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Feng J, Wang Q, Qin Z, Guo X, Fu H, Yang ST, Wang J. Development of inducible promoters for regulating gene expression in Clostridium tyrobutyricum for biobutanol production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1518-1531. [PMID: 38548678 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum is an anaerobe known for its ability to produce short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, and esters. We aimed to develop inducible promoters for fine-tuning gene expression in C. tyrobutyricum. Synthetic inducible promoters were created by employing an Escherichia coli lac operator to regulate the thiolase promoter (PCathl) from Clostridium acetobutylicum, with the best one (LacI-Pto4s) showing a 5.86-fold dynamic range with isopropyl β- d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction. A LT-Pt7 system with a dynamic range of 11.6-fold was then created by combining LacI-Pto4s with a T7 expression system composing of RNA polymerase (T7RNAP) and Pt7lac promoter. Furthermore, two inducible expression systems BgaR-PbgaLA and BgaR-PbgaLB with a dynamic range of ~40-fold were developed by optimizing a lactose-inducible expression system from Clostridium perfringens with modified 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and ribosome-binding site (RBS). BgaR-PbgaLB was then used to regulate the expressions of a bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase encoded by adhE2 and butyryl-CoA/acetate Co-A transferase encoded by cat1 in C. tyrobutyricum wild type and Δcat1::adhE2, respectively, demonstrating its efficient inducible gene regulation. The regulated cat1 expression also confirmed that the Cat1-catalyzed reaction was responsible for acetate assimilation in C. tyrobutyricum. The inducible promoters offer new tools for tuning gene expression in C. tyrobutyricum for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qingke Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhen Qin
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Wang H, Chen Y, Yang Z, Deng H, Liu Y, Wei P, Zhu Z, Jiang L. Metabolic and Bioprocess Engineering of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for Butyl Butyrate Production on Xylose and Shrimp Shell Waste. Foods 2024; 13:1009. [PMID: 38611315 PMCID: PMC11011809 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbial conversion of agri-food waste to valuable compounds offers a sustainable route to develop the bioeconomy and contribute to sustainable biorefinery. Clostridium tyrobutyricum displays a series of native traits suitable for high productivity conversion of agri-food waste, which make it a promising host for the production of various compounds, such as the short-chain fatty acids and their derivative esters products. In this study, a butanol synthetic pathway was constructed in C. tyrobutyricum, and then efficient butyl butyrate production through in situ esterification was achieved by the supplementation of lipase into the fermentation. The butyryl-CoA/acyl-CoA transferase (cat1) was overexpressed to balance the ratio between precursors butyrate and butanol. Then, a suitable fermentation medium for butyl butyrate production was obtained with xylose as the sole carbon source and shrimp shell waste as the sole nitrogen source. Ultimately, 5.9 g/L of butyl butyrate with a selectivity of 100%, and a productivity of 0.03 g/L·h was achieved under xylose and shrimp shell waste with batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor. Transcriptome analyses exhibited an increase in the expression of genes related to the xylose metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and amino acid metabolism and transport, which reveal the mechanism for the synergistic utilization of xylose and shrimp shell waste. This study presents a novel approach for utilizing xylose and shrimp shell waste to produce butyl butyrate by using an anaerobic fermentative platform based on C. tyrobutyricum. This innovative fermentation medium could save the cost of nitrogen sources (~97%) and open up possibilities for converting agri-food waste into other high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Yingli Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Zhihan Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Haijun Deng
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiran Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.W.); (Y.C.); (Z.Y.); (P.W.)
| | - Zhengming Zhu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.D.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; (H.D.); (Y.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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Luo L, Wei H, Kong D, Wan L, Jiang Y, Qin S, Suo Y. Efficient production of butyric acid from lignocellulosic biomass by revealing the mechanisms of Clostridium tyrobutyricum tolerance to phenolic inhibitors. Bioresour Technol 2024; 396:130427. [PMID: 38336212 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds (PCs) generated during pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass severely hinder the biorefinery by Clostridia. As a hyperbutyrate-producing strain, Clostridium tyrobutyricum has excellent tolerance to PCs, but its tolerance mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis was applied to elucidate the response of C. tyrobutyricum to four typical PCs. The findings revealed that the expression levels of genes associated with PC reduction, HSPs, and membrane transport were significantly altered under PC stress. Due to PCs being reduced to low-toxicity alcohols/acids by C. tyrobutyricum, enhancing the reduction of PCs by overexpressing reductase genes could enhance the strain's tolerance to PCs. Under 1.0 g/L p-coumaric acid stress, compared with the wild-type strain, ATCC 25755/sdr1 exhibited a 31.2 % increase in butyrate production and a 38.5 % increase in productivity. These insights contribute to the construction of PC-tolerant Clostridia, which holds promise for improving biofuel and chemical production from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshuang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Hailing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Deting Kong
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liqiong Wan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Yuntao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China
| | - Shiwen Qin
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Yukai Suo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650504, China; Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China.
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Prinčič L, Burtscher J, Sacken P, Krajnc T, Domig KJ. Clostridium strain FAM25158, a unique endospore-forming bacterium related to Clostridium tyrobutyricum and isolated from Emmental cheese shows low tolerance to salt. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1353321. [PMID: 38414773 PMCID: PMC10897056 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1353321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Clostridium is a large and diverse group of species that can cause food spoilage, including late blowing defect (LBD) in cheese. In this study, we investigated the taxonomic status of strain FAM25158 isolated from Emmental cheese with LBD using a polyphasic taxonomic and comparative genomic approach. A 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogeny suggested affiliation to the Clostridium sensu stricto cluster, with Clostridium tyrobutyricum DSM 2637T being the closest related type strain (99.16% sequence similarity). Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis revealed that strain FAM25158 is at the species threshold with C. tyrobutyricum, with ANI values ranging from 94.70 to 95.26%, while the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were below the recommended threshold, suggesting that FAM25158 is significantly different from C. tyrobutyricum at the genomic level. Moreover, comparative genomic analysis between FAM25158 and its four closest C. tyrobutyricum relatives revealed a diversity of metabolic pathways, with FAM25158 differing from other C. tyrobutyricum strains by the presence of genes such as scrA, srcB, and scrK, responsible for sucrose utilization, and the absence of many important functional genes associated with cold and osmolality adaptation, which was further supported by phenotypic analyses. Surprisingly, strain FAM25158 exhibited unique physiologic traits, such as an optimal growth temperature of 30°C, in contrast to its closest relatives, C. tyrobutyricum species with an optimal growth temperature of 37°C. Additionally, the growth of FAM25158 was inhibited at NaCl concentrations higher than 0.5%, a remarkable observation considering its origin from cheese. While the results of this study provide novel information on the genetic content of strain FAM25158, the relationship between its genetic content and the observed phenotype remains a topic requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Prinčič
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Burtscher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Sacken
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tina Krajnc
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Konrad J Domig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Sánchez C, Garde S, Landete JM, Calzada J, Baker DJ, Evans R, Narbad A, Mayer MJ, Ávila M. Identification, activity and delivery of new LysFA67 endolysin to target cheese spoilage Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Food Microbiol 2024; 117:104401. [PMID: 37919009 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages and their endolysins are potential biocontrol agents for the anaerobic spoilage organism Clostridium tyrobutyricum, which causes cheese late blowing defect. This study sequenced and compared the genomes of eight bacteriophages from Spanish dairy farms that were active against C. tyrobutyricum, to identify novel species and phage proteins. Phages vB_CtyS-FA67 and vB_CtyS-FA70 shared >94% intergenomic similarity to each other but neither phage had significant similarity to ΦCTP1, the unique C. tyrobutyricum phage sequenced to date. Taxonomic analysis indicated that both phages belong to the class Caudoviricetes and are related to dsDNA viruses with long non-contractile tails. vB_CtyS-FA67 had no other close relatives and encoded a novel endolysin, LysFA67, predicted to belong to the glycoside hydrolase GH24 family. LysFA67 lysed 93% of C. tyrobutyricum cells after 4 min in turbidity reduction assays, retaining lytic activity at pHs 4.2-8.1 and at 30-45 °C. The endolysin remained stable after 30 d storage at 4, 12 and 25 °C, while its activity decreased at -20 °C. LysFA67 lysed several clostridia species, while common dairy bacteria were not affected. Lactococcus lactis INIA 437, used as a cheese starter, was engineered to deliver LysFA67 and red fluorescent LysFA67-mCherry to dairy products. We demonstrated that these engineered strains were able to maintain lytic activity and fluorescence without affecting their technological properties in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sánchez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Garde
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José María Landete
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Calzada
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dave J Baker
- Science Operations, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Rhiannon Evans
- Science Operations, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UQ, UK
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Food, Microbiome and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Food, Microbiome and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Marta Ávila
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Guo X, Li X, Feng J, Yue Z, Fu H, Wang J. Engineering of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for butyric acid and butyl butyrate production from cassava starch. Bioresour Technol 2024; 391:129914. [PMID: 37923229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum has been successfully engineered to produce butyrate, butanol, butyl butyrate, and γ-aminobutyric acid. It would be interesting to produce bio-chemicals and bio-fuels directly using starch from non-food crop, e.g., cassava, by engineered C. tyrobutyricum. In this study, heterologous α-amylases were screened and expressed in C. tyrobutyricum, resulting in successfully starch hydrolyzation. Furthermore, α-glucosidase (AgluI) was co-expressed with α-amylases, resulting in enhancement in the capacity of starch hydrolyzation and butyrate production. When increasing the cassava starch concentration to 100 g/L, the engineered strain CTAA05 produced 27.0 g/L butyrate. In addition, when introducing butyl butyrate synthetic pathway, strain MU3-AAV produced 26.8 g/L butyl butyrate with 100 g/L cassava starch as substrate. This study showed a generalizable framework to engineered anaerobes for anaerobic production of bio-chemicals and bio-fuels from starchy biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Guo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi Yue
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, De Cesare A, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Cocconcelli PS, Fernández Escámez PS, Prieto Maradona M, Querol A, Sijtsma L, Suarez JE, Sundh I, Barizzone F, Correia S, Herman L. Update of the list of qualified presumption of safety (QPS) recommended microbiological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 19: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2023. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8517. [PMID: 38213415 PMCID: PMC10782250 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) process was developed to provide a safety assessment approach for microorganisms intended for use in food or feed chains. The QPS approach is based on an assessment of published data for each taxonomic unit (TU), with respect to its taxonomic identity, the body of relevant knowledge and safety concerns. Safety concerns identified for a TU are, where possible, confirmed at the species/strain or product level and reflected by 'qualifications'. In the period covered by this Statement, no new information was found that would change the status of previously recommended QPS TUs. Of 71 microorganisms notified to EFSA between April and September 2023 (30 as feed additives, 22 as food enzymes or additives, 7 as novel foods and 12 from plant protection products [PPP]), 61 were not evaluated because: 26 were filamentous fungi, 1 was Enterococcus faecium, 5 were Escherichia coli, 1 was a bacteriophage (all excluded from the QPS evaluation) and 28 were TUs that already have a QPS status. The other 10 notifications belonged to 9 TUs which were evaluated for a possible QPS status: Ensifer adhaerens and Heyndrickxia faecalis did not get the QPS recommendation due to the limited body of knowledge about their occurrence in the food and/or feed chains and Burkholderia ubonensis also due to its ability to generate biologically active compounds with antimicrobial activity; Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas putida due to safety concerns. K. pneumoniae is excluded from future QPS evaluations. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is recommended for QPS status with the qualification 'for production purposes only'; Clostridium tyrobutyricum is recommended for QPS status with the qualification 'absence of genetic determinants for toxigenic activity'; Candida oleophila has been added as a synonym of Yarrowia lipolytica. The Panel clarifies the extension of the QPS status for genetically modified strains.
