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Rakotofina HME, Donno D, Tombozara N, Razafindrakoto ZR, Rakotonandrasana SR, Ramanitrahasimbola D, Andrianjaka S, Torti V, Beccaro GL, Rakotovao M. Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant capacity of Micromeria flagellaris Baker and M. madagascariensis Baker: Two endemic species from Madagascar as sources of essential oils. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26865. [PMID: 38434328 PMCID: PMC10907784 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The aerial parts of Micromeria madagascariensis Baker and M. flagellaris Baker are used by the population of the Vakinankaratra and Itasy regions (Madagascar) to treat breathing difficulty, fever and/or headache, wounds, and sores. Purpose This work aimed to characterise plant materials from M. madagascariensis and M. flagellaris to report i) chemical composition, ii) antimicrobial properties, and iii) antioxidant capacity of the essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of these species. Materials and methods The essential oils from M. madagascariensis (MMO) and M. flagellaris (MFO) were obtained by hydrodistillation. Their chemical composition was quantified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). MMO and MFO were also tested against 7 microbial strains using the disk diffusion method and their antioxidant capacity was assessed using the DPPH scavenging assay. Results Hydrodistillation yielded 0.26% MMO and 0.29% MFO (w/w) in relation to the fresh weight. Twenty-seven compounds were identified by GC-MS in MMO extract against 36 in MFO one. The main compounds in MMO were pulegone (24.67%), trans-menthone (24.67%), eucalyptol (8.12%), β-caryophyllene (4.98%), α-guanene (4.47), iso-menthone (3.85%), iso-pulegone (3.34%), azulene (3.28%) and 2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexenone (2.82%). The main compounds in the MFO were eudesma-4,11-dien-2-ol (13.88%), δ-guanene (6.62%), pulegone (6.40%), cyperone (5.56%), 4-epi-dehydrobietinol acetate (5.39%), eucalyptol (5.12%), trans-menthone (4.67%), limonene (3.77%) and sabinene (2.29%). Regarding the chemotaxonomy, M. flagellaris was very different from M. madagascariensis and both species also differed from the other Micromeria species, as confirmed by multivariate statistical analysis. Both MMO and MFO exerted activities against a large microbial spectrum; the antimicrobial activity of MMO was higher than MFO one against S. pneumoniae and C. albicans due to the presence of pulegone as the main component. MFO showed an excellent scavenging capacity with an SC50 value of 2.17 ± 0.03 μg/mL. Conclusion The biological properties of the essential oils extracted from the selected species may explain their therapeutic value showing that Malagasy Micromeria species may be very important as new natural sources of bioactive compounds. This study may promote the effectiveness and quality of Malagasy Micromeria species, contributing to sustainable development and commercial valorisation of traditional preparations based on natural local resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haja Mamison Edouard Rakotofina
- Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA), Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Valorisation des Produits Naturels, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Dario Donno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | | | | | | | - David Ramanitrahasimbola
- Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées (IMRA), Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Solofoherimanana Andrianjaka
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Valorisation des Produits Naturels, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Valeria Torti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Loris Beccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Marcelle Rakotovao
- Laboratoire de Chimie et de Valorisation des Produits Naturels, Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Madagascar
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De Gregorio C, Valente D, Ferrario V, Carugati F, Cristiano W, Raimondi T, Torti V, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Who you live with and what you duet for: a review of the function of primate duets in relation to their social organization. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:281-294. [PMID: 38285176 PMCID: PMC10995044 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Duets are one of the most fascinating displays in animal vocal communication, where two animals fine-tune the timing of their emissions to create a coordinated signal. Duetting behavior is widespread in the animal kingdom and is present in insects, birds, and mammals. Duets are essential to regulate activities within and between social units. Few studies assessed the functions of these vocal emissions experimentally, and for many species, there is still no consensus on what duets are used for. Here, we reviewed the literature on the function of duets in non-human primates, investigating a possible link between the social organization of the species and the function of its duetting behavior. In primates and birds, social conditions characterized by higher promiscuity might relate to the emergence of duetting behavior. We considered both quantitative and qualitative studies, which led us to hypothesize that the shift in the social organization from pair living to a mixed social organization might have led to the emergence of mate defense and mate guarding as critical functions of duetting behavior. Territory/resource ownership and defense functions are more critical in obligate pair-living species. Finally, we encourage future experimental research on this topic to allow the formulation of empirically testable predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Ferrario
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Carugati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Walter Cristiano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
- Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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Zanoli A, Raimondi T, De Gregorio C, Valente D, Carugati F, Torti V, Friard O, Miaretsoa L, Giacoma C, Gamba M. "The song remains the same": not really! Vocal flexibility in the song of the indris. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:2009-2021. [PMID: 37792125 PMCID: PMC10769932 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In studying communicative signals, we can think of flexibility as a necessary correlate of creativity. Flexibility enables animals to find practical solutions and appropriate behaviors in mutable situations. In this study, we aimed to quantify the degree of flexibility in the songs of indris (Indri indri), the only singing lemur, using three different metrics: Jaro Distance, normalized diversity, and entropy. We hypothesized that the degree and the co-variation of the flexibility of indris singing together would vary according to their status and sex. We found that dominant females were more flexible than dominant males when concatenating elements into strings (element concatenation). The number of different elements in a song contribution normalized by the contribution length (contribution diversity) of dominant individuals positively co-varied for seven duetting pairs. Non-dominant individuals were more variable in element concatenation than dominant individuals, and they were more diverse in phrase type than dominant females. Independently from sex and status, individual contributions did not differ in entropy (a measure of the predictability of contributions). These results corroborate previous findings regarding the dimorphism by sex and by status of individual contributions to songs. Thus, they shed light on the presence and expression of flexibility in the behavior of a non-human primate species. Indeed, they potentially show an effect of social features in shaping vocal flexibility, which underlies many communication systems, including human language. We speculate that this degree of flexibility may account for creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zanoli
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy.
| | - Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy.
