1
|
Lai YW, Wang SW, Lin CL, Chen SS, Lin KH, Lee YT, Chen WC, Hsieh YH. Asiatic acid exhibits antimetastatic activity in human prostate cancer cells by modulating the MZF-1/ Elk-1/Snail signaling axis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 951:175770. [PMID: 37209940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer metastasis is associated with poor prognosis and is difficult to treat clinically. Numerous studies have shown that Asiatic Acid (AA) has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, the effect of AA on prostate cancer metastasis is still unclear. This purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of AA on prostate cancer metastasis and to better understand its molecular mechanisms of action. Our results indicate that AA ≤ 30 μM did not influence cell viability and cell cycle distribution in PC3, 22Rv1 and DU145 cells. AA inhibited the migratory and invasive capabilities of three prostate cancer cells to be due to its effects on Snail, but did not have activity on Slug. We observed that AA inhibited the Myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and ETS Like-1 (Elk-1) protein interaction and affected the complex's binding capacity to the Snail promoter region, ultimately blocking Snail transcription activity. Kinase cascade analysis revealed that phosphorylation of MEK3/6 and p38MAPK was inhibited by AA treatment. Moreover, knockdown of p38MAPK enhanced AA-suppressed protein levels of MZF-1, Elk-1, and Snail, suggesting that p38MAPK influences prostate cancer cell metastasis. These results provide promise for AA as a future candidate in the development of drug therapies to prevent or treat prostate cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Lai
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Renai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Sheng Chen
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MstacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Tung Lee
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Division of Sports Medicine & Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mao LM, Mathur N, Wang JQ. An allosteric potentiator of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 receptors reduces the cocaine-stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the mouse striatum. Neurosci Lett 2023; 795:137028. [PMID: 36565803 PMCID: PMC9870709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.137028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are involved in the experience-dependent neuroplasticity in the mesolimbic reward circuit. A Gαi/o-coupled mGlu2 subtype is distributed presynaptically in the striatum. These autoreceptors may have a significant influence over striatal neurons in their intracellular signaling pathways in response to a psychostimulant. Here we explored the effect of pharmacological potentiation of mGlu2 receptors on cocaine-stimulated phosphorylation (activation) of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in the mouse striatum in vivo. We found that an mGlu2 selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) LY487379 after a systemic injection did not alter basal phosphorylation of ERK1/2 or c-Jun N-terminal kinases in the striatum. However, pretreatment with LY487379 blocked the ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by cocaine in the two subdivisions of the striatum, i.e., the caudate putamen and nucleus accumbens. LY487379 also blocked the cocaine-induced phosphorylation of Elk-1, a transcription factor downstream to the ERK pathway. Additionally, LY487379 reduced locomotor behavioral responses to cocaine. These results demonstrate that the mGlu2 PAM LY487379 possesses the ability to attenuate the activation of the ERK1/2 pathway in striatal neurons and reduce locomotor activity in response to cocaine in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Mao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Nirav Mathur
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - John Q Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thiel G, Rössler OG. Glucose Homeostasis and Pancreatic Islet Size Are Regulated by the Transcription Factors Elk-1 and Egr-1 and the Protein Phosphatase Calcineurin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36614256 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells synthesize and secrete insulin. A key feature of diabetes mellitus is the loss of these cells. A decrease in the number of β-cells results in decreased biosynthesis of insulin. Increasing the number of β-cells should restore adequate insulin biosynthesis leading to adequate insulin secretion. Therefore, identifying proteins that regulate the number of β-cells is a high priority in diabetes research. In this review article, we summerize the results of three sophisticated transgenic mouse models showing that the transcription factors Elk-1 and Egr-1 and the Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase calcineurin control the formation of sufficiently large pancreatic islets. Impairment of the biological activity of Egr-1 and Elk-1 in pancreatic β-cells leads to glucose intolerance and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, the process that maintains glucose concentration in the blood within a narrow range. Transgenic mice expressing an activated calcineurin mutant also had smaller islets and showed hyperglycemia. Calcineurin induces dephosphorylation of Elk-1 which subsequently impairs Egr-1 biosynthesis and the biological functions of Elk-1 and Egr-1 to regulate islet size and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zou J, Xu C, Zhao ZW, Yin SH, Wang G. Asprosin inhibits macrophage lipid accumulation and reduces atherosclerotic burden by up-regulating ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression via the p38/ Elk-1 pathway. Lab Invest 2022; 20:337. [PMID: 35902881 PMCID: PMC9331044 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Asprosin, a newly discovered adipokine, is a C-terminal cleavage product of profibrillin. Asprosin has been reported to participate in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease, but its role in atherogenesis remains elusive. Methods Asprosin was overexpressed in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells and apoE−/− mice using the lentiviral vector. The expression of relevant molecules was determined by qRT-PCR and/or western blot. The intracellular lipid accumulation was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography and Oil red O staining. HE and Oil red O staining was employed to assess plaque burden in vivo. Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) efficiency was measured using [3H]-labeled cholesterol. Results Exposure of THP-1 macrophages to oxidized low-density lipoprotein down-regulated asprosin expression. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of asprosin promoted cholesterol efflux and inhibited lipid accumulation in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Mechanistic analysis revealed that asprosin overexpression activated p38 and stimulated the phosphorylation of ETS-like transcription factor (Elk-1) at Ser383, leading to Elk-1 nuclear translocation and the transcriptional activation of ATP binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and ABCG1. Injection of lentiviral vector expressing asprosin diminished atherosclerotic lesion area, increased plaque stability, improved plasma lipid profiles and facilitated RCT in apoE−/− mice. Asprosin overexpression also increased the phosphorylation of p38 and Elk-1 as well as up-regulated the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 in the aortas. Conclusion Asprosin inhibits lipid accumulation in macrophages and decreases atherosclerotic burden in apoE−/− mice by up-regulating ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression via activation of the p38/Elk-1 signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03542-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Wang Zhao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Hui Yin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Neonatology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thiel G, Rössler OG. TRPM3-Induced Gene Transcription Is under Epigenetic Control. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070846. [PMID: 35890145 PMCID: PMC9315607 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential M3 (TRPM3) cation channels regulate numerous biological functions, including gene transcription. Stimulation of TRPM3 channels with pregnenolone sulfate activates stimulus-responsive transcription factors, which bind to short cognate sequences in the promoters of their target genes. In addition, coregulator proteins are involved that convert the chromatin into a configuration that is permissive for gene transcription. In this study, we determined whether TRPM3-induced gene transcription requires coactivators that change the acetylation pattern of histones. We used compound A485, a specific inhibitor of the histone acetyltransferases CBP and p300. In addition, the role of bromodomain proteins that bind to acetylated lysine residues of histones was analyzed. We used JQ1, an inhibitor of bromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) family proteins. The results show that both compounds attenuated the activation of AP-1 and CREB-regulated gene transcription following stimulation of TRPM3 channels. Inhibition of CBP/p300 and BET proteins additionally reduced the transcriptional activation potential of the transcription factors c-Fos and Elk-1. Transcriptional upregulation of the interleukin-8 gene was attenuated by A485 and JQ1, indicating that proinflammatory cytokine expression is controlled by CBP/p300 and bromodomain proteins. We conclude that TRPM3-induced signaling involves transcriptional coactivators and acetyl-lysine-bound bromodomain proteins for activating gene transcription.