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Tao R, Zong G, Pan Y, Li H, Cheng P, Deng R, Chen W, Wang A, Xia S, Tang W, Lu Y, Wei Z. Clostridium butyricum and Clostridium tyrobutyricum: angel or devil for necrotizing enterocolitis? mSystems 2023; 8:e0073223. [PMID: 37921463 PMCID: PMC10734425 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study sheds light on that treatment with Clostridium tyrobutyricum but not Clostridium butyricum is entitled to protect against necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) development potentially. The mechanisms behind the opposite effect on NEC may result in different modulation on the level of Akkermansia muciniphila, which is deeply associated with intestinal homoeostasis. Briefly, through improving the abundance of A. muciniphila to alleviate intestinal inflammation and enhance intestinal barrier integrity, C. tyrobutyricum supplement may become a promising therapy for NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gangfan Zong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yehua Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxing Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Aiyun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shishan Xia
- Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Weibing Tang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhonghong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Joint International Research Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Regenerative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Guo X, Zhang H, Feng J, Yang L, Luo K, Fu H, Wang J. De novo biosynthesis of butyl butyrate in engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Metab Eng 2023; 77:64-75. [PMID: 36948242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Butyl butyrate has broad applications in foods, cosmetics, solvents, and biofuels. Microbial synthesis of bio-based butyl butyrate has been regarded as a promising approach recently. Herein, we engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 to achieve de novo biosynthesis of butyl butyrate from fermentable sugars. Through introducing the butanol synthetic pathway (enzyme AdhE2), screening alcohol acyltransferases (AATs), adjusting transcription of VAAT and adhE2 (i.e., optimizing promoter), and efficient supplying butyryl-CoA, an excellent engineered strain, named MUV3, was obtained with ability to produce 4.58 g/L butyl butyrate at 25 °C with glucose in serum bottles. More NADH is needed for butyl butyrate synthesis, thus mannitol (the more reduced substrate) was employed to produce butyl butyrate. Ultimately, 62.59 g/L butyl butyrate with a selectivity of 95.97%, and a yield of 0.21 mol/mol was obtained under mannitol with fed-batch fermentation in a 5 L bioreactor, which is the highest butyl butyrate titer reported so far. Altogether, this study presents an anaerobic fermentative platform for de novo biosynthesis of butyl butyrate in one step, which lays the foundation for butyl butyrate biosynthesis from renewable biomass feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Guo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kui Luo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Wang B, Zhou X, Liu W, Liu MH, Mo D, Wu QF, Wang YJ, Zhang MM, Chen L, Yuan S, Zhou B, Li X, Lu D. Construction of Clostridium tyrobutyricum strain and ionic membrane technology combination pattern for refinery final molasses recovery and butyric acid production. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1065953. [PMID: 36825085 PMCID: PMC9941566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1065953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clostridium tyrobutyricum has considerable prospect in the production of organic acids. Globally, refinery final molasses is rich in sugar and reported to have high levels of accumulation and high emission costs, recognized as an excellent substrate for C. tyrobutyricum fermentation, but there is no suitable method available at present. Methods In this study, an acid-base treatment combined with a new green membrane treatment technology - a dynamic ion-exchange membrane -was used to pretreat refinery final molasses, so that it could be used for C. tyrobutyricum to produce butyric acid. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was established to determine the conversion of a large amount of sucrose into fermentable sugars (71.88 g/L glucose and 38.06 g/L fructose) in the treated refinery final molasses. The process of sequential filtration with 3, 1, and 0.45 μm-pore diameter dynamic ion-exchange membranes could remove impurities, pigments, and harmful substances from the refinery final molasses, and retain the fermentable sugar. Results and discussion This means that refinery final molasses from the sugar industry could be utilized as a high-value by-product and used for the growth of C. tyrobutyricum, with industrial feasibility and economic competitiveness. Using the treated refinery final molasses as a carbon source, C. tyrobutyricum was screened by the method of adaptive evolution. The strain with butyric acid yielded 52.54 g/L, and the yield of the six carbon sugar was increased from 0.240 to 0.478 g/g. The results showed that combination of C. tyrobutyricum and ionic membrane technology broke through the bottleneck of its utilization of refinery final molasses. This study provided an innovative idea for the C. tyrobutyricum fermentation to produce butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China,College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiang Zhou, ,
| | - Wei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mei-Han Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China,College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Mo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao-Miao Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Shan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China,Xin Li,
| | - Dong Lu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,Gansu Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources Exploitation and Application, Lanzhou, China,Dong Lu,
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11
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Fu H, Yang L, Zhang H, Wang J. Deciphering of the Mannitol Metabolism Pathway in Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 by Comparative Transcriptome Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1072-1084. [PMID: 36322284 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum has great potential for bio-based chemicals and biofuel production from mannitol; however, the mannitol metabolic pathway and its metabolic regulatory mechanism have not been elucidated. To this end, the RNA-seq analysis on the mid-log growth phase of C. tyrobutyricum grown on mannitol or xylose was performed. Comparative transcriptome analysis and co-transcription experiment indicated that mtlARFD, which encodes the mannitol-specific IIA component, transcription activator, mannitol-specific IIBC components, and mannitol-1-phosphate 5-dehydrogenase, respectively, formed a polycistronic operon and could be responsible for mannitol uptake and metabolism. In addition, comparative genomic analysis of the mtlARFD organization and the MtlR protein structural domain among various Firmicutes strains identified the putative cre (catabolite-responsive element) sites and conserved phosphorylation sites, but whether the expression of mannitol operon was affected by CcpA- and MtlR-mediated metabolic regulation during mixed substrate fermentation needs to be further verified experimentally. Based on the gene knockout and complementation results, the predicted mannitol operon mtlARFD was confirmed to be responsible for mannitol utilization in C. tyrobutyricum. The results of this study could be used to enhance the mannitol metabolic pathway and explore the potential metabolic regulation mechanism of mannitol during mixed substrate fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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12
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Munier E, Licandro H, Beuvier E, Cachon R. Bioinformatics and metabolic flux analysis highlight a new mechanism involved in lactate oxidation in Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Int Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36609955 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change and environmental issues compel us to find alternatives to the production of molecules of interest from petrochemistry. This study aims at understanding the production of butyrate, hydrogen, and CO2 from the oxidation of lactate with acetate in Clostridium tyrobutyricum and thus proposes an alternative carbon source to glucose. This specie is known to produce more butyrate than the other butyrate-producing clostridia species due to a lack of solvent genesis phase. The recent discoveries on flavin-based electron bifurcation and confurcation mechanism as a mode of energy conservation led us to suggest a new metabolic scheme for the formation of butyrate from lactate-acetate co-metabolism. While searching for genes encoding for EtfAB complexes and neighboring genes in the genome of C. tyrobutyricum, we identified a cluster of genes involved in butyrate formation and another cluster involved in lactate oxidation homologous to Acetobacterium woodii. A phylogenetic approach encompassing other butyrate-producing and/or lactate-oxidizing species based on EtfAB complexes confirmed these results. A metabolic scheme on the production of butyrate, hydrogen, and CO2 from the lactate-acetate co-metabolism in C. tyrobutyricum was constructed and then confirmed with data of steady-state continuous culture. This in silico metabolic carbon flux analysis model showed the coherence of the scheme from the carbon recovery, the cofactor ratio, and the ATP yield. This study improves our understanding of the lactate oxidation metabolic pathways and the role of acetate and intracellular redox balance, and paves the way for the production of molecules of interest as butyrate and hydrogen with C. tyrobutyricum.
