1
|
Zhang YE, Stuelten CH. Alternative splicing in EMT and TGF-β signaling during cancer progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2024; 101:1-11. [PMID: 38614376 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2024.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a physiological process during development where epithelial cells transform to acquire mesenchymal characteristics, which allows them to migrate and colonize secondary tissues. Many cellular signaling pathways and master transcriptional factors exert a myriad of controls to fine tune this vital process to meet various developmental and physiological needs. Adding to the complexity of this network are post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations. Among them, alternative splicing has been shown to play important roles to drive EMT-associated phenotypic changes, including actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell-cell junction changes, cell motility and invasiveness. In advanced cancers, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a major inducer of EMT and is associated with tumor cell metastasis, cancer stem cell self-renewal, and drug resistance. This review aims to provide an overview of recent discoveries regarding alternative splicing events and the involvement of splicing factors in the EMT and TGF-β signaling. It will emphasize the importance of various splicing factors involved in EMT and explore their regulatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Christina H Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stuelten CH, Melis N, Subramanian B, Tang Y, Kimicata M, Fisher JP, Weigert R, Zhang YE. Smurf2 Regulates Inflammation and Collagen Processing in Cutaneous Wound Healing through Transforming Growth Factor-β/Smad3 Signaling. Am J Pathol 2022; 192:1699-1711. [PMID: 36063900 PMCID: PMC9765313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing is a highly conserved process that restores the integrity and functionality of injured tissues. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a master regulator of wound healing, whose signaling is attenuated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf2. Herein, the roles of Smurf2 in cutaneous wound healing were examined using a murine incisional cutaneous model. Loss of Smurf2 increased early inflammation in the wounds and led to narrower wounds with greater breaking strength. Loss of Smurf2 also led to more linearized collagen bundles in normal and wounded skin. Gene expression analyses by real-time quantitative PCR indicated that Smurf2-deficient fibroblasts had increased levels of TGF-β/Smad3 signaling and changes in expression profile of genes related to matrix turnover. The effect of Smurf2 loss on wound healing and collagen bundling was attenuated by the heterozygous loss of Smad3. Together, these results show that Smurf2 affects inflammation and collagen processing in cutaneous wounds by down-regulating TGF-β/Smad3 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina H Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicolas Melis
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bhagawat Subramanian
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yi Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Megan Kimicata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park SA, Lim YJ, Ku WL, Zhang D, Cui K, Tang LY, Chia C, Zanvit P, Chen Z, Jin W, Wang D, Xu J, Liu O, Wang F, Cain A, Guo N, Nakatsukasa H, Wu C, Zhang YE, Zhao K, Chen W. Opposing functions of circadian protein DBP and atypical E2F family E2F8 in anti-tumor Th9 cell differentiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6069. [PMID: 36241625 PMCID: PMC9568563 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-9 (IL-9)-producing CD4+ T helper cells (Th9) have been implicated in allergy/asthma and anti-tumor immunity, yet molecular insights on their differentiation from activated T cells, driven by IL-4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), is still lacking. Here we show opposing functions of two transcription factors, D-binding protein (DBP) and E2F8, in controlling Th9 differentiation. Specifically, TGF-β and IL-4 signaling induces phosphorylation of the serine 213 site in the linker region of the Smad3 (pSmad3L-Ser213) via phosphorylated p38, which is necessary and sufficient for Il9 gene transcription. We identify DBP and E2F8 as an activator and repressor, respectively, for Il9 transcription by pSmad3L-Ser213. Notably, Th9 cells with siRNA-mediated knockdown for Dbp or E2f8 promote and suppress tumor growth, respectively, in mouse tumor models. Importantly, DBP and E2F8 also exhibit opposing functions in regulating human TH9 differentiation in vitro. Thus, our data uncover a molecular mechanism of Smad3 linker region-mediated, opposing functions of DBP and E2F8 in Th9 differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-A Park
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Yun-Ji Lim
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Wai Lim Ku
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Systemic Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Kairong Cui
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Systemic Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Liu-Ya Tang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Cheryl Chia
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Zuojia Chen
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Junji Xu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Ousheng Liu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Fu Wang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Alexander Cain
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Nancy Guo
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Hiroko Nakatsukasa
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Chuan Wu
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Systemic Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| | - WanJun Chen
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive, Bethesda, 20892 MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang LY, Spezia M, Chen T, Shin JH, Wang F, Stappenbeck F, Lebensohn AM, Parhami F, Zhang YE. Oxysterol derivatives Oxy186 and Oxy210 inhibit WNT signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:119. [PMID: 35908024 PMCID: PMC9338492 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00857-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental signaling pathways such as those of Hedgehog (HH) and WNT play critical roles in cancer stem cell self-renewal, migration, and differentiation. They are often constitutively activated in many human malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Previously, we reported that two oxysterol derivatives, Oxy186 and Oxy210, are potent inhibitors of HH/GLI signaling and NSCLC cancer cell growth. In addition, we also showed that Oxy210 is a potent inhibitor of TGF-β/SMAD signaling. In this follow-up study, we further explore the mechanism of action by which these oxysterols control NSCLC cell proliferation and tumor growth. RESULTS Using a GLI-responsive luciferase reporter assay, we show here that HH ligand could not mount a signaling response in the NSCLC cell line A549, even though Oxy186 and Oxy210 still inhibited non-canonical GLI activity and suppressed the proliferation of A549 cells. Further, we uncover an unexpected activity of these two oxysterols in inhibiting the WNT/β-catenin signaling at the level of LRP5/6 membrane receptors. We also show that in a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model generated from A549 cells, Oxy186, but not Oxy210, exhibits strong inhibition of tumor growth. Subsequent RNA-seq analysis of the xenograft tumor tissue reveal that the WNT/β-catenin pathway is the target of Oxy186 in vivo. CONCLUSION The oxysterols Oxy186 and Oxy210 both possess inhibitory activity towards WNT/β-catenin signaling, and Oxy186 is also a potent inhibitor of NSCLC tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Ya Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Building 37, RM 2056B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marie Spezia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Building 37, RM 2056B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Building 37, RM 2056B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jee-Hye Shin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Building 37, RM 2056B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- Max Biopharma. Inc, 2870 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Frank Stappenbeck
- Max Biopharma. Inc, 2870 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Andres M Lebensohn
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Building 37, RM 2056B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Farhad Parhami
