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Butala-Flores E, Nguyen T, Selvan N, Armstrong L, Miller M, Kamen L, Lester T, Wernyj R, Khanna R, McNally J, Hays A. Validation of Anti-Adeno Associated Virus Serotype rh10 (AAVrh.10) Total and Neutralizing Antibody Immunogenicity Assays. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2383-2397. [PMID: 37880551 PMCID: PMC10661749 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity assessment of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vectors is a critical part of gene therapy drug development. Whether the assays are used for inclusion/exclusion criteria or to monitor the safety and efficacy of the gene therapy, they are critical bioanalytical assessments. While total anti-AAV assays are perceived as easier to develop and implement than neutralizing anti-AAV assays, the gene therapy field is still nascent, and it is not yet clear which of the assays should be implemented at what stage of drug development. Recently AAVrh.10 has gained interest for use in gene therapies targeting cardiac, neurological, and other diseases due to its enhanced transduction efficiency. There is limited information on anti-AAVrh.10 antibodies and their clinical impact; thus, the information presented herein documents the validation of both a total antibody assay (TAb) and a neutralizing antibody (NAb) assay for anti-AAVrh.10 antibodies. In this manuscript, the validation was performed in accordance with the 2019 FDA immunogenicity guidance with additional evaluations to comply with CLIA where applicable. The AAVrh.10 TAb and NAb assays were compared in terms of sensitivity, drug tolerance, and precision, along with a concordance analysis using the same individual serum samples. This comparison gave insight into the utility of each format as a screening assay for inclusion into clinical studies.
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Myler H, Pedras-Vasconcelos J, Lester T, Civoli F, Xu W, Wu B, Vainshtein I, Luo L, Hassanein M, Liu S, Ramaswamy SS, Mora J, Pennucci J, McCush F, Lavelle A, Jani D, Ambakhutwala A, Baltrukonis D, Barker B, Carmean R, Chung S, Dai S, DeWall S, Dholakiya SL, Dodge R, Finco D, Yan H, Hays A, Hu Z, Inzano C, Kamen L, Lai CH, Meyer E, Nelson R, Paudel A, Phillips K, Poupart ME, Qu Q, Abhari MR, Ryding J, Sheldon C, Spriggs F, Warrino D, Wu Y, Yang L, Pasas-Farmer S. Neutralizing Antibody Validation Testing and Reporting Harmonization. AAPS J 2023; 25:69. [PMID: 37421491 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00830-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolving immunogenicity assay performance expectations and a lack of harmonized neutralizing antibody validation testing and reporting tools have resulted in significant time spent by health authorities and sponsors on resolving filing queries. A team of experts within the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists' Therapeutic Product Immunogenicity Community across industry and the Food and Drug Administration addressed challenges unique to cell-based and non-cell-based neutralizing antibody assays. Harmonization of validation expectations and data reporting will facilitate filings to health authorities and are described in this manuscript. This team provides validation testing and reporting strategies and tools for the following assessments: (1) format selection; (2) cut point; (3) assay acceptance criteria; (4) control precision; (5) sensitivity including positive control selection and performance tracking; (6) negative control selection; (7) selectivity/specificity including matrix interference, hemolysis, lipemia, bilirubin, concomitant medications, and structurally similar analytes; (8) drug tolerance; (9) target tolerance; (10) sample stability; and (11) assay robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Myler
- Bioanalytical and Biomarker Science and Technologies, Takeda, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- 25 Creekview Ln, Yardley, Pennsylvania, 19067, USA.
