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Sowinska W, Wawro M, Kochan J, Solecka A, Polak J, Kwinta B, Kasza A. Regnase-2 inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1574. [PMID: 38238463 PMCID: PMC10796923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51809-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Regnase-2 (Reg-2/MCPIP2/ZC3H12B) is uniquely expressed at a high level in the healthy brain and down-regulated in samples from patients with glioma, reaching the lowest level in high-grade glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This RNase is involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation through the degradation of IL-6 and IL-1 mRNAs, key pro-inflammatory cytokines for GBM pathology. Reg-2 is a strong inhibitor of the proliferation of human glioblastoma cell lines and blocks their potential to form colonies. Here, we describe that overexpression of Reg-2 stalls glioblastoma cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and reduces the level of transcripts implicated in cell cycle progression. These newly identified targets include CCND1, CCNE1, CCNE2, CCNA2, CCNB1, and CCNB2, encoding the cyclins as well as AURKA and PLK1, encoding two important mitosis regulators. By RNA immunoprecipitation we confirmed the direct interaction of Reg-2 with the investigated transcripts. We also tested mRNA regions involved in their interaction with Reg-2 on the example of CCNE2. Reg-2 interacts with the 3'UTR of CCNE2 in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results indicate that Reg-2 controls key elements in GBM biology by restricting neuroinflammation and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Sowinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Solecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarosław Polak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Borys Kwinta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Sowinska W, Wawro M, Biswas DD, Kochan J, Pustelny K, Solecka A, Gupta AS, Mockenhaupt K, Polak J, Kwinta B, Kordula T, Kasza A. The homeostatic function of Regnase-2 restricts neuroinflammation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22798. [PMID: 36753401 PMCID: PMC9983307 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201978r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The precise physiological functions and mechanisms regulating RNase Regnase-2 (Reg-2/ZC3H12B/MCPIP2) activity remain enigmatic. We found that Reg-2 actively modulates neuroinflammation in nontransformed cells, including primary astrocytes. Downregulation of Reg-2 in these cells results in increased mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. In primary astrocytes, Reg-2 also regulates the mRNA level of Regnase-1 (Reg-1/ZC3H12A/MCPIP1). Reg-2 is expressed at high levels in the healthy brain, but its expression is reduced during neuroinflammation as well as glioblastoma progression. This process is associated with the upregulation of Reg-1. Conversely, overexpression of Reg-2 is accompanied by the downregulation of Reg-1 in glioma cells in a nucleolytic NYN/PIN domain-dependent manner. Interestingly, low levels of Reg-2 and high levels of Reg-1 correlate with poor-glioblastoma patients' prognoses. While Reg-2 restricts the basal levels of proinflammatory cytokines in resting astrocytes, its expression is reduced in IL-1β-activated astrocytes. Following IL-1β exposure, Reg-2 is phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and degraded by proteasomes. Simultaneously, the Reg-2 transcript is destabilized by tristetraprolin (TTP) and Reg-1 through the AREs elements and conservative stem-loop structure present in its 3'UTR. Thus, the peer-control loop, of Reg-1 and Reg-2 opposing each other, exists. The involvement of TTP in Reg-2 mRNA turnover is confirmed by the observation that high TTP levels correlate with the downregulation of the Reg-2 expression in high-grade human gliomas. Additionally, obtained results reveal the importance of Reg-2 in inhibiting human and mouse glioma cell proliferation. Our current studies identify Reg-2 as a critical regulator of homeostasis in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Sowinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Debolina D. Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VI 23298, USA
| | - Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pustelny
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Solecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Angela S. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VI 23298, USA
| | - Karli Mockenhaupt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VI 23298, USA
| | - Jarosław Polak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Borys Kwinta
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VI 23298, USA.,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Aneta Kasza, , Tel. (+48)126646521 and Tomasz Kordula, , Tel. (+1)804-828-0771
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Aneta Kasza, , Tel. (+48)126646521 and Tomasz Kordula, , Tel. (+1)804-828-0771
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Wawro M, Kochan J, Sowinska W, Solecka A, Wawro K, Morytko A, Kwiecinska P, Grygier B, Kwitniewski M, Fu M, Cichy J, Kasza A. Molecular Mechanisms of ZC3H12C/Reg-3 Biological Activity and Its Involvement in Psoriasis Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7311. [PMID: 34298932 PMCID: PMC8306088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of the ZC3H12/MCPIP/Regnase family of RNases have emerged as important regulators of inflammation. In contrast to Regnase-1, -2 and -4, a thorough characterization of Regnase-3 (Reg-3) has not yet been explored. Here we demonstrate that Reg-3 differs from other family members in terms of NYN/PIN domain features, cellular localization pattern and substrate specificity. Together with Reg-1, the most comprehensively characterized family member, Reg-3 shared IL-6, IER-3 and Reg-1 mRNAs, but not IL-1β mRNA, as substrates. In addition, Reg-3 was found to be the only family member which regulates transcript levels of TNF, a cytokine implicated in chronic inflammatory diseases including psoriasis. Previous meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies revealed Reg-3 to be among new psoriasis susceptibility loci. Here we demonstrate that Reg-3 transcript levels are increased in psoriasis patient skin tissue and in an experimental model of psoriasis, supporting the immunomodulatory role of Reg-3 in psoriasis, possibly through degradation of mRNA for TNF and other factors such as Reg-1. On the other hand, Reg-1 was found to destabilize Reg-3 transcripts, suggesting reciprocal regulation between Reg-3 and Reg-1 in the skin. We found that either Reg-1 or Reg-3 were expressed in human keratinocytes in vitro. However, in contrast to robustly upregulated Reg-1 mRNA levels, Reg-3 expression was not affected in the epidermis of psoriasis patients. Taken together, these data suggest that epidermal levels of Reg-3 are negatively regulated by Reg-1 in psoriasis, and that Reg-1 and Reg-3 are both involved in psoriasis pathophysiology through controlling, at least in part different transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Weronika Sowinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Aleksandra Solecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Karolina Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Agnieszka Morytko
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (P.K.); (B.G.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Patrycja Kwiecinska
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (P.K.); (B.G.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (P.K.); (B.G.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Mateusz Kwitniewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (P.K.); (B.G.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Shock/Trauma Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA;
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (P.K.); (B.G.); (M.K.); (J.C.)
