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An L, De Bruyn T, Pang J, Ubhayakar S, Salphati L, Zhang X, Liu L, Li R, Chan B, Dey A, Levy ES. Early Stage Preclinical Formulation Strategies to Alter the Pharmacokinetic Profile of Two Small Molecule Therapeutics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:179. [PMID: 38399394 PMCID: PMC10892288 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Early stage chemical development presents numerous challenges, and achieving a functional balance is a major hurdle, with many early compounds not meeting the clinical requirements for advancement benchmarks due to issues like poor oral bioavailability. There is a need to develop strategies for achieving the desired systemic concentration for these compounds. This will enable further evaluation of the biological response upon a compound-target interaction, providing deeper insight into the postulated biological pathways. Our study elucidates alternative drug delivery paradigms by comparing formulation strategies across oral (PO), intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), and intravenous (IV) routes. While each modality boasts its own set of merits and constraints, it is the drug's formulation that crucially influences its pharmacokinetic (PK) trajectory and the maintenance of its therapeutic levels. Our examination of model compounds G7883 and G6893 highlighted their distinct physio-chemical attributes. By harnessing varied formulation methods, we sought to fine-tune their PK profiles. PK studies showcased G7883's extended half-life using an SC oil formulation, resulting in a 4.5-fold and 2.5-fold enhancement compared with the IP and PO routes, respectively. In contrast, with G6893, we achieved a prolonged systemic coverage time above the desired target concentration through a different approach using an IV infusion pump. These outcomes underscore the need for tailored formulation strategies, which are dictated by the compound's innate properties, to reach the optimal in vivo systemic concentrations. Prioritizing formulation and delivery optimization early on is pivotal for effective systemic uptake, thereby facilitating a deeper understanding of biological pathways and expediting the overall clinical drug development timeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le An
- Small Molecules Pharmaceutics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Tom De Bruyn
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (T.D.B.); (J.P.); (S.U.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Jodie Pang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (T.D.B.); (J.P.); (S.U.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Savita Ubhayakar
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (T.D.B.); (J.P.); (S.U.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (T.D.B.); (J.P.); (S.U.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Xing Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (T.D.B.); (J.P.); (S.U.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Liling Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (T.D.B.); (J.P.); (S.U.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Ruina Li
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (T.D.B.); (J.P.); (S.U.); (L.S.); (X.Z.); (L.L.); (R.L.)
| | - Bryan Chan
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Anwesha Dey
- Discovery Oncology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Elizabeth S. Levy
- Small Molecules Pharmaceutics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
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Ali JM, Mohammed AM, Mekonnen YS. Mechanistic study on the coupling reaction of CO 2 with propylene oxide catalyzed by (CH 3 ) 4 PI·MgCl 2. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:961-971. [PMID: 35415854 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic study of CO2 coupling with propylene oxide (PO) into cyclic carbonate catalyzed by (CH3 )4 PI has been investigated using the B3 LYP/6-311++G (d, p)/B3 LYP/6-31G (d) level of theory for non-iodine atoms and LANL2DZ was used, together with its associated basis set for the iodine atom. Two hypothetical reaction mechanisms were proposed for the studied reaction and thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were computed for each step to determine the more favorable route. The density functional theory (DFT) study reveals that the reaction prefers to proceed through a three-step mechanism (pathway II) than a tri-molecular intermediate (pathway I) where the CO2 and the catalyst act simultaneously on the PO ring. The rate-determining step of the catalytic reaction is found to be the ring-opening step with an energy barrier of 27.1 kcal/mol (pathway II) in the gas phase, which is kinetically more favorable than that of non-catalytic CO2 fixation with a relatively higher barrier of 63.7 kcal/mol. The synergetic effect of MgCl2 is tested as a cocatalyst for the (CH3 )4 PI/MgCl2 catalyzed reaction and it gave a better result and minimized the activation energy for the reaction and the rate-determining step was the ring closure with the free energy of activation 18.8 kcal/mol in the gas phase. The polarizable continuum model was used to account for the solvent effect, obtaining the best results of 23.1 kcal/mol in water for pathway I and 16.5 kcal/mol and 14.9 kcal/mol in dimethyl sulfoxide for pathway II and binary system, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemal Mohamed Ali