Collapse
|
6
|
Dalhäusser AK, Rössler OG, Thiel G. Regulation of c-Fos gene transcription by stimulus-responsive protein kinases. Gene 2022; 821:146284. [PMID: 35143939 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The basic region leucin zipper (bZIP) protein c-Fos constitutes together with other bZIP proteins the AP-1 transcription factor complex. Expression of the c-Fos gene is regulated by numerous extracellular signaling molecules including mitogens, metabolites, and ligands for receptor tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors, and cytokine receptors. Here, we analyzed the effects of the stimulus-responsive MAP kinases ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase) and p38 protein kinase on transcription of the c-Fos gene. We used chromatin-integrated c-Fos promoter-luciferase reporter genes containing inactivating point mutations of DNA binding sites for distinct transcription factors. ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 protein kinases were specifically activated following expression of either a mutant of B-Raf, a truncated version of mitogen-activated/extracellular signal responsive kinase kinase kinase-1 (MEKK1), or a mutant of MAP kinase kinase-6 (MKK6), respectively. The results show that the DNA binding sites for serum response factor (SRF) and for the ternary complex factor (TCF) are of major importance for stimulating c-Fos promoter activity by MAP kinases. ERK1/2 and p38-induced stimulation of the c-Fos promoter additionally required the DNA binding site for the transcription factor AP-1. Mutation of the DNA binding site for STAT had no or only a small effect on c-Fos promoter activity. We conclude that MAP kinases do not activate distinct transcription factors involving distinct genetic elements. Rather, these kinases mainly target SRF and TCF proteins, leading to an activation of transcription of the c-Fos gene via the serum response element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisia K Dalhäusser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thiel G, Guethlein LA, Rössler OG. Insulin-Responsive Transcription Factors. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1886. [PMID: 34944530 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone insulin executes its function via binding and activating of the insulin receptor, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, adipocytes, liver, pancreatic β-cells, and in some areas of the central nervous system. Stimulation of the insulin receptor activates intracellular signaling cascades involving the enzymes extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase B/Akt, and phospholipase Cγ as signal transducers. Insulin receptor stimulation is correlated with multiple physiological and biochemical functions, including glucose transport, glucose homeostasis, food intake, proliferation, glycolysis, and lipogenesis. This review article focuses on the activation of gene transcription as a result of insulin receptor stimulation. Signal transducers such as protein kinases or the GLUT4-induced influx of glucose connect insulin receptor stimulation with transcription. We discuss insulin-responsive transcription factors that respond to insulin receptor activation and generate a transcriptional network executing the metabolic functions of insulin. Importantly, insulin receptor stimulation induces transcription of genes encoding essential enzymes of glycolysis and lipogenesis and inhibits genes encoding essential enzymes of gluconeogenesis. Overall, the activation or inhibition of insulin-responsive transcription factors is an essential aspect of orchestrating a wide range of insulin-induced changes in the biochemistry and physiology of insulin-responsive tissues.
Collapse
|
8
|
Thiel G, Wagner L, Ulrich M, Rössler OG. Immediate-early transcriptional response to insulin receptor stimulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114696. [PMID: 34302794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insulin binding to the insulin receptor triggers intracellular signaling cascades involving the activation of protein and lipid kinases. As a result, multiple biological functions of the cells are changed. Here, we analyzed the regulation and signaling cascades leading to insulin-induced activation of the stimulus-responsive transcription factors. For the analyses, we used chromatin-embedded reporter genes having a cellular nucleosomal organisation, and fibroblasts expressing human insulin receptors (HIRcB cells). The results show that stimulation of the insulin receptor induced the expression of the transcription factor Egr-1. Attenuation of Egr-1 promoter activation was observed following expression of a dominant-negative mutant of the ternary complex factor Elk-1. These data were corroborated by experiments showing that insulin receptor stimulation increased the transcriptional activation potential of Elk-1. In addition, the transcriptional activity of AP-1 was significantly elevated in insulin-stimulated HIRcB cells. Expression of the dominant-negative mutant of Elk-1 reduced insulin-induced activation of AP-1, indicating that Elk-1 controls both serum response element and AP-1-regulated transcription. Moreover, we show that stimulation of the insulin receptor activates cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-controlled transcription, involving the transcription factor CREB. Insulin-induced transcription of Elk-1 and CREB-controlled reporter genes was attenuated by overexpression of MAP kinase phosphatase-1 or a constitutively active mutant of calcineurin A, indicating that both phosphatases are part of a negative feedback loop for reducing insulin-mediated gene transcription. Finally, we show that expression of the adenoviral protein E1A selectively reduced CRE-mediated transcription following stimulation of the insulin receptor. These data indicate that insulin-regulated transcription of CRE-containing genes is under epigenetic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Lara Wagner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Myriam Ulrich
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thiel G, Backes TM, Guethlein LA, Rössler OG. Chromatin-embedded reporter genes: Quantification of stimulus-induced gene transcription. Gene 2021; 787:145645. [PMID: 33848575 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Receptors and ion channels expressed on the cell surface ensure proper communication between the cells and the environment. In multicellular organism, stimulus-regulated gene transcription is the basis for communication with the environment allowing individual cells to respond to stimuli such as nutrients, chemical stressors and signaling molecules released by other cells of the organism. Hormones, cytokines, and mitogens bind to receptors and ion channels and induce intracellular signaling cascades involving second messengers, kinases, phosphatases, and changes in the concentration of particular ions. Ultimately, the signaling cascades reach the nucleus. Transcription factors are activated that respond to cellular stimulation and induce changes in gene transcription. Investigating stimulus-transcription coupling combines cell biology with genetics. In this review, we discuss the molecular biology of stimulus-induced transcriptional activators and their responsiveness to extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules and to epigenetic regulators. Stimulus-induced gene expression is measured by several methods, including detection of nuclear translocation of transcription factors, phosphorylation or DNA binding. In this article, we emphasize that the most reliable method to directly measure transcriptional activation involves the use of chromatin-embedded reporter genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias M Backes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thiel G, Schmidt T, Rössler OG. Ca 2+ Microdomains, Calcineurin and the Regulation of Gene Transcription. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040875. [PMID: 33921430 PMCID: PMC8068893 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ ions function as second messengers regulating many intracellular events, including neurotransmitter release, exocytosis, muscle contraction, metabolism and gene transcription. Cells of a multicellular organism express a variety of cell-surface receptors and channels that trigger an increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration upon stimulation. The elevated Ca2+ concentration is not uniformly distributed within the cytoplasm but is organized in subcellular microdomains with high and low concentrations of Ca2+ at different locations in the cell. Ca2+ ions are stored and released by intracellular organelles that change the concentration and distribution of Ca2+ ions. A major function of the rise in intracellular Ca2+ is the change of the genetic expression pattern of the cell via the activation of Ca2+-responsive transcription factors. It has been proposed that Ca2+-responsive transcription factors are differently affected by a rise in cytoplasmic versus nuclear Ca2+. Moreover, it has been suggested that the mode of entry determines whether an influx of Ca2+ leads to the stimulation of gene transcription. A rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ induces an intracellular signaling cascade, involving the activation of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin and various protein kinases (protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases). In this review article, we discuss the concept of gene regulation via elevated Ca2+ concentration in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, the role of Ca2+ entry and the role of enzymes as signal transducers. We give particular emphasis to the regulation of gene transcription by calcineurin, linking protein dephosphorylation with Ca2+ signaling and gene expression.
Collapse
|
11
|
Babal YK, Kandemir B, Kurnaz IA. Gene Regulatory Network of ETS Domain Transcription Factors in Different Stages of Glioma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:138. [PMID: 33671331 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS domain family of transcription factors is involved in a number of biological processes, and is commonly misregulated in various forms of cancer. Using microarray datasets from patients with different grades of glioma, we have analyzed the expression profiles of various ETS genes, and have identified ETV1, ELK3, ETV4, ELF4, and ETV6 as novel biomarkers for the identification of different glioma grades. We have further analyzed the gene regulatory networks of ETS transcription factors and compared them to previous microarray studies, where Elk-1-VP16 or PEA3-VP16 were overexpressed in neuroblastoma cell lines, and we identify unique and common regulatory networks for these ETS proteins.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sogut MS, Venugopal C, Kandemir B, Dag U, Mahendram S, Singh S, Gulfidan G, Arga KY, Yilmaz B, Kurnaz IA. ETS-Domain Transcription Factor Elk-1 Regulates Stemness Genes in Brain Tumors and CD133+ BrainTumor-Initiating Cells. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020125. [PMID: 33672811 PMCID: PMC7917801 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elk-1, a member of the ternary complex factors (TCFs) within the ETS (E26 transformation-specific) domain superfamily, is a transcription factor implicated in neuroprotection, neurodegeneration, and brain tumor proliferation. Except for known targets, c-fos and egr-1, few targets of Elk-1 have been identified. Interestingly, SMN, SOD1, and PSEN1 promoters were shown to be regulated by Elk-1. On the other hand, Elk-1 was shown to regulate the CD133 gene, which is highly expressed in brain-tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and used as a marker for separating this cancer stem cell population. In this study, we have carried out microarray analysis in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing Elk-1-VP16, which has revealed a large number of genes significantly regulated by Elk-1 that function in nervous system development, embryonic development, pluripotency, apoptosis, survival, and proliferation. Among these, we have shown that genes related to pluripotency, such as Sox2, Nanog, and Oct4, were indeed regulated by Elk-1, and in the context of brain tumors, we further showed that Elk-1 overexpression in CD133+ BTIC population results in the upregulation of these genes. When Elk-1 expression is silenced, the expression of these stemness genes is decreased. We propose that Elk-1 is a transcription factor upstream of these genes, regulating the self-renewal of CD133+ BTICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melis Savasan Sogut
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey; (M.S.S.); (B.K.)