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.W.); (J.K.); (W.S.); (A.S.); (K.W.)
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Solecka A, Wielento A, Jurczak J, Sowińska W, Wawro M, Kasza A. Influence of the reporter vector backbone on 2-deoxyglucose dependent promoter activation. Acta Biochim Pol 2020; 67:303-308. [PMID: 32886468 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Reporter vectors are very often used to investigate mechanisms responsible for regulation of promoter activity. Since their first generation, many new variants were constructed to increase sensitivity and reduce background signal. However, these tools are still imperfect and can generate false results. We have found that depending on the backbone of the reporter vector, pGL3 or pGL2, different results are obtained for a eukaryotic promoter's activation by metabolic changes. These observations were done in the course of investigation of the MMP2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2) promoter regulation in response to inhibition of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Solecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wielento
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Jurczak
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Sowińska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Sowińska W, Wawro M, Solecka A, Kasza A. Potential limitations of the Sleeping Beauty transposon use in gene expression studies. Acta Biochim Pol 2019; 66:263-268. [PMID: 31299065 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2019_2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
MCPIP2 is the least known member of the MCPIP family of proteins. Recently we have found that it is a new RNase involved in transcript turnover. However, the full spectrum of its cellular targets is still unidentified. To discover transcripts which are regulated by this protein we have employed Sleeping Beauty transposons. This tool allows for rapid generation of a stable transgenic cell line with inducible expression of the desired gene. In this study, we analysed how the Sleeping Beauty system itself influences expression of chosen genes, namely IL-6, Regnase-1 and VEGF. We found that the system alone may influence expression of IL-6. Our results indicate that Sleeping Beauty transposons should be used with caution in studies that are focused on changes in the transcript level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Sowińska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Solecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Wawro M, Wawro K, Kochan J, Solecka A, Sowinska W, Lichawska-Cieslar A, Jura J, Kasza A. ZC3H12B/MCPIP2, a new active member of the ZC3H12 family. RNA 2019; 25:840-856. [PMID: 30988100 PMCID: PMC6573786 DOI: 10.1261/rna.071381.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ZC3H12B is the most enigmatic member of the ZC3H12 protein family. The founding member of this family, Regnase-1/MCPIP1/ZC3H12A, is a well-known modulator of inflammation and is involved in the degradation of inflammatory mRNAs. In this study, for the first time, we characterized the properties of the ZC3H12B protein. We show that the biological role of ZC3H12B depends on an intact NYN/PIN RNase domain. Using RNA immunoprecipitation, experiments utilizing actinomycin D and ELISA, we show that ZC3H12B binds interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA in vivo, regulates its turnover, and results in reduced production of IL-6 protein upon stimulation with IL-1β. We verified that regulation of IL-6 mRNA stability occurs via interaction of ZC3H12B with the stem-loop structure present in the IL-6 3'UTR. The IL-6 transcript is not the only target of ZC3H12B. ZC3H12B also interacts with other known substrates of Regnase-1 and ZC3H12D, such as the 3'UTRs of IER3 and Regnase-1, and binds IER3 mRNA in vivo. Using immunofluorescence, we examined the localization of ZC3H12B within the cell. ZC3H12B forms small, granule-like structures in the cytoplasm that are characteristic of proteins involved in mRNA turnover. The overexpression of ZC3H12B inhibits proliferation by stalling the cell cycle in the G2 phase. This effect of ZC3H12B is also NYN/PIN dependent. The analysis of the ZC3H12B mRNA level reveals its highest expression in the human brain and the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, although the factors regulating its expression remain elusive. Down-regulation of ZC3H12B in SH-SY5Y cells by specific shRNAs results in up-regulation of ZC3H12B-target mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Karolina Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Solecka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Weronika Sowinska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Agata Lichawska-Cieslar
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jura
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 30-387, Poland
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7
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Wawro M, Kochan J, Krzanik S, Jura J, Kasza A. Intact NYN/PIN-Like Domain is Crucial for the Degradation of Inflammation-Related Transcripts by ZC3H12D. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:487-498. [PMID: 27472830 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ZC3H12D belongs to a recently discovered family of proteins containing four members of which the most studied and best described is the RNase ZC3H12A (MCPIP1/Regnase-1). ZC3H12A is a crucial negative regulator of inflammation. It accelerates the turnover of transcripts of a spectrum of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as its own mRNA. The biological role of ZC3H12D is less clear, although it was shown that this member of ZC3H12 family is also involved in the regulation of inflammation. Here, we show that ZC3H12A and ZC3H12D recognize a set of common target mRNAs encoding proteins that play important roles in the course of the inflammation. Similarly to ZC3H12A, ZC3H12D participates in the 3'UTR-dependent regulation of the turnover of mRNAs encoding interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and immediate early response 3 gene (IER3). The ZC3H12A mRNA is also among the identified ZC3H12D targets. Using the combination of immunofluorescence with single molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smRNA FISH) we have shown that ZC3H12D protein interacts with the ZC3H12A transcript. The direct binding of these two molecules in vivo was further confirmed by RNA immunoprecipitation. Simultaneously, overexpression of ZC3H12D increases the turnover rate of transcripts containing ZC3H12A 3'UTR. Using reporter gene assays we have confirmed that the Asp95 residue present in the NYN/PIN-like domain is crucial for ZC3H12D biological activity. We have also revealed that ZC3H12D recognizes the same structural elements present in the 3'UTRs of the investigated transcripts, as ZC3H12A. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 487-498, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Krzanik
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jura
- Department of General Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Wawro M, Kochan J, Kasza A. The perplexities of the ZC3H12A self-mRNA regulation. Acta Biochim Pol 2016; 63:411-5. [PMID: 27494113 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2016_1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating transcript turnover are key processes in the regulation of gene expression. The list of proteins involved in mRNAs' degradation is still growing, however, the details of RNase-mRNAs interactions are not fully understood. ZC3H12A is a recently discovered inflammation-related RNase engaged in the control of proinflammatory cytokine transcript turnover. ZC3H12A also regulates its own transcript half-live. Here, we studied the details of this regulation. Our results confirm the importance of the 3'UTR in ZC3H12A-dependent ZC3H12A mRNA degradation. We compared the mouse and human stemloop structures present in this region and discovered that the human conserved stem-loop structure is not sufficient for ZC3H12A-dependent degradation. However, this structure is important for the ZC3H12A mRNA post-transcriptional regulation. Our studies emphasize the importance of the neighboring features of the identified stem-loop structure for its biological activity. Removal of this region together with the stem-loop structure greatly inhibits the ZC3H12A regulation of the investigated 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