| | - João Pedras-Vasconcelos
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20903, USA
| | - Todd Lester
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA
| | - Francesca Civoli
- Coherus BioSciences, 333 Twin Dolphin Drive, Redwood City, California, 94065, USA
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Regulated Global Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Bonnie Wu
- Bioanalytical Discovery and Development Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, 19477, USA
| | - Inna Vainshtein
- Discovery and Translational Research, Exelixis, 1851 Harbor Bay Pkwy, Alameda, California, 94502, USA
| | - Linlin Luo
- Regulated Global Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Mohamed Hassanein
- Early Clinical Development, Precision Medicine, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susana Liu
- Global Product Development, , Pfizer Inc, 17300 Trans Canada Hwy, Kirkland, Quebec, Canada
| | - Swarna Suba Ramaswamy
- Regulated Bioanalysis Department, B2S Life Sciences, 97 East Monroe Street, Franklin, Indiana, 46131, USA
| | - Johanna Mora
- Non-Clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jason Pennucci
- Quantitative Bioanalytics, Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Fred McCush
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06379, USA
| | - Amy Lavelle
- Bioanalytical Lab, PPD Clinical Research, , 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, Virginia, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Darshana Jani
- Preclinical and Clinical Bioanalysis, , Moderna Tx, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
| | - Angela Ambakhutwala
- Immunology Sciences, Kriya Therapeutics, 4105 Hopson Road, Morrisville, North Carolina, 27560, USA
| | - Daniel Baltrukonis
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06379, USA
| | - Breann Barker
- Drug Metabolism and Biopharmaceuticals, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, Delaware, 19803, USA
| | - Rebecca Carmean
- Bioanalytical Lab, PPD Clinical Research, , 2244 Dabney Road, Richmond, Virginia, 23230-3323, USA
| | - Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sheng Dai
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology & Translational Sciences (QCP), Daiichi Sankyo, Inc, 211 Mt. Airy Road, Basking Ridge, New Jersey, 07920, USA
| | - Stephen DeWall
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Scholar Rock, 301 Binney Street, 3rd Floor, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142-1071, USA
| | - Sanjay L Dholakiya
- Non-Clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Robert Dodge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 1 Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey, 07936, USA
| | - Deborah Finco
- Deborah Finco Consulting LLC, 101 Prospect Hill Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Haoheng Yan
- Global Regulatory Affairs, Shanghai Henlius Biotech. Inc, 430 N. McCarthy Blvd, Milpitas, California, 95035, USA
| | - Amanda Hays
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA
| | - Zheng Hu
- Translation Safety & Bioanalytical Science, Amgen Inc, Thousand Oaks, California, 91360, USA
| | - Cynthia Inzano
- Non-Clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lynn Kamen
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, 27713, USA
| | - Ching-Ha Lai
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Erik Meyer
- Immunogenicity, GSK Pharmaceuticals, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, 19426, USA
| | - Robert Nelson
- Bioanalytical Services, Labcorp Drug Development, Otley Road, Harrogate, HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Kelli Phillips
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT, 06379, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Poupart
- Immunology, Charles River Laboratories, Montreal ULC, Transcanada Highway, Senneville, Quebec, 22022, Canada
| | - Qiang Qu
- Quantitative Bioanalytics, Moderna, 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Mohsen Rajabi Abhari
- Office of Clinical PharmacologyOffice of Translational SciencesCenter for Drugs Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, 20903, USA
| | - Janka Ryding
- Bioanalysis-Biologics, Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Curtis Sheldon
- Technical Operations, , IVERIC Bio, Inc, 8 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, New Jersey, 07054, USA
| | - Franklin Spriggs
- Spriggs Bioanalytical Consulting LLC, 15632 W 83rd Terrace, Lenexa, Kansas, 66219, USA
| | - Dominic Warrino
- Bioanalytical and Biomarker Services, KCAS, 10830 S Clay Blair Blvd, Olathe, Kansas, 66061, USA
| | - Yuling Wu
- Integrated Bioanalysis, , AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Bioanalytical Sciences, REGENXBIO Inc, 9804 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
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Civoli F, Kasinath A, Cai XY, Wadhwa M, Exley A, Oldfield P, Alvandkouhi S, Schaffar G, Chappell J, Bowsher R, Devanarayan V, Marini J, Rebarchak S, Anderson M, Koppenburg V, Lester T. Recommendations for the Development and Validation of Immunogenicity Assays in Support of Biosimilar Programs. AAPS J 2019; 22:7. [PMID: 31792633 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For biosimilar drug development programs, it is essential to demonstrate that there are no clinically significant differences between the proposed biosimilar therapeutic (biosimilar) and its reference product (originator). Based on a stepwise comprehensive comparability exercise, the biosimilar must demonstrate similarity to the originator in physicochemical characteristics, biological activity, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety, including immunogenicity. The goal of the immunogenicity assessment is to evaluate potential differences between the proposed biosimilar product and the originator product in the incidence and severity of human immune responses. Establishing that there are no clinically meaningful differences