- Max Biopharma. Inc, 2870 Colorado Avenue, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, NIH, Building 37, RM 2056B, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) is a key regulator of embryonic development, adult tissue homeostasis, and lesion repair. In tumors, TGF-β is a potent inhibitor of early stage tumorigenesis and promotes late stage tumor progression and metastasis. Here, we review the roles of TGF-β as well as components of its signaling pathways in tumorigenesis. We will discuss how a core property of TGF-β, namely its ability to change cell differentiation, leads to the transition of epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts to a myofibroblastoid phenotype, changes differentiation and polarization of immune cells, and induces metabolic reprogramming of cells, all of which contribute to the progression of epithelial tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tang LY, Thomas A, Zhou M, Zhang YE. Phosphorylation of SMURF2 by ATM exerts a negative feedback control of DNA damage response. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18485-18493. [PMID: 33097595 PMCID: PMC9350827 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential to maintaining genomic integrity and preventing illnesses induced by genetic abnormalities. We previously demonstrated that the E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF2 plays a critical tumor suppressing role via its interaction with RNF20 (ring finger protein 20) in shaping chromatin landscape and preserving genomic stability. However, the mechanism that mobilizes SMURF2 in response to DNA damage remains unclear. Using biochemical approaches and MS analysis, we show that upon the onset of the DNA-damage response, SMURF2 becomes phosphorylated at Ser384 by ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) serine/threonine kinase, and this phosphorylation is required for its interaction with RNF20. We demonstrate that a SMURF2 mutant with an S384A substitution has reduced capacity to ubiquitinate RNF20 while promoting Smad3 ubiquitination unabatedly. More importantly, mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing the SMURF2 S384A mutant show a weakened ability to sustain the DSB response compared with those expressing WT SMURF2 following etoposide treatment. These data indicate that SMURF2-mediated RNF20 ubiquitination and degradation controlled by ataxia telangiectasia mutated-induced phosphorylation at Ser384 constitutes a negative feedback loop that regulates DSB repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Ya Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Thomas
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Budi EH, Hoffman S, Gao S, Zhang YE, Derynck R. Integration of TGF-β-induced Smad signaling in the insulin-induced transcriptional response in endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16992. [PMID: 31740700 PMCID: PMC6861289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53490-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling governs many processes including glucose homeostasis and metabolism, and is therapeutically used to treat hyperglycemia in diabetes. We demonstrated that insulin-induced Akt activation enhances the sensitivity to TGF-β by directing an increase in cell surface TGF-β receptors from a pool of intracellular TGF-β receptors. Consequently, increased autocrine TGF-β signaling in response to insulin participates in insulin-induced angiogenic responses of endothelial cells. With TGF-β signaling controlling many cell responses, including differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition, and pathologically promoting fibrosis and cancer cell dissemination, we addressed to which extent autocrine TGF-β signaling participates in insulin-induced gene responses of human endothelial cells. Transcriptome analyses of the insulin response, in the absence or presence of a TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor, revealed substantial positive and negative contributions of autocrine TGF-β signaling in insulin-responsive gene responses. Furthermore, insulin-induced responses of many genes depended on or resulted from autocrine TGF-β signaling. Our analyses also highlight extensive contributions of autocrine TGF-β signaling to basal gene expression in the absence of insulin, and identified many novel TGF-β-responsive genes. This data resource may aid in the appreciation of the roles of autocrine TGF-β signaling in normal physiological responses to insulin, and implications of therapeutic insulin usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0669, USA
| | - Steven Hoffman
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0669, USA
| | - Shaojian Gao
- Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1906, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4256, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Departments of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Anatomy, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0669, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tu E, Chia CPZ, Chen W, Zhang D, Park SA, Jin W, Wang D, Alegre ML, Zhang YE, Sun L, Chen W. T Cell Receptor-Regulated TGF-β Type I Receptor Expression Determines T Cell Quiescence and Activation. Immunity 2019; 48:745-759.e6. [PMID: 29669252 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how quiescence is enforced in naive T cells, but activation by foreign antigens and self-antigens is allowed, despite the presence of inhibitory signals. We showed that active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling was present in naive T cells, and T cell receptor (TCR) engagement reduced TGF-β signaling during T cell activation by downregulating TGF-β type 1 receptor (TβRI) through activation of caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 11 (CARD11) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). TGF-β prevented TCR-mediated TβRI downregulation, but this was abrogated by interleukin-6 (IL-6). Mitigation of TCR-mediated TβRI downregulation through overexpression of TβRI in naive and activated T cells rendered T cells less responsive and suppressed autoimmunity. Naive T cells in autoimmune patients exhibited reduced TβRI expression and increased TCR-driven proliferation compared to healthy subjects. Thus, TCR-mediated regulation of TβRI-TGF-β signaling acts as a crucial criterion to determine T cell quiescence and activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cheryl P Z Chia
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sang A Park
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dandan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tripathi V, Shin JH, Stuelten CH, Zhang YE. TGF-β-induced alternative splicing of TAK1 promotes EMT and drug resistance. Oncogene 2019; 38:3185-3200. [PMID: 30626936 PMCID: PMC6486402 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is major inducer of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which associates with cancer cell metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy and targeted drugs, through both transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms. We previously reported that in cancer cells, heightened mitogenic signaling allows TGF-β-activated Smad3 to interact with poly(RC) binding protein 1 (PCBP1) and together they regulate many alternative splicing events that favors expression of protein isoforms essential for EMT, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and adherens junction signaling. Here, we show that the exclusion of TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) variable exon 12 requires another RNA-binding protein, Fox-1 homolog 2 (Rbfox2), which binds intronic sequences in front of exon 12 independently of the Smad3-PCBP1 complex. Functionally, exon 12-excluded TAK1∆E12 and full length TAK1FL are distinct. The short isoform TAK1∆E12 is constitutively active and supports TGF-β-induced EMT and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, whereas the full-length isoform TAK1FL promotes TGF-β-induced apoptosis. These observations offer a harmonious explanation for how a single TAK1 kinase can mediate the opposing responses of cell survival and apoptosis in response to TGF-β. They also reveal a propensity of the alternatively spliced TAK1 isoform TAK1∆E12 to cause drug resistance due to its activity in supporting EMT and NF-κB survival signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Tripathi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jee-Hye Shin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Christina H Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu K, Tang Y, Xu X, Dang H, Tang LY, Wang X, Wang XW, Zhang YE. Non-proteolytic ubiquitin modification of PPARγ by Smurf1 protects the liver from steatosis. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e3000091. [PMID: 30566427 PMCID: PMC6317813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in the liver and other metabolic syndrome symptoms, but its molecular genetic causes are not completely understood. Here, we show that mice deficient for ubiquitin ligase (E3) Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) spontaneously develop hepatic steatosis as they age and exhibit the exacerbated phenotype under a high-fat diet (HFD). Our data indicate that loss of Smurf1 up-regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its target genes involved in lipid synthesis and fatty acid uptake. We further show that PPARγ is a direct substrate of Smurf1-mediated non-proteolytic lysine 63 (K63)-linked ubiquitin modification that suppresses its transcriptional activity, and treatment of Smurf1-deficient mice with a PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, completely reversed the lipid accumulation in the liver. Finally, we demonstrate an inverse correlation of low SMURF1 expression to high body mass index (BMI) values in human patients, thus revealing a new role of SMURF1 in NAFLD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yi Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuan Xu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hien Dang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Liu-Ya Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xin Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hao X, He YH, Zhang YE, Liu XW, Gu XY. P6333Fetal echocardiographic features and whole genome sequencing results of ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.p6333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- X Hao