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ahmed Mustefa Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yedilfana Setarge Mekonnen
- Center for Environmental Science, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Zuckerman SL, Lai CS, Shen Y, Cerpa M, Lee NJ, Kerolus MG, Ha AS, Buchanan IA, Leung E, Lehman RA, Lenke LG. Understanding the role of pelvic obliquity and leg length discrepancy in adult spinal deformity patients with coronal malalignment: unlocking the black box. J Neurosurg Spine 2022; 37:1-9. [PMID: 35171835 DOI: 10.3171/2021.10.spine21800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study had 3 objectives: 1) to describe pelvic obliquity (PO) and leg-length discrepancy (LLD) and their relationship with coronal malalignment (CM); 2) to report rates of isolated PO and PO secondary to LLD; and 3) to assess the importance of preoperative PO and LLD in postoperative complications, readmission, reoperation, and patient-reported outcomes. METHODS Patients undergoing surgery (≥ 6-level fusions) for adult spinal deformity at a single institution were reviewed. Variables evaluated were as follows: 1) PO, angle between the horizontal plane and a line touching bilateral iliac crests; and 2) LLD, distance from the head to the tibial plafond. Coronal vertical axis (CVA) and sagittal vertical axis measurements were collected, both from C7. The cutoff for CM was CVA > 3 cm. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was collected preoperatively and at 2 years. RESULTS Of 242 patients undergoing surgery for adult spinal deformity, 90 (37.0%) had preoperative CM. Patients with preoperative CM had a higher PO (2.8° ± 3.2° vs 2.0° ± 1.7°, p = 0.013), a higher percentage of patients with PO > 3° (35.6% vs 23.5%, p = 0.044), and higher a percentage of patients with LLD > 1 cm (21.1% vs 9.8%, p = 0.014). Whereas preoperative PO was significantly positively correlated with CVA (r = 0.26, p < 0.001) and maximum Cobb angle (r = 0.30, p < 0.001), preoperative LLD was only significantly correlated with CVA (r = 0.14, p = 0.035). A total of 12.2% of patients with CM had significant PO and LLD, defined as follows: PO ≥ 3°; LLD ≥ 1 cm. Postoperatively, preoperative PO was significantly associated with both postoperative CM (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.05-1.40, p = 0.008) and postoperative CVA (β = 0.14, 95% CI 0.06-0.22, p < 0.001). A higher preoperative PO was independently associated with postoperative complications after multivariate logistic regression (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05-1.45, p = 0.010); however, 2-year ODI scores were not. Preoperative LLD had no significant relationship with postoperative CM, CVA, ODI, or complications. CONCLUSIONS A PO ≥ 3° or LLD ≥ 1 cm was seen in 44.1% of patients with preoperative CM and in 23.5% of patients with normal coronal alignment. Preoperative PO was significantly associated with preoperative CVA and maximum Cobb angle, whereas preoperative LLD was only associated with preoperative CVA. The direction of PO and LLD showed no consistent pattern with CVA. Preoperative PO was independently associated with complications but not with 2-year ODI scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Zuckerman
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
- 2The Och Spine Hospital at NewYork-Presbyterian, New York, New York
| | - Christopher S Lai
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Yong Shen
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Meghan Cerpa
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Nathan J Lee
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Mena G Kerolus
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Alex S Ha
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Ian A Buchanan
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Eric Leung
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Ronald A Lehman
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
| | - Lawrence G Lenke
- 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center; and