in the immune response between the products is a key element in the demonstration of biosimilarity. An issue of practical, regulatory, and financial importance is to establish whether a two-assay (based on the biosimilar and originator respectively) or a one-assay approach (based on the biosimilar) is optimal for the comparative immunogenicity assessment. This paper recommends the use of a single, biosimilar-based assay for assessing immunogenic similarity in support of biosimilar drug development. The development and validation of an ADA assay used for a biosimilar program should include all the assessments recommended for an innovator program (10-16, 29). In addition, specific parameters also need to be evaluated, to gain confidence that the assay can detect antibodies against both the biosimilar and the originator. Specifically, the biosimilar and the originator should be compared in antigenic equivalence, to assess the ability of the biosimilar and the originator to bind in a similar manner to the positive control(s), as well as in the confirmatory assay and drug tolerance experiments. Practical guidance for the development and validation of anti-drug antibody (ADA) assays to assess immunogenicity of a biosimilar in comparison to the originator, using the one-assay approach, are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiao-Yan Cai
- Accurant Biotech, Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey, USA
| | - Meenu Wadhwa
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Andrew Exley
- Regulatory Division, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joseph Marini
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shannon Rebarchak
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Todd Lester
- BioAgilytix Labs, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Ball J, Kegley E, Palmer E, Hornsby P, Reynolds J, Shoulders B, Lester T, Powell J. 252 Comparison of growth-promoting implant regimens from calfhood to finishing in beef steers: stocker phase. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky404.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Ball
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - E Kegley
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - E Palmer
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - P Hornsby
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - J Reynolds
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - B Shoulders
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - T Lester
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - J Powell
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture,Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Balasubramanian M, Lord H, Levesque S, Guturu H, Thuriot F, Sillon G, Wenger AM, Sureka DL, Lester T, Johnson DS, Bowen J, Calhoun AR, Viskochil DH, Bejerano G, Bernstein JA, Chitayat D. Chitayat syndrome: hyperphalangism, characteristic facies, hallux valgus and bronchomalacia results from a recurrent c.266A>G p.(Tyr89Cys) variant in the ERF gene. J Med Genet 2016; 54:157-165. [PMID: 27738187 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1993, Chitayat et al., reported a newborn with hyperphalangism, facial anomalies, and bronchomalacia. We identified three additional families with similar findings. Features include bilateral accessory phalanx resulting in shortened index fingers; hallux valgus; distinctive face; respiratory compromise. OBJECTIVES To identify the genetic aetiology of Chitayat syndrome and identify a unifying cause for this specific form of hyperphalangism. METHODS Through ongoing collaboration, we had collected patients with strikingly-similar phenotype. Trio-based exome sequencing was first performed in Patient 2 through Deciphering Developmental Disorders study. Proband-only exome sequencing had previously been independently performed in Patient 4. Following identification of a candidate gene variant in Patient 2, the same variant was subsequently confirmed from exome data in Patient 4. Sanger sequencing was used to validate this variant in Patients 1, 3; confirm paternal inheritance in Patient 5. RESULTS A recurrent, novel variant NM_006494.2:c.266A>G p.(Tyr89Cys) in ERF was identified in five affected individuals: de novo (patient 1, 2 and 3) and inherited from an affected father (patient 4 and 5). p.Tyr89Cys is an aromatic polar neutral to polar neutral amino acid substitution, at a highly conserved position and lies within the functionally important ETS-domain of the protein. The recurrent ERF c.266A>C p.(Tyr89Cys) variant causes Chitayat syndrome. DISCUSSION ERF variants have previously been associated with complex craniosynostosis. In contrast, none of the patients with the c.266A>G p.(Tyr89Cys) variant have craniosynostosis. CONCLUSIONS We report the molecular aetiology of Chitayat syndrome and discuss potential mechanisms for this distinctive phenotype associated with the p.Tyr89Cys substitution in ERF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - H Lord
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - S Levesque
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - H Guturu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - F Thuriot
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - G Sillon
- Department of Medical Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A M Wenger
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - D L Sureka
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - T Lester
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - D S Johnson
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Bowen
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - A R Calhoun
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - D H Viskochil
- School of Medicine, Pediatric Genetics, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - G Bejerano
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J A Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - D Chitayat
