline). SETTING Boston Public Schools (BPS), Boston Massachusetts, USA. PARTICIPANTS Menu items served on the 2018-2019 BPS lunch menu (n 142). RESULTS Using single-objective models, trade-offs were observed between most interests, but the use of multi-objective models minimised these trade-offs. Compared with the current weekly menus offered, multi-objective models increased potential caloric intake by up to 27 % and Healthy Eating Index scores by up to 19 % and reduced costs and environmental impacts by up to 13 % and 71 %, respectively. Improvements were made by reducing the frequency of beef and cheese entrées and increasing the frequency of fish and legume entrées on weekly menus. CONCLUSIONS This work can be extrapolated to monthly menus to provide further direction for school districts, and the methods can be employed with different recipes and constraints. Future research should test the implementation of optimised menus in schools and consider the broader implications of implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Stern
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA02111, USA
| | - Stephen Levine
- Tufts University College of Arts and Sciences, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicole Tichenor Blackstone
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA02111, USA
| | - Christina Economos
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA02111, USA
| | - Timothy S Griffin
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA02111, USA
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Arndt KA, Campbell EE, Dorich CD, Grandy AS, Griffin TS, Ingraham P, Perry A, Varner RK, Contosta AR. Initial soil conditions outweigh management in a cool-season dairy farm's carbon sequestration potential. Sci Total Environ 2022; 809:152195. [PMID: 34890668 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pastures and rangelands are a dominant portion of global agricultural land and have the potential to sequester carbon (C) in soils, mitigating climate change. Management intensive grazing (MIG), or high density grazing with rotations through paddocks with long rest periods, has been highlighted as a method of enhancing soil C in pastures by increasing forage production. However, few studies have examined the soil C storage potential of pastures under MIG in the northeastern United States, where the dairy industry comprises a large portion of agricultural use and the regional agricultural economy. Here we present a 12-year study conducted in this region using a combination of field data and the denitrification and decomposition (DNDCv9.5) model to analyze changes in soil C and nitrogen (N) over time, and the climate impacts as they relate to soil carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes. Field measurements showed: (1) increases in soil C in grazed fields under MIG (P = 0.03) with no significant increase in hayed fields (P = 0.55); and (2) that the change in soil C was negatively correlated to initial soil C content (P = 0.006). Modeled simulations also showed fields that started with relatively less soil C had significant gains in C over the course of the study, with no significant change in fields with higher initial levels of soil C. Sensitivity analyses showed the physiochemical status of soils (i.e., soil C and clay content) had greater influence over C storage than the intensity of grazing. More extensive grazing methods showed very little change in soil C storage or CO2 and N2O fluxes with modeled continuous grazing trending towards declines in soil C. Our study highlights the importance of considering both initial system conditions as well as management when analyzing the potential for long-term soil C storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Arndt
- University of New Hampshire, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Eleanor E Campbell
- University of New Hampshire, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Chris D Dorich
- University of New Hampshire, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA; Colorado State University, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Warner College of Natural Resources, 200 West Lake, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA; University of New Hampshire, Department of Earth Science, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - A Stuart Grandy
- University of New Hampshire, Department of Natural Resources & the Environment, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Timothy S Griffin
- Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, 150 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Peter Ingraham
- Applied GeoSolutions, 55 Main St Suite 125, Newmarket, NH 03857, United States of America
| | - Apryl Perry
- University of New Hampshire, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA; University of New Hampshire, Department of Earth Science, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Ruth K Varner
- University of New Hampshire, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA; University of New Hampshire, Department of Earth Science, 56 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Alexandra R Contosta
- University of New Hampshire, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824, USA
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Stern AL, Berstein J, Jones SS, Blumberg JB, Griffin TS. The impacts of germinating organic wheat: effects on phytic acid, resistant starch, and functional properties of flour, and sensory attributes of sourdough bread. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Stern
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy 150 Harrison Ave Boston MA02111USA
| | - Julia Berstein
- The Bread Lab at Washington State University 11768 Westar Ln Burlington WA98233USA
| | - Stephen S. Jones
- The Bread Lab at Washington State University 11768 Westar Ln Burlington WA98233USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Blumberg
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy 150 Harrison Ave Boston MA02111USA
| | - Timothy S. Griffin
- Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy 150 Harrison Ave Boston MA02111USA
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Blondin SA, Cash SB, Griffin TS, Goldberg JP, Economos CD. Meatless Monday National School Meal Program Evaluation: Impact on Nutrition, Cost, and Sustainability. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2020.1842283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A. Blondin
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean B. Cash