MCPIP1 and IER3 are recently described proteins essential for maintenance of immune homeostasis. IER3 is involved in the regulation of apoptosis and differentiation and has been shown lately to protect activated T cells and macrophages from apoptosis. MCPIP1 is an RNase critical for controlling inflammation-related mRNAs. MCPIP1 interacts with and degrades a set of stem-loop-containing mRNAs (including IL-6). Our results demonstrate the involvement of MCPIP1 in the regulation of IER3 mRNA levels. A dual luciferase assay revealed that over-expression of MCPIP1 resulted in a decrease of luciferase activity in the samples co-transfected with constructs containing luciferase CDS attached to IER3 3′UTR. We identified a stem-loop structure similar to that described to be important for destabilization of the IL-6 mRNA by MCPIP1. Examination of IER3 3′UTR sequence, structure and evolutionary conservation revealed that the identified stem-loop is buried within a bigger element. Deletion of this fragment abolished the regulation of IER3 3′UTR-containing transcript by MCPIP1. Finally, using immunofluorescence-combined single-molecule RNA FISH we have shown that the MCPIP1 protein co-localizes with IER3 mRNA. By this method we also proved that the presence of the wild-type NYN/PIN-like domain of MCPIP1 correlated with the decreased level of IER3 mRNA. RNA immunoprecipitation further confirmed the interaction of MCPIP1 with IER3 transcripts in vivo. Summary: We identify IER3 mRNA as a newly discovered MCPIP1 target using recently described IF-based procedures, and also identify a conserved element involved in MCPIP1-dependent IER3 transcript destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
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Kochan J, Wawro M, Kolka A, Maczuga P, Kasza A. Transcription factor Elk-1 participates in the interleukin-1β-dependent regulation of expression of immediate early response gene 3 (IER3). Cytokine 2014; 70:120-5. [PMID: 25066273 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Immediate early response gene 3 (IER3) encodes a protein involved in the regulation of apoptosis and differentiation. Recently the role of IER3 in the regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) was discovered. IER3 prolongs ERKs activation by inhibition of phosphatase PP2A. Here we show that interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced IER3 expression is mediated by the ERK1/2 target, transcription factor Elk-1. We identified sequences in the IER3 promoter responsible for its ERKs-dependent activation, namely ETS5/6. Elk-1 binds to these sequences and is phosphorylated following IL-1β stimulation. Mutation of ETS5/6 binding site abolishes activation of IER3 promoter by IL-1β as well as by the constitutively active form of Elk-1 (Elk-VP16). Thus IER3 acts not only as a regulator of ERKs activation, but also as a ERKs-Elk-1-dependent downstream effector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kochan
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wawro
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kolka
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Piotr Maczuga
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Poland.
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11
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Kasza A. Signal-dependent Elk-1 target genes involved in transcript processing and cell migration. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1829:1026-33. [PMID: 23711433 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Elk-1 was regarded as a transcription factor engaged mainly in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Recent findings show the engagement of Elk-1 in the control of expression of genes encoding proteins involved in transcript turnover, such as MCPIP1/ZC3H12A and tristetraprolin (TTP/ZFP36). Thus, Elk-1 plays an important role in the control of gene expression not only through the stimulation of expression of transcription factors, but also through regulation of transcript half-live. Moreover, Elk-1 is engaged in the regulation of expression of genes encoding proteins that control proteolytic activity, such as inhibitor of plasminogen activator-1 (PAI-1) and metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9). This review summarizes the biological roles of proteins with expression regulated by Elk-1, involved in transcripts turnover or in cell migration. The broad range of function of these proteins illustrates the complex role of Elk-1 in the regulation of cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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12
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Kasza A. IL-1 and EGF regulate expression of genes important in inflammation and cancer. Cytokine 2013; 62:22-33. [PMID: 23481102 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the mechanisms by which the expression of specific genes is regulated by two proteins that are important in inflammation and cancer, namely the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β and epidermal growth factor (EGF). In the review the receptors that recognize factors that cause inflammation are described with main focus on the receptors associated with activation of IL-1β. The function of IL-1β and pathways leading to activation of transcription factors, particularly NFκB and Elk-1 are analyzed. Then the mechanisms of EGF action, with particular emphasis of the activation of Elk-1 are illustrated. The link between aberrant signaling of EGF receptor family members and cancer development is explained. The relationship between inflammation and tumorigenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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13
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Florkowska M, Tymoszuk P, Balwierz A, Skucha A, Kochan J, Wawro M, Stalinska K, Kasza A. EGF activates TTP expression by activation of ELK-1 and EGR-1 transcription factors. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:8. [PMID: 22433566 PMCID: PMC3342124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a key mediator of processes such as inflammation resolution, the inhibition of autoimmunity and in cancer. It carries out this role by the binding and degradation of mRNA transcripts, thereby decreasing their half-life. Transcripts modulated by TTP encode proteins such as cytokines, pro-inflammatory agents and immediate-early response proteins. TTP can also modulate neoplastic phenotypes in many cancers. TTP is induced and functionally regulated by a spectrum of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, mitogens and drugs in a MAPK-dependent manner. So far the contribution of p38 MAPK to the regulation of TTP expression and function has been best described. Results Our results demonstrate the induction of the gene coding TTP (ZFP36) by EGF through the ERK1/2-dependent pathway and implicates the transcription factor ELK-1 in this process. We show that ELK-1 regulates ZFP36 expression by two mechanisms: by binding the ZFP36 promoter directly through ETS-binding site (+ 883 to +905 bp) and by inducing expression of EGR-1, which in turn increases ZFP36 expression through sequences located between -111 and -103 bp. Conclusions EGF activates TTP expression via ELK-1 and EGR-1 transcription factors.