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13
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Ávila M, Sánchez C, Calzada J, Mayer MJ, Berruga MI, López-Díaz TM, Narbad A, Garde S. Isolation and characterization of new bacteriophages active against Clostridium tyrobutyricum and their role in preventing the late blowing defect of cheese. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112222. [PMID: 36596151 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lytic bacteriophages (phages) offer a great potential as biocontrol agents for spoilage Clostridium tyrobutyricum, responsible for butyric acid fermentation in semi-hard and hard ripened cheeses, resulting in late gas blowing defect. With this aim, we have isolated, identified and characterized new lytic phages of C. tyrobutyricum, and have evaluated their efficacy to control cheese late blowing by adding them to manufacture milk. Silage, soil, milk and cheese from dairy farms were screened for anti-clostridial phages, obtaining 96 isolates active against C. tyrobutyricum. According to host range, source and plaque morphology, we obtained 20 phage profiles, 8 of them (represented by phages FA3, FA21, FA29, FA52, FA58, FA67, FA70 and FA88) showing a wider host range and high quality lysis, which were further characterized. Selected isolates showed a non-contractile tail, belonging to the Siphoviridae family, and were grouped into 3 restriction profiles. Viable phages were detected after storage in sodium-magnesium buffer (SM buffer), skim milk and acidified skim milk (pH 5) for 7 d at 4 °C, 12 °C and 37 °C, although a decline in infectivity was observed in some cases. Good phage survival was also detected during semi-hard cheese manufacture and ripening (60 d), and cheese lactococci counts, pH, dry matter values, and volatile compounds were not affected by phage addition. In semi-hard cheese, phage FA67 impaired the early germination of C. tyrobutyricum spores and caused a significant decrease in clostridial vegetative cells counts at 14 d of ripening, delaying by 2 weeks the consumption of lactic acid, formation of butyric acid and appearance of late blowing symptoms, compared to the spoilt control cheese without the phage. This is the first report on the application of phage to control C. tyrobutyricum in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ávila
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Sánchez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Calzada
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - M Isabel Berruga
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain.
| | - Teresa M López-Díaz
- Department of Food Hygiene and Food Technology, Veterinary Faculty, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Sonia Garde
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Carretera de La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Fu H, Zhang H, Guo X, Yang L, Wang J. Elimination of carbon catabolite repression in Clostridium tyrobutyricum for enhanced butyric acid production from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Bioresour Technol 2022; 357:127320. [PMID: 35589044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum, a gram-positive anaerobic bacterium, is recognized as the promising butyric acid producer. But, the existence of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) is the major drawback for C. tyrobutyricum to efficiently use the lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, the xylose pathway genes were first identified and verified. Then, the potential regulatory mechanisms of CCR in C. tyrobutyricum were proposed and the predicted engineering targets were experimental validated. Inactivation of hprK blocked the CcpA-mediated CCR and resulted in simultaneous conversion of glucose and xylose, although xylose consumption was severe lagging behind. Deletion of xylR further shortened the lag phase of xylose utilization. When hprK and xylR were inactivated together, the CCR in C. tyrobutyricum was completely eliminated. Consequently, ATCC 25755/ΔhprKΔxylR showed significant increase in butyrate productivity (1.8 times faster than the control) and excellent butyric acid fermentation performance using both mixed sugars (11.0-11.9 g/L) and undetoxified lignocellulosic hydrolysates (12.4-13.4 g/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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15
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Podrzaj L, Burtscher J, Domig KJ. Comparative Genomics Provides Insights Into Genetic Diversity of Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Potential Implications for Late Blowing Defects in Cheese. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:889551. [PMID: 35722315 PMCID: PMC9201417 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum has been recognized as the main cause of late blowing defects (LBD) in cheese leading to considerable economic losses for the dairy industry. Although differences in spoilage ability among strains of this species have been acknowledged, potential links to the genetic diversity and functional traits remain unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate and characterize genomic variation, pan-genomic diversity and key traits of C. tyrobutyricum by comparing the genomes of 28 strains. A comparative genomics analysis revealed an “open” pangenome comprising 9,748 genes and a core genome of 1,179 genes shared by all test strains. Among those core genes, the majority of genes encode proteins related to translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, energy production and conversion, and amino acid metabolism. A large part of the accessory genome is composed of sets of unique, strain-specific genes ranging from about 5 to more than 980 genes. Furthermore, functional analysis revealed several strain-specific genes related to replication, recombination and repair, cell wall, membrane and envelope biogenesis, and defense mechanisms that might facilitate survival under stressful environmental conditions. Phylogenomic analysis divided strains into two clades: clade I contained human, mud, and silage isolates, whereas clade II comprised cheese and milk isolates. Notably, these two groups of isolates showed differences in certain hypothetical proteins, transcriptional regulators and ABC transporters involved in resistance to oxidative stress. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide comparative genomics of C. tyrobutyricum strains related to LBD. Importantly, the findings presented in this study highlight the broad genetic diversity of C. tyrobutyricum, which might help us understand the diversity in spoilage potential of C. tyrobutyricum in cheese and provide some clues for further exploring the gene modules responsible for the spoilage ability of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Podrzaj
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Burtscher
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad J Domig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Fu H, Hu J, Guo X, Feng J, Yang ST, Wang J. Butanol production from Saccharina japonica hydrolysate by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum: The effects of pretreatment method and heat shock protein overexpression. Bioresour Technol 2021; 335:125290. [PMID: 34023662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Macroalgal biomass is currently considered as a potential candidate for biofuel production. In this study, the effects of pretreatment method and heat shock protein overexpression were investigated for efficient butanol production from Saccharina japonica using engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. First, various pretreatment methods including acid hydrolysis, acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification, and ultrasonic-assisted acid hydrolysis were employed to obtain the fermentable sugars, and the resulted hydrolysates were evaluated for butanol fermentation. The results showed that ultrasonic-assisted acid hydrolysate obtained the highest butanol yield (0.26 g/g) and productivity (0.19 g/L⋅h). Then, the effects of homologous or heterologous heat shock protein overexpression on butanol production and tolerance were examined. Among all the engineered strains, Ct-pMA12G exhibited improved butanol tolerance and enhanced butanol production (12.15 g/L butanol with a yield of 0.34 g/g and productivity of 0.15 g/L⋅h) from 1.8-fold concentrated S. japonica hydrolysate, which was the highest level ever reported for macroalgal biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialei Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaolong Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Fermentation and Enzyme Engineering, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Cecere P, Gatto F, Cortimiglia C, Bassi D, Lucchini F, Cocconcelli PS, Pompa PP. Colorimetric Point-of-Care Detection of Clostridium tyrobutyricum Spores in Milk Samples. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:bios11090293. [PMID: 34562883 PMCID: PMC8469627 DOI: 10.3390/bios11090293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum represents the main spoiling agent responsible for late blowing defects (LBD) in hard and semi-hard cheeses. Its spores are resistant to manufacturing procedures and can germinate during the long ripening process, causing the burst of the cheese paste with a consequent undesirable taste. The lower quality of blown cheeses leads to considerable financial losses for the producers. The early identification of spore contaminations in raw milk samples thus assumes a pivotal role in industrial quality control. Herein, we developed a point of care (POC) testing method for the sensitive detection of C. tyrobutyricum in milk samples, combining fast DNA extraction (with no purification steps) with a robust colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technique. Our approach allows for the sensitive and specific detection of C. tyrobutyricum spores (limit of detection, LoD: ~2 spores/mL), with the advantage of a clear naked-eye visualization of the results and a potential semi-quantitative discrimination of the contamination level. In addition, we demonstrated the feasibility of this strategy using a portable battery-operated device that allowed both DNA extraction and amplification steps, proving its potential for on-site quality control applications without the requirement of sophisticated instrumentation and trained personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cecere
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy; (P.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesca Gatto
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy; (P.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Claudia Cortimiglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la Sostenibilità della Filiera Agro-Alimentare, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza-Cremona, Italy; (C.C.); (D.B.); (F.L.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Daniela Bassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la Sostenibilità della Filiera Agro-Alimentare, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza-Cremona, Italy; (C.C.); (D.B.); (F.L.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Franco Lucchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la Sostenibilità della Filiera Agro-Alimentare, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza-Cremona, Italy; (C.C.); (D.B.); (F.L.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Pier Sandro Cocconcelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari per la Sostenibilità della Filiera Agro-Alimentare, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza-Cremona, Italy; (C.C.); (D.B.); (F.L.); (P.S.C.)