- Food Policy and Applied Nutrition, Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy S. Griffin
- Food Policy and Applied Nutrition, Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne P. Goldberg
- Food Policy and Applied Nutrition, Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christina D. Economos
- Food Policy and Applied Nutrition, Tufts Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA, USA
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Lehnerd ME, Goldberg JP, Folta SC, Cash SB, Griffin TS, Lucas R, Sacheck JM. Qualitative Exploration of Farm to School Program Adoption and Expansion in Massachusetts Schools. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/19320248.2019.1610539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Lehnerd
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Framingham State University, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne P. Goldberg
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara C. Folta
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean B. Cash
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy S. Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Lucas
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Sacheck
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Scott ER, Li X, Wei JP, Kfoury N, Morimoto J, Guo MM, Agyei A, Robbat A, Ahmed S, Cash SB, Griffin TS, Stepp JR, Han WY, Orians CM. Changes in Tea Plant Secondary Metabolite Profiles as a Function of Leafhopper Density and Damage. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:636. [PMID: 32547579 PMCID: PMC7272924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores have dramatic effects on the chemical composition of plants. Many of these induced metabolites contribute to the quality (e.g., flavor, human health benefits) of specialty crops such as the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Induced chemical changes are often studied by comparing plants damaged and undamaged by herbivores. However, when herbivory is quantitative, the relationship between herbivore pressure and induction can be linearly or non-linearly density dependent or density independent, and induction may only occur after some threshold of herbivory. The shape of this relationship can vary among metabolites within plants. The tea green leafhopper (Empoasca onukii) can be a widespread pest on tea, but some tea farmers take advantage of leafhopper-induced metabolites in order to produce high-quality "bug-bitten" teas such as Eastern Beauty oolong. To understand the effects of increasing leafhopper density on tea metabolites important for quality, we conducted a manipulative experiment exposing tea plants to feeding by a range of E. onukii densities. After E. onukii feeding, we measured volatile and non-volatile metabolites, and quantified percent damaged leaf area from scanned leaf images. E. onukii density had a highly significant effect on volatile production, while the effect of leaf damage was only marginally significant. The volatiles most responsive to leafhopper density were mainly terpenes that increased in concentration monotonically with density, while the volatiles most responsive to leaf damage were primarily fatty acid derivatives and volatile phenylpropanoids/benzenoids. In contrast, damage (percent leaf area damaged), but not leafhopper density, significantly reduced total polyphenols, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and theobromine concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The shape of induced responses varied among metabolites with some changing linearly with herbivore pressure and some responding only after a threshold in herbivore pressure with a threshold around 0.6 insects/leaf being common. This study illustrates the importance of measuring a diversity of metabolites over a range of herbivory to fully understand the effects of herbivores on induced metabolites. Our study also shows that any increases in leafhopper density associated with climate warming, could have dramatic effects on secondary metabolites and tea quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Scott
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eric R. Scott, ;
| | - Xin Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji-Peng Wei
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nicole Kfoury
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Joshua Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Ming-Ming Guo
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Amma Agyei
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Selena Ahmed
- Food and Health Lab, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Sean B. Cash
- Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Timothy S. Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition and Policy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - John R. Stepp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL, United States
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Wen-Yan Han,
| | - Colin M. Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
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Ahmed S, Griffin TS, Kraner D, Schaffner MK, Sharma D, Hazel M, Leitch AR, Orians CM, Han W, Stepp JR, Robbat A, Matyas C, Long C, Xue D, Houser RF, Cash SB. Environmental Factors Variably Impact Tea Secondary Metabolites in the Context of Climate Change. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:939. [PMID: 31475018 PMCID: PMC6702324 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is impacting food and beverage crops around the world with implications for environmental and human well-being. While numerous studies have examined climate change effects on crop yields, relatively few studies have examined effects on crop quality (concentrations of nutrients, minerals, and secondary metabolites). This review article employs a culturally relevant beverage crop, tea (Camelia sinensis), as a lens to examine environmental effects linked to climate change on the directionality of crop quality. Our systematic review identified 86 articles as relevant to the review question. Findings provide evidence that shifts in seasonality, water stress, geography, light factors, altitude, herbivory and microbes, temperature, and soil factors that are linked to climate change can result in both increases and decreases up to 50% in secondary metabolites. A gap was found regarding evidence on the direct effects of carbon dioxide on tea quality, highlighting a critical