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Echocardiography Department, Beijing, China People's Republic of
| | - Y H He
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Echocardiography Department, Beijing, China People's Republic of
| | - Y E Zhang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Echocardiography Department, Beijing, China People's Republic of
| | - X W Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Echocardiography Department, Beijing, China People's Republic of
| | - X Y Gu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Echocardiography Department, Beijing, China People's Republic of
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) is a HECT domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase. Together with its closely related homolog Smurf1, Smurf2 was initially recognized as a negative regulator of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, but subsequent studies have expanded its function to regulate many different signaling pathways and play important roles in genomic stability, cell polarity, tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis. Mice with conventional knockout of Smurf1 or Smurf2 alleles are viable, but conventional Smurf1 and Smurf2 double knockout mice were early embryonic lethal. In order to study the physiological function of Smurfs during late stage of embryonic development or in adult animals, we generated Smurf2flox/flox mice carrying a targeted mutation for conditional Smurf2 gene inactivation. We demonstrated that Cre-mediated recombination using Alb-Cre, a Cre line expressed in hepatocyte, results in specific deletion of the gene in liver tissue. We also showed that Cre-mediated recombination in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with Smurf2flox/flox genotype resulted in generation of Smurf2 knockout MEFs, and Smurf2 deficiency affects multiple signaling pathways. Therefore, this animal model will be useful to study the distinct roles of Smurf2 in different tissues at different ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Liu-Ya Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Xuan Xu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Cuiling Li
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.,Present address: Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) controls a wide range of cellular functions by activating both SMADs and non-SMAD pathways. In different tissue or physiological environment, cellular responses to TGF-β can be diverse, even opposite. Complex regulations at the level of ligand mobilization, receptor presentation, and the network of intracellular signal transducers afford the TGF-β pathway with versatile means to induce precise cellular responses in accordance to specific contextual demands. This article summarizes recent development in how cells manage their responses to TGF-β through ligand activation, receptor abundance, as well as SMAD-dependent and SMAD-independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tripathi V, Sixt KM, Xu X, Zhang YE. Abstract 3032: Direct regulation of alternative splicing by Smad3 through PCBP1 is essential to the tumor-promoting role of transforming growth factor beta1. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-3032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In advanced stages of cancers, TGF- β promotes tumor progression in conjunction with inputs from receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. However, the mechanisms that underpin the signaling cooperation and convert TGF- β from a potent growth inhibitor to a tumor promoter are not fully understood. In this work we report that TGF- β directly regulates alternative splicing of cancer stem cell marker CD44 through a phosphorylated T179 of SMAD3-mediated interaction with RNA-binding protein PCBP1. We show that TGF- β and EGF respectively induce SMAD3 and PCBP1 to colocalize in SC35 positive nuclear speckles, and the two proteins interact in the variable exon region of CD44 pre-mRNA to inhibit spliceosome assembly in favor of expressing the mesenchymal isoform CD44s over the epithelial isoform CD44E. We further show that the SMAD3-mediated alternative splicing is essential to the tumor-promoting role of TGF- β and has a global influence on protein products of genes instrumental to epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis.
Citation Format: Veenu Tripathi, Katherine M. Sixt, Xuan Xu, Ying E. Zhang. Direct regulation of alternative splicing by Smad3 through PCBP1 is essential to the tumor-promoting role of transforming growth factor beta1 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3032. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3032
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuan Xu
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tripathi V, Zhang YE. Redirecting RNA splicing by SMAD3 turns TGF-β into a tumor promoter. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1265699. [PMID: 28197539 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1265699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a well-known growth inhibitor of normal epithelial cells, but it is also secreted by solid tumors to promote cancer progression. Our recent discovery of SMAD3-PCBP1 complex with direct RNA-binding properties has shed light on how this conversion is implemented by controlling pre-mRNA splicing patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Tripathi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-Smad signaling pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce, attenuate, or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which non-Smad signaling pathways are directly activated in response to ligand binding, how activation of these pathways impinges on Smads and non-Smad targets, and how final cellular responses are affected in response to these noncanonical signaling modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and structurally related factors use several intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smad signaling to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-Smad signaling pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce, attenuate, or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which non-Smad signaling pathways are directly activated in response to ligand binding, how activation of these pathways impinges on Smads and non-Smad targets, and how final cellular responses are affected in response to these noncanonical signaling modes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tang LY, Heller M, Meng Z, Yu LR, Tang Y, Zhou M, Zhang YE. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Directly Activates the JAK1-STAT3 Axis to Induce Hepatic Fibrosis in Coordination with the SMAD Pathway. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4302-4312. [PMID: 28154170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signals through both SMAD and non-SMAD pathways to elicit a wide array of biological effects. Existing data have shown the association and coordination between STATs and SMADs in mediating TGF-β functions in hepatic cells, but it is not clear how STATs are activated under these circumstances. Here, we report that JAK1 is a constitutive TGFβRI binding protein and is absolutely required for phosphorylation of STATs in a SMAD-independent manner within minutes of TGF-β stimulation. Following the activation of SMADs, TGF-β also induces a second phase of STAT phosphorylation that requires SMADs, de novo protein synthesis, and contribution from JAK1. Our global gene expression profiling indicates that the non-SMAD JAK1/STAT pathway is essential for the expression of a subset of TGF-β target genes in hepatic stellate cells, and the cooperation between the JAK1-STAT3 and SMAD pathways is critical to the roles of TGF-β in liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Ya Tang
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - Mary Heller
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - Zhaojing Meng
- the Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Li-Rong Yu
- the Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Yi Tang
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| | - Ming Zhou
- the Protein Characterization Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Ying E Zhang
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tripathi V, Sixt KM, Gao S, Xu X, Huang J, Weigert R, Zhou M, Zhang YE. Direct Regulation of Alternative Splicing by SMAD3 through PCBP1 Is Essential to the Tumor-Promoting Role of TGF-β. Mol Cell 2016; 64:549-564. [PMID: 27746021 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In advanced stages of cancers, TGF-β promotes tumor progression in conjunction with inputs from receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. However, mechanisms that underpin the signaling cooperation and convert TGF-β from a potent growth inhibitor to a tumor promoter are not fully understood. We report here that TGF-β directly regulates alternative splicing of cancer stem cell marker CD44 through a phosphorylated T179 of SMAD3-mediated interaction with RNA-binding protein PCBP1. We show that TGF-β and EGF respectively induce SMAD3 and PCBP1 to colocalize in SC35-positive nuclear speckles, and the two proteins interact in the variable exon region of CD44 pre-mRNA to inhibit spliceosome assembly in favor of expressing the mesenchymal isoform CD44s over the epithelial isoform CD44E. We further show that the SMAD3-mediated alternative splicing is essential to the tumor-promoting role of TGF-β and has a global influence on protein products of genes instrumental to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veenu Tripathi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine M Sixt