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Zhang Y, Li C, Sun Q, Jiang C, Ding S, Chen M, Ma X, Zhong Z, Wang Y, Tsang DCW. Phosphorus acquisition strategy of Vallisneria natans in sediment based on in situ imaging techniques. Environ Res 2021; 202:111635. [PMID: 34242674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) availability is closely related to the distributions of pH, O2 and phosphatase activities in the rhizosphere of plants growing in soils and sediments. In this study, the P uptake processes and mechanisms of Vallisneria natans (V. natans) during two vegetation periods (i.e., week three and six) were revealed using three noninvasive 2D imaging techniques: planar optode (PO), diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and zymography. The results showed that increased phosphatase activity, O2 concentration and root-induced acidification were observed together in the rhizosphere of root segments and tips. In week three, when V. natans was young, the flux of DGT-labile P accumulated more in the rhizosphere in comparison with the bulk sediment. This was because increased phosphatase activity (of up to 35%) and root-induced acidification (with pH decreasing by up to 0.25) enhanced P acquisition of V. natans by the third week. However, the flux of DGT-labile P turned to depletion during weeks three to six of V. natans growth, after Fe plaque formed at the matured stage. The constant hydrolysis of phosphatase and acidification could not compensate for the P demand of the roots by the sixth week. At this stage, Fe plaque become the P pool, due to P fixation with solid Fe(III) hydroxides. Subsequently, V. natans roots acquired P from Fe plaque via organic acid complexation of Fe(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Cai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qin Sun
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Cuiling Jiang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Shiming Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Musong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Zhilin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China; Nanjing EasySensor Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210018, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Han C, Ren J, Wang Z, Tang H, Xu D. A novel hybrid sensor for combined imaging of dissolved oxygen and labile phosphorus flux in sediment and water. Water Res 2017; 108:179-188. [PMID: 27825681 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel sensor assembled by a hybrid film was developed for 2D combined measurements of DO dynamic and labile P flux in sediment and water at sub-millimeter resolution based on PO and DGT techniques. The hybrid film is comprised of a transparent polyester membrane supporting two ultrathin sensing layers, i.e., a P binding layer (PBL) overlying a DO sensing layer (DSL). A robust, straightforward measuring strategy based on the referenced RGB and coloration-computer imaging densitometry (CID) methods was developed. Sensing properties for DO show a considerable homogeneity (RSD < 5%) and rapid response (<24 s) in fluorescent response. Calibration experiments reveal the sensitivity values for the DSL without/with PBL are 2.12/1.95, with an acceptable bias of less than 8%. The optimized PBL possesses a uniform distribution of zirconium-oxide microparticles at a relatively high DGT capacity (10.8 μg P cm-2), in which the distribution of adsorbed-P can be imaged by the coloration-CID method. The performance of the sensor is compared to two conventional PO and DGT sensors. The hybrid sensor was successfully deployed in three types of benthic micro-interface and showed significant small-scale heterogeneity, providing new opportunities for advancing investigations into relevant biogeochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jinghua Ren
- Geological Survey of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210018, China
| | - Zhaode Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Di Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Abstract
Anatomical and electrophysiological studies have provided us with detailed information regarding the extent and topography of the primary (V1) and secondary (V2) visual areas in primates. The consensus about the V1 and V2 maps, however, is in sharp contrast with controversies regarding the organization of the cortical areas lying immediately rostral to V2. In this review, we address the contentious issue of the extent of the third visual area (V3). Specifically, we will argue for the existence of both ventral (V3v) and dorsal (V3d) segments of V3, which are located, respectively, adjacent to the anterior border of ventral and dorsal V2. V3v and V3d would together constitute a single functional area with a complete representation of both upper and lower visual hemifields. Another contentious issue is the organization of the parietal-occipital (PO) area, which also borders the rostral edge of the medial portion of dorsal V2. Different from V1, V2, and V3, which exhibit a topography based on the defined lines of isoeccentricity and isopolar representation, area PO only has a systematic representation of polar angles, with an emphasis on the peripheral visual field (isoeccentricity lines are not well defined). Based on the connectivity patterns of area PO with distinct cytochrome oxidase modules in V2, we propose a subdivision of the dorsal stream of visual information processing into lateral and medial domains. In this model, area PO constitutes the first processing instance of the dorsal-medial stream, coding for the full-field flow of visual cues during navigation. Finally, we compare our findings with those in other species of Old and New World monkeys and argue that larger animals, such as macaque and capuchin monkeys, have similar organizations of the areas rostral to V2, which is different from that in smaller New World monkeys.