research area for future study. While this systematic review provides evidence that multiple environmental parameters are impacting tea quality, the directionality and magnitude of these impacts is not clear with contradictory evidence between studies likely due to confounding factors including variation in tea variety, cultivar, specific environmental and agricultural management conditions, and differences in research methods. The environmental factors with the most consistent evidence in this systematic review were seasonality and water stress with 14 out of 18 studies (78%) demonstrating a decrease in concentrations of phenolic compounds or their bioactivity with a seasonal shift from the spring and /or first tea harvest to other seasons and seven out of 10 studies (70%) showing an increase in levels of phenolic compounds or their bioactivity with drought stress. Herbivory and soil fertility were two of the variables that showed the greatest contradictory evidence on tea quality. Both herbivory and soil fertility are variables which farmers have the greatest control over, pointing to the importance of agricultural management for climate mitigation and adaptation. The development of evidence-based management strategies and crop breeding programs for resilient cultivars are called for to mitigate climate impacts on crop quality and overall risk in agricultural and food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Ahmed
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Timothy S. Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Debra Kraner
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - M. Katherine Schaffner
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Matthew Hazel
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alicia R. Leitch
- Food and Health Lab, Sustainable Food Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Colin M. Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Wenyan Han
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Richard Stepp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Corene Matyas
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, and College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dayuan Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Robert F. Houser
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean B. Cash
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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Gustafson DI, Edge MS, Griffin TS, Kendall AM, Kass SD. Growing Progress in the Evolving Science, Business, and Policy of Sustainable Nutrition. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz059. [PMID: 31206095 PMCID: PMC6557909 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A session was convened at the ASN Nutrition 2018 annual meeting to discuss the scientific evidence on what makes individual foods and dietary patterns both sustainable and nutritious, and the role of various stakeholders in the actions needed to implement food systems that deliver "sustainable nutrition." This commentary is a structured synthesis of the primary themes of the session, and concludes with a set of implications and research recommendations. Consumers are becoming increasingly aware of the environmental implications of what they eat, and there is growing momentum toward changes in the food system. However, ecological challenges persist, and although the literature is evolving, methodologic improvements are needed in the scientific approaches to address dietary patterns that meet nutrition needs in more holistically sustainable ways. The session concluded with encouraging evidence that consumers, businesses, scientists, and policy-makers are collectively "rising to the occasion," with cross-sectoral partnerships to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Timothy S Griffin
- Tufts University, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alissa M Kendall
- University of California Davis, Department of Civil Engineering, Davis, CA, USA
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Blackstone NT, El-Abbadi NH, McCabe MS, Griffin TS, Nelson ME. Linking sustainability to the healthy eating patterns of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans: a modelling study. Lancet Planet Health 2018; 2:e344-e352. [PMID: 30082049 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence-based nutrition policy is a key mechanism to promote planetary health. In the USA, the Dietary Guidelines for Americans are the foundation of nutrition policy and guide more than US$80 billion in federal spending. Recent attempts have been made to incorporate sustainability into the development of the Dietary Guidelines. However, the sustainability of the 2015-20 Dietary Guidelines remains unclear; research has not yet assessed the environmental impacts of the distinct healthy patterns recommended by the policy. METHODS In this modelling study done at the University of New Hampshire (Durham, NH, USA), we analysed the healthy US-style (US), healthy Mediterranean-style (MED), and healthy vegetarian (VEG) patterns recommended in the 2015-20 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Food groups and subgroups consisted of 321 commonly consumed foods, with group composition predetermined by the US Department of Agriculture. We compiled and used multiple datasets to assign environmental burdens to foods, focusing on six impact categories of policy importance: global warming potential, land use, water depletion, freshwater and marine eutrophication, and particulate matter or respiratory organics. We did life cycle impact assessments for each of the three diet patterns and compared the six impact categories between the patterns. We also analysed the proportion contribution of the food groups to each impact category in each of the diet patterns. FINDINGS The US and MED patterns had similar impacts, except for freshwater eutrophication. Freshwater eutrophication was 31% lower in the US pattern than the MED pattern, primarily due to increased seafood in the MED pattern. All three patterns had similar water depletion impacts, with fruits and vegetables as major contributors. For five of the six impacts, the VEG pattern had 42-84% lower burdens than both the US and MED patterns. Reliance on plant-based protein and eggs in the VEG pattern versus emphasis on animal-based protein in the other patterns was a key driver of differences, as was a lower overall protein foods recommendation in the VEG pattern. INTERPRETATION The recommended patterns in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans might have starkly different impacts on the environment and other dimensions of human health beyond nutrition. Given the scale of influence of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on food systems, incorporating sustainability into their development has the potential to have great benefit in terms of long-term food security. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tichenor Blackstone
