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Samkange A, Mbiri P, Matomola OC, Zaire G, Homateni A, Junias E, Kaatura I, Khaiseb S, Ekandjo S, Shoopala J, Hausiku M, Shilongo A, Mujiwa ML, Dietze K, Busch F, Winter C, Matos C, Weiss S, Chitanga S. Serological Evidence of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in Livestock in the Omaheke Region of Namibia. Microorganisms 2024; 12:838. [PMID: 38674782 PMCID: PMC11051821 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This research examined the positivity ratio of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) antibodies in cattle and sheep within Namibia's Omaheke region after a human disease outbreak in the same geographical area. A total of 200 samples (100 cattle and 100 sheep) were randomly collected from animals brought to two regional auction sites, and then tested using the ID Screen® CCHF Double Antigen Multi-Species Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit. Of the cattle samples, 36% tested positive, while 22% of the sheep samples were seropositive. The cattle had a significantly higher positivity ratio than sheep at the individual animal level (p = 0.0291). At the herd level, 62.5% of cattle herds and 45.5% of sheep flocks had at least one positive animal, but this difference was statistically insignificant (p = 0.2475). The fourteen cattle farms with at least one seropositive animal were dispersed across the Omaheke region. In contrast, the ten sheep farms with seropositive cases were predominantly situated in the southern half of the region. The study concluded that the CCHF is endemic in the Omaheke region and likely in most of Namibia, underscoring the importance of continued surveillance and preventive measures to mitigate the impact of CCHFV on animal health and potential spillover into human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaster Samkange
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Pricilla Mbiri
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Ophelia Chuma Matomola
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Georgina Zaire
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Homateni
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Elifas Junias
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Israel Kaatura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Simson Ekandjo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Johannes Shoopala
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Magrecia Hausiku
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Private Bag 13184, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (G.Z.); (A.H.); (E.J.); (S.E.); (J.S.); (M.H.); (A.S.)
| | - Mushabati Linus Mujiwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.D.); (F.B.)
| | - Frank Busch
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, 17489 Greifswald, Germany; (K.D.); (F.B.)
| | - Christian Winter
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Carolina Matos
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Sabrina Weiss
- Centre for International Health Protection, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (C.W.); (C.M.); (S.W.)
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia; (A.S.); (P.M.); (O.C.M.); (I.K.); (S.K.); (M.L.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, P.O. Box 50110, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
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Ahmadi SA, Baghi MS, Shirzadegan R, Nasirian H. Secondary multilevel mixed-effects modelling of seroprevalence trends of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. East Mediterr Health J 2024; 30:68-76. [PMID: 38415338 DOI: 10.26719/emhj.24.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Some review papers and meta-analyses have investigated seroprevalence and fatality trends of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), but it is not clear if its seroprevalence is increasing. Aim To investigate the trend in the seroprevalence of CCHF. Methods We conducted a secondary analysis of the results of a meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of CCHF published in 2019. We used a multilevel mixed effects Poisson regression to find the predictors of seropositivity. To explain the magnitude effect, we reported an incidence rate ratio (IRR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We conducted multilevel modeling using Stata 14 for data analysis. Results In the fixed effects model, time was significantly associated with increased seropositivity (IRR = 1.025, 95% CI = 1.021-1.030), and no significant association was found for local sampling (IRR = 1.026, 95% CI = 0.988-1.065). In the mixed effects model, random intercepts of the country and parallel of latitude were applied as 3 levels of the model (prevalence rate of each study, nested within countries and latitude parallel). Accordingly, time was significantly associated with a reduction of seropositivity (IRR = 0.899, 95% CI = 0.891-0.907), and local sampling was significantly associated with increased seropositivity (IRR = 2.477, 95% CI = 2.316-2.649). Conclusion Despite reporting increasing trends for seroprevalence of CCHF in previous reviews and the fixed effects model of the present study, the secondary mixed effects modeling showed a decreasing trend. The multilevel generalized model is recommended for such temporal and spatial designs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Ay Ahmadi