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shaojian Gao
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuan Xu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Laboratory of Protein Characterization, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Jing Z, Li L, Wang X, Wang M, Cai Y, Jin ZI, Zhang YE. High c-Cbl expression in gliomas is associated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2787-2791. [PMID: 27073553 PMCID: PMC4812512 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl) expression has been linked to the development of several types of cancer. However, no studies on the association of c-Cbl and glioma have been published thus far. The present study examined glioma samples obtained from 136 patients treated at The First Hospital of China Medical University (Shenyang, China) from January 2007 to December 2009, and the expression levels of c-Cbl in the samples were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and subjected to Cox regression analysis. The messenger RNA and protein levels of c-Cbl were observed to be upregulated in high-grade glioma, compared with low-grade glioma. A multivariate analysis revealed that the protein levels of c-Cbl were independently associated with overall survival [hazard ratio (HR)=4.923, 95% confidence interval (CI)=3.163–7.662; P<0.001]. Furthermore, the grade of the glioma (according to the World Health Organization criteria) was observed to be independent prognostic factors for progression-free survival and overall survival time (HR=8.842, 95% CI=7.827–9.989; P<0.001, and HR=10.247, 95% CI=9.009–11.655; P<0.001, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test indicated that high protein expression levels of c-Cbl were significantly associated with overall and progression-free survival (P<0.001). To the best of our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence that the overexpression of c-Cbl is correlated with advanced clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in patients with glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Jing
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Minghao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Z I Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Y E Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
DU HP, Yang QQ, Zhang YE. Bortezomib-based chemotherapy to treat refractory angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:2310-2314. [PMID: 26998168 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of aggressive neoplasms that account for <15% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases in adults. Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) is a specific subtype of PTCL. The tumor is frequently aggressive and there is currently no general consensus regarding an effective treatment strategy. The present study reports a case in which bortezomib combined with dexamethasone was used to treat refractory AITL. A 63-year-old woman was admitted to Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (Zhejiang, China) on August 17, 2013. The patient had been diagnosed with AITL for 4 months and had experienced a relapse of symptoms for the 4 days prior to admission. The patient demonstrated fever and dyspnea, accompanied by severe edema in the face and lower limbs, which later spread to the right upper limb. The patient was treated with bortezomib plus dexamethasone, which rapidly relieved the symptoms. The patient was subsequently administered an additional 2 cycles of bortezomib-based chemotherapy and survived for an additional 4 months, prior to succumbing to the disease. Only a small number of studies have reported the use of bortezomib in the treatment of T-cell lymphoma. The present study suggested that bortezomib-based treatment may be a reliable, safe and effective alternative for the treatment of relapsed/refractory PTCL. The efficacy of bortezomib as a treatment for PTCL requires additional evaluation in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Ping DU
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Yang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Y E Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cheng X, Zhang YE, Lu X, Lu Y, Chen Z. The involvement of central beta-endorphin in the cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning mediated by the intracerebroventricular administration of morphine. Ir J Med Sci 2015; 185:423-31. [PMID: 25971466 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-015-1308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioids can mimic the effects of remote cardiac preconditioning and mediate a subsequent reduction in myocardial infarct size. AIM This study investigated the role of beta-endorphin (β-EP) in intracerebroventricular morphine cardioprotection. METHODS Anesthetized, open-chest, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 1 of 9 treatment groups 3 days after intracerebroventricular catheter placement. Remote preconditioning was induced with 3 μg/kg of morphine. The β-EP antagonist was administered via intracerebroventricular or intravenous routes either 10 min before or immediately after morphine or saline administration. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was caused by 30 min of left coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. The infarct size, as a percentage of the area at risk, was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining. Radioimmunoassay and immunoreactivity were used to determine the β-EP levels in the serum and brain. RESULTS Intracerebroventricular administration of β-EP antiserum (AEP) after morphine administration attenuated the cardioprotective effects of remote preconditioning. The addition of intravenous AEP either before or after morphine did not affect infarct size. After morphine preconditioning, the β-EP level decreased in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and increased significantly in the serum, pituitary gland, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and rostral ventrolateral medulla. CONCLUSION Central but not peripheral β-EP is involved in morphine remote preconditioning and plays a role in the ongoing mediation of cardioprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Shushan, Hefei, China.
| | - Y E Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - X Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Shushan, Hefei, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yue S, Tang LY, Tang Y, Tang Y, Shen QH, Ding J, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Yu TT, Zhang YE, Cheng SY. Requirement of Smurf-mediated endocytosis of Patched1 in sonic hedgehog signal reception. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 24925320 PMCID: PMC4080449 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface reception of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) must ensure that the graded morphogenic signal is interpreted accordingly in neighboring cells to specify tissue patterns during development. Here, we report endocytic sorting signals for the receptor Patched1 (Ptch1), comprising two 'PPXY' motifs, that direct it to degradation in lysosomes. These signals are recognized by two HECT-domain ubiquitin E3 ligases, Smurf1 and Smurf2, which are induced by Shh and become enriched in Caveolin-1 lipid rafts in association with Ptch1. Smurf-mediated endocytic turnover of Ptch1 is essential for its clearance from the primary cilium and pathway activation. Removal of both Smurfs completely abolishes the ability of Shh to sustain the proliferation of postnatal granule cell precursors in the cerebellum. These findings reveal a novel step in the Shh pathway activation as part of the Ptch1 negative feedback loop that precisely controls the signaling output in response to Shh gradient signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yue
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liu-Ya Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Qiu-Hong Shen
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zengdi Zhang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States
| | - Steven Y Cheng