- The Prenatal Diagnosis and Medical Genetics Program, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Burns J, Lester T, Chesire D, Schinco M. Training in Medical Documentation and Billing as a Measure of Practice-Based Learning and Improvement. J Surg Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Passage MB, Krieger AW, Peinovich MC, Lester T, Le SQ, Dickson PI, Kakkis ED. Continuous infusion of enzyme replacement therapy is inferior to weekly infusions in MPS I dogs. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32 Suppl 1:S253-8. [PMID: 19562502 PMCID: PMC2889197 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-009-1198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human α-L-iduronidase (rhIDU) is used weekly to treat mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I. We tested continuous administration of rhIDU at two dosing levels (0.58 mg/kg per week and 2 mg/kg per week) in MPS I dogs, and compared the efficacy of continuous infusion with the clinically used 0.58 mg/kg weekly three-hour infusion. Peak plasma concentrations of rhIDU were much higher in weekly-treated dogs (mean 256 units/ml) than steady-state concentrations in dogs treated with continuous infusion (mean 1.97 units/ml at 0.58 mg/kg per week; 8.44 units/ml at 2 mg/kg per week). Dogs receiving continuous IV rhIDU, even at a higher (2 mg/kg per week) dose, had consistently lower iduronidase levels in tissues than dogs receiving a weekly (0.58 mg/kg per week) dose. GAG storage was also less improved by continuous intravenous infusion. Adverse events were similar in all dosing groups. We found that continuous administration of 2 mg/kg per week rhIDU to MPS I dogs was insufficient to achieve GAG storage reduction comparable to 0.58 mg/kg weekly dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Passage
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor, UCLA, 1124 W. Carson Street, E-4, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
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Lester T, Wang J, Bourne P, Yang Q, Fu L, Tang P. Different panels of markers should be used to predict mammary Paget's disease associated with in situ or invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2009; 39:17-24. [PMID: 19201736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mammary Paget's disease (MPD) is a rare manifestation of breast carcinoma involving the nipple. Our objective was to identify molecular markers and molecular subtypes that may predict patients at high risk of developing MPD. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were performed with antibodies to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR), HER2, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and several cytokeratins (CK5/6, CK14, CK17, CK8, CK18) on representative sections of 121 cases of ductal carcinoma of the breast, including 28 cases with MPD, 81 cases with neither MPD nor nipple involvement, and 12 cases of non-MPD with nipple involvement. The rates of receptor expression and subtype distributions of 3 IHC-based molecular classifications were compared among these groups. The results showed that: (1) MPD is more likely to be associated with ER- and PR-negative ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), but not invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC); (2) MPD is more likely to be associated with HER2-over expression subtype DCIS, but not IDC; and (3) carcinomas with non-MPD nipple involvement differ from those with MPD, since they are more likely to be ER- and PR-positive, HER2-negative, and luminal A subtype. In summary, different panels of markers should be used to predict MPD associated with different underlying lesions; for DCIS, the ER-negative, PR-negative, and HER2-subtype and not basal-like subtype is most predictive of MPD; for IDC, the luminal B-subtype is most predictive of MPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Lester
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Kohli M, Huang J, Palapattu G, Dennis R, Yao J, Lester T, Ricke W. Cellular localization of thrombin in prostate: Implications for thrombin targeted therapy in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.14527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
14527 Background: Tumor and coagulation interaction is complex and heterogeneous. Expression of an intact repertoire of coagulation proteins is not detected in all tumor types. Thrombin, a key coagulation protein, which has been observed to promote tumorigenesis in experimental models, is not expressed on breast, colon and squamous lung cancer cells, but has been detected on small cell lung, melanoma and renal cancer epithelium. In prostate cancer, expression of its receptor, protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) has been previously reported but thrombin expression on epithelium not determined. Therefore, we evaluated thrombin and prothrombin expression in prostate specimens. Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR was performed for (pro)thrombin mRNA expression in fresh prostate cancer tissue lysates obtained from localized disease (n = 9 prostatectomy specimens) and advanced disease (n = 7 channel trans-urethral prostate resection specimens). Prothrombin and thrombin protein immunohistochemistry was performed on anonymized prostate tissue micro arrays which included benign (n = 117), prostate intra-epithelial neoplasia (PIN; n = 26) and prostate cancer (n = 112) cores. Results: (Pro)thrombin mRNA expression (normalized to 18s mRNA) was detected in all cancer tissue lysates. Mean intensity of expression in advanced cancer specimens was 20.3 compared to 14.0 for local stage specimens (p = 0.09; Wilcoxon rank sum test). Spatially, expression of thrombin was detected in stroma, benign and malignant epithelium (see Table) and on vascular endothelium. Prothrombin localization was similar to thrombin expression. Conclusions: Thrombin’s tumorigenic effects via PAR-1 activation provide novel therapeutic targets in tumors expressing thrombin-PAR1 axis. The current study confirms thrombin expression on prostate epithelium and taken with previous results of PAR1 epithelial expression, provides a rationale for exploring specific thrombin inhibitors and/or PAR inhibitors in prostate cancer. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kohli