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mohammad S Baghi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Razieh Shirzadegan
- Nursing Department, Doroud Branch, Islamic Azad University, Doroud, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Messina JP, Wint GRW. The Spatial Distribution of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever and Its Potential Vectors in Europe and Beyond. Insects 2023; 14:771. [PMID: 37754739 PMCID: PMC10532370 DOI: 10.3390/insects14090771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is considered to be spreading across the globe, with many countries reporting new human CCHF cases in recent decades including Georgia, Türkiye, Albania, and, most recently, Spain. We update a human CCHF distribution map produced in 2015 to include global disease occurrence records to June 2022, and we include the recent records for Europe. The predicted distributions are based on long-established spatial modelling methods and are extended to include all European countries and the surrounding areas. The map produced shows the environmental suitability for the disease, taking into account the distribution of the most important known and potential tick vectors Hyalomma marginatum and Hyalomma lusitanicum, without which the disease cannot occur. This limits the disease's predicted distribution to the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean seaboard, along with Türkiye and the Caucasus, with a more patchy suitability predicted for inland Greece, the southern Balkans, and extending north to north-west France and central Europe. These updated CCHF maps can be used to identify the areas with the highest probability of disease and to therefore target areas where mitigation measures should currently be focused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Paula Messina
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, S. Parks Rd., Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
- Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, University of Oxford, 13 Bevington Rd., Oxford OX2 6LH, UK
| | - G. R. William Wint
- Environmental Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Rd., Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK;
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Omoga DCA, Tchouassi DP, Venter M, Ogola EO, Osalla J, Kopp A, Slothouwer I, Torto B, Junglen S, Sang R. Transmission Dynamics of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV): Evidence of Circulation in Humans, Livestock, and Rodents in Diverse Ecologies in Kenya. Viruses 2023; 15:1891. [PMID: 37766297 PMCID: PMC10535211 DOI: 10.3390/v15091891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the causative agent of CCHF, a fatal viral haemorrhagic fever disease in humans. The maintenance of CCHFV in the ecosystem remains poorly understood. Certain tick species are considered as vectors and reservoirs of the virus. Diverse animals are suspected as amplifiers, with only scarce knowledge regarding rodents in virus epidemiology. In this study, serum samples from febrile patients, asymptomatic livestock (cattle, donkeys, sheep, and goats), and peridomestic rodents from Baringo (Marigat) and Kajiado (Nguruman) counties within the Kenyan Rift Valley were screened for acute CCHFV infection by RT-PCR and for CCHFV exposure by ELISA. RT-PCR was performed on all livestock samples in pools (5-7/pool by species and site) and in humans and rodents individually. CCHFV seropositivity was significantly higher in livestock (11.9%, 113/951) compared to rodents (6.5%, 6/93) and humans (5.9%, 29/493) (p = 0.001). Among the livestock, seropositivity was the highest in donkeys (31.4%, 16/51), followed by cattle (14.1%, 44/310), sheep (9.8%, 29/295) and goats (8.1%, 24/295). The presence of IgM antibodies against CCHFV was found in febrile patients suggesting acute or recent infection. CCHFV RNA was detected in four pooled sera samples from sheep (1.4%, 4/280) and four rodent tissues (0.83%, 4/480) showing up to 99% pairwise nucleotide identities among each other. Phylogenetic analyses of partial S segment sequences generated from these samples revealed a close relationship of 96-98% nucleotide identity to strains in the CCHFV Africa 3 lineage. The findings of this study suggest active unnoticed circulation of CCHFV in the study area and the involvement of livestock, rodents, and humans in the circulation of CCHFV in Kenya. The detection of CCHF viral RNA and antibodies against CCHFV in rodents suggests that they may participate in the viral transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorcus C. A. Omoga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Research Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 323, Gezina 0031, South Africa;
| | - David P. Tchouassi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Zoonotic Arbo and Respiratory Virus Research Program, Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X 323, Gezina 0031, South Africa;
| | - Edwin O. Ogola
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Josephine Osalla
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Anne Kopp
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Inga Slothouwer
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
| | - Sandra Junglen
- Institute of Virology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt-University Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (A.K.); (I.S.)
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi P.O. Box 30772-00100, Kenya; (D.C.A.O.); (D.P.T.); (E.O.O.); (J.O.); (B.T.)