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The latest advances on the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways were reported at the July 2013 FASEB Summer Research Conference 'The TGF-β Superfamily: Development and Disease'. The meeting was held in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, USA at 6700 feet above sea level in the Rocky Mountains. This was the seventh biannual meeting in the series. In attendance were investigators from a broad range of disciplines with a common interest in the mechanics of TGF-β and BMP signaling pathways, their normal developmental and homeostatic functions, and the diseases associated with pathway misregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang X, Jin C, Tang Y, Tang LY, Zhang YE. Ubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) by Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1) regulates motility of breast epithelial and cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21784-92. [PMID: 23760265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.472704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Smad ubiquitin regulatory factors (Smurfs) are HECT-domain ubiquitin E3 ligases that regulate diverse cellular processes, including normal and tumor cell migration. However, the underlying mechanism of the Smurfs' role in cell migration is not fully understood. Here we show that Smurf1 induces ubiquitination of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4 (TRAF4) at K190. Using the K190R mutant of TRAF4, we demonstrate that Smurf1-induced ubiquitination is required for proper localization of TRAF4 to tight junctions in confluent epithelial cells. We further show that TRAF4 is essential for the migration of both normal mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells. The ability of TRAF4 to promote cell migration is also dependent on Smurf1-mediated ubiquitination, which is associated with Rac1 activation by TRAF4. These results reveal a new regulatory circuit for cell migration, consisting of Smurf1-mediated ubiquitination of TRAF4 and Rac1 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchun Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wilmott JS, Menzies AM, Haydu LE, Capper D, Preusser M, Zhang YE, Thompson JF, Kefford RF, von Deimling A, Scolyer RA, Long GV. BRAF(V600E) protein expression and outcome from BRAF inhibitor treatment in BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:924-31. [PMID: 23403819 PMCID: PMC3590666 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the association between level and patterns of baseline intra-tumoural BRAF(V600E) protein expression and clinical outcome of BRAF(V600E) melanoma patients treated with selective BRAF inhibitors. METHODS Fifty-eight BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma patients treated with dabrafenib or vemurafenib on clinical trials had pre-treatment tumour BRAF(V600E) protein expression immunohistochemically (IHC) assessed using the BRAF V600E mutant-specific antibody VE1. Sections were examined for staining intensity (score 1-3) and percentage of immunoreactive tumour cells, and from this an immunoreactive score (IRS) was derived (intensity × per cent positive/10). The presence of intra-tumoural heterogeneity for BRAF(V600E) protein expression was also assessed. BRAF(V600E) expression was correlated with RECIST response, time to best response (TTBR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Expression was generally high (median IRS 28 (range 5-30)) and homogeneous (78%). Expression of mutated protein BRAF(V600E) as measured by intensity, per cent immunoreactive cells, or IRS did not correlate with RECIST response, TTBR, PFS or OS, including on multivariate analysis. Heterogeneity of staining was seen in 22% of cases and did not correlate with outcome. CONCLUSION In the current study population, IHC-measured pre-treatment BRAF(V600E) protein expression does not predict response or outcome to BRAF inhibitor therapy in BRAF(V600E) metastatic melanoma patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blank M, Tang Y, Yamashita M, Burkett SS, Cheng SY, Zhang YE. A tumor suppressor function of Smurf2 associated with controlling chromatin landscape and genome stability through RNF20. Nat Med 2012; 18:227-34. [PMID: 22231558 PMCID: PMC3274650 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to allelic mutations, cancers are known to harbor alterations in their chromatin landscape. Here, we show that genomic ablation of Smurf2, a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, results in dysregulation of DNA damage response and genomic stability, culminating to increased susceptibility to various types of cancers in aged mice. We demonstrate that Smurf2 regulates histone H2B monoubiquitination as well as histone H3 tri-methylation at K4 and K79 by targeting RNF20 to proteasomal degradation in both mouse and human cells. We further show that Smurf2 and RNF20 are co-localized at the γ-H2AX foci of double-stranded DNA breaks in the nucleus. Thus, Smurf2 has a tumor suppression function that normally maintains genomic stability by controlling the epigenetic landscape of histone modifications through RNF20.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Blank
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is tightly regulated at the level of post-translational modification to transmit quantitative difference in ligand concentration into proportional transcriptional output. Ubiquitination is one such modification with several E3 ubiquitin ligases implicated in TGF-β signaling in marking crucial pathway components for proteasomal degradation. However, ubiquitination, particularly in the mono- or oligo-ubiquitin modifying form, is also known to regulate incorporation of substrate proteins into signaling complexes that involved in DNA repair, kinase activation, and endocytosis. This review focuses on recent advances in understanding the role of such non-degradative ubiquitination in TGF-β signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-Ya Tang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Recently reporting in Molecular Cell, Hussey et al. (2011) find that hnRNP E1 inhibits the translation of several genes essential for the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by blocking eEF1A1 release during translation elongation. Phosphorylation of hnRNP E1 in response to TGF-β signaling disrupts the hnRNP E1-eEF1A1 interaction, triggering EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tang LY, Yamashita M, Tang Y, Zhang YE. Abstract 4057: Mono-ubiquitination of Smad2/3 by Smurf2 regulates TGF-β transcriptional response. Cancer Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) regulates a wide array of biological processes ranging from proliferation to apoptosis, and alterations in its signalling pathway are associated with a variety of human diseases, including cancer. Through Smad proteins, TGF-β signal can be propagated into nuclear transcription machinery. Thus, fine tuning of Smads activity is crucial for TGF-β signal transdction. Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and previous data shows that Smurf2 negatively regulates TGF-β signaling by inducing polyubiqutination and degradation of Smad proteins. Here, we find a different type of ubiquitination – mono-ubiquitination of Smad2/3 by Smurf2. Smad2/3-Smurf2 interaction and Smad2/3's mono-ubiquitination by Smurf2 are enhanced by TGF-β induced linker phosphorylation. The ubiquitination depends on Smad2/3's PY motif and Smurf2's E3 ligase activity. Cycloheximide treatment assay revealed that this ubiquitination has no effect on Smad2/3 protein stability, but the transcriptional activity is inhibited as shown by both luciferase assay and real-time PCR analysis. Thus, our findings reveal a novel regulatory role of Smurf2 in TGF-β signaling.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4057. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4057
Collapse
|
32
|
Cheng SY, Zhang YE. Smurfs have "fused" into the asymmetric division of stem cells. Protein Cell 2011; 2:2-4. [PMID: 21337003 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
33
|
Zhang M, Wang M, Tan X, Li TF, Zhang YE, Chen D. Smad3 prevents beta-catenin degradation and facilitates beta-catenin nuclear translocation in chondrocytes. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8703-10. [PMID: 20097766 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.093526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated that transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta activates beta-catenin signaling through Smad3 interaction with beta-catenin in chondrocytes. In the present studies, we further investigated the detailed molecular mechanism of the cross-talk between TGF-beta/Smad3 and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways. We found that C-terminal Smad3 interacted with both the N-terminal region and the middle region of beta-catenin protein in a TGF-beta-dependent manner. Both Smad3 and Smad4 were required for the interaction with beta-catenin and protected beta-catenin from an ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation. In addition, the formation of the Smad3-Smad4-beta-catenin protein complex also mediated beta-catenin nuclear translocation. This Smad3-mediated regulatory mechanism of beta-catenin protein stability enhanced the activity of beta-catenin to activate downstream target genes during chondrogenesis. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism between TGF-beta and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways during chondrocyte development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Millet C, Yamashita M, Heller M, Yu LR, Veenstra TD, Zhang YE. A negative feedback control of transforming growth factor-beta signaling by glycogen synthase kinase 3-mediated Smad3 linker phosphorylation at Ser-204. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19808-16. [PMID: 19458083 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the action of its membrane-bound type I receptor, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) elicits a wide range of cellular responses that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apo ptosis. Many of these signaling responses are mediated by Smad proteins. As such, controlling Smad activity is crucial for proper signaling by TGF-beta and its related factors. Here, we show that TGF-beta induces phosphorylation at three sites in the Smad3 linker region in addition to the two C-terminal residues, and glycogen synthase kinase 3 is responsible for phosphorylation at one of these sites, namely Ser-204. Alanine substitution at Ser-204 and/or the neighboring Ser-208, the priming site for glycogen synthase kinase 3 in vivo activity, strengthened the affinity of Smad3 to CREB-binding protein, suggesting that linker phosphorylation may be part of a negative feedback loop that modulates Smad3 transcriptional activity. Thus, our findings reveal a novel aspect of the Smad3 signaling mechanism that controls the final amplitude of cellular responses to TGF-beta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Millet