- Sustainability Institute, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Naglaa H El-Abbadi
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Timothy S Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miriam E Nelson
- Sustainability Institute, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA; Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Hampshire College, Amherst, MA, USA
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Blondin SA, Goldberg JP, Cash SB, Griffin TS, Economos CD. Factors Influencing Fluid Milk Waste in a Breakfast in the Classroom School Breakfast Program. J Nutr Educ Behav 2018; 50:349-356.e1. [PMID: 29422439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine predictors of fluid milk waste in a Breakfast in the Classroom School Breakfast Program. DESIGN Cross-sectional with 3 repeated measures/classroom. SETTING Elementary schools in a medium-sized, low-income, urban school district. PARTICIPANTS Twenty third- through fourth-grade classrooms across 6 schools. MAIN OUTCOMES Dependent variables include percentage of total and served milk wasted. Independent variables included observed daily menu offerings, program factors, and teacher and student behavior. ANALYSIS Descriptive statistics were used to characterize variables across classrooms and schools. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to test associations between predictors and outcomes of interest. P ≤ .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Total milk waste increased 12% when juice was offered and 3% for each additional carton of unserved milk. Teacher encouragement to take and/or consume breakfast was associated with a 5% and 9% increase in total and served milk waste, respectively. When students were engaged in other activities in addition to eating breakfast, total milk waste decreased 10%. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Beverage offerings were predictive of greater total milk waste. Teacher and student behavior also appeared to influence milk consumption. Findings suggest that specific changes to School Breakfast Program implementation policies and practices could have an important role in waste mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeanne P Goldberg
- Division of Nutrition Interventions, Communication, and Behavior Change Program, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Sean B Cash
- Division of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Timothy S Griffin
- Division of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Christina D Economos
- Division of Nutrition Interventions, Communication, and Behavior Change Program, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Blondin SA, Cash SB, Goldberg JP, Griffin TS, Economos CD. Nutritional, Economic, and Environmental Costs of Milk Waste in a Classroom School Breakfast Program. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:590-592. [PMID: 28207338 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure fluid milk waste in a US School Breakfast in the Classroom Program and estimate its nutritional, economic, and environmental effects. METHODS Fluid milk waste was directly measured on 60 elementary school classroom days in a medium-sized, urban district. The US Department of Agriculture nutrition database, district cost data, and carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions and water footprint estimates for fluid milk were used to calculate the associated nutritional, economic, and environmental costs. RESULTS Of the total milk offered to School Breakfast Program participants, 45% was wasted. A considerably smaller portion of served milk was wasted (26%). The amount of milk wasted translated into 27% of vitamin D and 41% of calcium required of School Breakfast Program meals. The economic and environmental costs amounted to an estimated $274 782 (16% of the district's total annual School Breakfast Program food expenditures), 644 893 kilograms of CO2e, and 192 260 155 liters of water over the school year in the district. CONCLUSIONS These substantial effects of milk waste undermine the School Breakfast Program's capacity to ensure short- and long-term food security and federal food waste reduction targets. Interventions that reduce waste are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Blondin
- All of the authors are with Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
| | - Sean B Cash
- All of the authors are with Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
| | - Jeanne P Goldberg
- All of the authors are with Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
| | - Timothy S Griffin
- All of the authors are with Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
| | - Christina D Economos
- All of the authors are with Tufts University Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Boston, MA
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Abstract
To support food security for current and future generations, there is a need to understand the relation between sustainable diets and the health of a population. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated and compared different dietary patterns to better understand which foods and eating patterns have less of an environmental impact while meeting nutritional needs and promoting health. This systematic review (SR) of population-level dietary patterns and food sustainability extends and updates the SR that was conducted by the 2015 US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, an expert committee commissioned by the federal government to inform dietary guidance as it relates to the committee's original conclusions. In the original SR, 15 studies met the criteria for inclusion; since then, an additional 8 studies have been identified and included. The relations between dietary intake patterns and both health and environmental outcomes were compared across studies, with methodologies that included modeling, life cycle assessment, and land use analysis. Across studies, consistent evidence indicated that a dietary pattern higher in plant-based foods (e.g., vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds, nuts, whole grains) and lower in animal-based foods (especially red meat), as well as lower in total energy, is both healthier and associated with a lesser impact on the environment. This dietary pattern differs from current average consumption patterns in the United States. Our updated SR confirms and strengthens the conclusions of the original US Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee SR, which found that adherence to several well-characterized dietary patterns, including vegetarian (with variations) diets, dietary guidelines-related diets, Mediterranean-style diets, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and other sustainable diet scenarios, promotes greater health and has a less negative impact on the environment than current average dietary intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam E Nelson