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
- Parco Natura Viva Garda Zoological Park, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Carugati
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
| | - Olivier Friard
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
- Groupe d'Étude et de Recherche Sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, Italy
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Miaretsoa L, Torti V, Petroni F, Valente D, De Gregorio C, Ratsimbazafy J, Carosi M, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Behavioural Correlates of Lemur Scent-Marking in Wild Diademed Sifakas ( Propithecus diadema) in the Maromizaha Forest (Madagascar). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2848. [PMID: 37760248 PMCID: PMC10525727 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Scent-marking through odours from excreta and glandular secretions is widespread in mammals. Among primates, diurnal group-living lemurs show different deployment modalities as part of their strategy to increase signal detection. We studied the diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) in the Maromizaha New Protected Area, Eastern Madagascar. We tested whether the scent-marking deposition occurred using a sequential rubbing of different body parts. We also tested if glands (i.e., deposition of glandular secretions) were more frequently rubbed than genital orifices (i.e., deposition of excreta) by comparing different kinds of rubbing behaviour. We then investigated if the depositor's rank and sex affected the sequence of rubbing behaviour, the height at which the scent-marking happened, and the tree part targeted. We found that glandular secretions were often deposited with urine, especially in dominant individuals. The probability of anogenital and chest marking was highest, but chest rubbing most frequently occurred in dominant males. Markings were deposited at similar heights across age and sex, and tree trunks were the most used substrate. Males exhibited long and more complex scent-marking sequences than females. Our results indirectly support the idea that diademed sifakas deploy a sex-dimorphic mixture of glandular secretions and excreta to increase the probability of signal detection by conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy (D.V.)
- Groupe d’Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Fort Duchesne, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy (D.V.)
| | - Flavia Petroni
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Rome, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy (D.V.)
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy (D.V.)
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d’Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Fort Duchesne, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Monica Carosi
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, 00146 Rome, Italy (M.C.)
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy (D.V.)
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy (D.V.)
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Cristiano W, Raimondi T, Valente D, De Gregorio C, Torti V, Ferrario V, Carugati F, Miaretsoa L, Mancini L, Gamba M, Giacoma C. Singing more, singing harsher: occurrence of nonlinear phenomena in a primate' song. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:1661-1673. [PMID: 37458893 PMCID: PMC10442282 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-023-01809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear phenomena (NLP) in animal vocalizations arise from irregularities in the oscillation of the vocal folds. Various non-mutually exclusive hypotheses have been put forward to explain the occurrence of NLP, from adaptive to physiological ones. Non-human primates often display NLP in their vocalizations, yet the communicative role of these features, if any, is still unclear. We here investigate the occurrence of NLP in the song of a singing primate, the indri (Indri indri), testing for the effect of sex, age, season, and duration of the vocal display on their emission. Our results show that NLP occurrence in indri depends on phonation, i.e., the cumulative duration of all the units emitted by an individual, and that NLP have higher probability to be emitted in the later stages of the song, probably due to the fatigue indris may experience while singing. Furthermore, NLP happen earlier in the vocal display of adult females than in that of the adult males, and this is probably due to the fact that fatigue occurs earlier in the former because of a greater contribution within the song. Our findings suggest, therefore, that indris may be subjected to physiological constraints during the singing process which may impair the production of harmonic sounds. However, indris may still benefit from emitting NLP by strengthening the loudness of their signals for better advertising their presence to the neighboring conspecific groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Cristiano
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy.
- Ecosystems and Health Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Ferrario
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Filippo Carugati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Groupe d'Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), II M 78 BIS Antsakaviro, B.P 779, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Laura Mancini
- Ecosystems and Health Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123, Turin, Italy
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Ghignone S, Zampieri E, Tinti F, Torti V, Giacoma C, Mello A. Fungal Patterns from Soils in Madagascar: an Insight from Maromizaha Forest (Evergreen Humid Forest) to Outside (Deciduous Forest). Microb Ecol 2023; 85:184-196. [PMID: 34907449 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil fungal diversity was studied by next-generation sequencing and compared in two different Malagasy ecosystems, the first a New Protected Area (Maromizaha NAP) that is a rich humid evergreen forest and the second a degraded and declined deciduous forest (Andaravina) whose area has been also eroded. Both areas, however, have comparable annual rainfalls and soil pH values. So it was of interest to examine the soil fungal diversity in each system and compare them. We detected 1,817,658 reads representing Ascomycota, which were dominant in both habitats (55.9%), followed by unidentified fungi (21.5%), Basidiomycota (12.7%) and Mortierellomycota (6.7%), with Mucoromycota, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota and other phyla accounting for less than 5% in total. In detail, 1,142 OTUs out of 1,368 constitute the common core shared by both sampling areas, which are characterized by tropical climate, whereas 185 are Maromizaha specific and 41 Andaravina specific. The most represented guilds involve fungi related to saprotrophic behaviour, with a greater tendency towards pathotrophic mode. A significant variability in terms of richness and abundance is present within Maromizaha, which is a heterogeneous environment for fungi but also for plant composition, as it emerged from the vegetational survey of the investigated sites. A few fungal sequences match taxa from Madagascar, highlighting the scarce representativeness of fungi from this island in the fungal databases and their still low knowledge. Enlarging studies in Madagascar will help not only to unravel its largely unknown fungal biodiversity but also to give a contribution for studies on the reconstruction of the diversity of soil fungi worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ghignone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Turin Unit, C.N.R., Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Zampieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, C.N.R., Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Tinti
- Athénée Saint Joseph Antsirabe, Antsohihy, Madagascar
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonietta Mello