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Kohlmeier P, Dreyer H, Meunier J. PO-CALC: a novel tool to correct common inconsistencies in the measurement of phenoloxidase activity. J Insect Physiol 2015; 75:80-84. [PMID: 25783957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A broad range of physiological and evolutionarily studies requires standard and robust methods to assess the strength and activity of an individual's immune defense. In insects, this goal is generally reached by spectrophotometrically measuring (pro-) phenoloxidase activity, an enzymatic and non-specific process activated after wounding and parasite infections. However, the literature surprisingly lacks a standard method to calculate these values from spectrophotometer data and thus to be able to compare results across studies. In this study, we demonstrated that nine methods commonly used to extract phenoloxidase activities (1) provide inconsistent results when tested on the same data sets, at least partly due to their specific sensitivity to the noise regularly present in enzymatic reaction curves. To circumvent this issue, we then (2) developed a novel, free and simple R-based program called PO-CALC and (3) demonstrated the robustness of its calculations for the different types of noises. Overall, we show that PO-CALC corrects overlooked though important inconsistencies in the measurement of phenoloxidase activities, and claim that its broad use would increase the significance and general validity of studies on invertebrate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kohlmeier
- Zoological Institute, Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heiko Dreyer
- Beuth University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joël Meunier
- Zoological Institute, Evolutionary Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Grizanova EV, Dubovskiy IM, Whitten MMA, Glupov VV. Contributions of cellular and humoral immunity of Galleria mellonella larvae in defence against oral infection by Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 119:40-6. [PMID: 24735783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study the cellular and humoral immune reactions of the Greater wax moth Galleria mellonella have been investigated during bacterial infection caused by oral administration of Bacillus thuringiensis. Two different dose strengths were investigated to assess the contribution of immune parameters to induced Bt resistance. Low-dose (sublethal LC15) infection resulted in significantly elevated haemolymph phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like activity, enhanced phagocytic activity of haemocytes, and increased encapsulation responses in infected larvae at 48 and 72 h post infection. Higher doses of Bt (half-lethal LC50) also triggered significantly elevated haemolymph phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like activity, but decreased the coagulation index and activity of phenoloxidase in haemocytes of infected larvae. In both types of infection, the pool of circulating haemocytes became depleted. The importance of cellular and humoral immune reactions in induced insect resistance to intestinal bacterial infection Bt is herein discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Grizanova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Frunze Street 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - I M Dubovskiy
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Frunze Street 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - M M A Whitten
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - V V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, Frunze Street 11, 630091 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Pyle RC, Butterfield JH, Volcheck GW, Podjasek JC, Rank MA, Li JTC, Harish A, Poe KL, Park MA. Successful outpatient graded administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients without HIV and with a history of sulfonamide adverse drug reaction. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014; 2:52-8. [PMID: 24565769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcomes of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) desensitization have been widely reported in the HIV literature but less so in the non-HIV literature. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of graded administration of TMP-SMX in patients without HIV and with a history of TMP-SMX adverse drug reaction (ADR). METHODS A retrospective chart review, 2004-2012, of all the patients without HIV seen in the Division of Allergic Diseases and with a history of TMP-SMX ADR who underwent outpatient graded administration of TMP-SMX was conducted. The medical record was reviewed for age, sex, details of the initial ADR to TMP-SMX, an indication for TMP-SMX administration, and outcome. Patients also were contacted by telephone, and medical records were reviewed to determine long-term outcomes. RESULTS Seventy-two patients (46 women [64%]; mean [SD] age, 57.7 ± 13.89 years]) were included. The most common patient-reported reactions to TMP-SMX were rash 39 (54%), and hives 9 (13%). TMP-SMX administration was needed for the following indications: prophylaxis (62 [86%]) and treatment of infection (10 [14%]). Forty-three of the patients (60%) underwent a 1-day TMP-SMX administration protocol. Thirty-five of the 43 (81%) underwent a 6-step (90 minutes to 6 hours) protocol and 7 of the 43 (16%) underwent a novel 14-step TMP-SMX protocol. Twenty-nine (40%) underwent a >1-day TMP-SMX administration protocol. Our overall success rate was 90% (mean duration of 11 months). Ninety-eight percent of the patients successfully completed a 1-day graded administration protocol, and 76% successfully completed a >1-day protocol. TMP-SMX was stopped in 8 patients because of the ADR. CONCLUSION We report the largest case series of successful outpatient graded administration of TMP-SMX with both 1-day and >1-day protocols, which have shown to be safe and well tolerated in patients without HIV and with a history of sulfonamide ADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan C Pyle
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Joseph H Butterfield
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Gerald W Volcheck
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Jenna C Podjasek
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Matthew A Rank
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz
| | - James T C Li
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | | | - Kimberly L Poe
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Miguel A Park