- Sustainability Institute, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH;
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Michael W Hamm
- Department of Community Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Frank B Hu
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | | | - Timothy S Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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Ahmed S, Orians CM, Griffin TS, Buckley S, Unachukwu U, Stratton AE, Stepp JR, Robbat A, Cash S, Kennelly EJ. Effects of water availability and pest pressures on tea (Camellia sinensis) growth and functional quality. AoB Plants 2014; 6:plt054. [PMID: 24790117 PMCID: PMC3922301 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plt054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extreme shifts in water availability linked to global climate change are impacting crops worldwide. The present study examines the direct and interactive effects of water availability and pest pressures on tea (Camellia sinensis; Theaceae) growth and functional quality. Manipulative greenhouse experiments were used to measure the effects of variable water availability and pest pressures simulated by jasmonic acid (JA) on tea leaf growth and secondary metabolites that determine tea quality. Water treatments were simulated to replicate ideal tea growing conditions and extreme precipitation events in tropical southwestern China, a major centre of tea production. Results show that higher water availability and JA significantly increased the growth of new leaves while their interactive effect was not significant. The effect of water availability and JA on tea quality varied with individual secondary metabolites. Higher water availability significantly increased total methylxanthine concentrations of tea leaves but there was no significant effect of JA treatments or the interaction of water and JA. Water availability, JA treatments or their interactive effects had no effect on the concentrations of epigallocatechin 3-gallate. In contrast, increased water availability resulted in significantly lower concentrations of epicatechin 3-gallate but the effect of JA and the interactive effects of water and JA were not significant. Lastly, higher water availability resulted in significantly higher total phenolic concentrations but there was no significant impact of JA and their interaction. These findings point to the fascinating dynamics of climate change effects on tea plants with offsetting interactions between precipitation and pest pressures within agro-ecosystems, and the need for future climate studies to examine interactive biotic and abiotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Ahmed
- Sustainable Food and Bioenergy Systems Program, Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| | - Colin M. Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Timothy S. Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sarabeth Buckley
- Department of Earth Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Uchenna Unachukwu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - John Richard Stepp
- Department of Anthropology, University of Gainesville, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Albert Robbat
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Sean Cash
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Edward J. Kennelly
- Department of Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
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Fortuna AM, Honeycutt CW, Vandemark G, Griffin TS, Larkin RP, He Z, Wienhold BJ, Sistani KR, Albrecht SL, Woodbury BL, Torbert HA, Powell JM, Hubbard RK, Eigenberg RA, Wright RJ, Alldredge JR, Harsh JB. Links among nitrification, nitrifier communities, and edaphic properties in contrasting soils receiving dairy slurry. J Environ Qual 2012; 41:262-272. [PMID: 22218194 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Soil biotic and abiotic factors strongly influence nitrogen (N) availability and increases in nitrification rates associated with the application of manure. In this study, we examine the effects of edaphic properties and a dairy (Bos taurus) slurry amendment on N availability, nitrification rates and nitrifier communities. Soils of variable texture and clay mineralogy were collected from six USDA-ARS research sites and incubated for 28 d with and without dairy slurry applied at a rate of ~300 kg N ha(-1). Periodically, subsamples were removed for analyses of 2 M KCl extractable N and nitrification potential, as well as gene copy numbers of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Spearman coefficients for nitrification potentials and AOB copy number were positively correlated with total soil C, total soil N, cation exchange capacity, and clay mineralogy in treatments with and without slurry application. Our data show that the quantity and type of clay minerals present in a soil affect nitrifier populations, nitrification rates, and the release of inorganic N. Nitrogen mineralization, nitrification potentials, and edaphic properties were positively correlated with AOB gene copy numbers. On average, AOA gene copy numbers were an order of magnitude lower than those of AOB across the six soils and did not increase with slurry application. Our research suggests that the two nitrifier communities overlap but have different optimum environmental conditions for growth and activity that are partly determined by the interaction of manure-derived ammonium with soil properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Fortuna
- Dep. of Crop & Soil Sci., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA.