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 16163 Genova, Italy; (P.C.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Liu T, Malkmes MJ, Zhu L, Huang H, Jiang L. Metal-organic frameworks coupling simultaneous saccharication and fermentation for enhanced butyric acid production from rice straw under visible light by Clostridium tyrobutyricum CtΔack::cat1. Bioresour Technol 2021; 332:125117. [PMID: 33845315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) coupling simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for butyric acid production using rice straw was constructed. Clostridium tyrobutyricum Δack::cat1, with deleted ack gene and overexpressed cat1 gene, was used as the butyric-acid-fermentation strain. MOFs was employed as a photocatalyst to improve butyric acid production, as well as a cytoprotective exoskeleton with immobilized cellulase for the hydrolysis of rice straw. Thus, the survival of MOFs-coated strain, the thermostability and pH stability of cellulase both remarkably increased. As a result, 55% of rice straw was hydrolyzed in 24 h, and the final concentration of butyric acid in visible light was increased by 14.23% and 29.16% compared to uncoated and coated strain without visible light, respectively. Finally, 26.25 g/L of butyric acid with a productivity of 0.41 g/L·h in fed-batch fermentation was obtained. This novel process inspires green approach of abundant low-cost feedstocks utilization for chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China; College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Matthew Jay Malkmes
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Cao L, Gao Y, Wang XZ, Shu GY, Hu YN, Xie ZP, Cui W, Guo XP, Zhou X. A Series of Efficient Umbrella Modeling Strategies to Track Irradiation-Mutation Strains Improving Butyric Acid Production From the Pre-development Earlier Stage Point of View. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:609345. [PMID: 34222207 PMCID: PMC8242359 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.609345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum (C. tyrobutyricum) is a fermentation strain used to produce butyric acid. A promising new biofuel, n-butanol, can be produced by catalysis of butyrate, which can be obtained through microbial fermentation. Butyric acid has various uses in food additives and flavor agents, antiseptic substances, drug formulations, and fragrances. Its use as a food flavoring has been approved by the European Union, and it has therefore been listed on the EU Lists of Flavorings. As butyric acid fermentation is a cost-efficient process, butyric acid is an attractive feedstock for various biofuels and food commercialization products. 12C6+ irradiation has advantages over conventional mutation methods for fermentation production due to its dosage conformity and excellent biological availability. Nevertheless, the effects of these heavy-ion irradiations on the specific productiveness of C. tyrobutyricum are still uncertain. We developed non-structured mathematical models to represent the heavy-ion irradiation of C. tyrobutyricum in biofermentation reactors. The kinetic models reflect various fermentation features of the mutants, including the mutant strain growth model, butyric acid formation model, and medium consumption model. The models were constructed based on the Markov chain Monte Carlo model and logistic regression. Models were verified using experimental data in response to different initial glucose concentrations (0-180 g/L). The parameters of fixed proposals are applied in the various fermentation stages. Predictions of these models were in accordance well with the results of fermentation assays. The maximum butyric acid production was 56.3 g/L. Our study provides reliable information for increasing butyric acid production and for evaluating the feasibility of using mutant strains of C. tyrobutyricum at the pre-development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Zhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Shu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Ya-Nan Hu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Zong-Ping Xie
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Wei Cui
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Guo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Hassan H, St-Gelais D, Gomaa A, Fliss I. Impact of Nisin and Nisin-Producing Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis on Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Bacterial Ecosystem of Cheese Matrices. Foods 2021; 10:898. [PMID: 33921812 PMCID: PMC8073774 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores survive milk pasteurization and cause late blowing of cheeses and significant economic loss. The effectiveness of nisin-producing Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis 32 as a protective strain for control the C. tyrobutyricum growth in Cheddar cheese slurry was compared to that of encapsulated nisin-A. The encapsulated nisin was more effective, with 1.0 log10 reductions of viable spores after one week at 30 °C and 4 °C. Spores were not detected for three weeks at 4 °C in cheese slurry made with 1.3% salt, or during week 2 with 2% salt. Gas production was observed after one week at 30 °C only in the control slurry made with 1.3% salt. In slurry made with the protective strain, the reduction in C. tyrobutyricum count was 0.6 log10 in the second week at 4 °C with both salt concentration. At 4 °C, nisin production started in week 2 and reached 97 µg/g after four weeks. Metabarcoding analysis targeting the sequencing of 16S rRNA revealed that the genus Lactococcus dominated for four weeks at 4 °C. In cheese slurry made with 2% salt, the relative abundance of the genus Clostridium decreased significantly in the presence of nisin or the protective strain. The results indicated that both strategies are able to control the growth of Clostridium development in Cheddar cheese slurries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatoallah Hassan
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Daniel St-Gelais
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 8E3, Canada;
| | - Ahmed Gomaa
- National Research Center, Nutrition and Food Science Department, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Ismail Fliss
- STELA Dairy Research Center, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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21
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Li W, Cheng C, Cao G, Yang ST, Ren N. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Clostridium tyrobutyricum expressing a heterologous uptake hydrogenase. Sci Total Environ 2020; 749:142022. [PMID: 33370888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a promising microbial cell factory to produce biofuels. In this study, an uptake hydrogenase (hyd2293) from Ethanoligenens harbinense was overexpressed in C. tyrobutyricum and significantly affected the redox reactions and metabolic profiles. Compared to the parental strain (Ct-WT), the mutant strain Ct-Hyd2293 produced ~34% less butyrate, ~148% more acetate, and ~11% less hydrogen, accompanied by the emerging genesis of butanol. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that 666 genes were significantly differentially expressed after the overexpression of hyd2293, including 82 up-regulated genes and 584 down-regulated genes. The up-regulated genes were mainly involved in carbohydrate and energy metabolisms while the down-regulated genes were distributed in nearly all pathways. Genes involved in glucose transportation, glycolysis, different fermentation pathways and hydrogen metabolism were studied and the gene expression changes showed the mechanism of the metabolic flux redistribution in Ct-Hyd2293. The overexpression of uptake hydrogenase redirected electrons from hydrogen and butyrate to butanol. The key enzymes participating in the energy conservation and sporulation were also identified and their transcription levels were generally reduced. This study demonstrated the transcriptomic responses of C. tyrobutyricum to the expression of a heterologous uptake hydrogenase, which provided a better understanding of the metabolic characteristics of C. tyrobutyricum and demonstrated the potential role of redox manipulation in metabolic engineering for biofuel productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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22
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Podrzaj L, Burtscher J, Küller F, Domig KJ. Strain-Dependent Cheese Spoilage Potential of Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111836. [PMID: 33266400 PMCID: PMC7700369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum, a Gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium, is considered as one of the main causative agents for spoilage of hard and semihard cheeses. Growth of C. tyrobutyricum in cheese is critically influenced by ripening temperature and time, pH, salt and lactic acid concentration, moisture and fat content, and the presence of other microorganisms. Previous studies revealed high intraspecies diversity of C. tyrobutyricum strains and variable tolerance toward pH, temperatures, and salt concentrations. These findings indicate that strain-dependent characteristics may be relevant to assess the risk for cheese spoilage if clostridial contamination occurs. In this study, we aimed to compare the phenotypes of 12 C. tyrobutyricum strains which were selected from 157 strains on the basis of genotypic and proteotypic variability. The phenotypic analysis comprised the assessment of gas production and organic acid concentrations in an experimental cheese broth incubated at different temperatures (37, 20, and 14 °C). For all tested strains, delayed gas production at lower incubation temperatures and a strong correlation between gas production and the change in organic acid concentrations were observed. However, considering the time until gas production was visible at different incubation temperatures, a high degree of heterogeneity was found among the tested strains. In addition, variation among replicates of the same strain and differences due to different inoculum levels became evident. This study shows, that, among other factors, strain-specific germination and growth characteristics should be considered to evaluate the risk of cheese spoilage by C. tyrobutyricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Podrzaj
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (F.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI GmbH), Technopark 1C, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Burtscher
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (F.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-1-47654-75456
| | - Franziska Küller
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (F.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation (FFoQSI GmbH), Technopark 1C, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Konrad J. Domig
- Institute of Food Science, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria; (L.P.); (F.K.); (K.J.D.)
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23
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Stoklosa RJ, Moore C, Latona RJ, Nghiem NP. Butyric Acid Generation by Clostridium tyrobutyricum from Low-Moisture Anhydrous Ammonia (LMAA) Pretreated Sweet Sorghum Bagasse. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:761-776. [PMID: 33188509 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03449-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) is an under-utilized feedstock for biochemical conversion to biofuels or high value chemicals. One such chemical that can be generated biochemically and applied to a wide array of industries from pharmaceuticals to the production of liquid transportation fuels is butyric acid. This work investigated cultivating the butyric acid producing strain Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 on low-moisture anhydrous ammonia (LMAA) pretreated SSB. Pretreated SSB hydrolysate was detoxified and supplemented with urea for shake flask batch fermentation to show that up to 11.4 g/L butyric acid could be produced with a selectivity of 87% compared to other organic acids. Bioreactor fermentation with pH control showed high biomass growth, but a similar output of 11.3 g/L butyric acid was achieved. However, the butyric acid productivity increased to 0.251 g/L∙hr with a butyric acid yield of 0.29 g/g sugar consumed. This butyric acid output represented an 83% theoretical yield. Further improvements in butyric acid titer and yield can be achieved by optimizing nutrient supplementation and incorporating fed-batch fermentation processing of pretreated SSB hydrolysate. Construction of ZGO:Sr NR- and ZGC@PDA NP-driven ratiometric aptasensor for CEA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Stoklosa
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.