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Hekimoglu O, Elverici C, Kuyucu AC. Predicting climate-driven distribution shifts in Hyalomma marginatum (Ixodidae). Parasitology 2023; 150:883-893. [PMID: 37519234 PMCID: PMC10577666 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Hyalomma marginatum is an important tick species which is the main vector of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever and spotted fever. The species is predominantly distributed in parts of southern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. However, due to ongoing climate change and increasing reports of H. marginatum in central and northern Europe, the expansion of this range poses a potential future risk. In this study, an ecological niche modelling approach to model the current and future climatic suitability of H. marginatum was followed. Using high-resolution climatic variables from the Chelsa dataset and an updated list of locations for H. marginatum, ecological niche models were constructed under current environmental conditions using MaxEnt for both current conditions and future projections under the ssp370 and ssp585 scenarios. Models show that the climatically suitable region for H. marginatum matches the current distributional area in the Mediterranean basin and West Asia. When applied to future projections, the models suggest a considerable expansion of H. marginatum's range in the north in Europe as a result of rising temperatures. However, a decline in central Anatolia is also predicted, potentially due to the exacerbation of drought conditions in that region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Can Elverici
- Biology Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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Shah SZ, Jabbar B, Mirza MU, Waqas M, Aziz S, Halim SA, Ali A, Rafique S, Idrees M, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Khan A, Al-Harrasi A. An Immunoinformatics Approach to Design a Potent Multi-Epitope Vaccine against Asia-1 Genotype of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus Using the Structural Glycoproteins as a Target. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:61. [PMID: 36679906 PMCID: PMC9867508 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), is a disease of worldwide importance (endemic yet not limited to Asia, Middle East, and Africa) and has triggered several outbreaks amounting to a case fatality rate of 10-40% as per the World Health Organization. Genetic diversity and phylogenetic data revealed that the Asia-1 genotype of CCHFV remained dominant in Pakistan, where 688 confirmed cases were reported between the 2012-2022 period. Currently, no approved vaccine is available to tackle the viral infection. Epitope-based vaccine design has gained significant attention in recent years due to its safety, timeliness, and cost efficiency compared to conventional vaccines. In the present study, we employed a robust immunoinformatics-based approach targeting the structural glycoproteins G1 and G2 of CCHFV (Asia-1 genotype) to design a multi-epitope vaccine construct. Five B-cells and six cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) epitopes were mapped and finalized from G1 and G2 and were fused with suitable linkers (EAAAK, GGGS, AAY, and GPGPG), a PADRE sequence (13 aa), and an adjuvant (50S ribosomal protein L7/L12) to formulate a chimeric vaccine construct. The selected CTL epitopes showed high affinity and stable binding with the binding groove of common human HLA class I molecules (HLA-A*02:01 and HLA-B*44:02) and mouse major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. The chimeric vaccine was predicted to be an antigenic, non-allergenic, and soluble molecule with a suitable physicochemical profile. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation indicated a stable and energetically favourable interaction between the constructed antigen and Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4). Our results demonstrated that innate, adaptive, and humoral immune responses could be elicited upon administration of such a potent muti-epitope vaccine construct. These results could be helpful for an experimental vaccinologist to develop an effective vaccine against the Asia-1 genotype of CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Zawar Shah
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Basit Jabbar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Mirza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
| | - Shahkaar Aziz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ahsan Halim
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Ashraf N. Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Birkat-ul-Mouz 616, Oman
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Ak Ç, Ergönül Ö, Gönen M. A prospective prediction tool for understanding Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever dynamics in Turkey. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:123.e1-123.e7. [PMID: 31129282 PMCID: PMC7129556 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to develop a prospective prediction tool on Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) to identify geographic regions at risk. The tool could support public health decision-makers in implementation of an effective control strategy in a timely manner. Methods We used monthly surveillance data between 2004 and 2015 to predict case counts between 2016 and 2017 prospectively. The Turkish nationwide surveillance data set collected by the Ministry of Health contained 10 411 confirmed CCHF cases. We collected potential explanatory covariates about climate, land use, and animal and human populations at risk to capture spatiotemporal transmission dynamics. We developed a structured Gaussian process algorithm and prospectively tested this tool predicting the future year's cases given past years' cases. Results We predicted the annual cases in 2016 and 2017 as 438 and 341, whereas the observed cases were 432 and 343, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient and normalized root mean squared error values for 2016 and 2017 predictions were (0.83; 0.58) and (0.87; 0.52), respectively. The most important covariates were found to be the number of settlements with fewer than 25 000 inhabitants, latitude, longitude and potential evapotranspiration (evaporation and transpiration). Conclusions Main driving factors of CCHF dynamics were human population at risk in rural areas, geographical dependency and climate effect on ticks. Our model was able to prospectively predict the numbers of CCHF cases. Our proof-of-concept study also provided insight for understanding possible mechanisms of infectious diseases and found important directions for practice and policy to combat against emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ç Ak
- Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ö Ergönül
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - M Gönen
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey; School of Medicine, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkey.