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection - Turin Unit, C.N.R., Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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Gamba M, Torti V, Gregorio CD, Raimondi T, Miaretsoa L, Carugati F, Cristiano W, Randrianarison RM, Bonadonna G, Zanoli A, Friard O, Valente D, Ravignani A, Giacoma C. Caractéristiques rythmiques du chant de l'indri et nouvelles perspectives pour une évaluation comparative du rythme chez les primates non humains. primatologie 2022. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.14989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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Valente D, Gregorio CD, Favaro L, Friard O, Miaretsoa L, Raimondi T, Ratsimbazafy J, Torti V, Zanoli A, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Les lois linguistiques de la brièveté : conformité chez le lémurien chanteur Indri indri. primatologie 2022. [DOI: 10.4000/primatologie.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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Randrianarison RM, Lutz M, Torti V, Tan C, Bonadonna G, Randrianambinina B, Rasoloharijaona S, Rabarison H, Miaretsoa L, Rarojoson NJ, De Gregorio C, Valente D, Gamba M, Ratsimbazafy J, Giacoma C. Correction to: Feeding Ecology and Regurgitation–Reingestion Behavior of the Critically Endangered Indri indri in the Maromizaha Protected Area, Eastern Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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De Gregorio C, Zanoli A, Carugati F, Raimondi T, Valente D, Torti V, Miaretsoa L, Rajaonson A, Gamba M, Giacoma C. Parent-offspring turn-taking dynamics influence parents’ song structure and elaboration in a singing primate. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.906322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parent-offspring interactions are essential to interpret animal social evolution and behavior, but their role in mediating acoustic communication in animals that interact vocally is still unclear. Increasing evidence shows that primate vocal communication is way more flexible than previously assumed, and research on this topic can provide further information on how the social environment shaped vocal plasticity during the evolution of the Primate order. Indris communicate through elaborated vocal emissions, usually termed songs. Songs are interactive vocal displays in which all members of the family group alternate their emissions, taking turns during chorusing events. We aimed to understand whether specific rules regulate the turn-taking of different group members and investigate the flexibility of indris’ vocal behavior when co-singing with their offspring. We found that social factors can influence the turn-taking organization in a chorus, as offspring were more likely to drop out from the parents’ duet than join in, and we speculate that overlap might signal competition by members of the same-sex. The duet between the reproductive pair was the most common type of singing organization, followed by a duet between mothers and sons and the triadic interaction between mother, father, and son. Interestingly, parents’ solo singing seems to stimulate offspring to vocalize, and we also found that mothers and fathers simplify, at least in part, song elaboration when chorusing with offspring. Our results indicate that indris can perform short-time adjustments to the number of co-emitters and their identity: our approach is advantageous in highlighting the multilevel influences on primate vocal flexibility. Moreover, it provides evidence that some aspects of our vocal plasticity were already present in the lemur lineage.
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Randrianarison RM, Lutz M, Torti V, Tan C, Bonadonna G, Randrianambinina B, Rasoloharijaona S, Rabarison H, Miaretsoa L, Rarojoson NJ, De Gregorio C, Valente D, Gamba M, Ratsimbazafy J, Giacoma C. Feeding Ecology and Regurgitation–Reingestion Behavior of the Critically Endangered Indri indri in the Maromizaha Protected Area, Eastern Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Miaretsoa L, Cascella A, Vadàla L, Valente D, De Gregorio C, Torti V, Norscia I, Ratsimbazafy J, Friard O, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Marking Versus Overmarking: Spatial and Behavioral Patterns of Scent Marking in Wild Diademed Sifaka (Propithecus diadema). INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn mammals, olfactory communication plays an essential role in territorial and mating dynamics. Scent depositions in various species, including lemurs, can be placed via marking or overmarking (marking over previous depositions). We focused on the role that marking and overmarking play in territorial defence and intrasexual competition. We investigated these aspects in diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) in the primary rainforest of Maromizaha (eastern Madagascar). We collected scent marking data for five groups from April to November 2018 and from May to December 2019. We aimed to understand whether the lemurs deposited scent marks homogeneously across the home range and whether sex, rank, and occurrence of intergroup encounters affected the lemur’s deposition rate. We also asked whether males overmarked adult females more often than other depositions, and the marking and overmarking rates changed between the migration and non-migration seasons. We found that scent marking was performed higher in peripheral and overlapping areas than in the home range central areas. In addition, males had higher scent marking rates, but intergroup encounters did not affect deposition rates. Males showed higher rates of overmarking and primarily targeted dominant females’ depositions, particularly during the “migration” season (including premating and mating seasons). Our findings suggest a border-marking strategy in Propithecus diadema. More frequent scent marking in the “migration” season suggests intrasexual competition in males. Our results suggest that marking is associated with territorial and resource defence, suggesting that it plays a role in monopolizing females using a mate-guarding strategy and may also serve for males’ self-advertisement to females and subordinate depositors.
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Valente D, Miaretsoa L, Anania A, Costa F, Mascaro A, Raimondi T, De Gregorio C, Torti V, Friard O, Ratsimbazafy J, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Comparative Analysis of the Vocal Repertoires of the Indri (Indri indri) and the Diademed Sifaka (Propithecus diadema). INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractStrepsirrhine vocalisations are extraordinarily diverse and cross-species comparisons are needed to explore how this variability evolved. We contributed to the investigation of primate acoustic diversity by comparing the vocal repertoire of two sympatric lemur species, Propithecus diadema and Indri indri. These diurnal species belong to the same taxonomic family and have similar activity patterns but different social structures. These features make them excellent candidates for an investigation of the phylogenetic, environmental, and social influence on primate vocal behavior. We recorded 3 P. diadema groups in 2014 and 2016. From 1,872 recordings we selected and assigned 3814 calls to 9 a priori call types, on the basis of their acoustic structure. We implemented a reproducible technique performing an acoustic feature extraction relying on frequency bins, t-SNE data reduction, and a hard-clustering analysis. We first quantified the vocal repertoire of P. diadema, finding consistent results for the 9 putatively identified call types. When comparing this repertoire with a previously published repertoire of I. indri, we found highly species-specific repertoires, with only 2% of the calls misclassified by species identity. The loud calls of the two species were very distinct, while the low-frequency calls were more similar. Our results pinpoint the role of phylogenetic history, social and environmental features on the evolution of communicative systems and contribute to a deeper understanding of the evolutionary roots of primate vocal differentiation. We conclude by arguing that standardized and reproducible techniques, like the one we employed, allow robust comparisons and should be prioritized in the future.