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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Ivanova B, Spiteller M. UV-MALDI mass spectrometric quantitation of uracil based pesticides in fruit soft drinks along with matrix effects evaluation. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2014; 100:233-241. [PMID: 24018142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the development of the accurate and precise quantitative method for the determination of pesticides bromacil (1), terbacil (2), lenacil (3), butafenacil (4) and flupropacil (5) in fruit based soft drinks. Three different types of drinks are bought from market; huddled orange fruit drink (100%) (I), red-oranges (II) and multivitamin drink containing strawberry, orange, banana and maracuja (III). Samples were analyzed "with" and "without" pulp utilizing LC-ESI (or APCI) MS/MS, HPLC-ESI-(or APCI)-MS/MS and UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS methods. The effect of high complexity of the food matrix on the analysis was discussed. Study focuses on the advantages of the UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS method compared to the traditionally involved GC alone or hybrid methods such as GC-MS and LC-MS/MS for quantification of pesticides in water and soft drinks. The developed method included the techniques performed for validation, calibration and standardization. The target pesticides are widely used for the treatment of citrus fruits and pineapples, but for soft drink products, there are still no clear regulations on pesticide residues limits. The matrix effects in the analysis of fruit drinks required implementation of the exact standard reference material corresponds to the variety of food matrices. This paper contributed to the broad analytical implementation of the UV-MALDI-Orbitrap-MS method in the quality control and assessment programs for monitoring of pesticide contamination in fruit based sodas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojidarka Ivanova
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Michael Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Institut für Umweltforschung, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany
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Boyda HN, Procyshyn RM, Asiri Y, Wu C, Wang CK, Lo R, Pang CCY, Honer WG, Barr AM. Antidiabetic-drug combination treatment for glucose intolerance in adult female rats treated acutely with olanzapine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 48:170-6. [PMID: 24140931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Second generation antipsychotic drugs are routinely used as treatment for psychotic disorders. Many of these compounds, including olanzapine, cause metabolic side-effects such as impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. Individual antidiabetic drugs can help control elevated glucose levels in patients treated with antipsychotics, but the effects of combining antidiabetics, which routinely occurs with Type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, have never been studied. Presently, we compared the effects of the three different antidiabetics metformin (500mg/kg, p.o.), rosiglitazone (30mg/kg, p.o.) and glyburide (10mg/kg, p.o.) on metabolic dysregulation in adult female rats treated acutely with olanzapine. In addition, dual combinations of each of these antidiabetics were compared head-to-head against each other and the individual drugs. The animals received two daily treatments with antidiabetics and were then treated acutely with olanzapine (10mg/kg, i.p.). Fasting glucose and insulin levels were measured, followed by a 2h glucose tolerance test. Olanzapine caused a large and highly significant glucose intolerance compared to vehicle treated rats. Rosiglitazone decreased glucose levels non-significantly, while both metformin and glyburide significantly decreased glucose levels compared to olanzapine-only treated animals. For antidiabetic dual-drug combinations, the rosiglitazone-metformin group showed an unexpected increase in glucose levels compared to all of the single antidiabetic drugs. However, both the metformin-glyburide and rosiglitazone-glyburide groups showed significantly greater reductions in glucose levels following olanzapine than with single drug treatment alone for metformin or rosiglitazone, bringing glucose levels down to values equivalent to vehicle-only treated animals. These findings indicate that further study of antidiabetic dual-drug combinations in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N Boyda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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12
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Tokura A, Fu GS, Sakamoto M, Endo H, Tanaka S, Kikuta S, Tabunoki H, Sato R. Factors functioning in nodule melanization of insects and their mechanisms of accumulation in nodules. J Insect Physiol 2014; 60:40-49. [PMID: 24262307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nodules consisting of hemocytes and trapped microorganisms are important targets for melanization, which is best known in the insect immune system. We investigated factors functioning in nodule melanization and the mechanism by which these factors congregate in the nodule. BmHP21, BmSPH1 and BmSPH2, Bombyx mori orthologs of Manduca sexta serine protease HP21, serine protease homologs (SPH1 and SPH2), and a prophenoloxidase, BmPO1 were observed as inactive forms in the plasma, but as putatively active forms in the nodule. Production of prophenoloxidase-activating proteinases, BmPAP1 and BmPAP3/PPAE and BmPO1 were confirmed in hemocytes. BmSPH1 and BmSPH2 were observed on trapped bacterial cells in the nodule and were isolated from the surface of bacterial cells incubated with plasma. BmSPH1 and BmSPH2 were found in plasma in complex with a pattern recognition receptor, BmLBP. These data suggest that melanization-regulating factors congregate in nodules through a combination of microorganism-dependent and hemocyte-dependent routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Tokura
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Gege Sun Fu
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Maki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Haruka Endo
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Shingo Kikuta
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tabunoki
- Department of Biological Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwai-cho 3-5-8, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan.