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory (AxanLab), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (C.V.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Basak Kandemir
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey; (M.S.S.); (B.K.)
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory (AxanLab), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Ugur Dag
- Biotechnology Graduate Program, Graduate School of Sciences, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Sujeivan Mahendram
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (C.V.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Sheila Singh
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada; (C.V.); (S.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Gizem Gulfidan
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey; (G.G.); (K.Y.A.)
| | - Kazim Yalcin Arga
- Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey; (G.G.); (K.Y.A.)
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, 26 Agustos Yerlesimi, Kayisdagi, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Isil Aksan Kurnaz
- Institute of Biotechnology, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey; (M.S.S.); (B.K.)
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory (AxanLab), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Correspondence: (B.Y.); (I.A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bi A, Hang Q, Huang Y, Zheng S, Bi X, Zhang Z, Yin Z, Luo L. l-Theanine attenuates neointimal hyperplasia via suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 82:108398. [PMID: 32402912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is a prominent pathological phenomenon in the process of stent restenosis. Abnormal proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play major pathological processes involved in the development of restenosis. l-Theanine, one of the major amino acid components in green tea, has been reported to improve vascular function. Here we display the effects of l-theanine on neointima formation and the underlying mechanism. In the rat carotid-artery balloon-injury model, l-theanine greatly inhibited neointima formation and prevented VSMCs from a contractile phenotype switching to a synthetic phenotype. In vitro study showed that l-theanine significantly inhibited PDGF-BB-induced VSMC proliferation and migration, which was comparable with the effect of l-theanine on AngII-induced VSMC proliferation and migration. Western blot analysis demonstrated that l-theanine suppressed PDGF-BB and AngII-induced reduction of SMA and SM22α and increment of OPN, suggesting that l-theanine inhibited the transformation of VSMCs from contractile to the synthetic phenotype. Further experiments showed that l-theanine exhibits potential preventive effects on neointimal hyperplasia and related vascular remodeling via inhibition of phosphorylation of Elk-1 and activation of MAPK1. The present study provides the new experimental evidence that l-theanine has potential clinical application as an anti-restenosis agent for the prevention of restenosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chowdhury D, Singh A, Gupta A, Tulsawani R, Meena RC, Chakrabarti A. p38 MAPK pathway-dependent SUMOylation of Elk-1 and phosphorylation of PIAS2 correlate with the downregulation of Elk-1 activity in heat-stressed HeLa cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:393-407. [PMID: 30783905 PMCID: PMC6439063 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-00974-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-activated and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate gene expression by post-translational modifications of transcription factors. Elk-1, a transcription factor that regulates the expression of immediate early genes, is amenable to regulation by all the three mammalian MAPKs. In the present report, using inhibitors specific for different MAPK pathways, we show that during exposure of HeLa cells to heat stress, Elk-1 is SUMOylated with SUMO1 by p38 MAPK pathway-dependent mechanisms. Elk-1-phosphorylation levels were significantly reduced under similar conditions. We also show that transcriptional activity of Elk-1 as assessed by luciferase reporter expression and qPCR estimation of the expression of genes regulated by Elk-1 was downregulated upon exposure to heat stress; this downregulation was reversed when heat exposure was performed in the presence of either SB203580 (p38 MAPK inhibitor) or ginkgolic acid (inhibitor of SUMOylation). Elk-1 induced transcription is also regulated by PIAS2 which acts as a coactivator upon the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and as a corepressor upon its phosphorylation by p38 MAPK. Since heat stress activates the p38 MAPK pathway, we determined if PIAS2 was phosphorylated in heat-stressed HeLa cells. Our studies indicate that in HeLa cells exposed to heat stress, PIAS2 is phosphorylated by p38 MAPK pathway-dependent mechanisms. Collectively, the results presented demonstrate that in heat-stressed HeLa cells, p38 MAPK pathway-dependent SUMOylation of Elk-1 and phosphorylation of PIAS2 correlate with the downregulation of transactivation by Elk-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daipayan Chowdhury
- Department of Molecular Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Ajeet Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Avinash Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Rajkumar Tulsawani
- Department of Chemistry, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Ramesh Chand Meena
- Department of Molecular Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| | - Amitabha Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
ADAM17 is a cell membrane metalloproteinase responsible for the release of ectodomains of numerous proteins from the cell surface. Although ADAM17 is often overexpressed in tumours and at sites of inflammation, little is known about the regulation of its expression. Here we investigate the role of NF-κB and Elk-1 transcription factors and upstream signalling pathways, NF-κB and ERK1/2 in ADAM17 expression in mouse brain endothelial cells stimulated with pro-inflammatory factors (TNF, IL-1β, LPS) or a phorbol ester (PMA), a well-known stimulator of ADAM17 activity. Notably, NF-κB inhibitor, IKK VII, interfered with the IL-1β- and LPS-mediated stimulation of ADAM17 expression. Furthermore, Adam17 promoter contains an NF-κB binding site occupied by p65 subunit of NF-κB. The transient increase in Adam17 mRNA in response to PMA was strongly reduced by an inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, U0126. Luciferase reporter assay with vectors encoding the ERK1/2 substrate, Elk-1, fused with constitutively activating or repressing domains, indicated Elk-1 involvement in Adam17 expression. The site-directed mutagenesis of potential Elk-1 binding sites pointed to four functional Elk-1 binding sites in Adam17 promoter. All in all, our results indicate that NF-κB and Elk-1 transcription factors via NF-κB and ERK1/2 signalling pathways contribute to the regulation of mouse Adam17 expression. Summary: We show the involvement of ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways in the stimulation of mouse Adam17 expression and determine functional Elk-1- and NF-κB binding sites in its promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Magdalena Strzelecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Maria Czarnek
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rubil S, Thiel G. Stimulation of TRPM3 channels increases the transcriptional activation potential of Elk-1 involving cytosolic Ca 2+, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, and calcineurin. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 844:225-230. [PMID: 30552902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of transient receptor potential M3 (TRPM3) channels with the steroid pregnenolone sulfate increases the transcriptional activation potential of Elk-1, a transcription factor that regulates serum response element-mediated transcription. Here, we show that an influx of Ca2+ ions into the cells is essential for the activation of Elk-1 following stimulation of TRPM3. Using genetically encoded Ca2+ buffers, we show that a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ is required for the upregulation of the transcriptional activation potential of Elk-1, while buffering of Ca2+ in the nucleus had no inhibitory effect on the transcriptional activity of Elk-1. Pharmacological and genetic experiments showed that extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2) functions as signal transducer connecting TRPM3 channels with the Elk-1 transcription factor. Accordingly, dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the nucleus by MAP kinase phosphatase attenuated TRPM3-mediated Elk-1 activation. Moreover, we show that the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is part of a shut-off-device for the signaling cascade connecting TRPM3 channels with the activation of Elk-1. The fact that TRPM3 channel stimulation activates Elk-1 connects TRPM3 with the biological functions of Elk-1, including the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, survival, transcription, and cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rubil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Saarland University Medical Faculty, Building 44, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Saarland University Medical Faculty, Building 44, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Langfermann DS, Rössler OG, Thiel G. Stimulation of B-Raf increases c-Jun and c-Fos expression and upregulates AP-1-regulated gene transcription in insulinoma cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 472:126-139. [PMID: 29225069 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of pancreatic β-cells with glucose activates the protein kinases B-Raf and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase that participate in glucose sensing. Inhibition of both kinases results in impairment of glucose-regulated gene transcription. To analyze the signaling pathway controlled by B-Raf, we expressed a conditionally active form of B-Raf in INS-1 insulinoma cells. Here, we show that stimulation of B-Raf strongly activated the transcription factor AP-1 which is accompanied by increased c-Jun and c-Fos promoter activities, an