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4256, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jin C, Yang YA, Anver MR, Morris N, Wang X, Zhang YE. Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 promotes metastasis of breast cancer cells by enhancing migration and invasiveness. Cancer Res 2009; 69:735-40. [PMID: 19155312 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlled protein degradation mediated by ubiquitin/proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in modulating a broad range of cellular responses. Dysregulation of the UPS often accompanies tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we report that Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2), a HECT-domain containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, is up-regulated in certain breast cancer tissues and cells. We show that reduction of Smurf2 expression with specific short interfering RNA in metastatic breast cancer cells induces cell rounding and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, which are associated with a less motile and invasive phenotype. Overexpression of Smurf2 promotes metastasis in a nude mouse model and increases migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. Moreover, expression of Smurf2CG, an E3 ligase-defective mutant of Smurf2, suppresses the above metastatic behaviors. These results establish an important role for Smurf2 in breast cancer progression and indicate that Smurf2 is a novel regulator of breast cancer cell migration and invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Jin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta utilizes a multitude of intracellular signaling pathways in addition to Smads to regulate a wide array of cellular functions. These non-canonical, non-Smad pathways are activated directly by ligand-occupied receptors to reinforce, attenuate, or otherwise modulate downstream cellular responses. These non-Smad pathways include various branches of MAP kinase pathways, Rho-like GTPase signaling pathways, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/AKT pathways. This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of non-Smad pathways. In addition, functions of these non-Smad pathways are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying E Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yamashita M, Fatyol K, Jin C, Wang X, Liu Z, Zhang YE. TRAF6 mediates Smad-independent activation of JNK and p38 by TGF-beta. Mol Cell 2008; 31:918-24. [PMID: 18922473 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Revised: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In many physiological and disease processes, TGF-beta usurps branches of MAP kinase pathways in conjunction with Smads to induce apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, but the detailed mechanism of how a MAP kinase cascade is activated by TGF-beta receptors is not clear. We report here that TRAF6 is specifically required for the Smad-independent activation of JNK and p38, and its carboxyl TRAF homology domain physically interacts with TGF-beta receptors. TGF-beta induces K63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 and promotes association between TRAF6 and TAK1. Our results indicate that TGF-beta activates JNK and p38 through a mechanism similar to that operating in the interleukin-1beta/Toll-like receptor pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motozo Yamashita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guo R, Yamashita M, Zhang Q, Zhou Q, Chen D, Reynolds DG, Awad HA, Yanoso L, Zhao L, Schwarz EM, Zhang YE, Boyce BF, Xing L. Ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 mediates tumor necrosis factor-induced systemic bone loss by promoting proteasomal degradation of bone morphogenetic signaling proteins. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23084-92. [PMID: 18567580 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709848200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, are often accompanied by systemic bone loss, which is thought to occur through inflammatory cytokine-mediated stimulation of osteoclast resorption and inhibition of osteoblast function. However, the mechanisms involved in osteoblast inhibition remain poorly understood. Here we test the hypothesis that increased Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor 1 (Smurf1)-mediated degradation of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway signaling proteins mediates reduced bone formation in inflammatory disorders. Osteoblasts derived from bone marrow or long bone samples of adult tumor necrosis factor (TNF) transgenic (TNF-Tg) mice were used in this study. TNF decreased the steady-state levels of Smad1 and Runx2 protein similarly to those in long bones of TNF-Tg mice. In the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132, TNF increased accumulation of ubiquitinated Smad1 protein. TNF administration over calvarial bones caused decreases in Smad1 and Runx2 protein levels and mRNA expression of osteoblast marker genes in wild-type, but not in Smurf1(-/-) mice. Vertebral bone volume and strength of TNF-Tg/Smurf1(-/-) mice were examined by a combination of micro-CT, bone histomorphometry, and biomechanical testing and compared with those from TNF-Tg littermates. TNF-Tg mice had significantly decreased bone volume and biomechanical properties, which were partially rescued in TNF-Tg/Smurf1(-/-) mice. We conclude that in chronic inflammatory disorders where TNF is increased, TNF induces the expression of ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 and promotes ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Smad1 and Runx2, leading to systemic bone loss. Inhibition of ubiquitin-mediated Smad1 and Runx2 degradation in osteoblasts could help to treat inflammation-induced osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Guo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is mediated through a heteromeric complex of two types of transmembrane receptors and downstream intracellular proteins known as Smads. Alterations of TGF-beta signaling underlie various forms of human cancer and developmental diseases. Human genetic studies have revealed both point mutations and deletions of Smad2 or Smad4 in several types of cancers. However, the role of Smad3 in tumorigenesis is not clear. Recent data indicate that Smad3 also functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. In addition, Smad3 is essential for TGF-beta-mediated immune suppression, and it plays an important role in regulating transcriptional responses that are favorable to metastasis. Therefore, through regulating different transcriptional responses, Smad3 functions as both a negative and positive regulator of carcinogenesis depending on cell type and clinical stage of the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed; Tel.: 301−496−6454; Fax: 301−496−8479;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang YA, Zhang GM, Feigenbaum L, Zhang YE. Smad3 reduces susceptibility to hepatocarcinoma by sensitizing hepatocytes to apoptosis through downregulation of Bcl-2. Cancer Cell 2006; 9:445-57. [PMID: 16766264 PMCID: PMC2708973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the liver, derangement of TGF-beta signaling is associated with an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the mechanism is not clear. We report here that forced expression of a major TGF-beta signaling transducer, Smad3, reduces susceptibility to HCC in a chemically induced murine model. This protection is conferred by Smad3's ability to promote apoptosis by repressing Bcl-2 transcription in vivo through a GC-rich element in the Bcl-2 promoter. We also show that the proapoptotic activity of Smad3 requires both input from TGF-beta signaling and activation of p38 MAPK, which occurs selectively in the liver tumor cells. Thus, Smad3 enables the tumor suppression function of TGF-beta by serving as a physiological mediator of TGF-beta-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Susceptibility
- Down-Regulation
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Transport
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Smad3 Protein/biosynthesis
- Smad3 Protein/genetics
- Smad3 Protein/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/physiology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Yang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gen-Mu Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Lionel Feigenbaum
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Boyer L, Turchi L, Desnues B, Doye A, Ponzio G, Mege JL, Yamashita M, Zhang YE, Bertoglio J, Flatau G, Boquet P, Lemichez E. CNF1-induced ubiquitylation and proteasome destruction of activated RhoA is impaired in Smurf1-/- cells. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:2489-97. [PMID: 16540523 PMCID: PMC1474842 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-09-0876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation of RhoA has emerged as an important aspect of both the virulence of Escherichia coli producing cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) 1 toxin and the establishment of the polarity of eukaryotic cells. Owing to the molecular activity of CNF1, we have investigated the relationship between permanent activation of RhoA catalyzed by CNF1 and subsequent ubiquitylation of RhoA by Smurf1. Using Smurf1-deficient cells and by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated Smurf1 knockdown, we demonstrate that Smurf1 is a rate-limiting and specific factor of the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of activated RhoA. We further show that the cancer cell lines HEp-2, human embryonic kidney 293 and Vero are specifically deficient in ubiquitylation of either activated Rac, Cdc42, or Rho, respectively. In contrast, CNF1 produced the cellular depletion of all three isoforms of Rho proteins in the primary human cell types we have tested. We demonstrate that ectopic expression of Smurf1 in Vero cells, deficient for RhoA ubiquitylation, restores ubiquitylation of the activated forms of RhoA. We conclude here that Smurf1 ubiquitylates activated RhoA and that, in contrast to human primary cell types, some cancer cell lines have a lower ubiquitylation capacity of specific Rho proteins. Thus, both CNF1 and transforming growth factor-beta trigger activated RhoA ubiquitylation through Smurf1 ubiquitin-ligase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Boyer