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Christova I, Panayotova E, Groschup MH, Trifonova I, Tchakarova S, Sas MA. High seroprevalence for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in ruminants in the absence of reported human cases in many regions of Bulgaria. Exp Appl Acarol 2018; 75:227-234. [PMID: 29713918 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne zoonotic disease in humans caused by CCHF virus. It has been observed in Bulgaria since 1952 and over the years more than 1600 cases have been reported in the country. Close contact with viraemic livestock was shown as one of the main causes of the infection. Detection of CCHF virus specific antibodies in livestock can be used as an indicator for virus circulation and risk assessment. CCHF seroprevalence was investigated in 843 cattle, 88 goats and 130 sheep, originating from all 28 districts of Bulgaria. CCHF virus-specific IgG antibodies were observed in 165 cattle (19.6, 95% CI 17.0-22.4%), in 20 goats (22.7, 95% CI 15.2-32.5%) and in 10 sheep (7.7, 95% CI 4.2-13.6%). The highest seroprevalence was detected in the district of Kardzhali, South Bulgaria (86.7, 95% CI 73.8-93.7%), a well-known focus of CCHF in humans. The other two districts with human CCHF cases, Blagoevgrad and Burgas, located in southwest and southeast Bulgaria, showed overall seroprevalences in livestock of 41.9% (95% CI 28.4-56.7%) and 31.3% (95% CI 22.2-42.1%), respectively. Seroprevalences in districts with no history of human CCHF cases varied between 55% (95% CI 39.8-69.3%) and 22.5% (95% CI 12.3-37.5%). These results suggest frequent CCHF virus infections even in regions without human CCHF cases and an enhanced risk of infection for humans in close contact with the infected livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Christova
- National Reference Laboratory on Vector-Borne Pathogens, Leptospira and Listeria, Microbiology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Blvd. Yanko Sakazov 26, 1504, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Elitsa Panayotova
- National Reference Laboratory on Vector-Borne Pathogens, Leptospira and Listeria, Microbiology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Blvd. Yanko Sakazov 26, 1504, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17483, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Iva Trifonova
- National Reference Laboratory on Vector-Borne Pathogens, Leptospira and Listeria, Microbiology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Blvd. Yanko Sakazov 26, 1504, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Simona Tchakarova
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinarian Medical Institute, Bulgarian Food Safety Agency, Blvd. Pencho Slavejkov 15, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Miriam Andrada Sas
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17483, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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9
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Yilmaz H, Kostakoğlu U, Demir S, Aksoy F, Menteşe A, Karahan SC, Köksal İ, Alver A, Yilmaz G. Carbonic anhydrase I-II autoantibodies and oxidative status in long-term follow-up of patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:69-74. [PMID: 28796539 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1361449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a life-threatening acute febrile haemorrhagic disease. OBJECTIVE This study was to measure levels of the oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) and of CA I-II autoantibodies as biomarkers for autoimmunity and course of disease in patients with CCHF. METHODS Seventy CCHF patients and 39 healthy control volunteers were included in the study. RESULTS Serum MDA and TAS levels were significantly higher (p < .0001) and serum TOS and OSI levels were significantly lower (p < .0001) in both the acute period and at 6th-month follow-up in the CCHF patients compared to the healthy volunteers. CA II levels were significantly higher in the acute period compared to the healthy volunteers (p < .005) and were significantly lower at 6th-month follow-up (p < .05). CONCLUSION Serum MDA and CA II autoantibodies appear to reflect oxidative stress status and disease progression in CCHF and may be used as biomarkers for oxidative stress and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Yilmaz
- a Department of Medical Biochemistry , Health Sciences University, Kanuni Training and Research Hospital , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Uğur Kostakoğlu
- b Department of Infection Diseases and Clinic Microbiology , Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University Medical Faculty , Rize , Turkey
| | - Selim Demir
- c Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Firdevs Aksoy
- d Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Menteşe
- e Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Süleyman Caner Karahan
- e Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Faculty , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - İftihar Köksal
- d Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
| | - Ahmet Alver
- f Department of Medical Biochemistry , Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Medical Faculty , Rize , Turkey