upregulation of c-Jun and c-Fos biosynthesis, and elevated transcriptional activation potentials of c-Jun and c-Fos. Mutational analysis identified the AP-1 sites within the c-Jun promoter and the serum response element (SRE) within the c-Fos promoter as the essential genetic elements connecting B-Raf stimulation with AP-1 activation. In line with this, the transcriptional activation potential of the SRE-binding protein Elk-1 was increased following B-Raf activation. The signal pathway from B-Raf to AP-1 required the activation of c-Jun. We identified the cyclin D1 gene as a delayed response gene for AP-1 following stimulation of B-Raf in insulinoma cells. Moreover, MAP kinase phosphatase-1 and the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin were identified to function as shut-off-devices for the signaling cascade connecting B-Raf stimulation with the activation of AP-1. The fact that stimulation with glucose, activation of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and stimulation of B-Raf all trigger an activation of AP-1 indicates that AP-1 is a point of convergence of signaling pathways in β-cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Langfermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saarland University Medical Faculty, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ranjan A, Iyer SV, Ward C, Link T, Diaz FJ, Dhar A, Tawfik OW, Weinman SA, Azuma Y, Izumi T, Iwakuma T. MTBP inhibits the Erk1/2- Elk-1 signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21429-43. [PMID: 29765550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, and the prognosis of HCC patients, especially those with metastasis, remains extremely poor. This is partly due to unclear molecular mechanisms underlying HCC metastasis. Our previous study indicates that MDM2 Binding Protein (MTBP) suppresses migration and metastasis of HCC cells. However, signaling pathways regulated by MTBP remain unknown. To identify metastasis-associated signaling pathways governed by MTBP, we have performed unbiased luciferase reporter-based signal array analyses and found that MTBP suppresses the activity of the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1, a downstream target of Erk1/2 MAP kinases. MTBP also inhibits phosphorylation of Elk-1 and decreases mRNA expression of Elk-1 target genes. Reduced Elk-1 activity is caused by inhibited nuclear translocation of phosphorylated Erk1/2 (p-Erk) by MTBP and subsequent inhibition of Elk-1 phosphorylation. We also reveal that MTBP inhibits the interaction of p-Erk with importin-7/RanBP7 (IPO7), an importin family member which shuttles p-Erk into the nucleus, by binding to IPO7. Moreover, high levels of MTBP in human HCC tissues are correlated with cytoplasmic localization of p-Erk1/2. Our study suggests that MTBP suppresses metastasis, at least partially, by down-modulating the Erk1/2-Elk-1 signaling pathway, thus identifying a novel regulatory mechanism of HCC metastasis by regulating the subcellular localization of p-Erk.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee CJ, Hsu LS, Yue CH, Lin H, Chiu YW, Lin YY, Huang CY, Hung MC, Liu JY. MZF-1/ Elk-1 interaction domain as therapeutic target for protein kinase Cα-based triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59845-59859. [PMID: 27542222 PMCID: PMC5312353 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrate that the expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) correlates with decreased survival outcomes. However, off-target effects of targeting PKCα and limited understanding of the signaling mechanisms upstream of PKCα have hampered previous efforts to manipulate this ubiquitous gene. This study shows that the expression of both myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1) correlates with PKCα expression in TNBC. We found that the acidic domain of MZF-1 and the heparin-binding domain of Elk-1 facilitate the heterodimeric interaction between the two genes before the complex formation binds to the PKCα promoter. Blocking the formation of the heterodimer by transfection of MZF-160-72 or Elk-1145-157 peptide fragments at the MZF-1 / Elk-1 interface decreases DNA-binding activity of the MZF-1 / Elk-1 complex at the PKCα promoter. Subsequently, PKCα expression, migration, tumorigenicity, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition potential of TNBC cells decrease. These subsequent effects are reversed by transfection with full-length PKCα, confirming that the MZF-1/Elk-1 heterodimer is a mediator of PKCα in TNBC cells. These data suggest that the next therapeutic strategy in treating PKCα-related cancer will be developed from blocking MZF-1/Elk-1 interaction through their binding domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jen Lee
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Herng Yue
- Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Wei Chiu
- Emergency Department and Center of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jer-Yuh Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lovell MA, Lynn BC, Fister S, Bradley-Whitman M, Murphy MP, Beckett TL, Norris CM. A Novel Small Molecule Modulator of Amyloid Pathology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:273-87. [PMID: 27163808 DOI: 10.3233/jad-151160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because traditional approaches to drug development for Alzheimer's disease are becoming increasingly expensive and in many cases disappointingly unsuccessful, alternative approaches are required to shift the paradigm. Following leads from investigations of dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, we observed unique properties from a class of functionalized naphthyridines and sought to develop these as novel therapeutics that minimize amyloid pathology without the adverse effects associated with current therapeutics. Our data show methyl 2,4-dimethyl-5-oxo-5,6-dihydrobenzo[c][2,7]naphthyridine-1-carboxylate (BNC-1) significantly decreases amyloid burden in a well-established mouse model of amyloid pathology through a unique mechanism mediated by Elk-1, a transcriptional repressor of presenilin-1. Additionally, BNC-1 treatment leads to increased levels of synaptophysin and synapsin, markers of synaptic integrity, but does not adversely impact presenilin-2 or processing of Notch-1, thus avoiding negative off target effects associated with pan-gamma secretase inhibition. Overall, our data show BNC-1 significantly decreases amyloid burden and improves markers of synaptic integrity in a well-established mouse model of amyloid deposition by promoting phosphorylation and activation of Elk-1, a transcriptional repressor of presenilin-1 but not presenilin-2. These data suggest BNC-1 might be a novel, disease-modifying therapeutic that will alter the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Lovell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bert C Lynn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Universisty of Kentucky Mass Spectrometry Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Shuling Fister
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - M Paul Murphy
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tina L Beckett
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yeh CN, Chang YC, Su Y, Shin-Shian Hsu D, Cheng CT, Wu RC, Chung YH, Chiang KC, Yeh TS, Lu ML, Liu CY, Mu-Hsin Chang P, Chen MH, Huang CYF, Hsiao M, Chen MH. Identification of MALT1 as both a prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target of regorafenib in cholangiocarcinoma patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:113444-113459. [PMID: 29371921 PMCID: PMC5768338 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer that lacks an effective targeted therapy. Here, we assessed the therapeutic efficacy of regorafenib in CCA, as well as elucidated its underlying mechanism. We first demonstrated that regorafenib not only inhibited growth but also induced apoptosis in human CCA cells. Subsequently, we used in silico approaches to identify MALT1 (Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue protein 1), which plays an important role in activating NF-κB, as a potential target of regorafenib. Overexpression of Elk-1, but not Ets-1, in HuCCT1 cells markedly reduced their sensitivity to regorafenib, which might be attributed to a significant increase in MALT1 levels. Our results further demonstrated that this drug drastically inhibited MALT1 expression by suppressing the Raf/Erk/Elk-1 pathway. The efficacy of regorafenib in decreasing in vivo CCA growth was confirmed in animal models. Regorafenib efficacy was observed in two MALT1-positive CCA patients who failed to respond to several other lines of therapy. Finally, MALT1 was also identified as an independent poor prognostic factor for patients with intrahepatic CCA. In conclusion, our study identified MALT1 to be a downstream mediator of the Raf/Erk/Elk-1 pathway and suggested that MALT1 may be a new therapeutic target for successful treatment of CCA by regorafenib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeu Su
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Tung Cheng
- Department of Surgery, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Chin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Chung
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging and Translation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chun Chiang
- Department of Surgery, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sen Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Lun Lu
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peter Mu-Hsin Chang