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Wyrzykowska P, Stalińska K, Wawro M, Kochan J, Kasza A. Epidermal growth factor regulates PAI-1 expression via activation of the transcription factor Elk-1. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms 2010; 1799:616-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Boros J, O'Donnell A, Donaldson IJ, Kasza A, Zeef L, Sharrocks AD. Overlapping promoter targeting by Elk-1 and other divergent ETS-domain transcription factor family members. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 37:7368-80. [PMID: 19789270 PMCID: PMC2794171 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ETS-domain transcription factors play important roles in controlling gene expression in a variety of different contexts; however, these proteins bind to very similar sites and it is unclear how in vivo specificity is achieved. In silico analysis is unlikely to reveal specific targets for individual family members and direct experimental approaches are therefore required. Here, we take advantage of an inducible dominant-negative expression system to identify a group of novel target genes for the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1. Elk-1 is thought to mainly function through cooperation with a second transcription factor SRF, but the targets we identify are largely SRF-independent. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there is a high degree of overlapping, cell type-specific, target gene binding by Elk-1 and other ETS-domain transcription factors. Our results are therefore consistent with the notion that there is a high degree of functional redundancy in target gene regulation by ETS-domain transcription factors in addition to the specific target gene regulation that can be dictated through heterotypic interactions exemplified by the Elk-1-SRF complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Boros
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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16
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Kasza A, Wyrzykowska P, Horwacik I, Tymoszuk P, Mizgalska D, Palmer K, Rokita H, Sharrocks AD, Jura J. Transcription factors Elk-1 and SRF are engaged in IL1-dependent regulation of ZC3H12A expression. BMC Mol Biol 2010; 11:14. [PMID: 20137095 PMCID: PMC2829564 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-11-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background MCPIP is a novel CCCH zinc finger protein described as an RNase engaged in the regulation of immune responses. The regulation of expression of the gene coding for MCPIP - ZC3H12A is poorly explored. Results Here we report that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β rapidly induces the synthesis of MCPIP in primary monocyte-derived macrophages and HepG2 cells. This up-regulation takes place through the MAP kinase pathway and following activation of the transcription factor Elk-1. Using a ZC3H12A reporter construct we have shown that a ZC3H12A promoter region, stretching from -76 to +60, mediates activation by IL-1β. This region contains binding sites for Elk-1 and its partner SRF. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis confirms in vivo binding of both transcription factors to this region of the ZC3H12A promoter. Conclusions We conclude that the transcription factor Elk-1 plays an important role in the activation of ZC3H12A expression in response to IL-1β stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kasza
- Dept of Cell Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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17
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Mizgalska D, Wegrzyn P, Murzyn K, Kasza A, Koj A, Jura J, Jarzab B, Jura J. Interleukin-1-inducible MCPIP protein has structural and functional properties of RNase and participates in degradation of IL-1beta mRNA. FEBS J 2010; 276:7386-99. [PMID: 19909337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In human monocyte-derived macrophages, the MCPIP gene (monocyte chemoattractant protein-induced protein) is strongly activated by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). Using bioinformatics, a PIN domain was identified, spanning amino acids 130-280; such domains are known to possess structural features of RNases. Recently, RNase properties of MCPIP were confirmed on transcripts coding for interleukins IL-6 and IL-12p40. Here we present evidence that siRNA-mediated inhibition of the MCPIP gene expression increases the level of the IL-1beta transcript in cells stimulated with LPS, whereas overexpression of MCPIP exerts opposite effects. Cells with an increased level of wild-type MCPIP showed lower levels of IL-1beta mRNA. However, this was not observed when mutant forms of MCPIP, either entirely lacking the PIN domain or with point mutations in this domain, were used. The results of experiments with actinomycin D indicate that lower levels of IL-1beta mRNA are due to shortening of the IL-1beta transcript half-life, and are not related to the presence of AU-rich elements in the 3' UTR. The interaction of the MCPIP with transcripts of both IL-1beta and MCPIP observed in an RNA immunoprecipitation assay suggests that this novel RNase may be involved in the regulation of expression of several genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Mizgalska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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18
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Wegrzyn P, Yarwood SJ, Fiegler N, Bzowska M, Koj A, Mizgalska D, Malicki S, Pajak M, Kasza A, Kachamakova-Trojanowska N, Bereta J, Jura J, Jura J. Mimitin - a novel cytokine-regulated mitochondrial protein. BMC Cell Biol 2009; 10:23. [PMID: 19331698 PMCID: PMC2667391 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-10-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The product of a novel cytokine-responsive gene discovered by differential display analysis in our earlier studies on HepG2 cells was identified as mimitin - a small mitochondrial protein. Since proinflammatory cytokines are known to affect components of the respiratory chain in mitochondria, and mimitin was reported as a possible chaperone for assembly of mitochondrial complex I, we looked for the effects of modulation of mimitin expression and for mimitin-binding partners. RESULTS By blocking mimitin expression in HepG2 cells by siRNA we found that mimitin has no direct influence on caspase 3/7 activities implicated in apoptosis. However, when apoptosis was induced by TNF and cycloheximide, and mimitin expression blocked, the activities of these caspases were significantly increased. This was accompanied by a slight decrease in proliferation of HepG2 cells. Our observations suggest that mimitin may be involved in the control of apoptosis indirectly, through another protein, or proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and coimmunoprecipitation we found MAP1S among proteins interacting with mimitin. MAP1S is a recently identified member of the microtubule-associated protein family and has been shown to interact with NADH dehydrogenase I and cytochrome oxidase I. Moreover, it was implicated in the process of mitochondrial aggregation and nuclear genome destruction. The expression of mimitin is stimulated more than 1.6-fold by IL-1 and by IL-6, with the maximum level of mimitin observed after 18-24 h exposure to these cytokines. We also found that the cytokine-induced signal leading to stimulation of mimitin synthesis utilizes the MAP kinase pathway. CONCLUSION Mimitin is a mitochondrial protein upregulated by proinflammatory cytokines at the transcriptional and protein levels, with MAP kinases involved in IL-1-dependent induction. Mimitin interacts with a microtubular protein (MAP1S), and some changes of mimitin gene expression modulate activity of apoptotic caspases 3/7, suggesting that this protein may indirectly participate in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wegrzyn