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De Gregorio C, Carugati F, Estienne V, Valente D, Raimondi T, Torti V, Miaretsoa L, Ratsimbazafy J, Gamba M, Giacoma C. Erratum to: Born to sing! Song development in a singing primate. Curr Zool 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Filippo Carugati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Vittoria Estienne
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), BP 779 – Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
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15
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Spezie G, Torti V, Bonadonna G, De Gregorio C, Valente D, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Evidence for acoustic discrimination in lemurs: a playback study on wild indris (Indri indri). Curr Zool 2022; 69:41-49. [PMID: 36974154 PMCID: PMC10039182 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Indris (Indri indri) are group-living lemurs which occupy stable territories over several years and perform remarkable long-distance vocal displays. Vocal exchanges between long-term territory neighbours may contribute to assessing reciprocal resource holding potentials, thus adaptively reducing the costs of territorial defence by limiting aggressive escalation. Previous work showed that indris' songs show distinctive acoustic features at individual and group level. However, the possibility that indris use such cues for individual or group-level recognition has never been investigated experimentally. We conducted a playback experiment to test whether indris discriminate between familiar and non-familiar songs. Our rationale lies in the hypothesis of the dear enemy phenomenon, which predicts that territorial animals will show reduced aggression levels towards familiar neighbours compared to novel rivals. We played back stimulus recordings to wild indris from their territory boundaries and examined their responses in terms of vocal and behavioural indicators of willingness to engage in a fight. In line with our predictions, focal animals responded more rapidly and approached more often the speaker in response to playback stimuli of non-familiar individuals than to stimuli of neighbouring groups. These results indicate that indris can discriminate between different classes of intruders based on distinctive acoustic features of their song choruses. We suggest that increased aggression directed towards unfamiliar intruders may be explained by higher threat levels associated with dispersal and group formation dynamics. We further discuss the relevance of these findings in a strepsirrhine primate model for comparative studies of vocal communication and sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Spezie
- Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, School of Nature Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bonadonna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, School of Nature Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, School of Nature Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, School of Nature Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, School of Nature Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, School of Nature Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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De Gregorio C, Carugati F, Valente D, Raimondi T, Torti V, Miaretsoa L, Gamba M, Giacoma C. Notes on a tree: reframing the relevance of primate choruses, duets, and solo songs. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2021.2015451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
| | - Filippo Carugati
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
| | - Daria Valente
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
- Équipe de Neuro-Éthologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche En Neurosciences de Lyon 8 (CRNL), CNRL, INSERM, University of Lyon/Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Teresa Raimondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
| | - Valeria Torti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
| | - Marco Gamba
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino, Italia
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De Gregorio C, Carugati F, Estienne V, Valente D, Raimondi T, Torti V, Miaretsoa L, Ratsimbazafy J, Gamba M, Giacoma C. Born to sing! Song development in a singing primate. Curr Zool 2021; 67:585-596. [PMID: 34805535 PMCID: PMC8598991 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal vocal communication, the development of adult-like vocalization is fundamental to interact appropriately with conspecifics. However, the factors that guide ontogenetic changes in the acoustic features remain poorly understood. In contrast with a historical view of nonhuman primate vocal production as substantially innate, recent research suggests that inheritance and physiological modification can only explain some of the developmental changes in call structure during growth. A particular case of acoustic communication is the indris' singing behavior, a peculiar case among Strepsirrhine primates. Thanks to a decade of intense data collection, this work provides the first long-term quantitative analysis on song development in a singing primate. To understand the ontogeny of such a complex vocal output, we investigated juvenile and sub-adult indris' vocal behavior, and we found that young individuals started participating in the chorus years earlier than previously reported. Our results indicated that spectro-temporal song parameters underwent essential changes during growth. In particular, the age and sex of the emitter influenced the indris' vocal activity. We found that frequency parameters showed consistent changes across the sexes, but the temporal features showed different developmental trajectories for males and females. Given the low level of morphological sexual dimorphism and the marked differences in vocal behavior, we hypothesize that factors like social influences and auditory feedback may affect songs' features, resulting in high vocal flexibility in juvenile indris. This trait may be pivotal in a species that engages in choruses with rapid vocal turn-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Filippo Carugati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Vittoria Estienne
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), BP 779 – Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, Torino 10125, Italy
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De Gregorio C, Valente D, Raimondi T, Torti V, Miaretsoa L, Friard O, Giacoma C, Ravignani A, Gamba M. Categorical rhythms in a singing primate. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1379-R1380. [PMID: 34699799 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
What are the origins of musical rhythm? One approach to the biology and evolution of music consists in finding common musical traits across species. These similarities allow biomusicologists to infer when and how musical traits appeared in our species1. A parallel approach to the biology and evolution of music focuses on finding statistical universals in human music2. These include rhythmic features that appear above chance across musical cultures. One such universal is the production of categorical rhythms3, defined as those where temporal intervals between note onsets are distributed categorically rather than uniformly2,4,5. Prominent rhythm categories include those with intervals related by small integer ratios, such as 1:1 (isochrony) and 1:2, which translates as some notes being twice as long as their adjacent ones. In humans, universals are often defined in relation to the beat, a top-down cognitive process of inferring a temporal regularity from a complex musical scene1. Without assuming the presence of the beat in other animals, one can still investigate its downstream products, namely rhythmic categories with small integer ratios detected in recorded signals. Here we combine the comparative and statistical universals approaches, testing the hypothesis that rhythmic categories and small integer ratios should appear in species showing coordinated group singing3. We find that a lemur species displays, in its coordinated songs, the isochronous and 1:2 rhythm categories seen in human music, showing that such categories are not, among mammals, unique to humans3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS, INSERM, University of Lyon/Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Teresa Raimondi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Olivier Friard
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Ravignani
- Comparative Bioacoustics Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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19