| | - Carrington Moore
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA.,Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Renee J Latona
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Nhuan P Nghiem
- Sustainable Biofuels and Co-Products Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
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24
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Fu H, Lin M, Tang IC, Wang J, Yang ST. Effects of benzyl viologen on increasing NADH availability, acetate assimilation, and butyric acid production by Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:770-783. [PMID: 33058166 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum produces butyric and acetic acids from glucose. The butyric acid yield and selectivity in the fermentation depend on NADH available for acetate reassimilation to butyric acid. In this study, benzyl viologen (BV), an artificial electron carrier that inhibits hydrogen production, was used to increase NADH availability and butyric acid production while eliminating acetic acid accumulation by facilitating its reassimilation. To better understand the mechanism of and find the optimum condition for BV effect on enhancing acetate assimilation and butyric acid production, BV at various concentrations and addition times during the fermentation were studied. Compared with the control without BV, the addition of 1 μM BV increased butyric acid production from glucose by ∼50% in yield and ∼29% in productivity while acetate production was completely inhibited. Furthermore, BV also increased the coutilization of glucose and exogenous acetate for butyric acid production. At a concentration ratio of acetate (g/L) to BV (mM) of 4, both acetate assimilation and butyrate biosynthesis increased with increasing the concentrations of BV (0-6.25 μM) and exogenous acetate (0-25 g/L). In a fed-batch fermentation with glucose and ∼15 g/L acetate and 3.75 μM BV, butyrate production reached 55.9 g/L with productivity 0.93 g/L/h, yield 0.48 g/g, and 97.4% purity, which would facilitate product purification and reduce production cost. Manipulating metabolic flux and redox balance via BV and acetate addition provided a simple to implement metabolic process engineering approach for butyric acid production from sugars and biomass hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - I-Ching Tang
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, Dublin, Ohio, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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25
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Liang Q, Liu J, Wei J, Jia J, Shen H, Chen W, Liang W, Gao B, Xu Z, Zhang L. The effect of Clostridium tyrobutyricum Spo0A overexpression in the intestine of mice. Benef Microbes 2020; 11:573-589. [PMID: 33032473 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum shows probiotic properties and can affect the composition of gut microbiota and regulate the intestinal immune system. Compared with other probiotics, this spore-producing bacterium shows unparalleled advantages in commercial production. In addition to being resistant to extreme living environments for extended periods, its endophytic spores are implicated in inhibiting cancer cell growth. We speculated that C. tyrobutyricum spores can also promote gut health, which mean it can maintain intestinal homeostasis. To date, the beneficial effects of C. tyrobutyricum spores on gut health have not been reported. In this study, a Spo0A-overexpressing C. tyrobutyricum strain was developed to increase spore production, and its probiotic effects on the gut were assessed. Compared with the wild-type, the engineered strain showed significantly increased sporulation rates. Mice administered with the engineered strain exhibited enhanced intestinal villi and the villus height/crypt depth ratio, weight gain and improved Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio to facilitate intestinal homeostasis. This study demonstrated for the first time that enhanced spore production in C. tyrobutyricum can improve intestinal homeostasis, which is advantageous for its commercial application in food and pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - J Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Disease Control, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Veterinary Public Health, Public Health Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - J Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - J Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - H Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - W Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Disease Control, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Veterinary Public Health, Public Health Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - W Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Disease Control, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Veterinary Public Health, Public Health Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - B Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Disease Control, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Veterinary Public Health, Public Health Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - Z Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Disease Control, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Veterinary Public Health, Public Health Laboratory, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R
| | - L Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China P.R.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China P.R
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26
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Bao T, Feng J, Jiang W, Fu H, Wang J, Yang ST. Recent advances in n-butanol and butyrate production using engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:138. [PMID: 32794091 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02914-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acidogenic clostridia naturally producing acetic and butyric acids has attracted high interest as a novel host for butyrate and n-butanol production. Among them, Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a hyper butyrate-producing bacterium, which re-assimilates acetate for butyrate biosynthesis by butyryl-CoA/acetate CoA transferase (CoAT), rather than the phosphotransbutyrylase-butyrate kinase (PTB-BK) pathway widely found in clostridia and other microbial species. To date, C. tyrobutyricum has been engineered to overexpress a heterologous alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenase, which converts butyryl-CoA to n-butanol. Compared to conventional solventogenic clostridia, which produce acetone, ethanol, and butanol in a biphasic fermentation process, the engineered C. tyrobutyricum with a high metabolic flux toward butyryl-CoA produced n-butanol at a high yield of > 0.30 g/g and titer of > 20 g/L in glucose fermentation. With no acetone production and a high C4/C2 ratio, butanol was the only major fermentation product by the recombinant C. tyrobutyricum, allowing simplified downstream processing for product purification. In this review, novel metabolic engineering strategies to improve n-butanol and butyrate production by C. tyrobutyricum from various substrates, including glucose, xylose, galactose, sucrose, and cellulosic hydrolysates containing the mixture of glucose and xylose, are discussed. Compared to other recombinant hosts such as Clostridium acetobutylicum and Escherichia coli, the engineered C. tyrobutyricum strains with higher butyrate and butanol titers, yields and productivities are the most promising hosts for potential industrial applications.
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27
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Burtscher J, Küller F, Dreier M, Arias-Roth E, Drissner D, Domig KJ. Characterization of Clostridium tyrobutyricum Strains Using Three Different Typing Techniques. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1057. [PMID: 32708607 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum is well known as one of the main causative agents of severe cheese spoilage. The metabolism of this anaerobic bacterium during ripening leads to textural and sensory defects in cheese and consequential loss of product value. The potential to induce cheese spoilage, however, may vary among different strains of the same species. Therefore, a better understanding of the intra-species diversity of C. tyrobutyricum may be of practical relevance for the dairy industry. In the present study, we compared the ability of three typing techniques to differentiate 95 C. tyrobutyricum strains on the subspecies level: (1) repetitive element palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprinting combined with conventional agarose gel electrophoresis, (2) hexaplex-PCR followed by an automated capillary electrophoresis and (3) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) typing. MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting provided only moderate reproducibility and low discriminatory power. Both PCR-based methods were highly reproducible and discriminative, with hexaplex-PCR fingerprinting being slightly more discriminative than rep-PCR typing. Overall, a high intra-species diversity was observed among the tested strains, indicating that further investigations on the strain level may be of interest.
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28
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Zhang J, Hong W, Guo L, Wang Y, Wang Y. Enhancing plasmid transformation efficiency and enabling CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1-based genome editing in Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2911-2917. [PMID: 32437010 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 is known as a natural hyper-butyrate producer with great potentials as an excellent platform to be engineered for valuable biochemical production from renewable resources. However, limited transformation efficiency and the lack of genetic manipulation tools have hampered the broader applications of this micro-organism. In this study, the effects of Type I restriction-modification system and native plasmid on conjugation efficiency of C. tyrobutyricum were investigated through gene deletion. The deletion of Type I restriction endonuclease resulted in a 3.7-fold increase in conjugation efficiency, while the additional elimination of the native plasmid further enhanced conjugation efficiency to 6.05 ± 0.75 × 103 CFU/ml-donor, which was 15.3-fold higher than the wild-type strain. Fermentation results indicated that the deletion of those two genetic elements did not significantly influence the end-products production in the resultant mutant ΔRMIΔNP. Thanks to the increased conjugation efficiency, the CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 systems, which previously could not be implemented in C. tyrobutyricum, were successfully employed for genome editing in ΔRMIΔNP with an efficiency of 12.5-25%. Altogether, approaches we developed herein offer valuable guidance for establishing efficient DNA transformation methods in nonmodel micro-organisms. The ΔRMIΔNP mutant can serve as a great chassis to be engineered for diverse valuable biofuel and biochemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Guizhou Medical University, Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yifen Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama.,Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
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29
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Liu T, Jiang C, Zhu L, Jiang L, Huang H. Fe 3O 4@chitosan Microspheres Coating as Cytoprotective Exoskeletons for the Enhanced Production of Butyric Acid With Clostridium tyrobutyricum Under Acid Stress. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:449. [PMID: 32500066 PMCID: PMC7243709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of inorganic nano-materials may endow microbial cells with unique new features, including greater resistance to adverse abiotic stress. The aim of this work was to enhance the acid tolerance of Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 by coating cells with self-assembled Fe3O4@chitosan (Fe3O4@CS) microspheres, and thereby increase the production of butyric acid. The optimal coating efficiency of 81.19% was obtained by systematically optimizing the three operational parameters temperature, rpm and mass ratio, which were determined to be 37°C, 80 rpm and 1:2, respectively. Physicochemical characterization was used to assess the superparamagnetism, thermostability and subsize of Fe3O4@CS attached to the cells. Compared to free cells, C. tyrobutyricum coated with Fe3O4@CS (CtFC) exhibited stronger acid tolerance at low pH. At a pH of 4 or 5, the levels of ROS, MDA, LDH, and SOD caused by the acid environment in free cells were significant higher than in CtFC. Moreover, without adding NaOH, CtFC fermentation showed a higher butyric acid titer (37.60 vs. 31.56 g/L) compared to free-cell fermentation. At the same time, an average butyric acid yield of 0.46 g/g in each repeated-batch fermentation was also obtained by taking advantage of the biocatalyst’s reusability and convenient separation from the fermentation broth via an external magnetic force. Overall, the developed CtFC illustrates a new paradigm for developing an economical and reusable biocatalyst for industrial application in butyric acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.,College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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30
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He F, Qin S, Yang Z, Bai X, Suo Y, Wang J. Butyric acid production from spent coffee grounds by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum overexpressing galactose catabolism genes. Bioresour Technol 2020; 304:122977. [PMID: 32062499 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum cannot utilize galactose, which is abundant in lignocellulose and red algae, as a carbon source for butyric acid production. Hence, when using galactose-rich coffee ground hydrolysate as the substrate, the fermentation performance of C. tyrobutyricum is poor. In this work, a recombinant strain, C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755/ketp, overexpressing galactose catabolism genes (galK, galE, galT, and galP) from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was constructed for the co-utilization of glucose and galactose. Batch fermentation in the bioreactor showed that ATCC 25755/ketp could efficiently utilize galactose without glucose-induced carbon catabolite repression and consume nearly 100% of the galactose present in the spent coffee ground hydrolysate. Correspondingly, the butyric acid concentration and productivity of ATCC 25755/ketp reached 34.3 g/L and 0.36 g/L·h, respectively, an increase of 78.6% and 56.5% compared with the wild-type strain, indicating its potential for butyric acid production from hydrolysates of inexpensive and galactose-rich biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei He
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shiwen Qin
- School of Agriculture, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China
| | - Xuehui Bai
- Dehong Tropical Agriculture Research Institute, Dehong 678600, China
| | - Yukai Suo
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission and Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650031, China.