- *Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U627, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurent Turchi
- Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U634, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Université de la Méditerranée, Unité des Rickettsies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6020, Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Doye
- *Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U627, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Gilles Ponzio
- Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U634, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Université de la Méditerranée, Unité des Rickettsies, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, 6020, Faculté de Médecine, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Motozo Yamashita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Jacques Bertoglio
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U461, Paris-XI, 92290 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Gilles Flatau
- *Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U627, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Patrice Boquet
- *Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U627, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- *Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U627, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kaneki H, Guo R, Chen D, Yao Z, Schwarz EM, Zhang YE, Boyce BF, Xing L. Tumor necrosis factor promotes Runx2 degradation through up-regulation of Smurf1 and Smurf2 in osteoblasts. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:4326-33. [PMID: 16373342 PMCID: PMC2647592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509430200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone loss through stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption and inhibition of osteoblastic bone formation. Compared with the well established role of TNF in osteoclastogenesis, mechanisms by which TNF inhibits osteoblast function have not been fully determined. Runx2 is an osteoblast-specific transcription factor whose steady-state protein levels are regulated by proteasomal degradation, mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligases, Smurf1 and Smurf2. We hypothesized that TNF inhibits osteoblast function through Smurf-mediated Runx2 degradation. We treated C2C12 and 2T3 osteoblast precursor cell lines and primary osteoblasts with TNF and found that TNF, but not interleukin-1, significantly increased Smurf1 and Smurf2 expression. TNF increased the degradation of endogenous or transfected Runx2 protein, which was blocked by treating cells with a proteasomal inhibitor or by infecting cells with small interfering (si)RNA against Smurf1 or Smurf2. TNF inhibited the expression of bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor-beta signaling reporter constructs, and the inhibition of each was blocked by Smurf1 siRNA and Smurf2 siRNA, respectively. Overexpression of Smurf1 and/or Smurf2 siRNAs prevented the inhibitory effect of TNF on Runx2 reporter. Consistent with these in vitro findings, bones from TNF transgenic mice or TNF-injected wild type mice had increased Smurf1 and decreased Runx2 protein levels. We propose that one of the mechanisms by which TNF inhibits bone formation in inflammatory bone disorders is by promoting Runx2 proteasomal degradation through up-regulation of Smurf1 and Smurf2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kaneki
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yamashita M, Ying SX, Zhang GM, Li C, Cheng SY, Deng CX, Zhang YE. Ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 controls osteoblast activity and bone homeostasis by targeting MEKK2 for degradation. Cell 2005; 121:101-13. [PMID: 15820682 PMCID: PMC3314294 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 11/24/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bone is constantly resorbed and formed throughout life by coordinated actions of osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Here we show that Smurf1, a HECT domain ubiquitin ligase, has a specific physiological role in suppressing the osteogenic activity of osteoblasts. Smurf1-deficient mice are born normal but exhibit an age-dependent increase of bone mass. The cause of this increase can be traced to enhanced activities of osteoblasts, which become sensitized to bone morphogenesis protein (BMP) in the absence of Smurf1. However, loss of Smurf1 does not affect the canonical Smad-mediated intracellular TGFbeta or BMP signaling; instead, it leads to accumulation of phosphorylated MEKK2 and activation of the downstream JNK signaling cascade. We demonstrate that Smurf1 physically interacts with MEKK2 and promotes the ubiquitination and turnover of MEKK2. These results indicate that Smurf1 negatively regulates osteoblast activity and response to BMP through controlling MEKK2 degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motozo Yamashita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Sai-Xia Ying
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Gen-mu Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Science Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
| | - Cuiling Li
- Mammalian Genetics Section, Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Steven Y. Cheng
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Chu-xia Deng
- Mammalian Genetics Section, Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tian F, Byfield SD, Parks WT, Stuelten CH, Nemani D, Zhang YE, Roberts AB. Smad-binding defective mutant of transforming growth factor beta type I receptor enhances tumorigenesis but suppresses metastasis of breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4523-30. [PMID: 15231662 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in carcinogenesis is complex, with tumor suppressor and pro-oncogenic activities depending on the particular tumor cell and its stage in malignant progression. We previously have demonstrated in breast cancer cell lines that Smad2/3 signaling played a dominant role in mediating tumor suppressor effects on well-differentiated breast cancer cell lines grown as xenografts and prometastatic effects on a more invasive, metastatic cell line. Our present data based on selective interference with activation of endogenous Smad2 and Smad3 by stable expression of a mutant form of the TGF-beta type I receptor (RImL45) unable to bind Smad2/3 but with a functional kinase again show that reduction in Smad2/3 signaling by expression of RImL45 enhanced the malignancy of xenografted tumors of the well-differentiated MCF10A-derived tumor cell line MCF10CA1h, resulting in formation of larger tumors with a higher proliferative index and more malignant histologic features. In contrast, expression of RImL45 in the more aggressive MCF10CA1a cell line strongly suppressed formation of lung metastases following tail vein injection. These results suggest a causal, dominant role for the endogenous Smad2/3 signaling pathway in the tumor suppressor and prometastatic activities of TGF-beta in these cells. Using an in vitro assay, we further show that non-Smad signaling pathways, including p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, cooperate with TGF-beta/Smads in enhancing migration of metastatic MCF10CA1a cells, but that, although necessary for migration, these other pathways are not sufficient for metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Laboratory of Cell Regulation and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) proteins regulate cell function, and have key roles in development and carcinogenesis. The intracellular effectors of TGF-beta signalling, the Smad proteins, are activated by receptors and translocate into the nucleus, where they regulate transcription. Although this pathway is inherently simple, combinatorial interactions in the heteromeric receptor and Smad complexes, receptor-interacting and Smad-interacting proteins, and cooperation with sequence-specific transcription factors allow substantial versatility and diversification of TGF-beta family responses. Other signalling pathways further regulate Smad activation and function. In addition, TGF-beta receptors activate Smad-independent pathways that not only regulate Smad signalling, but also allow Smad-independent TGF-beta responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rik Derynck