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Correa F, Torti V, Spiezio C, Checcucci A, Modesto M, Borruso L, Cavani L, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Luise D, Randrianarison RM, Gamba M, Rarojoson NJ, Sanguinetti M, Di Vito M, Bugli F, Mattarelli P, Trevisi P, Giacoma C, Sandri C. Disentangling the Possible Drivers of Indri indri Microbiome: A Threatened Lemur Species of Madagascar. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:668274. [PMID: 34421838 PMCID: PMC8378179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.668274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the gut microbiome may help with increasing our understanding of primate health with species' ecology, evolution, and behavior. In particular, microbiome-related information has the potential to clarify ecology issues, providing knowledge in support of wild primates conservation and their associated habitats. Indri (Indri indri) is the largest extant living lemur of Madagascar. This species is classified as "critically endangered" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, representing one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. Indris diet is mainly folivorous, but these primates frequently and voluntarily engage in geophagy. Indris have never been successfully bred under human care, suggesting that some behavioral and/or ecological factors are still not considered from the ex situ conservation protocols. Here, we explored gut microbiome composition of 18 indris belonging to 5 different family groups. The most represented phyla were Proteobacteria 40.1 ± 9.5%, Bacteroidetes 28.7 ± 2.8%, Synergistetes 16.7 ± 4.5%, and Firmicutes 11.1 ± 1.9%. Further, our results revealed that bacterial alpha and beta diversity were influenced by indri family group and sex. In addition, we investigated the chemical composition of geophagic soil to explore the possible ecological value of soil as a nutrient supply. The quite acidic pH and high levels of secondary oxide-hydroxides of the soils could play a role in the folivorous diet's gut detoxification activity. In addition, the high contents of iron and manganese found the soils could act as micronutrients in the indris' diet. Nevertheless, the concentration of a few elements (i.e., calcium, sulfur, boron, nickel, sodium, and chromium) was higher in non-geophagic than in geophagic soils. In conclusion, the data presented herein provide a baseline for outlining some possible drivers responsible for the gut microbiome diversity in indris, thus laying the foundations for developing further strategies involved in indris' conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Caterina Spiezio
- Department of Animal Health Care and Management, Parco Natura Viva – Garda Zoological Park, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Checcucci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Modesto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luciano Cavani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rose M. Randrianarison
- Groupe d’Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Mention d’Anthropobiologie et de Deìveloppement Durable, Université de Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Sanguinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Camillo Sandri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Animal Health Care and Management, Parco Natura Viva – Garda Zoological Park, Verona, Italy
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20
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Rolle F, Torti V, Valente D, De Gregorio C, Giacoma C, Von Hardenberg A. Sex and age-specific survival and life expectancy in a free ranging population of Indri indri (Gmelin, 1788). The European Zoological Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1947398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Rolle
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - V. Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - D. Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - C. De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - C. Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - A. Von Hardenberg
- Conservation Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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21
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Borruso L, Checcucci A, Torti V, Correa F, Sandri C, Luise D, Cavani L, Modesto M, Spiezio C, Mimmo T, Cesco S, Di Vito M, Bugli F, Randrianarison RM, Gamba M, Rarojoson NJ, Zaborra CA, Mattarelli P, Trevisi P, Giacoma C. I Like the Way You Eat It: Lemur (Indri indri) Gut Mycobiome and Geophagy. Microb Ecol 2021; 82:215-223. [PMID: 33471174 PMCID: PMC8282574 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-020-01677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigated the possible linkages among geophagy, soil characteristics, and gut mycobiome of indri (Indri indri), an endangered lemur species able to survive only in wild conditions. The soil eaten by indri resulted in enriched secondary oxide-hydroxides and clays, together with a high concentration of specific essential micronutrients. This could partially explain the role of the soil in detoxification and as a nutrient supply. Besides, we found that soil subject to geophagy and indris' faeces shared about 8.9% of the fungal OTUs. Also, several genera (e.g. Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium) commonly associated with soil and plant material were found in both geophagic soil and indri samples. On the contrary, some taxa with pathogenic potentials, such as Cryptococcus, were only found in indri samples. Further, many saprotrophs and plant-associated fungal taxa were detected in the indri faeces. These fungal species may be involved in the digestion processes of leaves and could have a beneficial role in their health. In conclusion, we found an intimate connection between gut mycobiome and soil, highlighting, once again, the potential consequent impacts on the wider habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigimaria Borruso
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy.
| | - Alice Checcucci
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Correa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Camillo Sandri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Animal Health Care and Management, Parco Natura Viva - Garda Zoological Park, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Daine Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luciano Cavani
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Modesto
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Spiezio
- Department of Animal Health Care and Management, Parco Natura Viva - Garda Zoological Park, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 5, 39100, Bolzano-Bozen, Italy
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bugli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Rose M Randrianarison
- Groupe d'Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Cité des Professeurs, Fort Duchesne, BP 779, 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Mention d'Anthropobiologie et de Développement Durable (MADD), Université de Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nianja J Rarojoson
- Laboratoire de Pédologie, FOFIFA à Tsimbazaza, BP.1690, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cesare Avesani Zaborra
- Department of Animal Health Care and Management, Parco Natura Viva - Garda Zoological Park, Bussolengo, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Kavanagh E, Street SE, Angwela FO, Bergman TJ, Blaszczyk MB, Bolt LM, Briseño-Jaramillo M, Brown M, Chen-Kraus C, Clay Z, Coye C, Thompson ME, Estrada A, Fichtel C, Fruth B, Gamba M, Giacoma C, Graham KE, Green S, Grueter CC, Gupta S, Gustison ML, Hagberg L, Hedwig D, Jack KM, Kappeler PM, King-Bailey G, Kuběnová B, Lemasson A, Inglis DM, Machanda Z, MacIntosh A, Majolo B, Marshall S, Mercier S, Micheletta J, Muller M, Notman H, Ouattara K, Ostner J, Pavelka MSM, Peckre LR, Petersdorf M, Quintero F, Ramos-Fernández G, Robbins MM, Salmi R, Schamberg I, Schoof VAM, Schülke O, Semple S, Silk JB, Sosa-Lopéz JR, Torti V, Valente D, Ventura R, van de Waal E, Weyher AH, Wilke C, Wrangham R, Young C, Zanoli A, Zuberbühler K, Lameira AR, Slocombe K. Dominance style is a key predictor of vocal use and evolution across nonhuman primates. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:210873. [PMID: 34350023 PMCID: PMC8316807 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal communication has long been thought to be subject to pressures and constraints associated with social relationships. However, our understanding of how the nature and quality of social relationships relates to the use and evolution of communication is limited by a lack of directly comparable methods across multiple levels of analysis. Here, we analysed observational data from 111 wild groups belonging to 26 non-human primate species, to test how vocal communication relates to dominance style (the strictness with which a dominance hierarchy is enforced, ranging from 'despotic' to 'tolerant'). At the individual-level, we found that dominant individuals who were more tolerant vocalized at a higher rate than their despotic counterparts. This indicates that tolerance within a relationship may place pressure on the dominant partner to communicate more during social interactions. At the species-level, however, despotic species exhibited a larger repertoire of hierarchy-related vocalizations than their tolerant counterparts. Findings suggest primate signals are used and evolve in tandem with the nature of interactions that characterize individuals' social relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eithne Kavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Chaucer Building, 50 Shakespeare St, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - Sally E. Street
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Felix O. Angwela
- School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Mountains of the Moon University, PO Box 837, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Thore J. Bergman
- Departments of Psychology, EEB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maryjka B. Blaszczyk
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, 2201 Speedway Stop C3200, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Laura M. Bolt
- Department of Anthropology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2 L 3G1
| | - Margarita Briseño-Jaramillo
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México (UNAM), Circuito exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Copilco, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca (CIIDIR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Municipio de Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca 71230, Mexico