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Han Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Matsuba S, Yabe-Wada T, Takeda K, Sato T, Suyama M, Takai T, Kikuchi T, Nukiwa T, Nakamura A. Identification of Secretory Leukoprotease Inhibitor As an Endogenous Negative Regulator in Allergic Effector Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1538. [PMID: 29181004 PMCID: PMC5693852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils are central effectors in allergic inflammatory disorders. These cells secrete abundant serine proteases as well as chemical mediators and cytokines; however, the expression profiles and functions of their endogenous inhibitors remain elusive. We found that murine secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) is expressed in basophils and eosinophils but in not in mast cells. SLPI-deficient (Slpi−/−) basophils produce more cytokines than wild-type mice after IgE stimulation. Although the deletion of SLPI in basophils did not affect the release of chemical mediators upon IgE stimulation, the enzymatic activity of the serine protease tryptase was increased in Slpi−/− basophils. Mice transferred with Slpi−/− basophils were highly sensitive to IgE-mediated chronic allergic inflammation. Eosinophils lacking SLPI showed greater interleukin-6 secretion and invasive activity upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by these eosinophils was increased without stimulation. The absence of SLPI increases JNK1 phosphorylation at the steady state, and augments the serine phosphorylation of JNK1-downstream ETS transcriptional factor Elk-1 in eosinophils upon stimulation. Of note, SLPI interacts with a scaffold protein, JNK-interacting protein 3 (JIP3), that constitutively binds to the cytoplasmic domain of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, suggesting that SLPI controls Elk-1 activation via binding to JIP3 in eosinophils. Mice transferred with Slpi−/− eosinophils showed the exacerbation of chitin-induced allergic inflammation. These findings showed that SLPI is a negative regulator in allergic effector cells and suggested a novel inhibitory role of SLPI in the TLR4 signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Matsuba
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yabe-Wada
- Department of Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takeda
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takai
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kikuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nukiwa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ye JC, Hsu LS, Tsai JH, Yang HL, Hsiao MW, Hwang JM, Lee CJ, Liu JY. MZF-1/ Elk-1/PKCα is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2017; 8:3028-3036. [PMID: 28928894 PMCID: PMC5604454 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is a key signaling molecule in human cancer development. As a therapeutic strategy, targeting PKCα is difficult because the molecule is ubiquitously expressed in non-malignant cells. PKCα is regulated by the cooperative interaction of the transcription factors myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1) in human cancer cells. Methods: By conducting tissue array analysis, herein, we determined the protein expression of MZF-1/Elk-1/PKCα in various cancers. Results: The data show that the expression of MZF-1/Elk-1 is correlated with that of PKCα in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but not in bladder and lung cancers. In addition, the PKCα down-regulation by shRNA Elk-1 was only observed in the HCC SK-Hep-1 cells. Blocking the interaction between MZF-1 and Elk-1 through the transfection of their binding domain MZF-160-72 decreased PKCα expression. This step ultimately depressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition potential of the HCC cells. Conclusion: These findings could be used to develop an alternative therapeutic strategy against patients with the PKCα-derived HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Je-Chiuan Ye
- Bachelor Program of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical College, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsiang Tsai
- Department Physical Therapy, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meen-Woon Hsiao
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ming Hwang
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jen Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuh Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Thiel G, Lesch A, Rubil S, Backes TM, Rössler OG. Regulation of Gene Transcription Following Stimulation of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 2017; 335:167-189. [PMID: 29305012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels belong to a heterogeneous superfamily of cation channels that are involved in the regulation of numerous biological functions, including regulation of Ca2+ and glucose homeostasis, tumorigenesis, temperature, and pain sensation. To understand the functions of TRP channels, their associated intracellular signaling pathways and molecular targets have to be identified on the cellular level. Stimulation of TRP channels frequently induces an influx of Ca2+ ions into the cells and the subsequent activation of protein kinases. These intracellular signal transduction pathways ultimately induce changes in the gene expression pattern of the cells. Here, we review the effects of TRPC6, TRPM3, and TRPV1 channel stimulation on the activation of the stimulus-responsive transcription factors AP-1, CREB, Egr-1, Elk-1, and NFAT. Following activation, these transcription factors induce the transcription of delayed response genes. We propose that many biological functions of TRP channels can be explained by the activation of stimulus-responsive transcription factors and their delayed response genes. The proteins encoded by those delayed response genes may be responsible for the biochemical and physiological changes following TRP channel activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Thiel
- Saarland University Medical Faculty, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Lesch
- Saarland University Medical Faculty, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Rubil
- Saarland University Medical Faculty, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Esnault C, Gualdrini F, Horswell S, Kelly G, Stewart A, East P, Matthews N, Treisman R. ERK-Induced Activation of TCF Family of SRF Cofactors Initiates a Chromatin Modification Cascade Associated with Transcription. Mol Cell 2017; 65:1081-1095.e5. [PMID: 28286024 PMCID: PMC5364370 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship among ERK signaling, histone modifications, and transcription factor activity, focusing on the ERK-regulated ternary complex factor family of SRF partner proteins. In MEFs, activation of ERK by TPA stimulation induced a common pattern of H3K9acS10ph, H4K16ac, H3K27ac, H3K9acK14ac, and H3K4me3 at hundreds of transcription start site (TSS) regions and remote regulatory sites. The magnitude of the increase in histone modification correlated well with changes in transcription. H3K9acS10ph preceded the other modifications. Most induced changes were TCF dependent, but TCF-independent TSSs exhibited the same hierarchy, indicating that it reflects gene activation per se. Studies with TCF Elk-1 mutants showed that TCF-dependent ERK-induced histone modifications required Elk-1 to be phosphorylated and competent to activate transcription. Analysis of direct TCF-SRF target genes and chromatin modifiers confirmed this and showed that H3S10ph required only Elk-1 phosphorylation. Induction of histone modifications following ERK stimulation is thus directed by transcription factor activation and transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Esnault
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Francesco Gualdrini
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gavin Kelly
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Phil East
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nik Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Richard Treisman
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gualdrini F, Esnault C, Horswell S, Stewart A, Matthews N, Treisman R. SRF Co-factors Control the Balance between Cell Proliferation and Contractility. Mol Cell 2016; 64:1048-1061. [PMID: 27867007 PMCID: PMC5179500 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ERK-regulated ternary complex factors (TCFs) act with the transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) to activate mitogen-induced transcription. However, the extent of their involvement in the immediate-early transcriptional response, and their wider functional significance, has remained unclear. We show that, in MEFs, TCF inactivation significantly inhibits over 60% of TPA-inducible gene transcription and impairs cell proliferation. Using integrated SRF ChIP-seq and Hi-C data, we identified over 700 TCF-dependent SRF direct target genes involved in signaling, transcription, and proliferation. These also include a significant number of cytoskeletal gene targets for the Rho-regulated myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF) SRF cofactor family. The TCFs act as general antagonists of MRTF-dependent SRF target gene expression, competing directly with the MRTFs for access to SRF. As a result, TCF-deficient MEFs exhibit hypercontractile and pro-invasive behavior. Thus, competition between TCFs and MRTFs for SRF determines the balance between antagonistic proliferative and contractile programs of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gualdrini
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Cyril Esnault
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nik Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing STP, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Richard Treisman
- Signalling and Transcription Group, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wasik U, Kadziolka B, Kilanczyk E, Filipek A. Influence of S100A6 on CacyBP/SIP Phosphorylation and Elk-1 Transcriptional Activity in Neuroblastoma NB2a Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:126-31. [PMID: 26085436 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have found that casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylates the CacyBP/SIP protein under in vitro conditions and have mapped the phosphorylation site to threonine 184. Moreover, we present evidence that S100A6, a CacyBP/SIP interacting protein, inhibits this phosphorylation in the presence of Ca(2+). CacyBP/SIP phosphorylation by CKII was also observed in neuroblastoma NB2a cells. Interestingly, we have found that the effect of DRB, a CKII inhibitor, on CacyBP/SIP phosphorylation state is similar to that of S100A6 overexpression. Phosphorylation at threonine 184 seems to have an effect on CacyBP/SIP phosphatase activity since the T184E phosphorylation mimic mutant overexpressed in NB2a cells has lower phosphatase activity toward p-ERK1/2 when compared to the non-phosphorylable T184A mutant or to the wild-type protein. In conclusion, our data suggest that S100A6 and Ca(2+), through inhibiting CacyBP/SIP phosphorylation on threonine 184, are important regulators of CacyBP/SIP phosphatase activity and of ERK1/2-Elk-1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Wasik