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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19
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Balwierz AK, Tymoszuk P, Kasza A. [Degradation of eukaryotic transcripts. Role and regulation of tristetraprolin activity]. Postepy Biochem 2009; 55:290-298. [PMID: 19928585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of transcripts turnover is a very important aspect of the regulation of the amount of newly synthesized proteins. Transcripts can serve as a template for protein synthesis as long as they remain in the cytoplasm, bound to the ribosomes. Degradation of mRNAs effectively influences quantity of transcripts in this pool. The process of mRNA degradation, similarly to transcription, is precisely regulated, mainly by proteins which interact with mRNA. These proteins are responsible both for transcripts stabilization and degradation. In this article we have summarized known pathways of mRNA degradation. We have also reviewed the present state of knowledge on tristetraprolin, one of the best characterized proteins that takes part in the transcripts turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Karolina Balwierz
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 7 Gronostajowa St., 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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20
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Wyrzykowska P, Kasza A. [Regulation of PAI-1 expression]. Postepy Biochem 2009; 55:46-53. [PMID: 19514465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) is a member of plasminogen cascade with an inhibitory role in plasmin activation. Plasmin is a protease capable of acting on wide range of substrates and, together with metaloproteinases, is a main proteolytic enzyme. Except its role in plasminogen cascade, PAI-1 has an affinity to vitronectin and uPA/uPAR what involves PAI-1 in cell's motility. PAI-1 gene is regulated in response to cytokines, hormones and many growth factors among which TGFbeta is the most important one. The PAI-1 promoter contains SBE, CAGA box, HRE, ERE, NFkB - binding sites, Sp-1, AP-1 and other. Cooperation between transcription factors bound to promoter and cross-talks between kinases and other upstream proteins decide about gene expression. This work describes the present knowledge in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wyrzykowska
- Zakład Biochemii Komórki, Wydział Biofizyki, Biochemii i Biotechnologii, Uniwersytet Jagiel- loński, Kraków.
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21
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Sipos E, Kurunczi A, Kasza A, Horváth J, Felszeghy K, Laroche S, Toldi J, Párducz A, Penke B, Penke Z. Beta-amyloid pathology in the entorhinal cortex of rats induces memory deficits: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2007; 147:28-36. [PMID: 17499931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of senile plaques in the brain, composed mainly of aggregated amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta), which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention. Amyloid plaques occur in an increasing number of brain structures during the progression of the disease, with a heavy load in regions of the temporal cortex in the early phases. Here, we investigated the cognitive deficits specifically associated with amyloid pathology in the entorhinal cortex. The amyloid peptide Abeta(1-42) was injected bilaterally into the entorhinal cortex of rats and behavioral performance was assessed between 10 and 17 days after injection. We found that parameters of motor behavior in an open-field as well as spatial working memory tested in an alternation task were normal. In contrast, compared with naive rats or control rats injected with saline, rats injected with Abeta(1-42) showed impaired recognition memory in an object recognition task and delayed acquisition in a spatial reference memory task in a water-maze, despite improved performance with training in this task and normal spatial memory in a probe test given 24 h after training. This profile of behavioral deficits after injection of Abeta(1-42) into the entorhinal cortex was similar to that observed in another group of rats injected with the excitotoxic drug, N-methyl-d-aspartate. Immunohistochemical analysis after behavioral testing revealed that Abeta(1-42) injection induced a reactive astroglial response and plaque-like deposits in the entorhinal cortex. These results show that experimentally-induced amyloid pathology in the entorhinal cortex induces selective cognitive deficits, resembling those observed in early phases of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, injection of protofibrillar-fibrillar Abeta(1-42) into the entorhinal cortex constitutes a promising animal model for investigating selective aspects of Alzheimer's disease and for screening drug candidates designed against Abeta pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sipos
- University of Szeged, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Dóm tér 8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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22
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Wilczynska KM, Gopalan SM, Bugno M, Kasza A, Konik BS, Bryan L, Wright S, Griswold-Prenner I, Kordula T. A novel mechanism of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 activation by interleukin-1 in primary human astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34955-64. [PMID: 17012236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604616200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is the gliotic response to brain injury with activated astrocytes and microglia being the major effector cells. These cells secrete inflammatory cytokines, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors that influence extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In astrocytes, the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) is up-regulated by interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is a major neuroinflammatory cytokine. We report that IL-1 activates TIMP-1 expression via both the IKK/NF-kappaB and MEK3/6/p38/ATF-2 pathways in astrocytes. The activation of the TIMP-1 gene can be blocked by using pharmacological inhibitors, including BAY11-7082 and SB202190, overexpression of the dominant-negative inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaBalphaSR), or by the knock-down of p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Binding of activated NF-kappaB (p50/p65 heterodimer) and ATF-2 (homodimer) to two novel regulatory elements located -2.7 and -2.2 kb upstream of the TIMP-1 transcription start site, respectively, is required for full IL-1-responsiveness. Mutational analysis of these regulatory elements and their weak activity when linked to the minimal tk promoter suggest that cooperative binding is required to activate transcription. In contrast to astrocytes, we observed that TIMP-1 is expressed at lower levels in gliomas and is not regulated by IL-1. We provide evidence that the lack of TIMP-1 activation in gliomas results from either dysfunctional IKK/NF-kappaB or MEK3/6/p38/ATF-2 activation by IL-1. In summary, we propose a novel mechanism of TIMP-1 regulation, which ensures an increased supply of the inhibitor after brain injury, and limits ECM degradation. This mechanism does not function in gliomas, and may in part explain the increased invasiveness of glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna M Wilczynska