| | - Michelle Brown
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, 552 University Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3210, USA
| | - Chloe Chen-Kraus
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Zanna Clay
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Camille Coye
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus Treliever Road, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
- Human and Animal Ethology (EthoS), University of Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS - UMR6552, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Melissa Emery Thompson
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 500 University Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Alejandro Estrada
- Field Research Station Los Tuxtlas, Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Circuito interior s/n, Ciudad universitaria, Delegacion coyoacan, Mexico City CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Claudia Fichtel
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Fruth
- School of Biological and Environmental Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, 2018 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of the Ecology of Animal Societies, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Bücklestraße 5, 78467 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Kirsty E. Graham
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Samantha Green
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- UWA Africa Research and Engagement Centre, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cyril C. Grueter
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- UWA Africa Research and Engagement Centre, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, 6009 Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shreejata Gupta
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Morgan L. Gustison
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 2415 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Lindsey Hagberg
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Daniela Hedwig
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Katharine M. Jack
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department Sociobiology/Anthropology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gillian King-Bailey
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Barbora Kuběnová
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Alban Lemasson
- Human and Animal Ethology (EthoS), University of Rennes, Normandie University, CNRS, EthoS - UMR6552, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - David MacGregor Inglis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Zarin Machanda
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, 5 The Green, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Andrew MacIntosh
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Bonaventura Majolo
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, Brayford Wharf East LN5 7TS, UK
| | - Sophie Marshall
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stephanie Mercier
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi 3115, South Africa
| | - Jérôme Micheletta
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Evolutionary and Comparative Psychology, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, PO1 2DY Portsmouth, UK
- Macaca Nigra Project, Tangkoko Reserve, PO Box 1495, Bitung, Indonesia
| | - Martin Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 500 University Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Hugh Notman
- Anthropology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Canada
| | - Karim Ouattara
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast
| | - Julia Ostner
- Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mary S. M. Pavelka
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Louise R. Peckre
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Megan Petersdorf
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, 25 Waverly Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fredy Quintero
- Department of Comparative Cognition, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Fernández
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuto Escolar 3000, C.U., 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
- UPIITA, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2580, La Laguna Ticoman, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Martha M. Robbins
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roberta Salmi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, 355 S. Jackson Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Isaac Schamberg
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Valérie A. M. Schoof
- Department of Anthropology, Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
- Department of Biology, York University, Keele Campus, 4700, Keele Street, Toronto, ON Canada, M3J 1P3
| | - Oliver Schülke
- Research Group Primate Social Evolution, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, University Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stuart Semple
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Roehampton, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK
| | - Joan B. Silk
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - J. Roberto Sosa-Lopéz
- CONACYT-Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca (CIIDIR), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Hornos No. 1003, Col. Noche Buena, Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca 71230, Mexico
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ventura
- Scottish Primate Research Group, Division of Psychology, School of Social and Health Sciences, University of Abertay Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Erica van de Waal
- Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi 3115, South Africa
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna H. Weyher
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 240 Hicks Way #217, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Claudia Wilke
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Richard Wrangham
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Christopher Young
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, Republic of South Africa
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Ecosystems Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, Florida 1710, Republic of South Africa
- Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada T1K6T5
| | - Anna Zanoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, via Accademia Albertina, 13, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Department of Anthropology, Tufts University, 5 The Green, Medford, MA 02155, USA
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, South Street, St. Mary's Quad, South Street, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
| | - Adriano R. Lameira
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, South Street, St. Mary's Quad, South Street, St. Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, University Road, Humanities Building, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Katie Slocombe
- Department of Psychology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Zanoli A, De Gregorio C, Valente D, Torti V, Bonadonna G, Randrianarison RM, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Sexually dimorphic phrase organization in the song of the indris (Indri indri). Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23132. [PMID: 32277718 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal acoustic communication often takes the form of complex sequences, composed of multiple distinct acoustic units, which can vary in their degree of stereotypy. Studies of sequence variation may contribute to our understanding of the structural flexibility of primates' songs, which can provide essential ecological and behavioral information about variability at the individual, population, and specific level and provide insights into the mechanisms and drivers responsible for the evolutionary change of communicative traits. Several methods have been used for investigating different levels of structural information and sequence similarity in acoustic displays. We studied intra and interindividual variation in the song structuring of a singing primate, the indri (Indri indri), which inhabits the montane rain forests of Madagascar. Indri groups emit duets and choruses in which they combine long notes, short single units, and phrases consisting of a variable number of units (from two to six) with slightly descending frequency. Males' and females' contributions to the song differ in the temporal and frequency structure of song units and repertoire size. We calculated the similarity of phrase organization across different individual contributions using the Levenshtein distance, a logic distance that expressed the minimum cost to convert a sequence into another and can measure differences between two sequences of data. We then analyzed the degree of similarity within and between individuals and found that: (a) the phrase structure of songs varied between reproductive males and females: female structuring of the song showed a higher number of phrases if compared to males; (b) male contributions to the song were overall more similar to those of other males than were female contributions to the song of other females; (c) male contributions were more stereotyped than female contributions, which showed greater individual flexibility. The picture emerging from phrase combinatorics in the indris is in agreement with previous findings of rhythmic features and song repertoire size of the indris, which also suggested that female songs are potentially less stereotyped than those of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zanoli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bonadonna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rose Marie Randrianarison