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - J. Huang
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - G. Palapattu
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - R. Dennis
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - J. Yao
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - T. Lester
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - W. Ricke
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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Gilmour KC, Walshe D, Heath S, Monaghan G, Loughlin S, Lester T, Norbury G, Cale CM. Immunological and genetic analysis of 65 patients with a clinical suspicion of X linked hyper-IgM. Mol Pathol 2004; 56:256-62. [PMID: 14514918 PMCID: PMC1187335 DOI: 10.1136/mp.56.5.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X linked hyper-IgM (XHIM) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the tumour necrosis factor superfamily 5 gene, TNFSF5, also known as the CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene. Patients often present with recurrent infections, and confirmation of a diagnosis of XHIM enables appropriate therapeutic interventions, including replacement immunoglobulin, antibiotics, and bone marrow transplantation. AIM To review and optimise the institution's diagnostic strategy for XHIM. METHOD Samples from 65 boys were referred to this centre for further investigation of suspected XHIM. The results, which included a flow cytometric whole blood assay for CD40L expression followed by mutation analysis in selected patients, were reviewed. RESULTS Twenty one patients failed to express CD40L and TNFSF5 mutations were found in 20 of these patients. In contrast, no TNFSF5 mutations were found in 16 patients with weak expression of CD40L. Interestingly, one quarter of patients with confirmed XHIM who had TNFSF5 mutations had low concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM. Most of the remaining patients with XHIM had the classic pattern of normal or raised IgM with low concentrations of IgA and IgG. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the usefulness of the whole blood staining method as a rapid screen to select patients for subsequent TNFSF5 mutation analysis, and shows the benefits of a unified protein/genetic diagnostic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Gilmour
- Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Kakkis E, Lester T, Yang R, Tanaka C, Anand V, Lemontt J, Peinovich M, Passage M. Successful induction of immune tolerance to enzyme replacement therapy in canine mucopolysaccharidosis I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:829-34. [PMID: 14715900 PMCID: PMC321766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0305480101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses can interfere with the effective use of therapeutic proteins to treat genetic deficiencies and have been challenging to manage. To address this problem, we adapted and studied methods of immune tolerance used in canine organ transplantation research to soluble protein therapeutics. A tolerization regimen was developed that prevents a strong antibody response to the enzyme alpha-l-iduronidase during enzyme replacement therapy of a canine model of the lysosomal storage disorder mucopolysaccharidosis I. The tolerizing regimen consists of a limited 60-day course of cyclosporin A and azathioprine combined with weekly i.v. infusions of low-dose recombinant human alpha-l-iduronidase. The canines tolerized with this regimen maintain a reduced immune response for up to 6 months despite weekly therapeutic doses of enzyme in the absence of immunosuppressive drugs. Successful tolerization depended on high plasma levels of cyclosporin A combined with azathioprine. In addition, the induction of tolerance may require mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated uptake because alpha-l-iduronidase and alpha-glucosidase induced tolerance with the drug regimen whereas ovalbumin and dephosphorylated alpha-l-iduronidase did not. This tolerization method should be applicable to the treatment of other lysosomal storage disorders and provides a strategy to consider for other nontoleragenic therapeutic proteins and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kakkis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-University of California at Los Angeles Research and Education Institute, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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12
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13
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Gilmour KC, Cranston T, Loughlin S, Gwyther J, Lester T, Espanol T, Hernandez M, Savoldi G, Davies EG, Abinun M, Kinnon C, Jones A, Gaspar HB. Rapid protein-based assays for the diagnosis of T-B+ severe combined immunodeficiency. Br J Haematol 2001; 112:671-6. [PMID: 11260071 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID) are a heterogeneous group of conditions arising from a variety of molecular defects. The X-linked form of SCID (X-SCID) is caused by defects in the common gamma chain (gammac), and is characterized by a T-B+NK- immunophenotype. This lymphocyte profile is seen in an autosomal recessive form of SCID caused by mutations in the JAK3 molecule. Thus, X-SCID and JAK3-deficient SCID are clinically and immunologically indistinguishable. Knowledge of the precise molecular defect is essential for antenatal diagnosis, carrier testing and for treatment using somatic gene therapy. To identify the molecular defect in children presenting with a T-B+NK- form of SCID, we have developed rapid assays based on flow cytometric analysis of gammac, immunoblotting for JAK3 and gammac, and detection of interleukin-2 (IL-2)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK3. Sixteen T-B+NK- SCID patients from 15 families were examined. Nine had no detectable gammac, four had abnormal gammac expression and no IL-2-induced JAK3 tyrosine phosphorylation, and one had normal gammac expression but no IL-2-induced JAK3 tyrosine phosphorylation, although JAK3 was present. All these patients had mutations identified in their gammac gene. Two patients exhibited normal gammac expression, but JAK3 was not detected by immunoblotting and these patients were confirmed as having JAK3 gene mutations. Thus, these protein-based assays have led to rapid molecular diagnoses in T-B+ SCID that have subsequently been confirmed by genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Gilmour