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Kilanczyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Filipek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li Y, Zhang L, Wang X, Chen M, Liu Y, Xing Y, Wang X, Gao S, Zhu D. Elk-1-mediated 15-lipoxygenase expression is required for hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular adventitial fibroblast dynamics. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 218:276-289. [PMID: 27174674 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM 15-Lipoxygenase (15-LO) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). However, the role of 15-LO in the adventitia of the pulmonary arterial wall is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the role of 15-LO in the modulation of pulmonary adventitial fibroblast (PAF) dynamics. METHODS Rats were exposed to normoxic or hypoxic (fraction of inspired O2 = 0.12) treatments for 7 days. PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations were measured by MTT assay, cell immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. The 15-LO promoter was analysed by luciferase reporter and ChIP assays. RESULTS Our results showed that hypoxia induced 15-LO expression in PAFs both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, hypoxia stimulated JNK phosphorylation in PAFs. Blocking 15-LO or JNK suppressed 15-LO-induced PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations. The inhibition of p27kipl by gene silencing attenuated 15-LO-induced PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations. Furthermore, JNK inhibition or Elk-1 knockdown suppressed hypoxia-induced 15-LO expression in PAFs. Luciferase reporter and ChIP assays revealed that the 15-LO promoter contains Elk-1-binding sites and also that Elk-1 increased the hypoxia-induced activity of the 15-LO promoter. CONCLUSION These results suggest that hypoxia promotes changes in the cellular dynamics of PAFs by inducing 15-LO expression, which leads to vascular adventitial remodelling. The modulation of p27kipl expression by 15-LO enhances PAF proliferation and cell cycle alterations. Furthermore, the JNK-dependent increase in Elk-1 signalling is required for hypoxia-induced 15-LO expression in PAFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Li
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
- Biopharmaceutical Institute of the Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - M. Chen
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - Y. Xing
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - X. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
| | - S. Gao
- Biopharmaceutical Institute of the Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Harbin Heilongjiang China
| | - D. Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology; Harbin Medical University-Daqing; Daqing Heilongjiang China
- Biopharmaceutical Institute of the Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Harbin Heilongjiang China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim Y, Lee C. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation is required for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication. Virology 2015; 484:181-93. [PMID: 26115165 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly enteropathogenic coronavirus of swine that causes acute enteritis with high mortality in nursery piglets. To date, the cellular factors involved in PEDV replication have not been well defined. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) that serves as a critical component of cellular signal transduction pathways to modulate a variety of cellular functions has been shown to regulate several viral infections. In the present study, we found that PEDV activates ERK1/2 early in infection independently of viral replication. The PEDV-induced ERK1/2 activation resulted in the phosphorylation of its downstream substrate Elk-1 in infected cells. Treatment with ERK inhibitors or ERK1/2 knockdown significantly suppressed viral progeny production. Inhibition of ERK activation also diminished viral protein expression and genomic and subgenomic RNA transcription. These findings indicate that the ERK signaling pathway plays an important role in the PEDV life cycle and beneficially contributes to viral infection. PEDV infection activates the ERK signaling pathway in vitro. PEDV phosphorylates the ERK downstream substrate Elk-1. Chemical inhibition and ERK1/2 knockdown impairs the replication of PEDV. ERK activation is not associated with PEDV-induced apoptotic cell death. The ERK signaling pathway plays a central role in PEDV replication.
Collapse
|
30
|
Chevigny M, Guérin-Montpetit K, Vargas A, Lefebvre-Lavoie J, Lavoie JP. Contribution of SRF, Elk-1, and myocardin to airway smooth muscle remodeling in heaves, an asthma-like disease of horses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L37-45. [PMID: 25979077 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00050.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy contribute to the increased mass of airway smooth muscle (ASM) in asthma. Serum-response factor (SRF) is a transcription factor that regulates myocyte differentiation in vitro in vascular and intestinal smooth muscles. When SRF is associated with phosphorylated (p)Elk-1, it promotes ASM proliferation while binding to myocardin (MYOCD) leading to the expression of contractile elements in these tissues. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize the expression of SRF, pElk-1, and MYOCD in ASM cells from central and peripheral airways in heaves, a spontaneously occurring asthma-like disease of horses, and in controls. Six horses with heaves and five aged-matched controls kept in the same environment were studied. Nuclear protein expression of SRF, pElk-1, and MYOCD was evaluated in peripheral airways and endobronchial biopsies obtained during disease remission and after 1 and 30 days of naturally occurring antigenic exposure using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence techniques. Nuclear expression of SRF (P = 0.03, remission vs. 30 days) and MYOCD (P = 0.05, controls vs. heaves at 30 days) increased in the peripheral airways of horses with heaves during disease exacerbation, while MYOCD (P = 0.04, remission vs. 30 days) decreased in the central airways of control horses. No changes were observed in the expression of pElk-1 protein in either tissue. In conclusion, SRF and its cofactor MYOCD likely contribute to the hypertrophy of peripheral ASM observed in equine asthmatic airways, while the remodeling of the central airways is more static or involves different transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Chevigny
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karine Guérin-Montpetit
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amandine Vargas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josiane Lefebvre-Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen YS, Aubee J, DiVito KA, Zhou H, Zhang W, Chou FP, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal DS. Id3 induces an Elk-1-caspase-8-dependent apoptotic pathway in squamous carcinoma cells. Cancer Med 2015; 4:914-24. [PMID: 25693514 PMCID: PMC4472214 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of differentiation/DNA-binding (Id) proteins are helix–loop–helix (HLH) transcription factors. The Id protein family (Id1–Id4) mediates tissue homeostasis by regulating cellular processes including differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Ids typically function as dominant negative HLH proteins, which bind other HLH proteins and sequester them away from DNA promoter regions. Previously, we have found that Id3 induced apoptosis in immortalized human keratinocytes upon UVB exposure, consistent with its role as a tumor suppressor. To investigate the role of Id3 in malignant squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells (A431), a tetracycline-regulated inducible system was used to induce Id3 in cell culture and mouse xenograft models. We found that upon Id3 induction, there was a decrease in cell number under low serum conditions, as well as in soft agar. Microarray, RT-PCR, immunoblot, siRNA, and inhibitor studies revealed that Id3 induced expression of Elk-1, an E-twenty-six (ETS)-domain transcription factor, inducing procaspase-8 expression and activation. Id3 deletion mutants revealed that 80 C-terminal amino acids, including the HLH, are important for Id3-induced apoptosis. In a mouse xenograft model, Id3 induction decreased tumor size by 30%. Using immunofluorescent analysis, we determined that the tumor size decrease was also mediated through apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that Id3 synergizes with 5-FU and cisplatin therapies for nonmelanoma skin cancer cells. Our studies have shown a molecular mechanism by which Id3 induces apoptosis in SCC, and this information can potentially be used to develop new treatments for SCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Shin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| | - Joseph Aubee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| | - Kyle A DiVito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| | - Fen-Pi Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Cynthia M Simbulan-Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| | - Dean S Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057.,Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20057