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Guo X, Fu H, Feng J, Hu J, Wang J. Direct conversion of untreated cane molasses into butyric acid by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Bioresour Technol 2020; 301:122764. [PMID: 31958691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose metabolic genes (scrA, scrB and scrK) from C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 were successfully overexpressed in C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755, endowing it with the ability to co-utilize sucrose, fructose and glucose in the cane molasses. As a result, the engineering strain C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755/scrBAK produced 18.07 g/L and 18.98 g/L butyric acid when sucrose and cane molasses were used as the carbon source, respectively. Furthermore, the medium composition and initial cane molasses concentration were optimized to make full use of the untreated cane molasses. Based on these results, 45.71 g/L butyric acid with a yield of 0.39 g/g was obtained in fed-batch fermentation, and the feedstock cost of using untreated cane molasses was decreased by ~47% when compared with the conventional glucose fermentation. This study demonstrated the potential application of C. tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755/scrBAK for economic butyric acid production from untreated cane molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Guo
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Feng
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jialei Hu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Licon CC, Moro A, Librán CM, Molina AM, Zalacain A, Berruga MI, Carmona M. Volatile Transference and Antimicrobial Activity of Cheeses Made with Ewes' Milk Fortified with Essential Oils. Foods 2020; 9:E35. [PMID: 31906406 PMCID: PMC7022313 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, essential oils (EOs) have been proven to be a natural alternative to additives or pasteurization for the prevention of microbial spoilage in several food matrices. In this work, we tested the antimicrobial activity of EOs from Melissa officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, and Thymus vulgaris against three different microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Clostridium tyrobutyricum, and Penicillium verrucosum. Pressed ewes' cheese made from milk fortified with EOs (250 mg/kg) was used as a model. The carryover effect of each oil was studied by analyzing the volatile fraction of dairy samples along the cheese-making process using headspace stir bar sorptive extraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results showed that the EOs contained in T. vulgaris effectively reduced the counts of C. tyrobutyricum and inhibited completely the growth of P. verrucosum without affecting the natural flora present in the cheese. By contrast, the inhibitory effect of M. officinalis against lactic acid bacteria starter cultures rendered this oil unsuitable for this matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C. Licon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California State University, Fresno, 5300 N Campus Drive M/S FF17, Fresno, CA 93740, USA;
| | - Armando Moro
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Avda. José María Urbina y Che Guevara, 130105 Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador
| | - Celia M. Librán
- Food Product Quality Department, Consum S. Coop, Av. Alginet s/n, 46460 Silla, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Molina
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.I.B.)
| | - Amaya Zalacain
- Cátedra de Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I.A., Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain;
| | - M. Isabel Berruga
- Food Quality Research Group, Institute for Regional Development (IDR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (A.M.M.); (M.I.B.)
| | - Manuel Carmona
- School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, Food Technology Lab, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
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Cao X, Chen Z, Liang L, Guo L, Jiang Z, Tang F, Yun Y, Wang Y. Co-valorization of paper mill sludge and corn steep liquor for enhanced n-butanol production with Clostridium tyrobutyricum Δcat1::adhE2. Bioresour Technol 2020; 296:122347. [PMID: 31704602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, hyper-butanol producing Clostridium tyrobutyricum Δcat1::adhE2 was used for butanol production from paper mill sludge (PMS) and corn steep liquor (CSL). Our results demonstrated that CSL can not only serve as a cheap nitrogen source, but also provide lactic acid that can be assimilated by C. tyrobutyricum for enhanced butanol production. Through a separate hydrolysis and fermentation, 16.5 g/L butanol with a yield of 0.26 g/g was obtained from PMS hydrolysates supplemented with 5% CSL. Further, a separate repeated hydrolysis was conducted to improve PMS hydrolysis rate and enhance sugar yield. Fermentation using hydrolysates from such process also generated high-level butanol with high yield. Our results suggested an innovative bioprocess for efficient biobutanol production from low-value waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Cao
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; SFA Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100714, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Liyan Liang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Liang Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Feng Tang
- SFA Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan Science and Technology, International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100714, China
| | - Yang Yun
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Esteban M, Marcos P, Horna C, Galan-Malo P, Mata L, Pérez MD, Calvo M, Sánchez L. Evaluation of methods for DNA extraction from Clostridium tyrobutyricum spores and its detection by qPCR. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 169:105818. [PMID: 31881287 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum is the major agent that causes the blowing defect in cheese due to the germination of its dormant spores during the ripening stage. As a result, many of the affected cheeses show cavities and cracks, which cause the product loss in most cases. Nowadays, there is not a fast method capable of detecting milk contaminated with C. tyrobutyricum spores. The aim of this study has been to develop a fast and reliable method based on real time PCR (qPCR) to detect C. tyrobutyricum spores in raw milk. One of the main limitations has been to find a good procedure for the spore disruption to extract the DNA due to its high resistance. For this reason, different disruption methods have been tested, including chemical agents, bead beating, enzymatic and microwave treatment. Furthermore, an enzymatic treatment with subtilisin was applied for milk clarification and recovery of spores. The comparison of the assayed methods has been made using sterile milk spiked with C. tyrobutyricum spores, obtained in solid or liquid medium. The results showed that microwave treatment followed by a standard DNA purification step was found to be the best disruption method. The Ct values obtained for spores were higher than those found for vegetative cells by qPCR, for the same quantity of DNA. This difference could be due to the action of the Small Acid Soluble Proteins (SASP) in the DNA packaging of spores. Moreover, spores obtained in agar plate were found more resistant to disruption than those obtained in liquid medium. Subtilisin and microwave treatments were found to be successful for DNA extraction from C. tyrobutyricum spores in milk and subsequent identification by qPCR. However, the differences observed between the amplification of DNA from spores obtained in different media and from vegetative cells have to be taken into account to optimize a method for C. tyrobutyricum detection.