- Department of Immunology, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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14
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Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene coding for Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK). A database (BTKbase) of BTK mutations lists 544 mutation entries from 471 unrelated families showing 341 unique molecular events. In addition to mutations, a number of variants or polymorphisms have been found. Mutations in all the five domains of BTK cause the disease, the single most common event being missense mutations. Most mutations lead to truncation of the enzyme. The mutations appear almost uniformly throughout the molecule. About one-third of point mutations affect CpG sites, which usually code for arginine residues. The putative structural implications of all the missense mutations are provided in the database. BTKbase is available at http://www.uta.fi/imt/bioinfo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Finland.
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15
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Gaspar HB, Ferrando M, Caragol I, Hernandez M, Bertran JM, De Gracia X, Lester T, Kinnon C, Ashton E, Espanol T. Kinase mutant Btk results in atypical X-linked agammaglobulinaemia phenotype. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:346-50. [PMID: 10792386 PMCID: PMC1905636 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) is a B cell humoral abnormality arising from mutations in the gene encoding Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk). The phenotype of XLA can be variable, with some individuals having a less severe immunophenotype, although in most cases this cannot be correlated with the Btk mutation or expression of Btk protein. In this study we describe clinical and immunological heterogeneity within the same pedigree. Analysis of the genetic defect identified a missense mutation in the kinase domain of Btk which, unusually, preserved Btk protein expression but at reduced levels, and also considerably diminished autophosphorylation activity. Structural analysis of the effect of this mutation on the kinase domain suggests that this mutation is not an integral part of the ATP or substrate binding domains but may affect the interaction of the kinase domain with its own kinase domain and other substrates. Together, these data may provide an explanation for the variable XLA phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Gaspar
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
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16
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Raeder RH, Barker-Merrill L, Lester T, Boyle MD, Metzger DW. A pivotal role for interferon-gamma in protection against group A streptococcal skin infection. J Infect Dis 2000; 181:639-45. [PMID: 10669349 DOI: 10.1086/315281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of exogenous recombinant interleukin-12 (rIL-12) either prophylactically or therapeutically provides significant protection against lethal group A streptococcal skin infection in a mouse model. Treatment of mice with rIL-12 before infection with group A streptococci induced expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) at the infection site. In vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma increased susceptibility to lethal infection and completely abrogated the protective effects of rIL-12. IFN-gamma knockout mice were also more susceptible to lethal infection. Although IL-12 treatment provided protection, higher doses induced significantly elevated levels of IFN-gamma transcription that were associated with increased susceptibility to lethal infection. These results support the hypothesis that IFN-gamma at the infection site is critical for protection but suggest that increased systemic levels are detrimental to survival after infection with group A streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Raeder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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17
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Lester T, Czarnecki-Maulden G, Lewis D. Cats increase fatty acid oxidation when isocalorically fed meat-based diets with increasing fat content. Am J Physiol 1999; 277:R878-86. [PMID: 10484507 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that sedentary cats have the ability to adapt to high-fat carnivore diets by increasing fat oxidation. Twenty-four hour indirect calorimetry was used to determine total energy expenditure (TEE) and macronutrient oxidation in six vasectomized male (VAS) and six ovariectomized female (OVX) cats isocalorically fed lower-fat (53% fat, 45% protein) and higher-fat (71% fat, 26% protein) meat-based diets at maintenance for 8 days. Fat oxidation increased linearly with fat intake with a mean slope of 0.91 g fat oxidized/g fat intake (P < 0.001), with no change in TEE. However, VAS male cats were able to more precisely match fat oxidation with fat intake than OVX female cats (P < 0.02). Body fat content did not significantly influence fat oxidation. These results demonstrate that cats maintain body weight during short-term isocaloric feeding of a high-fat carnivore-type diet in part by increasing fat oxidation commensurate with increases in fat intake. This ability may be an important mechanism underlying the resistance of cats to obesity, despite habitual consumption of high-fat diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lester