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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23
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Gopalan S, Kasza A, Xu W, Kiss DL, Wilczynska KM, Rydel RE, Kordula T. Astrocyte- and hepatocyte-specific expression of genes from the distal serpin subcluster at 14q32.1 associates with tissue-specific chromatin structures. J Neurochem 2005; 94:763-73. [PMID: 15969742 PMCID: PMC4557805 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The distal serpin subcluster contains genes encoding alpha1-antichymotrypsin (ACT), protein C inhibitor (PCI), kallistatin (KAL) and the KAL-like protein, which are expressed in hepatocytes, but only the act gene is expressed in astrocytes. We show here that the tissue-specific expression of these genes associates with astrocyte- and hepatocyte-specific chromatin structures. In hepatocytes, we identified 12 Dnase I-hypersensitive sites (DHSs) that were distributed throughout the entire subcluster, with the promoters of expressed genes accessible to restriction enzyme digestion. In astrocytes, only six DHSs were located exclusively in the 5' flanking region of the act gene, with its promoter also accessible to restriction enzyme digestion. The acetylation of histone H3 and H4 was found throughout the subcluster in both cell types but this acetylation did not correlate with the expression pattern of these serpin genes. Analysis of histone modifications at the promoters of the act and pci genes revealed that methylation of histone H3 on lysine 4 correlated with their expression pattern in both cell types. In addition, inhibition of methyltransferase activity resulted in suppression of ACT and PCI mRNA expression. We propose that lysine 4 methylation of histone H3 correlates with the tissue-specific expression pattern of these serpin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Gopalan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Aneta Kasza
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Weili Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Daniel L. Kiss
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Katarzyna M. Wilczynska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | | | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
- Corresponding author: Dr. Tomasz Kordula, Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, tel. (804) 828-0771, fax. (804) 828-1473,
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Vickers ER, Kasza A, Kurnaz IA, Seifert A, Zeef LAH, O'donnell A, Hayes A, Sharrocks AD. Ternary complex factor-serum response factor complex-regulated gene activity is required for cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptotic cell death. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 24:10340-51. [PMID: 15542842 PMCID: PMC529045 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.23.10340-10351.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily of the ETS-domain transcription factors are activated through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in response to a variety of mitogenic and stress stimuli. The TCFs bind and activate serum response elements (SREs) in the promoters of target genes in a ternary complex with a second transcription factor, serum response factor (SRF). The association of TCFs with SREs within immediate-early gene promoters is suggestive of a role for the ternary TCF-SRF complex in promoting cell cycle entry and proliferation in response to mitogenic signaling. Here we have investigated the downstream gene regulatory and phenotypic effects of inhibiting the activity of genes regulated by TCFs by expressing a dominantly acting repressive form of the TCF, Elk-1. Inhibition of ternary complex activity leads to the downregulation of several immediate-early genes. Furthermore, blocking TCF-mediated gene expression leads to growth arrest and triggers apoptosis. By using mutant Elk-1 alleles, we demonstrated that these effects are via an SRF-dependent mechanism. The antiapoptotic gene Mcl-1 is identified as a key target for the TCF-SRF complex in this system. Thus, our data confirm a role for TCF-SRF-regulated gene activity in regulating proliferation and provide further evidence to indicate a role in protecting cells from apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine R Vickers
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Kasza A, O'Donnell A, Gascoigne K, Zeef LAH, Hayes A, Sharrocks AD. The ETS domain transcription factor Elk-1 regulates the expression of its partner protein, SRF. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:1149-55. [PMID: 15531578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m411161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ternary complex factors (TCF) are a subfamily of ETS domain transcription factors that bind and activate serum response elements (SREs) in the promoters of target genes in a ternary complex with a second transcription factor, serum response factor (SRF). Here, we have identified the SRF gene as a target for the TCFs, thereby providing a positive feedback loop whereby TCF activation leads to the enhancement of the expression of its partner protein SRF. The binding of the TCF Elk-1 to the SRF promoter and subsequent regulation of SRF expression occurs in a ternary complex-dependent manner. Our data therefore reveal that SRF is an important target for the ERK and Rho signaling pathways that converge on a ternary TCF-SRF complex at the SRE on the SRF promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kasza
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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26
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Kasza A, Kiss DL, Gopalan S, Xu W, Rydel RE, Koj A, Kordula T. Mechanism of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulation by oncostatin M and interleukin-1 in human astrocytes. J Neurochem 2002; 83:696-703. [PMID: 12390531 PMCID: PMC4567031 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells that produce and respond to various cytokines mediate inflammatory processes in the brain. Here, we show that oncostatin M (OSM) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) regulate the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in human astrocytes. Using the PAI-1 reporter constructs we show that the -58 to -51 proximal element mediates activation by both cytokines. This element is already bound by c-fos/c-jun heterodimers in unstimulated astrocytes, and treatment with cytokine strongly stimulates both expression of c-fos and binding of c-fos/c-jun heterodimers. In addition, IL-1 activates an inhibitory mechanism that down-regulates PAI-1 expression after longer exposure to this cytokine. Overexpression of dominant-negative signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1), STAT3, STAT5 and inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB (IkappaB) suppressed OSM/IL-1-induced expression of the PAI-1 reporter construct. We conclude that OSM and IL-1 regulate the PAI-1 gene expression via up-regulating c-fos levels and subsequent binding of c-fos/c-jun heterodimers to the proximal element of the PAI-1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kasza