- Department of Growth and Development, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0640, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ying SX, Hussain ZJ, Zhang YE. Smurf1 facilitates myogenic differentiation and antagonizes the bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteoblast conversion by targeting Smad5 for degradation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:39029-36. [PMID: 12871975 PMCID: PMC3230132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301193200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled proteolysis mediated by Smad ubiquitination regulatory factors (Smurfs) plays a crucial role in modulating cellular responses to signaling of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. However, it is not clear what influences the selectivity of Smurfs in the individual signaling pathway, nor is it clear the biological function of Smurfs in vivo. Using a mouse C2C12 myoblast cell differentiation system, which is subject to control by both TGF-beta and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), here we examine the role of Smurf1 in myogenic differentiation. We show that increased expression of Smurf1 promotes myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and blocks the BMP-induced osteogenic conversion but has no effect on the TGF-beta-induced differentiation arrest. Consistent with an inhibitory role in the BMP signaling pathway, the elevated Smurf1 markedly reduces the level of endogenous Smad5, whereas it leaves unaltered that of Smad2, Smad3, and Smad7, which are components of the TGF-beta pathway. Adding back Smad5 from a different source to the Smurf1-overexpressing cells restores the BMP-mediated osteoblast conversion. Finally, by depletion of the endogenous Smurf1 through small interfering RNA-mediated RNA interference, we demonstrate that Smurf1 is required for the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and plays an important regulatory role in the BMP-2-mediated osteoblast conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying E. Zhang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 37, Rm. 1C27, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255. Tel.: 301-496-6454; Fax: 301-496-8479;
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Through the action of its membrane-bound type I receptors, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) elicits a wide range of cellular responses that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Many of the signaling responses induced by TGF-beta are mediated by Smad proteins, but certain evidence has suggested that TGF-beta can also signal independently of Smads. We found in mouse mammary epithelial (NMuMG) cells, which respond to TGF-beta treatment in multiple ways, that TGF-beta-induced activation of p38 MAP kinase is required for TGF-beta-induced apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but not growth arrest. We further demonstrated that activation of p38 is independent of Smads using a mutant type I receptor, which is incapable of activating Smads but still retains the kinase activity. This mutant receptor is sufficient to activate p38 and cause NMuMG cells to undergo apoptosis. However, it is not sufficient to induce EMT. These results indicate that TGF-beta receptor signals through multiple intracellular pathways and provide first-hand biochemical evidence for the existence of Smad-independent TGF-beta receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying E. Zhang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
Corresponding author e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhang YE, Tchao R, Schwartz JB. Effect of processing methods and heat treatment on the formation of wax matrix tablets for sustained drug release. Pharm Dev Technol 2001; 6:131-44. [PMID: 11416986 DOI: 10.1081/pdt-100000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of processing methods and heat treatment on matrix formation and subsequent drug release from wax matrix tablets for controlled release. Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (PPA) and Compritol were processed with appropriate diluent(s) using either dry blending (DB), wet granulation (WG), partial melt granulation (PMG), or melt granulation (MG). Then the tablets were heat-treated at 80 degrees C. Particle size distribution and compressibility, along with drug release, tablet micro-morphology, wettability, porosity, and tortuosity were investigated. The drug release was different for the four processing methods even though the tablet formulation was identical. Heat treatment further retarded drug release and its effect was related to the previous manufacturing processes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that heat treatment redistributed the wax and formed a film-like structure covering drug and excipients. The contact angle of tablets made from DB, WG, and PMG methods increased after heat treatment, while that of tablets made from MG remained constant. Tablet tortuosity calculated from drug release rate constants increased dramatically after heat treatment. Drug release from the wax tablets with or without heat treatment was best described by the Higuchi equation. Different processing methods produced different matrix structures that resulted in different drug release rates. Heat treatment retarded drug release mainly by increasing tortuosity of the matrix. Contact angle measurement and SEM analysis indicated that heat treatment caused the wax to melt, redistribute, coat the drug and diluents, and form a network structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y E Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chen PS, Zhai WR, Zhou XM, Zhang JS, Zhang YE, Ling YQ, Gu YH. Effects of hypoxia, hyperoxia on the regulation of expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in hepatic stellate cells. World J Gastroenterol 2001; 7:647-51. [PMID: 11819847 PMCID: PMC4695567 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v7.i5.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2001] [Revised: 06/06/2001] [Accepted: 06/12/2001] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the effects of hypoxia, hyperoxia on the regulation of expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in hepatic stellate cells (HSC). METHODS The expressions of MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) and membrane type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP) in cultured rat HSC were detected by immunocytochemistry (ICC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). The contents of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in culture supernatant were detected with ELISA and the activity of MMP-2 in supernatant was revealed by zymography. RESULTS In the situation of hypoxia for 12h, the expression of MMP-2 protein was enhanced (hypoxia group positive indexes: 5.7 +/- 2.0, n=10; control: 3.2 +/- 1.0, n = 7; P<0.05), while TIMP-2 protein was decreased in HSC (hypoxia group positive indexes: 2.5 +/- 0.7, n = 10; control: 3.6 +/- 1.0, n = 7; P < 0.05), and the activity (total A) of MMP-2 in supernatant declined obviously (hypoxia group: 7.334 +/- 1.922, n = 9; control: 17.277 +/- 7.424, n = 11; P < 0.01). Compared the varied duration of hypoxia, the changes of expressions including mRNA and protein level as well as activity of MMP-2 were most notable in 6h group. The highest value(A(hypoxia)-A(control)) of the protein and the most intense signal of mRNA were in the period of hypoxia for 6h, along with the lowest activity of MMP-2. In the situation of hyperoxia for 12h, the contents (A(450)) of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in supernatant were both higher than those in the control, especially the TIMP-2 (hyperoxia group: 0.0499 +/- 0.0144, n = 16; control: 0.0219 +/- 0.0098, n = 14; P < 0.01), and so was the activity of MMP-2 (hyperoxia group: 5.252 +/- 0.771, n = 14; control: 4.304 +/- 1.083, n = 12; P < 0.05), and the expression of MT1-MMP was increased. CONCLUSION HSC is sensitive to the oxygen, hypoxia enhances the expression of MMP-2 and the effect is more marked at the early stage; hyperoxia mainly raises the activity of MMP-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P S Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Incomplete in vitro capsule shell dissolution and subsequent drug release problems have recently received attention. A modified USP dissolution method was used to follow capsule shell dissolution, and a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) assay was used to follow loss of epsilon-amino groups to study this shell dissolution problem postulated to be due to gelatin crosslinking. The dissolution problems were simulated using hard gelatin capsule (HGC) shells previously treated with formaldehyde to crosslink the gelatin. These methods were also used to study the effect of uncrosslinked HGC stored under stressed conditions (37 degrees C and 81% RH) with or without the presence of soft gelatin capsule shells (SGC). A 120 ppm formaldehyde treatment reduced gelatin shell dissolution to 8% within 45 min in water at 37 degrees C. A 200 ppm treatment reduced gelatin epsilon-amino groups to 83% of the original uncrosslinked value. The results also support earlier reports of non-amino group crosslinking by formaldehyde in gelatin. Under stressed conditions, HGC stored alone showed little change over 21 weeks. However, by 12 to 14 weeks, the HGC exposed to SGC showed a 23% decrease in shell dissolution and an 8% decrease in the number of epsilon-amino groups. These effects on the stressed HGC are ascribed to a volatile agent from SGC shells, most likely formaldehyde, that crosslinked nearby HGC shells. This report also includes a summary of the literature on agents that reduce gelatin and capsule shell dissolution and the possible mechanisms of this not-so-simple problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Ofner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|