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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18
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Nace NB, Larson C, Lester T, Kosinski J. Perceived barriers to childhood immunization: a physician and parent survey in a southeastern urban/rural community. Tenn Med 1999; 92:265-8. [PMID: 10396176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify physicians' and parents' perceptions of barriers to completing the immunization process by age 24 months. METHODS A questionnaire hand-delivered to 110 physicians who treat children yielded a response rate of 83%. A telephone survey conducted with parents of a random sample of 2,100 children younger than three years of age selected from the county birth records yielded an adjusted response rate of 87%. RESULTS Physicians' response fell into two categories: those with more and less than 90% up-to-date immunizations. Those with less than 90% indicated that parental knowledge is the primary reason. Those with more than 90% reported telephone follow-up for missed appointments. The top three barriers reported by parents; (1) waiting time at the clinic (33%), (2) child too ill at time of appointment (21%), and (3) insurance does not cover immunizations (16%). CONCLUSIONS There is an opportunity for education intervention with physicians, policy makers, and parents in several key areas: (1) fact-based contraindications to immunizations, (2) effective means of follow-up, (3) accessibility to immunization for the under-insured, and (4) parental responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Nace
- Health Promotion Division, Metropolitan Health Department, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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Gaspar HB, Lester T, Levinsky RJ, Kinnon C. Bruton's tyrosine kinase expression and activity in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA): the use of protein analysis as a diagnostic indicator of XLA. Clin Exp Immunol 1998. [PMID: 9486400 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene result in XLA. Despite the large numbers of BTK mutations reported, no correlation can be made between the clinical phenotype and the gene defects. Analysis of Btk protein expression and activity in individuals with XLA was performed to characterize the relationship between a particular mutation, the resultant Btk protein and the clinical phenotype. In most patients studied, including those with atypical phenotypes, there was complete absence of protein expression and activity. Furthermore, in two undiagnosed individuals with a clinical phenotype suggestive of XLA, lack of protein expression was used to confirm an abnormality in Btk. These results underline the importance of protein analysis prior to speculating on protein structure and function based on the gene mutation. Lack of Btk expression in atypical phenotypes suggests that there is redundancy in B lymphocyte signalling such that alternative signalling molecules, or mechanisms, can compensate for the lack of Btk. We also suggest that analysis of Btk expression can be used as an indicator of XLA. These rapid assays may be used to screen a wider spectrum of individuals with humoral immunodeficiency in order to characterize fully the extent of Btk deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Gaspar
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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20
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Vihinen M, Brandau O, Brandén LJ, Kwan SP, Lappalainen I, Lester T, Noordzij JG, Ochs HD, Ollila J, Pienaar SM, Riikonen P, Saha BK, Smith CI. BTKbase, mutation database for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:242-7. [PMID: 9399844 PMCID: PMC147244 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.1.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene coding for Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK). A database (BTKbase) of BTK mutations has been compiled and the recent update lists 463 mutation entries from 406 unrelated families showing 303 unique molecular events. In addition to mutations, the database also lists variants or polymorphisms. Each patient is given a unique patient identity number (PIN). Information is included regarding the phenotype including symptoms. Mutations in all the five domains of BTK have been noticed to cause the disease, the most common event being missense mutations. The mutations appear almost uniformly throughout the molecule and frequently affect CpG sites that code for arginine residues. The putative structural implications of all the missense mutations are given in the database. The improved version of the registry having a number of new features is available at http://www. helsinki.fi/science/signal/btkbase.html