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rössler OG, Glatzel D, Thiel G. Resveratrol upregulates Egr-1 expression and activity involving extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and ternary complex factors. Exp Cell Res 2015; 332:116-27. [PMID: 25645941 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many intracellular functions have been attributed to resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes and in other plants. Here, we show that resveratrol induces the expression of the transcription factor Egr-1 in human embryonic kidney cells. Using a chromosomally embedded Egr-1-responsive reporter gene, we show that the Egr-1 activity was significantly elevated in resveratrol-treated cells, indicating that the newly synthesized Egr-1 protein was biologically active. Stimulus-transcription coupling leading to the resveratrol-induced upregulation of Egr-1 expression and activity requires the protein kinases Raf and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase ERK, while MAP kinase phosphatase-1 functions as a nuclear shut-off device that interrupts the signaling cascade connecting resveratrol stimulation with enhanced Egr-1 expression. On the transcriptional level, Elk-1, a key transcriptional regulator of serum response element-driven gene transcription, connects the intracellular signaling cascade elicited by resveratrol with transcription of the Egr-1 gene. These data were corroborated by the observation that stimulation of the cells with resveratrol increased the transcriptional activation potential of Elk-1. The SRE as well as the GC-rich DNA binding site of Egr-1 function as resveratrol-responsive elements. Thus, resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of the stimulus-regulated protein kinases Raf and ERK and the stimulus-responsive transcription factors TCF and Egr-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Rössler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Glatzel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, D-66421 Homburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim HR, Lee HN, Lim K, Surh YJ, Na HK. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 induces expression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase through Elk-1 activation in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Mutat Res 2014; 768:6-15. [PMID: 25773924 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been reported to be implicated in carcinogenesis. The intracellular level of PGE2 is maintained not only by its biosynthesis, but also by inactivation/degradation. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is the key enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oncogenic PGE2 to a biologically inactive keto metabolite. In the present study, we demonstrate that 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15 d-PGJ2), one of the terminal products of cyclooxygenase-2, updregulates the expression and the activity of 15-PGDH in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. By using deletion constructs of the 15-PGDH promoter, we have found that E-twenty six (Ets) is the most essential determinant for 15-PGDH induction. 15 d-PGJ2 induced phosphorylation of Elk-1, one of Ets transcription factor family members, in the nucleus. Knockdown of Elk-1 abolished the ability of 15 d-PGJ2 to upregulate 15-PGDH expression. Furthermore, 15 d-PGJ2-mediated activation of Elk-1 was found to be dependent on activation of extracellular-signal related kinase (ERK) 1/2. Treatment of U0126, a pharmacological inhibitor of MEK1/2-ERK, abolished phosphorylation and DNA binding of Elk-1 as well as 15-PGDH induction in 15 d-PGJ2-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, 15 d-PGJ2 generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contribute to the expression of 15-PGDH as well as phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Elk-1. 15 d-PGJ2 inhibited the migration of MDA-MB-231 cells, which was attenuated by transient transfection with 15-PGDH siRNA. Taken together, these findings suggest that 15 d-PGJ2 induces the expression of 15-PGDH through ROS-mediated activation of ERK1/2 and subsequently Elk-1 in the MDA-MB-231 cells, which may contribute to tumor suppressive activity of this cyclopentenone prostaglandin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Kim
- Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Ha-Na Lee
- Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 142-732, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kochan J, Wawro M, Kolka A, Maczuga P, Kasza A. Transcription factor Elk-1 participates in the interleukin-1β-dependent regulation of expression of immediate early response gene 3 (IER3). Cytokine 2014; 70:120-5. [PMID: 25066273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immediate early response gene 3 (IER3) encodes a protein involved in the regulation of apoptosis and differentiation. Recently the role of IER3 in the regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) was discovered. IER3 prolongs ERKs activation by inhibition of phosphatase PP2A. Here we show that interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced IER3 expression is mediated by the ERK1/2 target, transcription factor Elk-1. We identified sequences in the IER3 promoter responsible for its ERKs-dependent activation, namely ETS5/6. Elk-1 binds to these sequences and is phosphorylated following IL-1β stimulation. Mutation of ETS5/6 binding site abolishes activation of IER3 promoter by IL-1β as well as by the constitutively active form of Elk-1 (Elk-VP16). Thus IER3 acts not only as a regulator of ERKs activation, but also as a ERKs-Elk-1-dependent downstream effector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Piotr Maczuga
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Thiel G, Rössler OG. Resveratrol stimulates AP-1-regulated gene transcription. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1402-13. [PMID: 24753227 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Many intracellular functions have been attributed to resveratrol, a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in grapes and in other plants, including the regulation of transcription. Here, we have analyzed the impact of resveratrol on the activity of the transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). METHODS AND RESULTS Using a chromosomally embedded AP-1-responsive reporter gene, we show that the AP-1 activity was significantly elevated in resveratrol-treated 293 human embryonic kidney and HepG2 hepatoma cells. The 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-responsive element, a binding site for c-Jun and c-Fos, was identified as resveratrol-responsive element. Expression of c-Jun and c-Fos, two proteins that constitute AP-1, is upregulated in resveratrol-stimulated HEK293 cells. On the transcriptional level, c-Jun and the ternary complex factor Elk-1 are essential for the activation of AP-1 in resveratrol-treated cells. In addition, mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase C are required to connect resveratrol stimulation with enhanced AP-1 controlled transcription. Finally, we show that resveratrol increased the activities of the AP-1 responsive cyclin D1 and tumor necrosis factor α promoters. CONCLUSION Resveratrol regulates gene transcription via activation of stimulus-regulated protein kinases and the stimulus-responsive AP-1 transcription factors. The fact that resveratrol regulates AP-1 activity may explain many of the pleiotropic intracellular alterations induced by resveratrol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Thiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mahajan MA, Stanley FM. Insulin-activated Elk-1 recruits the TIP60/NuA4 complex to increase prolactin gene transcription. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:159-169. [PMID: 24075908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin increases prolactin gene expression in GH4 cells through phosphorylation of Elk-1 (Jacob and Stanley, 2001). We preformed a reverse two-hybrid screen using Elk-1-B42 as bait to identify proteins from GH4 cells that might serve as co-activators or co-repressors for insulin-increased prolactin gene expression. A number of the components of the TIP60/NuA4 complex interacted with Elk-1 suggesting that Elk-1 might activate transcription by recruiting the TIP60 chromatin-remodeling complex to the prolactin promoter. Inhibition of insulin-increased prolactin-luciferase expression by wild type and mutant adenovirus E1A protein provided physiological context for these yeast studies. Inhibition of histone deacetylases dramatically increased both basal and insulin-increased prolactin gene transcription. Co-immune precipitation experiments demonstrated Elk-1 and TIP60 associate in vitro. Transient or stable expression of TIP60 activated insulin-increased prolactin gene expression while a mutated TIP60 blocked insulin-increased prolactin gene expression. Analysis of the prolactin mRNA by quantitative RT-PCR showed that insulin-increased prolactin mRNA accumulation and that this was inhibited in GH4 cells that stably expressed mutant TIP60. Finally, ChIP experiments demonstrate the insulin-dependent occupancy of the prolactin promoter by Elk-1 and TIP60. Our studies suggest that insulin activates prolactin gene transcription by activating Elk-1 that recruits the NuA4 complex to the promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muktar A Mahajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Frederick M Stanley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States; NYU Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sodhi M, Mukesh M, Kishore A, Mishra BP, Kataria RS, Joshi BK. Novel polymorphisms in UTR and coding region of inducible heat shock protein 70.1 gene in tropically adapted Indian zebu cattle (Bos indicus) and riverine buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Gene 2013; 527:606-15. [PMID: 23792016 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to evolutionary divergence, cattle (taurine, and indicine) and buffalo are speculated to have different responses to heat stress condition. Variation in candidate genes associated with a heat-shock response may provide an insight into the dissimilarity and suggest targets for intervention. The present work was undertaken to characterize one of the inducible heat shock protein genes promoter and coding regions in diverse breeds of Indian zebu cattle and buffaloes. The genomic DNA from a panel of 117 unrelated animals representing 14 diversified native cattle breeds and 6 buffalo breeds were utilized to determine the complete sequence and gene diversity of HSP70.1 gene. The coding region of HSP70.1 gene in Indian zebu cattle, Bos taurus and buffalo was similar in length (1,926 bp) encoding a HSP70 protein of 641 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight (Mw) of 70.26 kDa. However buffalo had a longer 5' and 3' untranslated region (UTR) of 204 and 293 nucleotides respectively, in comparison to Indian zebu cattle and Bos taurus wherein length of 5' and 3'-UTR was 172 and 286 nucleotides, respectively. The increased length of buffalo