- Groupe d'Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Mention d'Anthropobiologie et de Développement Durable (MADD), Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Bonadonna G, Zaccagno M, Torti V, Valente D, De Gregorio C, Randrianarison RM, Tan C, Gamba M, Giacoma C. Intra- and Intergroup Spatial Dynamics of a Pair-Living Singing Primate, Indri indri: A Multiannual Study of Three Indri Groups in Maromizaha Forest, Madagascar. INT J PRIMATOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-019-00127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bonadonna G, Torti V, Gregorio C, Valente D, Randrianarison RM, Pozzi L, Gamba M, Giacoma C. Evidence of genetic monogamy in the lemur Indri (Indri indri). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22993. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Bonadonna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorino Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorino Italy
| | - Chiara Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorino Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorino Italy
| | - Rose Marie Randrianarison
- Research and Training DivisionGroup d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP)Antananarivo Madagascar
| | - Luca Pozzi
- Department of AnthropologyThe University of Texas at San AntonioSan Antonio Texas
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorino Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems BiologyUniversity of TorinoTorino Italy
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Valente D, De Gregorio C, Torti V, Miaretsoa L, Friard O, Randrianarison RM, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Finding Meanings in Low Dimensional Structures: Stochastic Neighbor Embedding Applied to the Analysis of Indri indri Vocal Repertoire. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9050243. [PMID: 31096675 PMCID: PMC6562776 DOI: 10.3390/ani9050243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The description of the vocal repertoire represents a critical step before deepening other aspects of animal behaviour. Repertoires may contain both discrete vocalizations—acoustically distinct and distinguishable from each other—or graded ones, with a less rigid acoustic structure. The gradation level is one of the causes that make repertoires challenging to be objectively quantified. Indeed, the higher the level of gradation in a system, the higher the complexity in grouping its components. A large sample of Indri indri calls was divided into ten putative categories from the acoustic similarity among them. We extracted frequency and duration parameters and then performed two different analyses that were able to group the calls accordingly to the a priori categories, indicating the presence of ten robust vocal classes. The analyses also showed a neat grouping of discrete vocalizations and a weaker classification of graded ones. Abstract Although there is a growing number of researches focusing on acoustic communication, the lack of shared analytic approaches leads to inconsistency among studies. Here, we introduced a computational method used to examine 3360 calls recorded from wild indris (Indri indri) from 2005–2018. We split each sound into ten portions of equal length and, from each portion we extracted spectral coefficients, considering frequency values up to 15,000 Hz. We submitted the set of acoustic features first to a t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding algorithm, then to a hard-clustering procedure using a k-means algorithm. The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) mapping indicated the presence of eight different groups, consistent with the acoustic structure of the a priori identification of calls, while the cluster analysis revealed that an overlay between distinct call types might exist. Our results indicated that the t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), successfully been employed in several studies, showed a good performance also in the analysis of indris’ repertoire and may open new perspectives towards the achievement of shared methodical techniques for the comparison of animal vocal repertoires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Valente
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Valeria Torti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Olivier Friard
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Rose Marie Randrianarison
- Group d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.
- Mention d'Anthropobiologie et de Développement Durable (MADD), Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marco Gamba
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy.
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Riondato I, Donno D, Roman A, Razafintsalama VE, Petit T, Mellano MG, Torti V, De Biaggi M, Rakotoniaina EN, Giacoma C, Beccaro GL. First ethnobotanical inventory and phytochemical analysis of plant species used by indigenous people living in the Maromizaha forest, Madagascar. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 232:73-89. [PMID: 30521979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Characterized by one of the highest rates of endemism and biodiversity in the world, Madagascar provides a wide variety of medicinal plants, that could represent a potential source of new drugs. The main aim of this study was to investigate the potential medicinal properties of the plant species used by indigenous people in Maromizaha forest and to provide the first ethnobotanical inventory of the area. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected through open semi-structured interviews with local informants, the reported plants were collected and identified to create a specimen herbarium. Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) was calculated for each ailment category mentioned in the use-reports. A selection of seven medicinal plants was submitted to phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis. The results were discussed and compared with those described in ethnobotanical and pharmacological literature. RESULTS One hundred and three villagers were interviewed and a total of 509 use-reports were recorded. Information on 117 plant species belonging to 57 botanical families were provided. 12 categories of indigenous uses were recognized, among them the higher ICF values were recorded for cardiovascular complaints (0.75), general and unspecific diseases (0.74), digestive disorders (0.69), and diseases of the skin (0.55). The traditional medicinal uses of 18 species (15 endemic) were described for the first time. In total, 22 different bioactive compounds were identified; polyphenols, monoterpenes, organic acids, and vitamin C were observed in the chemical composition of all the analyzed samples. Macaranga perrieri showed the highest values of both total polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was observed in leaf and bark extracts of Dilobeia thouarsii. CONCLUSION These results confirmed the importance of investigating the traditional use of plant species, suggesting the crucial role of ethnobotanical studies for rural development, biodiversity conservation, and the sustainable use of plant resources in the studied area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Riondato
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Dario Donno
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Roman
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Thomas Petit
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et des Sciences des Aliments, Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France; Département Génie Biologique, IUT, Université de La Réunion, La Réunion, France
| | | | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta De Biaggi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ernest Naivonirina Rakotoniaina
- Département de Biologie et Écologie Végétales, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar; Institute Malgaches des Recherches Appliqués, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gabriele Loris Beccaro
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Torti V, Valente D, De Gregorio C, Comazzi C, Miaretsoa L, Ratsimbazafy J, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Call and be counted! Can we reliably estimate the number of callers in the indri's (Indri indri) song? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201664. [PMID: 30075022 PMCID: PMC6075759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating the number of animals participating in a choral display may contribute reliable information on animal population estimates, particularly when environmental or behavioral factors restrict the possibility of visual surveys. Difficulties in providing a reliable estimate of the number of singers in a chorus are many (e.g., background noise masking, overlap). In this work, we contributed data on the vocal chorusing of the indri lemurs (Indri indri), which emit howling cries, known as songs, uttered by two to five individuals. We examined whether we could estimate the number of emitters in a chorus by screening the fundamental frequency in the spectrograms and the total duration of the songs, and the reliability of those methods when compared to the real chorus size. The spectrographic investigation appears to provide reliable information on the number of animals participating in the chorusing only when this number is limited to two or three singers. We also found that the Acoustic Complexity Index positively correlated with the real chorus size, showing that an automated analysis of the chorus may provide information about the number of singers. We can state that song duration shows a correlation with the number of emitters but also shows a remarkable variation that remains unexplained. The accuracy of the estimates can reflect the high variability in chorus size, which could be affected by group composition, season and context. In future research, a greater focus on analyzing frequency change occurring during these collective vocal displays should improve our ability to detect individuals and allow a finer tuning of the acoustic methods that may serve for monitoring chorusing mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Carlo Comazzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Longondraza Miaretsoa