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Vihinen M, Nore BF, Mattsson PT, Bäckesjö CM, Nars M, Koutaniemi S, Watanabe C, Lester T, Jones A, Ochs HD, Smith CI. Missense mutations affecting a conserved cysteine pair in the TH domain of Btk. FEBS Lett 1997; 413:205-10. [PMID: 9280283 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tec family protein tyrosine kinases have in their N-terminus two domains. The PH domain is followed by Tec homology (TH) domain, which consists of two motifs. The first pattern, Btk motif, is also present in some Ras GAP molecules. C-terminal half of the TH domain, a proline-rich region, has been shown to bind to SH3 domains. Mutations in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) belonging to the Tec family cause X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) due to developmental arrest of B cells. Here we present the first missense mutations in the TH domain. The substitutions affect a conserved pair of cysteines, residues 154 and 155, involved in Zn2+ binding and thereby the mutations alter protein folding and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Vihinen M, Belohradsky BH, Haire RN, Holinski-Feder E, Kwan SP, Lappalainen I, Lehvaslaiho H, Lester T, Meindl A, Ochs H, Ollila J, Vorechovsky I, Weiss M, Smith CIE. BTKbase, mutation database for X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Nucleic Acids Res 1997. [DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.9.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Vihinen M, Belohradsky BH, Haire RN, Holinski-Feder E, Kwan SP, Lappalainen I, Lehväslaiho H, Lester T, Meindl A, Ochs HD, Ollila J, Vorechovsky I, Weiss M, Smith CI. BTKbase, mutation database for X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:166-71. [PMID: 9016530 PMCID: PMC146405 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.1.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene coding for Bruton's agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase (BTK). A database (BTKbase) of BTK mutations has been compiled and the recent update lists 368 entries from 318 unrelated families showing 228 unique molecular events. In addition to mutations the database lists also some polymorphisms and site-directed mutations. Each patient is given a unique patient identity number (PIN). Information is provided regarding the phenotype including symptoms. Mutations in all the five domains of BTK have been noticed to cause the disease, the most common event being missense mutations. The mutations appear almost uniformly throughout the molecule and frequently affect CpG sites forming arginine residues. These hot spots have generally pyrimidines 5'and purines 3'to the mutated cytosine. A decreased frequency of missense mutations was found in the TH, SH3 and the upper lobe of the kinase domain. The putative structural implications of all the missense mutations are given in the database showing 228 unique molecular events, including a novel missense mutation causing an R28C substitution as previously seen in the Xid mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 56, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
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24
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Clark PA, Lester T, Genet S, Jones AM, Hendriks R, Levinsky RJ, Kinnon C. Screening for mutations causing X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in the IL-2R gamma chain gene by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Hum Genet 1995; 96:427-32. [PMID: 7557965 DOI: 10.1007/bf00191801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the common gamma chain (gamma c or IL2RG) of the interleukin-2, -4, -7, -9 and -15 receptors have been found to cause X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDX1). We report here on the mutations identified in a further ten families. Two of the mutations identified have occurred twice in unrelated families, indicating two possible mutational hotspots. Seven of the mutations, which were identified by single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, are point mutations, and the eighth is a small deletion. We also report on the first use of assays based on these mutations within IL2RG for unambiguous carrier determination. The consequences for the gamma c proteins produced as a result of these mutations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Clark
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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25
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Lester T, de Alwis M, Clark PA, Jones AM, Katz F, Levinsky RJ, Kinnon C. Trisomy X in a female member of a family with X linked severe combined immunodeficiency: implications for carrier diagnosis. J Med Genet 1994; 31:717-20. [PMID: 7815443 PMCID: PMC1050084 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.31.9.717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We describe a family affected by X linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCIDX1) in which genetic prediction of carrier status was made using X chromosome inactivation studies together with limited genetic linkage analysis. Linkage studies in this family showed a confusing pattern of inheritance for the X chromosome. A female with a random pattern of X chromosome inactivation in her T cells appeared to have inherited an X chromosome with four recombinations within 10 cM. The odds of this happening in a single meiotic event make this an unlikely explanation. Data obtained from studying the X chromosomes of her two unaffected sons showed that this could be explained simply on the basis of her having inherited three alleles each of the relevant polymorphic DNA loci. We used fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) to confirm that this person had inherited three complete X chromosomes. Thus, although the results from X chromosome inactivation analysis indicated that this subject was not a carrier of the affected chromosome, FISH and genetic linkage analysis showed clearly that the affected chromosome had been inherited. The implications of this finding for diagnosis of carrier status in this family and for other families with X linked inherited immunodeficiencies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lester
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Abstract
The three microsatellite repeat loci, DXS986, DXS995, and DXS1002, have been mapped to Xq13.2-21.1. We report here their relative order and their localisation within Xq21. These loci will be useful for the genetic mapping of disease loci in this region, in particular X linked deafness, as DXS995 lies in the region critical for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Clark
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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