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35
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Huang J, Du Y, Bao T, Lin M, Wang J, Yang ST. Production of n-butanol from cassava bagasse hydrolysate by engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum overexpressing adhE2: Kinetics and cost analysis. Bioresour Technol 2019; 292:121969. [PMID: 31415989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The production of biofuels such as butanol is usually limited by the availability of inexpensive raw materials and high substrate cost. Using food crops as feedstock in the biorefinery industry has been criticized for its competition with food supply, causing food shortage and increased food prices. In this study, cassava bagasse as an abundant, renewable, and inexpensive byproduct from the cassava starch industry was used for n-butanol production. Cassava bagasse hydrolysate containing mainly glucose was obtained after treatments with dilute acid and enzymes (glucoamylases and cellulases) and then supplemented with corn steep liquor for use as substrate in repeated-batch fermentation with engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum CtΔack-adhE2 in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Stable butanol production with high titer (>15.0 g/L), yield (>0.30 g/g), and productivity (~0.3 g/L∙h) was achieved, demonstrating the feasibility of an economically competitive process for n-butanol production from cassava bagasse for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yinming Du
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Teng Bao
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Jufang Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Li J, Du Y, Bao T, Dong J, Lin M, Shim H, Yang ST. n-Butanol production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates without detoxification by Clostridium tyrobutyricum Δack-adhE2 in a fibrous-bed bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 2019; 289:121749. [PMID: 31323711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation suffers from high substrate cost and low butanol titer and yield. In this study, engineered Clostridium tyrobutyricum CtΔack-adhE2 immobilized in a fibrous-bed bioreactor was used for butanol production from glucose and xylose present in the hydrolysates of low-cost lignocellulosic biomass including corn fiber, cotton stalk, soybean hull, and sugarcane bagasse. The biomass hydrolysates obtained after acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were supplemented with corn steep liquor and used in repeated-batch fermentations. Butanol production with high titer (∼15 g/L), yield (∼0.3 g/g), and productivity (∼0.3 g/L∙h) was obtained from cotton stalk, soybean hull, and sugarcane bagasse hydrolysates, while corn fiber hydrolysate with higher inhibitor contents gave somewhat inferior results. The fermentation process was stable for long-term operation without any noticeable degeneration, demonstrating its potential for industrial application. A techno-economic analysis showed that n-butanol could be produced from lignocellulosic biomass using this novel fermentation process at ∼$2.5/gal for biofuel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Biology & Engineering, Hebei University of Economics & Business, Shijiazhuang 050061, PR China; William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yinming Du
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Teng Bao
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jie Dong
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Hojae Shim
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, PR China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Cheng C, Lin M, Jiang W, Zhao J, Li W, Yang ST. Development of an in vivo fluorescence based gene expression reporter system for Clostridium tyrobutyricum. J Biotechnol 2019; 305:18-22. [PMID: 31472166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
C. tyrobutyricum, an acidogenic Clostridium, has aroused increasing interest due to its potential to produce biofuel efficiently. However, construction of recombinant C. tyrobutyricum for enhanced biofuel production has been impeded by the limited genetic engineering tools. In this study, a flavin mononucleotide (FMN)-dependent fluorescent protein Bs2-based gene expression reporter system was developed to monitor transformation and explore in vivo strength and regulation of various promoters in C. tyrobutyricum and C. acetobutylicum. Unlike green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its variants, Bs2 can emit green light without oxygen, which makes it extremely suitable for promoter screening and transformation confirmation in organisms grown anaerobically. The expression levels of bs2 under thiolase promoters from C. tyrobutyricum and C. acetobutylicum were measured and compared based on fluorescence intensities. The capacities of the two promoters in driving secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) gene for isopropanol production in C. tyrobutyricum were distinguished, confirming that this reporter system is a convenient, effective and reliable tool for promoter strength assay and real time monitoring in C. tyrobutyricum, while demonstrating the feasibility of producing isopropanol in C. tyrobutyricum for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cheng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Meng Lin
- Bioprocessing Innovative Company, 4734 Bridle Path Ct., Dublin, OH 43017, USA
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jingbo Zhao
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Gómez-Torres N, Ávila M, Narbad A, Mayer MJ, Garde S. Use of fluorescent CTP1L endolysin cell wall-binding domain to study the evolution of Clostridium tyrobutyricum during cheese ripening. Food Microbiol 2019; 78:11-17. [PMID: 30497591 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a bacteria of concern in the cheese industry, capable of surviving the manufacturing process and causing butyric acid fermentation and late blowing defect of cheese. In this work, we implement a method based on the cell wall-binding domain (CBD) of endolysin CTP1L, which detects C. tyrobutyricum, to monitor its evolution in cheeses challenged with clostridial spores and in the presence or absence of reuterin, an anti-clostridial agent. For this purpose, total bacteria were extracted from cheese samples and C. tyrobutyricum cells were specifically labelled with the CBD of CTP1L attached to green fluorescent protein (GFP), and detected by fluorescence microscopy. By using this GFP-CBD, germinated spores were visualized on day 1 in all cheeses inoculated with clostridial spores. Vegetative cells of C. tyrobutyricum, responsible for butyric acid fermentation, were detected in cheeses without reuterin from 30 d onwards, when LBD symptoms also became evident. The number of fluorescent Clostridium cells increased during ripening in the blowing cheeses. However, vegetative cells of C. tyrobutyricum were not detected in cheese containing the antimicrobial reuterin, which also did not show LBD throughout ripening. This simple and fast method provides a helpful tool to study the evolution of C. tyrobutyricum during cheese ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gómez-Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ávila
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Melinda J Mayer
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, UK
| | - Sonia Garde
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Ra CH, Sunwoo IY, Nguyen TH, Sukwong P, Sirisuk P, Jeong GT, Kim SK. Butanol and butyric acid production from Saccharina japonica by Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium tyrobutyricum with adaptive evolution. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 42:583-592. [PMID: 30788572 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-02063-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Optimal conditions of hyper thermal (HT) acid hydrolysis of the Saccharina japonica was determined to a seaweed slurry content of 12% (w/v) and 144 mM H2SO4 at 160 °C for 10 min. Enzymatic saccharification was carried out at 50 °C and 150 rpm for 48 h using the three enzymes at concentrations of 16 U/mL. Celluclast 1.5 L showed the lowest half-velocity constant (Km) of 0.168 g/L, indicating a higher affinity for S. japonica hydrolysate. Pretreatment yielded a maximum monosaccharide concentration of 36.2 g/L and 45.7% conversion from total fermentable monosaccharides of 79.2 g/L with 120 g dry weight/L S. japonica slurry. High cell densities of Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium tyrobutyricum were obtained using the retarding agents KH2PO4 (50 mM) and NaHCO3 (200 mM). Adaptive evolution facilitated the efficient use of mixed monosaccharides. Therefore, adaptive evolution and retarding agents can enhance the overall butanol and butyric acid yields from S. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae Hun Ra
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Food and Bio-industry Research Center, Hankyong National University, Anseong, 17579, South Korea
| | - In Yung Sunwoo
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Trung Hau Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Pailin Sukwong
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Phunlap Sirisuk
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Gwi-Taek Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Sung-Koo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Oh HJ, Kim KY, Lee KM, Lee SM, Gong G, Oh MK, Um Y. Enhanced butyric acid production using mixed biomass of brown algae and rice straw by Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC25755. Bioresour Technol 2019; 273:446-453. [PMID: 30469134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A brown alga Saccharina japonica and rice straw are attractive feedstock for microbial butyric acid production. However, inefficient fermentation of mannitol (a dominant component in S. japonica) and toxicity of inhibitors in lignocellulosic hydrolysate are limitations. This study demonstrated that mixed biomass with S. japonica and rice straw was effective in butyric acid production over those restrictions. Mannitol was consumed only when acetic acid was present. Notably, acetic acid was not produced but consumed along with mannitol. By mixing S. japonica and rice straw to take advantage of glucose and acetic acid in rice straw, Clostridium tyrobutyricum effectively consumed mannitol by utilizing acetic acid in hydrolysate and acetic acid derived from glucose with the enhanced butyric acid production. Furthermore, cell growth was restored owing to the decreased inhibitor concentration. The results demonstrate the potential of butyric acid production from mixed biomass of macroalgae/lignocellulose overcoming the drawbacks of single biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Oh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Yeon Kim
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mi Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtaek Gong
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 5-1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoon Um
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy and Chemical Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Suo Y, Liao Z, Qu C, Fu H, Wang J. Metabolic engineering of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for enhanced butyric acid production from undetoxified corncob acid hydrolysate. Bioresour Technol 2019; 271:266-273. [PMID: 30278351 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to furan derivatives and phenolic compounds plays an important role in the use of lignocellulosic biomass for biological production of chemicals and fuels. This study confirmed that expression of short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) from Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 significantly improved the tolerance of C. tyrobutyricum to furfural due to the enhanced activity for furfural reduction. And on this basis, co-expression of SDR and heat shock chaperones GroESL could simultaneously enhance the tolerance of C. tyrobutyricum to furan derivatives and phenolic compounds, which were the main inhibitors presented in dilute-acid lignocellulosic hydrolysates. Consequently, the recombinant strain ATCC 25755/sdr+groESL exhibited good performance in butyric acid production with corncob acid hydrolysate as the substrate. Batch fermentation in bioreactor showed that the butyrate produced by ATCC 25755/sdr+groESL was 32.8 g/L, increased by 28.1% as compared with the wild-type strain. Meanwhile, the butyrate productivity increased from 0.19 g/L·h to 0.29 g/L·h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukai Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengping Liao
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunyun Qu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxin Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Kim H, Jeon BS, Pandey A, Sang BI. New coculture system of Clostridium spp. and Megasphaera hexanoica using submerged hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors for caproic acid production. Bioresour Technol 2018; 270:498-503. [PMID: 30245320 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a coculture bioprocess was developed with Clostridium strains producing butyric acid and Megasphaera hexanoica producing caproic acid from the butyric acid. The two bacterial strains were each cultivated in two submerged hollow-fiber membrane bioreactors (s-HF/MBRs), separately. Each fermentation broth was filtered through the membrane modules, and the filtered broth was either interchanged on another reactor or obtained sequentially through. Using s-HF/MBRs, the caproic acid concentration increased to 10.08 g L-1, with the fastest productivity of 0.69 g L-1 h-1, which higher than that previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimniro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Seung Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimniro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimniro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