| | - Gürdal Yilmaz
- d Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Medical Faculty , Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon , Turkey
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10
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Abstract
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever is a viral haemorrhagic disease, mostly transmitted by tick bites or through contact with infected animal’s blood, and bodily fluids. Nosocomial infections were occasionally reported in healthcare settings. We report nosocomial cluster of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever including the visitor with unknown transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yildirmak
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - N Tulek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Cebeci, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - C Bulut
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Cebeci, Ankara, Turkey
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11
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Leblebicioglu H, Sunbul M, Bodur H, Ozaras R. Discharge criteria for Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in endemic areas. J Infect 2016; 72:500-1. [PMID: 26828701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Leblebicioglu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Sunbul
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Hurrem Bodur
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Resat Ozaras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a range of viral infections with potential to cause life-threatening illness in humans. Apart from Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), they are largely confined to Africa, distribution being dependent on the ecology of reservoir hosts. At present, the largest ever epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD or Ebola) is occurring in West Africa, raising the possibility that cases could be imported into non-endemic countries. Diagnosis and management is challenging due to the non-specificity of early symptoms, limited laboratory facilities in endemic areas, severity of disease, lack of effective therapy, strict infection control requirements and propensity to cause epidemics with secondary cases in healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Aarons
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, PHE Porton, Salisbury, UK
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13
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Barthel R, Mohareb E, Younan R, Gladnishka T, Kalvatchev N, Moemen A, Mansour SS, Rossi C, Schoepp R, Christova I. Seroprevalance of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Bulgarian livestock. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014; 28:540-542. [PMID: 26019541 PMCID: PMC4434116 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2014.931685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease. Over the past decade, CCHF cases in humans have emerged in Turkey and reemerged in the Balkan countries, Ukraine and Tajikistan. Occupational contact with infected livestock has been recognized as a common cause of the disease. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study in livestock was conducted in farming communities of an endemic area in Bulgaria, southeastern Europe. Overall, 72% of the tested animals were positive for IgG antibodies to CCHF virus. By the time the animals were one-year old almost 50% had serologic evidence of CCHF infection, and by two years already 80% of them had been infected. The data obtained in this study reflect current situation of CCHF virus infection among livestock in Bulgaria. The results showed active CCHF virus circulation that poses risk for humans to be infected during contacts with animals and requires public health awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Barthel
- Naval Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Emad Mohareb
- Viral and Zoonotic Diseases Research Program, Naval Medical Research Unit #3 (NAMRU-3) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Rasha Younan
- Viral and Zoonotic Diseases Research Program, Naval Medical Research Unit #3 (NAMRU-3) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Teodora Gladnishka
- Microbiology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD) , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Kalvatchev
- Microbiology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD) , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Abdel Moemen
- Viral and Zoonotic Diseases Research Program, Naval Medical Research Unit #3 (NAMRU-3) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Sameh S Mansour
- Viral and Zoonotic Diseases Research Program, Naval Medical Research Unit #3 (NAMRU-3) , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Cynthia Rossi
- US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Randal Schoepp
- US Army Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMIID) , Fort Detrick , MD , USA
| | - Iva Christova
- Microbiology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases (NCIPD) , Sofia , Bulgaria
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