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Daniel L. Kiss
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Sunita Gopalan
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | - Weili Xu
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
| | | | - Aleksander Koj
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kordula
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115
- Corresponding author: Dr. Tomasz Kordula, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, tel. (216) 687-2435, fax. (216) 687-6972,
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Dulak J, Józkowicz A, Foresti R, Kasza A, Frick M, Huk I, Green CJ, Pachinger O, Weidinger F, Motterlini R. Heme oxygenase activity modulates vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4:229-40. [PMID: 12006174 DOI: 10.1089/152308602753666280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia, cytokines, and nitric oxide (NO) stimulate the generation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in vascular tissue. HO-1 degrades heme to carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin, the latter being reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. In the present study, we investigated the role of HO-1 in the modulation of VEGF synthesis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In VSMC stimulated with cytokines, inhibition of NO production significantly, but not completely, reduced VEGF release. In contrast, inhibition of HO activity by tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX) totally prevented cytokine-induced increase in VEGF, despite an augmented synthesis of intracellular NO. Stimulation of HO-1 activity by hemin enhanced VEGF production; this effect was abrogated by blockade of the HO pathway. Similarly, VEGF synthesis induced by hypoxia was down-regulated by SnPPIX, but not by inhibitors of NO synthase. To elucidate further a direct involvement of HO-1 in the observed effects, we generated transfected cells that overexpressed the HO-1 gene. Notably, these cells synthesized significantly more VEGF protein than cells transfected with a control gene. Among the products of HO-1, biliverdin and bilirubin showed no effect, whereas iron ions inhibited VEGF synthesis. Exposure of cells to 1% CO resulted in a marked accumulation of VEGF (20-fold increase) over the basal level. Our data indicate that HO-1 activity influences the generation of VEGF in VSMC in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. As CO and iron, respectively the inducer and the inhibitor of VEGF synthesis, are concomitantly produced during the degradation of heme, these data indicate that HO by-products may differentially modulate VEGF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Dulak
- Division of Cardiology, Innsbruck University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Kasza A, Koj A. Cytokines regulate plasminogen activation system in astrocytoma cells. J Physiol Pharmacol 2002; 53:95-104. [PMID: 11939722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
We report here that human astrocytoma cell line U373-MG is able to express genes of the following components of plasminogen activation system: PA1-1, PN-1, u-PA and t-PA. Treatment of these cells with IL-1beta results in accumulation of PA1-1, PN-1 and u-PA mRNAs, whereas t-PA mRNA remains unaffected. IFNy preferentially enhances PN-1 and PA1-1, EGF enhances PA1-1, u-PA and t-PA expression. Simultaneous addition of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-13 and IL-10 has little effect on the tested components, except induction of u-PA mRNA wich was further enhanced by IL-4. We have confirmed interesting time-dependent regulation of plasminogen activation system by EGF/IFNgamma. Cells stimulated with EGF/IFNgamma show at first increased proteolytic activity but after 24 h inhibition of proteolysis with PA1-1 would prevail. To understand the cooperative effect of EGF and IFNgamma in PA1-1 induction the kinetics of activation of STAT1 was studied. It was found that although EGF alone does not activate STAT1, the STAT1 binding activity in the cells treated with the mixture of EGF/IFNgamma was considerably prolonged. Our results indicate the importance of inflammatory cytokines and EGF in gene regulation of plasminogen activation system in astrocytoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasza
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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29
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Kasza A, Kowanetz M, Poślednik K, Witek B, Kordula T, Koj A. Epidermal growth factor and pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression of components of plasminogen activation system in U373-MG astrocytoma cells. Cytokine 2001; 16:187-90. [PMID: 11814314 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors that influence both secretion of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and migration of the cells decide about the final outcome of tissue remodelling. We have examined expression of the components of the plasminogen activation system in human astrocytoma U373-MG cells and found that interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), tumour necrosis factor alpha TNF-alpha), interferon gamma (INF-gamma) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) specifically regulate the expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and protease nexin-1 (PN-1). We conclude that EGF and IFN-gamma are new important regulators of the plasminogen activation system in astrocytoma cells and, therefore, may influence turnover of extracellular matrix and migration of cells within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasza
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Kasza A, Rogowski K, Kilarski W, Sobota R, Bernas T, Dobrucki J, Travis J, Koj A, Bugno M, Kordula T. Differential effects of oncostatin M and leukaemia inhibitory factor expression in astrocytoma cells. Biochem J 2001; 355:307-14. [PMID: 11284716 PMCID: PMC1221740 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3550307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the production of two closely related cytokines, oncostatin M (OSM) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), by astrocytoma cells were investigated using the stable cell line human U373-MG, which expressed and secreted both biologically active polypeptides. The expression of LIF by these cells caused resistance to this cytokine due to loss of the LIF receptor (LIFR), from the cell surface, suggesting its retention. In contrast, cells expressing OSM were stimulated by this cytokine, utilizing an autocrine mechanism, and possessed receptors for OSM, but not LIF, on the cell surface. In these cells the continuous up-regulation of OSM-induced gene expression was found even though the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription ('JAK/STAT') pathway was almost exhausted due to long-term autocrine stimulation of the cells by OSM. The amount of LIFR was down-regulated in both LIF- and OSM-producing cells and this effect was not found in wild-type U373-MG cells treated with externally added cytokines. To investigate the mechanism of autocrine stimulation by OSM we constructed a stable cell line expressing a form of OSM that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This biologically active cytokine was not secreted, but was localized in the ER. In addition, it did not stimulate the astrocytoma cells in an autocrine manner. We conclude that expression of LIF causes resistance of astrocytoma cells to this cytokine, whereas expression of OSM leads to autocrine stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasza
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
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Sobota R, Szwed M, Kasza A, Bugno M, Kordula T. Parthenolide inhibits activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) induced by cytokines of the IL-6 family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 267:329-33. [PMID: 10623619 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Progression of inflammatory processes correlates with the release of cell-derived mediators from the local site of inflammation. These mediators, including cytokines of the IL-1 and IL-6 families, act on host cells and exert their action by activating their signal transduction pathways leading to specific target gene activation. Parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone found in many medical plants, is an inhibitor of IL-1-type cytokine signaling that blocks the activation of NF-kappaB. Here we show that parthenolide is also an effective inhibitor of IL-6-type cytokines. It inhibits IL-6-type cytokine-induced gene expression by blocking STAT3 phosphorylation on Tyr705. This prevents STAT3 dimerization necessary for its nuclear translocation and consequently STAT3-dependent gene expression. This is a new molecular mechanism of parthenolide action that additionally explains its anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobota
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, 3 Mickiewicza Avenue, Krakow, 31-120, Poland
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Kasza A, Petersen HH, Heegaard CW, Oka K, Christensen A, Dubin A, Chan L, Andreasen PA. Specificity of serine proteinase/serpin complex binding to very-low-density lipoprotein receptor and alpha2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein. Eur J Biochem 1997; 248:270-81. [PMID: 9346278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and alpha2-macroglobulin receptor/low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (alpha2MR/LRP) are multifunctional endocytosis receptors of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. Both have been shown to mediate endocytosis and degradation of complex between plasminogen activators and type-1 plasminogen-activator inhibitor (PAI-1) by cultured cells. We have now studied the specificity of binding and endocytosis by VLDLR and alpha2MR/LRP among a variety of serine proteinase/serpin complexes, including various combinations of the serine proteinases urokinase-type and tissue-type plasminogen activators, plasmin, thrombin, human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G, and plasma kallikrein with the serpins PAI-1, horse leukocyte elastase inhibitor, protein C inhibitor, C1-inhibitor, alpha2-antiplasmin, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, protease nexin-1, heparin cofactor II, and antithrombin III. Binding was estimated with radiolabelled ligands in ligand blotting analysis and microtiter well assays. Endocytosis was estimated by measuring receptor-associated protein (RAP)-sensitive degradation of radiolabelled complexes by Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with VLDLR cDNA and by COS-1 cells, which have a high endogenous expression of alpha2MR/LRP. We found that the receptors bind with high affinity to some, but not all, combinations of plasminogen activators and thrombin with PAI-1, protease nexin-1, protein C inhibitor, and antithrombin III, while complexes of many serine proteinases with their primary inhibitor, i.e. plasmin/alpha2-antiplasmin complex, do not bind, or bind with a very low affinity. Both the serine proteinase and the serpin moieties contribute to the binding specificity. The binding specificities of VLDLR and alpha2MR/LRP are overlapping, but not identical. The results suggest that VLDLR and alpha2MR/LRP have different biological functions by having different binding specificities as well as by being expressed by different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasza
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biology, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Kasza A, Korpula-Mastalerz R, Rose-John S, Dubin A. Biosynthesis and distribution of leucocyte elastase inhibitor. Production of recombinant inhibitor. Acta Biochim Pol 1996. [DOI: 10.18388/abp.1996_4482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The horse leucocyte elastase inhibitor (HLEI), present in neutrophils, monocytes and bone marrow cells, is apparently a cytoplasmic protein which is not released from cells even in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, phorbol ester, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 or elastin degradation products. Although no expression of the inhibitor was detected in neutrophils, both monocytes and bone marrow cells were efficient in its synthesis. Using a new expression vector pREST5d, recombinant inhibitor was produced in a large quantity in a soluble form, with a yield of 88 mg per 10 litres of E. coli culture. A two-step purification procedure, consisting of ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration, yielded 36 mg of the recombinant inhibitor of a purity higher than 95%, as judged by SDS/PAGE. The recombinant protein had physicochemical and kinetic properties indistinguishable from those of the natural one, including irreversible elastase inhibition with an association rate constant kass > 10(7) M-1s-1. Both proteins were eliminated from rat circulation at the same ratio, and within the first 20 min 70% of the protein was removed. Such a short half-life in the circulation suggests that local delivery of HLEI directly to lungs in the form of aerosol could be a more efficient therapeutic approach than its intravenous injection.
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Kasza A, Bugno M, Koj A. Long-term culture of HepG2 hepatoma cells as a model for liver acute phase response during chronic inflammation. Effects of interleukin-6, dexamethasone and retinoic acid. Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1994; 375:779-83. [PMID: 7695840 DOI: 10.1515/bchm3.1994.375.11.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
HepG2 cells were cultured for 7 days in serum-free medium in the presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6), retinoic acid (RA) or dexamethasone (DX), and some plasma proteins secreted to the media were determined by electroimmunoassay whereas the contents of specific mRNAs in the cells was evaluated by Northern blot hybridization. Interleukin-6 maximally stimulated synthesis of alpha-1-antichymotrypsin between days 1 and 3 whereas the response of fibrinogen was delayed to days 3 to 7. Retinoic acid increased the effect of IL-6 on alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) and fibrinogen (FBG) on the level of both proteins and mRNAs. Synthesis of albumin was slightly inhibited by IL-6 and RA, and synthesis of transferrin was increased by RA but not by IL-6. Dexamethasone had small enhancing effect on the action of IL-6. These results suggest that long-term HepG2 cultures may provide an experimental model for liver acute phase response during chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kasza
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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