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Larkin RP, Honeycutt CW, Griffin TS, Olanya OM, Halloran JM, He Z. Effects of different potato cropping system approaches and water management on soilborne diseases and soil microbial communities. Phytopathology 2011; 101:58-67. [PMID: 20839965 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-10-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Four different potato cropping systems, designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation, soil improvement, disease suppression, and a status quo standard rotation control, were evaluated for their effects on soilborne diseases of potato and soil microbial community characteristics. The status quo system (SQ) consisted of barley underseeded with red clover followed by potato (2-year). The soil-conserving system (SC) featured an additional year of forage grass and reduced tillage (3-year, barley/timothy-timothy-potato). The soil-improving system (SI) added yearly compost amendments to the SC rotation, and the disease-suppressive system (DS) featured diverse crops with known disease-suppressive capability (3-year, mustard/rapeseed-sudangrass/rye-potato). Each system was also compared with a continuous potato control (PP) and evaluated under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Data collected over three potato seasons following full rotation cycles demonstrated that all rotations reduced stem canker (10 to 50%) relative to PP. The SQ, SC, and DS systems reduced black scurf (18 to 58%) relative to PP; SI reduced scurf under nonirrigated but not irrigated conditions; and scurf was lower in DS than all other systems. The SQ, SC, and DS systems also reduced common scab (15 to 45%), and scab was lower in DS than all other systems. Irrigation increased black scurf and common scab but also resulted in higher yields for most rotations. SI produced the highest yields under nonirrigated conditions, and DS produced high yields and low disease under both irrigation regimes. Each cropping system resulted in distinctive changes in soil microbial community characteristics as represented by microbial populations, substrate utilization, and fatty acid methyl-ester (FAME) profiles. SI tended to increase soil moisture, microbial populations, and activity, as well result in higher proportions of monounsaturated FAMEs and the FAME biomarker for mycorrhizae (16:1 ω6c) relative to most other rotations. DS resulted in moderate microbial populations and activity but higher substrate richness and diversity in substrate utilization profiles. DS also resulted in relatively higher proportions of FAME biomarkers for fungi (18:2 ω6c), actinomycetes, and gram-positive bacteria than most other systems, whereas PP resulted in the lowest microbial populations and activity; substrate richness and diversity; proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FAME classes; and fungal, mycorrhizae, and actinomycete FAME biomarkers of all cropping systems. Overall, soil water, soil quality, and soilborne diseases were all important factors affecting productivity, and cropping systems addressing these constraints improved production. Cropping system approaches will need to balance these factors to achieve sustainable production and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Larkin
- United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Larkin RP, Griffin TS, Honeycutt CW. Rotation and Cover Crop Effects on Soilborne Potato Diseases, Tuber Yield, and Soil Microbial Communities. Plant Dis 2010; 94:1491-1502. [PMID: 30743393 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-10-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Seven different 2-year rotations, consisting of barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet/rapeseed, soybean, sweet corn, and potato, all followed by potato, were assessed over 10 years (1997-2006) in a long-term cropping system trial for their effects on the development of soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities. These same rotations were also assessed with and without the addition of a fall cover crop of no-tilled winter rye (except for barley/clover, for which underseeded ryegrass was substituted for clover) over a 4-year period. Canola and rapeseed rotations consistently reduced the severity of Rhizoctonia canker, black scurf, and common scab (18 to 38% reduction), and canola rotations resulted in higher tuber yields than continuous potato or barley/clover (6.8 to 8.2% higher). Addition of the winter rye cover crop further reduced black scurf and common scab (average 12.5 and 7.2% reduction, respectively) across all rotations. The combined effect of a canola or rapeseed rotation and winter rye cover crop reduced disease severity by 35 to 41% for black scurf and 20 to 33% for common scab relative to continuous potato with no cover crop. Verticillium wilt became a prominent disease problem only after four full rotation cycles, with high disease levels in all plots; however, incidence was lowest in barley rotations. Barley/clover and rapeseed rotations resulted in the highest soil bacterial populations and microbial activity, and all rotations had distinct effects on soil microbial community characteristics. Addition of a cover crop also resulted in increases in bacterial populations and microbial activity and had significant effects on soil microbial characteristics, in addition to slightly improving tuber yield (4% increase). Thus, in addition to positive effects in reducing erosion and improving soil quality, effective crop rotations in conjunction with planting cover crops can provide improved control of soilborne diseases. However, this study also demonstrated limitations with 2-year rotations in general, because all rotations resulted in increasing levels of common scab and Verticillium wilt over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Larkin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, Orono, ME 04469
| | - Timothy S Griffin
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, Orono, ME 04469
| | - C Wayne Honeycutt
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, Orono, ME 04469
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He Z, Honeycutt CW, Griffin TS, Cade-Menun BJ, Pellechia PJ, Dou Z. Phosphorus forms in conventional and organic dairy manure identified by solution and solid state p-31 NMR spectroscopy. J Environ Qual 2009; 38:1909-1918. [PMID: 19643757 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic dairy production has increased rapidly in recent years. Organic dairy cows (Bos taurus) generally eat different diets than their conventional counterparts. Although these differences could impact availability, utilization, and cycling of manure nutrients, little such information is available to aid organic dairy farmers in making nutrient and manure management decisions. In this study, we comparatively characterized P in organic and conventional dairy manure using solution and solid state (31)P NMR spectroscopic techniques. Phosphorus in both types of dairy manure was extracted with water, Na acetate buffer (100 mmol L(-1), pH 5.0) plus 20 mg Na dithionite mL(-1), or 0.025 mol L(-1) NaOH with 50 mmolL(-1) EDTA. Solution NMR analysis revealed that organic dairy manure contained about 10% more inorganic phosphate than conventional dairy manure. Whereas organic dairy manure did contain slightly more phytate P, it contained 30 to 50% less monoester P than conventional dairy manure. Solid state NMR spectroscopy revealed that mono-, di-, and trivalent metal P species with different stabilities were present in the two dairy manures. Conventional dairy manure contained relatively higher contents of soluble inorganic P species and stable metal phytate species. In contrast, organic dairy manure contained more Ca and Mg species of P. These results indicate that P transformation rates and quantities should be expected to differ between organic and conventional dairy manures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Lab., Orono, ME 04469.