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Group d’Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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De Gregorio C, Zanoli A, Valente D, Torti V, Bonadonna G, Randrianarison RM, Giacoma C, Gamba M. Female indris determine the rhythmic structure of the song and sustain a higher cost when the chorus size increases. Curr Zool 2018; 65:89-97. [PMID: 30697244 PMCID: PMC6347063 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the behavioral traits shared by some nonhuman primate species and humans there is singing. Unfortunately, our understanding of animals’ rhythmic abilities is still in its infancy. Indris are the only lemurs who sing and live in monogamous pairs, usually forming a group with their offspring. All adult members of a group usually participate in choruses that are emitted regularly and play a role in advertising territorial occupancy and intergroup spacing. Males and females emit phrases that have similar frequency ranges but may differ in their temporal structure. We examined whether the individuals’ contribution to the song may change according to chorus size, the total duration of the song or the duration of the individual contribution using the inter-onset intervals within a phrase and between phrases. We found that the rhythmic structure of indri’s songs depends on factors that are different for males and females. We showed that females have significantly higher variation in the rhythm of their contribution to the song and that, changes according to chorus size. Our findings indicate that female indris sustain a higher cost of singing than males when the number of singers increases. These results suggest that cross-species investigations will be crucial to understanding the evolutionary frame in which such sexually dimorphic traits occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina, Torino, Italia
| | - Anna Zanoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parma, Italia
| | - Daria Valente
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina, Torino, Italia
| | - Valeria Torti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina, Torino, Italia
| | - Giovanna Bonadonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina, Torino, Italia
| | - Rose Marie Randrianarison
- Group d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Département de Anthropobiologie et Développement Durable, Université d'Antananarivo, Faculté des Sciences, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina, Torino, Italia
| | - Marco Gamba
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina, Torino, Italia
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Torti V, Bonadonna G, De Gregorio C, Valente D, Randrianarison RM, Friard O, Pozzi L, Gamba M, Giacoma C. An intra-population analysis of the indris' song dissimilarity in the light of genetic distance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10140. [PMID: 28860569 PMCID: PMC5579264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in the evolution of human language has led several fields of research to focus on primate vocal communication. The 'singing primates', which produce elaborated and complex sequences of vocalizations, are of particular interest for this topic. Indris (Indri indri) are the only singing lemurs and emit songs whose most distinctive portions are "descending phrases" consisting of 2-5 units. We examined how the structure of the indris' phrases varied with genetic relatedness among individuals. We tested whether the acoustic structure could provide conspecifics with information about individual identity and group membership. When analyzing phrase dissimilarity and genetic distance of both sexes, we found significant results for males but not for females. We found that similarity of male song-phrases correlates with kin in both time and frequency parameters, while, for females, this information is encoded only in the frequency of a single type. Song phrases have consistent individual-specific features, but we did not find any potential for advertising group membership. We emphasize the fact that genetic and social factors may play a role in the acoustic plasticity of female indris. Altogether, these findings open a new perspective for future research on the possibility of vocal production learning in these primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bonadonna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara De Gregorio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rose Marie Randrianarison
- Département de Paléontologie et d'Anthropologie Biologique, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Groupe d'étude et de recherche sur les primates de Madagascar (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Olivier Friard
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Pozzi
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, United States of America
| | - Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Bonadonna G, Torti V, Sorrentino V, Randrianarison RM, Zaccagno M, Gamba M, Tan CL, Giacoma C. Territory exclusivity and intergroup encounters in the indris (Mammalia: Primates: Indridae: Indri indri) upon methodological tuning. The European Zoological Journal 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1318184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Bonadonna
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - V. Torti
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - V. Sorrentino
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - R. M. Randrianarison
- GERP (Group d’Étude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - M. Zaccagno
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M. Gamba
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - C. L. Tan
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - C. Giacoma
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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Gamba M, Torti V, Estienne V, Randrianarison RM, Valente D, Rovara P, Bonadonna G, Friard O, Giacoma C. The Indris Have Got Rhythm! Timing and Pitch Variation of a Primate Song Examined between Sexes and Age Classes. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:249. [PMID: 27378834 PMCID: PMC4908265 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial, common feature of speech and music is that they show non-random structures over time. It is an open question which of the other species share rhythmic abilities with humans, but in most cases the lack of knowledge about their behavioral displays prevents further studies. Indris are the only lemurs who sing. They produce loud howling cries that can be heard at several kilometers, in which all members of a group usually sing. We tested whether overlapping and turn-taking during the songs followed a precise pattern by analysing the temporal structure of the individuals' contribution to the song. We found that both dominants (males and females) and non-dominants influenced the onset timing one another. We have found that the dominant male and the dominant female in a group overlapped each other more frequently than they did with the non-dominants. We then focused on the temporal and frequency structure of particular phrases occurring during the song. Our results show that males and females have dimorphic inter-onset intervals during the phrases. Moreover, median frequencies of the unit emitted in the phrases also differ between the sexes, with males showing higher frequencies when compared to females. We have not found an effect of age on the temporal and spectral structure of the phrases. These results indicate that singing in indris has a high behavioral flexibility and varies according to social and individual factors. The flexible spectral structure of the phrases given during the song may underlie perceptual abilities that are relatively unknown in other non-human primates, such as the ability to recognize particular pitch patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gamba
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Valeria Torti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Vittoria Estienne
- Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzig, Germany
| | - Rose M. Randrianarison
- Département de Paléontologie et d'Anthropologie Biologique, Faculté des Sciences, Université d'AntananarivoAntananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Daria Valente
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovara
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bonadonna
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Olivier Friard
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Cristina Giacoma
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
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Torti V, Gamba M, Rabemananjara ZH, Giacoma C. The songs of the indris (Mammalia: Primates: Indridae): contextual variation in the long-distance calls of a lemur. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/11250003.2013.845261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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