HSP70.1 gene compared to indicine and taurine gene was due to two insertions each in 5' and 3'-UTR. Comparative sequence analysis of cattle (taurine and indicine) and buffalo HSP70.1 gene revealed a total of 54 gene variations (50 SNPs and 4 INDELs) among the three species in the HSP70.1 gene. The minor allele frequencies of these nucleotide variations varied from 0.03 to 0.5 with an average of 0.26. Among the 14 B. indicus cattle breeds studied, a total of 19 polymorphic sites were identified: 4 in the 5'-UTR and 15 in the coding region (of these 2 were non-synonymous). Analysis among buffalo breeds revealed 15 SNPs throughout the gene: 6 at the 5' flanking region and 9 in the coding region. In bubaline 5'-UTR, 2 additional putative transcription factor binding sites (Elk-1 and C-Re1) were identified, other than three common sites (CP2, HSE and Pax-4) observed across all the analyzed animals. No polymorphism was found within the 3'-UTR of Indian cattle or buffalo as it was found to be monomorphic. The promoter sequences generated in 117 individuals showed a rich array of sequence elements known to be involved in transcription regulation. A total of 11 nucleotide changes were observed in the promoter sequence across the analyzed species, 3 of these changes were located within the potential transcription factor binding domains. We also identified 4 microsatellite markers within the buffalo HSP70.1 gene and 3 microsatellites within bovine HSP70.1. The present study identified several distinct changes across indicine, taurine and bubaline HSP70.1 genes that could further be evaluated as molecular markers for thermotolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sodhi
- National Bureau of Animal Genetic resources, Karnal 132001, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kasza A. Signal-dependent Elk-1 target genes involved in transcript processing and cell migration. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1829:1026-33. [PMID: 23711433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Elk-1 was regarded as a transcription factor engaged mainly in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Recent findings show the engagement of Elk-1 in the control of expression of genes encoding proteins involved in transcript turnover, such as MCPIP1/ZC3H12A and tristetraprolin (TTP/ZFP36). Thus, Elk-1 plays an important role in the control of gene expression not only through the stimulation of expression of transcription factors, but also through regulation of transcript half-live. Moreover, Elk-1 is engaged in the regulation of expression of genes encoding proteins that control proteolytic activity, such as inhibitor of plasminogen activator-1 (PAI-1) and metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9). This review summarizes the biological roles of proteins with expression regulated by Elk-1, involved in transcripts turnover or in cell migration. The broad range of function of these proteins illustrates the complex role of Elk-1 in the regulation of cancer and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhong Q, Shi G, Zhang Y, Levy D, Zhong S. Elk1 and AP-1 sites in the TBP promoter mediate alcohol-induced deregulation of Pol III-dependent genes. Gene 2013; 526:54-60. [PMID: 23454483 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are chronic liver diseases that include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the mechanisms of alcohol-associated HCC remain to be elucidated. The products of RNA Pol III (RNA polymerase III) dependent genes are elevated in both transformation cells and tumor cells. TBP (TATA-box binding protein) is a central transcription factor, which regulates Pol I, Pol II and Pol III gene activity. Our studies have demonstrated that alcohol increases TBP expression and Pol III gene transcription to promote liver tumor formation. We continue to investigate how ethanol mediates TBP expression. Here, we report that ethanol induces TBP promoter activity and the induction is ethanol dose dependent. Blocking the JNK1 pathway by a chemical inhibitor and siRNA reduces this ethanol-induced activity. Furthermore, mutating G>A at a -46 bp Elk1 binding site of the TBP promoter or mutating AP-1 binding site at -37 bp (A>G) and -38 bp (C>T) reduces the TBP promoter activity. Mutation of both Elk1 and AP-1 binding sites dramatically represses this induction. Together, these studies demonstrate that, for the first time, alcohol increases Pol III gene transcription through a response element, which is composed of the overlapping Elk1 and AP-1 binding sites of the TBP promoter and affected by alcohol. It suggests that these binding sites may play a critical role in alcohol-induced deregulation of Pol III genes in liver tumor development.
Collapse
|
40
|
Demir O, Kurnaz IA. Phospho-Ser383- Elk-1 is localized to the mitotic spindles during cell cycle and interacts with mitotic kinase Aurora-A. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 31:591-8. [PMID: 23322625 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Elk-1 is a member of the E-twenty-six (ETS) domain superfamily of transcription factors and has been traditionally associated with mitogen-induced immediate early gene transcription upon phosphorylation by mitogen activated protein kinases (ERK/MAPK). Elk-1 is not only upregulated but also phosphorylated in brain tumour cells. However, in this study, we show for the first time that S383-phosphorylated Elk-1 (P-S383-Elk-1) is associated with mitotic spindle poles from metaphase through telophase and relocates to the spindle midbody during cytokinesis, while Thr417Ala mutation is associated with DNA throughout mitosis. Serine 383 phosphorylation appears to be important for polar localization of Elk-1, since exogenous protein including serine-to-alanine mutation was seen to be distributed throughout the spindle fibres. We further show that Elk-1 interacts with the cell cycle kinase Aurora-A, and when Aurora inhibitors are used, P-S383-Elk-1 fails to localize to the poles and remains associated with DNA. Apart from one transcriptional repressor molecule, Kaiso, this is the first time a transactivator was shown to possess such mitotic localization and interaction. The functional significance and detailed mechanism of this cell cycle-related localization of Elk-1 are yet to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Demir
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Yeditepe University, Kayisdagi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gregg J, Fraizer G. Transcriptional Regulation of EGR1 by EGF and the ERK Signaling Pathway in Prostate Cancer Cells. Genes Cancer 2012; 2:900-9. [PMID: 22593802 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911431885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The early growth response gene 1, EGR1, is an important transcriptional regulator and acts as the convergent point between a variety of extracellular stimuli and activation of target genes. Unlike other tumor types, prostate tumors express high levels of EGR1 relative to normal tissues. However, the mechanism of EGR1 regulation in prostate tumor cells is unknown. As EGR1 expression and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling are frequently upregulated in prostate tumors, we tested the hypothesis that EGF induces EGR1 expression in prostate cancer cells. Using RT-PCR to quantify EGR1 transcripts, we found that EGF induced EGR1 expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the ERK pathway inhibitor, PD98059, abrogated the EGF-mediated EGR1 response in LNCaP and PC3 cells. Analysis of the EGR1 promoter using deletion constructs identified an EGF-responsive region in the proximal promoter (-771 to -245 bp) containing 3 potential serum response element (SRE) sites. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Elk-1 binding at the SRE sites of the EGR1 promoter was enhanced by EGF treatment in PC3 cells. Overexpression of Elk-1 was sufficient to activate the EGF-responsive region of EGR1 promoter in PC3 cells and, similarly, a dominant-negative Elk-1 suppressed EGR1 promoter activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that EGR1 expression in PC3 cells is mediated through an EGF-ERK-Elk-1 signaling cascade.
Collapse
|
42
|
Im HJ, Sharrocks AD, Lin X, Yan D, Kim J, van Wijnen AJ, Hipskind RA. Basic fibroblast growth factor induces matrix metalloproteinase-13 via ERK MAP kinase-altered phosphorylation and sumoylation of Elk-1 in human adult articular chondrocytes. Open Access Rheumatol 2009; 1:151-161. [PMID: 27789988 PMCID: PMC5074718 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s7527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) are principal aspects of the pathology of osteoarthritis (OA). ECM disruption leads to bFGF release, which activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK) pathway and its downstream target the Ets-like transcription factor Elk-1. Previously we demonstrated that the bFGF-ERK-Elk-1 signaling axis is responsible for the potent induction of MMP-13 in human primary articular chondrocytes. Here we report that, in addition to phosphorylation of Elk-1, dynamic posttranslational modification of Elk-1 by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) serves as an important mechanism through which MMP-13 gene expression is regulated. We show that bFGF activates Elk-1 mainly through the ERK pathway and that increased phosphorylation of Elk-1 is accompanied by decreased conjugation of SUMO to Elk-1. Reporter gene assays reveal that phosphorylation renders Elk-1 competent for induction of MMP-13 gene transcription, while sumoylation has the opposite effect. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the SUMO-conjugase Ubc9 acts as a key mediator for Elk-1 sumoylation. Taken together, our results suggest that sumoylation antagonizes the phosphorylation-dependent transactivation capacity of Elk-1. This attenuates transcription of its downstream target gene MMP-13 to maintain the integrity of cartilage ECM homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Im
- Departments of Biochemistry; Internal Medicine; Section of Rheumatology, Orthopedic Surgery; Rush University Medical Center, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL USA
| | - Andrew D Sharrocks
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, UK
| | - Xia Lin
- Michael E DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|