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Griffin TS, Honeycutt CW. Effectiveness and efficacy of conservation options after potato harvest. J Environ Qual 2009; 38:1627-1635. [PMID: 19549939 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Soil erosion and phosphorus (P) runoff can be severe in potato production systems in the Northeast USA, which are characterized by intensive tillage, minimal ground cover, low crop residue return, and steep slopes. We used rainfall simulators in the greenhouse and field to assess sediment and P movement associated with two conservation practices: straw mulching and application of polyacrylamide (PAM). In the greenhouse, a Nokomis sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Haplorthods) was packed into 0.2 by 1.0 m boxes and subjected to four rainfall events at an intensity of 70 mm h(-1). Runoff amount, sediment concentration, and inorganic and sediment-bound P were measured for 30 min after initiation of runoff. Linear increases in straw mulch biomass (up to equivalent of 3000 kg ha(-1)) resulted in exponential decreases in sediment and P loss. Mulch applied at rates as low as 600 kg ha(-1) provided nearly 50% ground cover and reduced sediment movement and sediment-bound P concentration and loss by >50%. Higher application rates reduced sediment loss by up to 95% but contributed dissolved reactive P (DRP) to runoff water. Field observations using simulated rainfall on mulch-covered and bare soil were consistent with greenhouse results. Linear increases in PAM application rate (to 20 kg ha(-1)) also reduced sediment loss. The efficacy of this practice decreases slightly with successive rainfall events but still had significant benefit through four simulated rainfalls on soil packed into boxes. This was not the case in the field where the effect of PAM was limited to the first two rainfall events. In general, runoff volume was not strongly influenced by any of these practices, and most of the P loss was comprised of sediment-bound P. Both conservation practices are effective at reducing soil and nutrient loss in intensive potato systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Griffin
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts Univ., Boston MA 02111, USA.
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Abstract
The chemical composition of manure P is a key factor determining its potential bioavailability and susceptibility to runoff. The distribution of P forms in 13 dairy manures was investigated with sequential fractionation coupled with orthophosphate-releasing enzymatic hydrolysis. Among the 13 dairy manures, manure total P varied between 4100 and 18,300 mg kg(-1) dry matter (DM). Water-extractable P was the largest fraction, with inorganic phosphorus (P(i)) accounting for 12 to 44% of manure total P (1400-6800 mg kg(-1)) and organic phosphorus (P(o)) for 2 to 23% (130-1660 mg kg(-1)), respectively. In the NaHCO(3) fraction, P(i) varied between 740 and 4200 mg P kg(-1) DM (4-44% of total manure P), and P(o) varied between 340 and 1550 mg P kg(-1) DM (2-27% of total manure P). In the NaOH fraction, P(i) fluctuated around 200 mg P kg(-1) DM, and P(o) ranged from 130 to 630 mg P kg(-1) DM. Of the enzymatically hydrolyzable P(o) in the three fractions, phytate-like P dominated, measuring 26 to 605 mg kg(-1) DM, whereas monoester P and DNA-like P were relatively low and less variable. Although concentrations of various P forms varied considerably, significant correlations between manure total P and certain P forms were observed. For example, H(2)O-extracted P(i) was correlated with total manure P (R(2) = 0.62), and so was NaOH-extracted P(o) (R(2) = 0.81). Data also show that the amount of P released by a single extraction with sodium acetate (100 mM, pH 5.0) was equivalent to the sum of P in all three fractions (H(2)O-, NaHCO(3)-, and NaOH-extractable P). Thus, a single extraction by sodium acetate buffer could provide an efficient evaluation of plant-available P in animal manure, while the sequential fractionation approach provides more detailed characterization of manure P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi He
- USDA-ARS, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Abstract
Organic phosphorus (Po) exists in many chemical forms that differ in their susceptibility to hydrolysis and, therefore, bioavailability to plants and microorganisms. Identification and quantification of these forms may significantly contribute to effective agricultural P management. Phosphatases catalyze reactions that release orthophosphate (Pi) from Po compounds. Alkaline phosphatase in tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.0), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) phytase in potassium acetate buffer (pH 5.0), and nuclease P1 in potassium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) can be used to classify and quantify Po in animal manure. Background error associated with different pH and buffer systems is observed. In this study, we improved the enzymatic hydrolysis approach and tested its applicability for investigating Po in soils, recognizing that soil and manure differ in numerous physicochemical properties. We applied (i) acid phosphatase from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), (ii) acid phosphatases from both potato and wheat germ, and (iii) both enzymes plus nuclease P1 to identify and quantify simple labile monoester P, phytate (myo-inositol hexakis phosphate)-like P, and DNA-like P, respectively, in a single pH/buffer system (100 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0). This hydrolysis procedure released Po in sequentially extracted H2O, NaHCO3, and NaOH fractions of swine (Sus scrofa) manure, and of three sandy loam soils. Further refinement of the approach may provide a universal tool for evaluating hydrolyzable Po from a wide range of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqi He
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, New England Plant, Soil, and Water Laboratory, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA.