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Chi X, Li J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Leu SY, Wang Y. Bioaugmentation with Clostridium tyrobutyricum to improve butyric acid production through direct rice straw bioconversion. Bioresour Technol 2018; 263:562-568. [PMID: 29778795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One-pot bioconversion is an economically attractive biorefinery strategy to reduce enzyme consumption. Direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass for butyric acid production is still challenging because of competition among microorganisms. In a consolidated hydrolysis/fermentation bioprocessing (CBP) the microbial structure may eventually prefer the production of caproic acid rather than butyric acid production. This paper presents a new bioaugmentation approach for high butyric acid production from rice straw. By dosing 0.03 g/L of Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 in the CBP, an increase of 226% higher butyric acid was yielded. The selectivity and concentration also increased to 60.7% and 18.05 g/L, respectively. DNA-sequencing confirmed the shift of bacterial community in the augmented CBP. Butyric acid producer was enriched in the bioaugmented bacterial community and the bacteria related to long chain acids production was degenerated. The findings may be useful in future research and process design to enhance productivity of desired bio-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agriculture University, 59 Mucai Road, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yafei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Xiao Z, Cheng C, Bao T, Liu L, Wang B, Tao W, Pei X, Yang ST, Wang M. Production of butyric acid from acid hydrolysate of corn husk in fermentation by Clostridium tyrobutyricum: kinetics and process economic analysis. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:164. [PMID: 29946355 PMCID: PMC6003175 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butyric acid is an important chemical currently produced from petrochemical feedstocks. Its production from renewable, low-cost biomass in fermentation has attracted large attention in recent years. In this study, the feasibility of corn husk, an abundant agricultural residue, for butyric acid production by using Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in a fibrous bed bioreactor (FBB) was evaluated. RESULTS Hydrolysis of corn husk (10% solid loading) with 0.4 M H2SO4 at 110 °C for 6 h resulted in a hydrolysate containing ~ 50 g/L total reducing sugars (glucose:xylose = 1.3:1.0). The hydrolysate was used for butyric acid fermentation by C. tyrobutyricum in a FBB, which gave 42.6 and 53.0% higher butyric acid production from glucose and xylose, respectively, compared to free-cell fermentations. Fermentation with glucose and xylose mixture (1:1) produced 50.37 ± 0.04 g L-1 butyric acid with a yield of 0.38 ± 0.02 g g-1 and productivity of 0.34 ± 0.03 g L-1 h-1. Batch fermentation with corn husk hydrolysate produced 21.80 g L-1 butyric acid with a yield of 0.39 g g-1, comparable to those from glucose. Repeated-batch fermentations consistently produced 20.75 ± 0.65 g L-1 butyric acid with an average yield of 0.39 ± 0.02 g g-1 in three consecutive batches. An extractive fermentation process can be used to produce, separate, and concentrate butyric acid to > 30% (w/v) sodium butyrate at an economically attractive cost for application as an animal feed supplement. CONCLUSION A high concentration of total reducing sugars at ~ 50% (w/w) yield was obtained from corn husk after acid hydrolysis. Stable butyric acid production from corn husk hydrolysate was achieved in repeated-batch fermentation with C. tyrobutyricum immobilized in a FBB, demonstrating that corn husk can be used as an economical substrate for butyric acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Xiao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chu Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Lujie Liu
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Tao
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Pei
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 West Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Minqi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058 People’s Republic of China
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Xiao Z, Liu L, Tao W, Pei X, Wang G, Wang M. Clostridium Tyrobutyricum Protect Intestinal Barrier Function from LPS-Induced Apoptosis via P38/JNK Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018; 46:1779-1792. [PMID: 29705796 DOI: 10.1159/000489364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The intestinal mucosa forms a physical and metabolic barrier against the diffusion of pathogens, toxins, and allergens from the lumen into the circulatory system. Early weaning, a critical phase in swine production, can compromise intestinal barrier function through mucosal damage and alteration of tight junction integrity Maintenance of intestinal barrier function plays a pivotal role in optimum gastrointestinal health. In this study, we investigated the effects of Clostridium tyrobutyricum (C.t) on intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the underlying mechanisms involved in intestinal barrier protection. METHODS A Transwell model of IPEC-J2 cells was used to imitate the intestinal barrier. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry were used to evaluate apoptosis. Real-time PCR was used to detect apoptosis-related genes and the downstream genes of the p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Western blotting was used to measure the expressions of tight junction proteins and mitogen-activated protein kinases. RESULTS C.t efficiently maintained trans-epithelium electrical resistance values and intestinal permeability after LPS-induced intestinal barrier disruption. The expressions of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, claudin-1, and occludin) were promoted when IPEC-J2 cells were treated with C.t. Fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry revealed that C.t qualitatively and quantitatively inhibited LPS-induced cell apoptosis. C.t also increased the relative expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and decreased that of the apoptotic genes Bax and caspase-3/-8. Moreover, the protective effect of C.t on damaged intestinal cell models was associated with suppression of p38 and JNK phosphorylation, negative regulation of the relative expressions of downstream genes including AP-1, ATF-2, ELK-1, and p53, and activation of Stat3 expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that C.t may promote intestinal integrity, suggesting a novel probiotic effect on intestinal barrier function.
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Chun J, Choi O, Sang BI. Enhanced extraction of butyric acid under high-pressure CO 2 conditions to integrate chemical catalysis for value-added chemicals and biofuels. Biotechnol Biofuels 2018; 11:119. [PMID: 29713378 PMCID: PMC5911967 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extractive fermentation with the removal of carboxylic acid requires low pH conditions because acids are better partitioned into the solvent phase at low pH values. However, this requirement conflicts with the optimal near-neutral pH conditions for microbial growth. RESULTS CO2 pressurization was used, instead of the addition of chemicals, to decrease pH for the extraction of butyric acid, a fermentation product of Clostridium tyrobutyricum, and butyl butyrate was selected as an extractant. CO2 pressurization (50 bar) improved the extraction efficiency of butyric acid from a solution at pH 6, yielding a distribution coefficient (D) 0.42. In situ removal of butyric acid during fermentation increased the production of butyric acid by up to 4.10 g/L h, an almost twofold increase over control without the use of an extraction process. CONCLUSION In situ extraction of butyric acid using temporal CO2 pressurization may be applied to an integrated downstream catalytic process for upgrading butyric acid to value-added chemicals in an organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Chun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Okkyoung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
| | - Byoung-In Sang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangshimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763 South Korea
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Abstract
Butyric acid (C3H7COOH) is an important chemical that is widely used in foodstuffs along with in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The bioproduction of butyric acid through large-scale fermentation has the potential to be more economical and efficient than petrochemical synthesis. In this paper, the metabolic pathways involved in the production of butyric acid from Clostridium tyrobutyricum using hexose and pentose as substrates are investigated, and approaches to enhance butyric acid production through genetic modification are discussed. Finally, bioreactor modifications (including fibrous bed bioreactor, inner disk-shaped matrix bioreactor, fibrous matrix packed in porous levitated sphere carriers), low-cost feedstocks, and special treatments (including continuous fermentation with cell recycling, extractive fermentation with solvent, using different artificial electron carriers) intended to improve the feasibility of commercial butyric acid bioproduction are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Wan Tang
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Shengquan Zhu
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
| | - Meini Du
- a College of Pharmaceutical Science , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou , China
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Luo H, Yang R, Zhao Y, Wang Z, Liu Z, Huang M, Zeng Q. Recent advances and strategies in process and strain engineering for the production of butyric acid by microbial fermentation. Bioresour Technol 2018; 253:343-354. [PMID: 29329775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Butyric acid is an important platform chemical, which is widely used in the fields of food, pharmaceutical, energy, etc. Microbial fermentation as an alternative approach for butyric acid production is attracting great attention as it is an environmentally friendly bioprocessing. However, traditional fermentative butyric acid production is still not economically competitive compared to chemical synthesis route, due to the low titer, low productivity, and high production cost. Therefore, reduction of butyric acid production cost by utilization of alternative inexpensive feedstock, and improvement of butyric acid production and productivity has become an important target. Recently, several advanced strategies have been developed for enhanced butyric acid production, including bioprocess techniques and metabolic engineering methods. This review provides an overview of advances and strategies in process and strain engineering for butyric acid production by microbial fermentation. Additionally, future perspectives on improvement of butyric acid production are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Luo
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Rongling Yang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zhaoyu Wang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Qingwei Zeng
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
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Zhang J, Zong W, Hong W, Zhang ZT, Wang Y. Exploiting endogenous CRISPR-Cas system for multiplex genome editing in Clostridium tyrobutyricum and engineer the strain for high-level butanol production. Metab Eng 2018. [PMID: 29530750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 have been employed as powerful genome engineering tools, heterologous CRISPR-Cas9/Cpf1 are often difficult to introduce into bacteria and archaea due to their severe toxicity. Since most prokaryotes harbor native CRISPR-Cas systems, genome engineering can be achieved by harnessing these endogenous immune systems. Here, we report the exploitation of Type I-B CRISPR-Cas of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for genome engineering. In silico CRISPR array analysis and plasmid interference assay revealed that TCA or TCG at the 5'-end of the protospacer was the functional protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) for CRISPR targeting. With a lactose inducible promoter for CRISPR array expression, we significantly decreased the toxicity of CRISPR-Cas and enhanced the transformation efficiency, and successfully deleted spo0A with an editing efficiency of 100%. We further evaluated effects of the spacer length on genome editing efficiency. Interestingly, spacers ≤ 20 nt led to unsuccessful transformation consistently, likely due to severe off-target effects; while a spacer of 30-38 nt is most appropriate to ensure successful transformation and high genome editing efficiency. Moreover, multiplex genome editing for the deletion of spo0A and pyrF was achieved in a single transformation, with an editing efficiency of up to 100%. Finally, with the integration of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (adhE1 or adhE2) to replace cat1 (the key gene responsible for butyrate production and previously could not be deleted), two mutants were created for n-butanol production, with the butanol titer reached historically record high of 26.2 g/L in a batch fermentation. Altogether, our results demonstrated the easy programmability and high efficiency of endogenous CRISPR-Cas. The developed protocol herein has a broader applicability to other prokaryotes containing endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems. C. tyrobutyricum could be employed as an excellent platform to be engineered for biofuel and biochemical production using the CRISPR-Cas based genome engineering toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wenming Zong
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Wei Hong
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang 550000, China
| | - Zhong-Tian Zhang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Center for Bioenergy and Bioproducts, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Suo Y, Fu H, Ren M, Liao Z, Ma Y, Wang J. Enhanced butyric acid production in Clostridium tyrobutyricum by overexpression of rate-limiting enzymes in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. J Biotechnol 2018; 272-273:14-21. [PMID: 29501473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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