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Abstract
Three boron derivatives, i.e. trimethylamine-carbomethoxyborane, tetrakis-mu-(trimethylamine-boranecarboxylato)-bis(trimethylamine- carboxyborane)-dicopper(II), and N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane were evaluated for acute toxicity in male mice, at 1, 2 or 5 x their therapeutic dose in rodents for pharmacological activity. Based on organ weights, clinical chemistry, hematopoietic parameters and tissue morphology, the trimethylamine-carbomethoxyborane was shown to be free of toxicity. The dicopper(II) complex and N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane demonstrated slight toxicity with marginal disturbance in hepatic and kidney morphology. The dicopper(II) complex may cause marginal myocardial damage and the N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane caused elevations in cholic acid. All three derivatives demonstrated reductions in hematocrit.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Hall
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Griffin TS, Docks EL, Brotherton RJ, Hall IH. The hypolipidemic activity of alkylamines and their borane derivatives: structure-activity relationship in rodents. Eur J Med Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(91)90147-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hall IH, Spielvogel BF, Griffin TS, Docks EL, Brotherton RJ. The effects of boron hypolipidemic agents on LDL and HDL receptor binding and related enzyme activities of rat hepatocytes, aorta cells and human fibroblasts. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 1989; 65:297-317. [PMID: 2554436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two boron-containing hypolipidemic agents, N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane and tetrakis-mu-(trimethylamine-boranecarboxylato)bis-(trimethylamine- carboxyborane)-dicopper(II) were shown to reduce significantly serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels after 14 days administration in rats. Serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol content was reduced by both agents; however, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was elevated by N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane but reduced by the dicopper (II) complex. The boron agents suppressed LDL binding and internalization in hepatocytes, fibroblasts and aorta cells and elevated HDL binding and degradation in hepatocytes. Enzyme activities were modulated by the boron derivatives which would favor less cholesterol deposition in peripheral tissues and further clearance from the plaque cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Boron/pharmacology
- Carrier Proteins
- Cells, Cultured
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/enzymology
- Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
- Lipids/blood
- Lipoproteins/blood
- Lipoproteins, HDL
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/drug effects
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Receptors, Lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Hall
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Abstract
N,N-Dimethyl-n-octadecylamine borane proved to be an effective hypolipidemic agent in rodents, lowering both serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels by greater than 40% after 16 d of administration. The agent lowered serum lipid levels by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of rate-limiting enzymes of both de novo cholesterol and triglyceride pathways in the liver. The reduction led to lower levels of lipids in the liver and small intestine tissues, with a reduction of the cholesterol and triglyceride levels of the serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction. Concurrently, the cholesterol level of high density lipoproteins (HDL) was significantly elevated in rats after 14 d of treatment. The drug caused an increased rate of cholesterol clearance from the body, essentially via the feces. The ability of the agent to modulate the cholesterol levels of LDL and HDL fractions suggests that the agent should be an effective agent for the treatment of hyperlipidemic states in humans.
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Klayman DL, Bartosevich JF, Griffin TS, Mason CJ, Scovill JP. 2-Acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones. 1. A new class of potential antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 1979; 22:855-62. [PMID: 376848 DOI: 10.1021/jm00193a020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Based on the antimalarial properties observed for 2-acetylpyridine 4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (1), an extensive series of related thiosemicarbazones was prepared and tested against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Screening results indicated that the presence of the 2-pyridylethylidene group was critical and that certain phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, or cycloalkyl groups at N4 of the thiosemicarbazone moiety also contribute to antimalarial activity.
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