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13
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Ward RE, Huang W, Kostusiak M, Pallier PN, Michael-Titus AT, Priestley JV. A characterization of white matter pathology following spinal cord compression injury in the rat. Neuroscience 2013; 260:227-39. [PMID: 24361176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously described the characteristics of neuronal injury in a rat compression model of spinal cord injury (SCI), focussing on the impact of this injury on the gray matter. However, white matter damage is known to play a critical role in functional outcome following injury. Therefore, in the present study, we used immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy to examine the alterations to the white matter that are initiated by compression SCI applied at T12 vertebral level. A significant loss of axonal and dendritic cytoskeletal proteins was observed at the injury epicenter within 1day of injury. This was accompanied by axonal dysfunction, as demonstrated by the accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP), with a peak at 3days post-SCI. A similar, acute loss of cytoskeletal proteins was observed up to 5mm away from the injury epicenter and was particularly evident rostral to the lesion site, whereas β-APP accumulation was prominent in tracts proximal to the injury. Early myelin loss was confirmed by myelin basic protein (MBP) immunostaining and by electron microscopy, which also highlighted the infiltration of inflammatory and red blood cells. However, 6weeks after injury, areas of new Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte myelination were observed. This study demonstrates that substantial white matter damage occurs following compression SCI in the rat. Moreover, the loss of cytoskeletal proteins and accumulation of β-APP up to 5mm away from the lesion site within 1day of injury indicates the rapid manner in which the axonal damage extends in the rostro-caudal axis. This is likely due to both Wallerian degeneration and spread of secondary cell death, with the latter affecting axons both proximal and distal to the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Ward
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - W Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK; The Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medical Science, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - M Kostusiak
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - P N Pallier
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - A T Michael-Titus
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - J V Priestley
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
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14
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Wang YF, Liu YN, Xiong W, Yan DM, Zhu Y, Gao XM, Xu YT, Qi AD. A UPLC-MS/MS method for in vivo and in vitro pharmacokinetic studies of psoralenoside, isopsoralenoside, psoralen and isopsoralen from Psoralea corylifolia extract. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 151:609-617. [PMID: 24315982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The dried fruit of Psoralea corylifolia L. has been used to prevent and treat vitiligo, osteoporosis, arthralgia and asthma in Traditional Chinese Medicine for some 1600 years. Psoralen (P), isopsoralen (IP), psoralenoside (PO) and isopsoralenoside (IPO) are the major coumarins and coumarin-related benzofuran glycosides in Psoraleae Fructus, which have been reported to show estrogen-like activity, osteoblastic proliferation accelerating activity, antitumor effects and antibacterial activity. The first aim of this study is to develop a rapid, sensitive and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) approach for simultaneous determination of PO, IPO, P and IP in rat plasma and samples collected from in vitro incubation experiments. The second aim is to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of PO, IPO, P and IP after oral administration of Psoralea corylifolia extract (PCE) to rats. The third aim is to confirm the biotransformation of PO to P or IPO to IP under gastrointestinal conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A UPLC-MS/MS method with a C18 column and a mobile phase of methanol-0.1% aqueous formic acid was validated according to the criteria in FDA guidelines about bioanalytical method, which was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetic behavior of PO, IPO, P and IP from PCE and the metabolic pathways of PO to P or IPO to IP. RESULTS The criteria for establishment of a new UPLC-MS/MS method including selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, extraction recovery, matrix effect and stability were validated. This method was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of PO, IPO, P and IP in biological samples collected from both in vitro incubations and in vivo rat experiments. After oral administration of PCE to rat, pharmacokinetic parameters of these four compounds indicated that in vivo biotransformation may occur between PO and P or IPO and IP. Purified benzofuran glycosides fraction (PBGF), containing only PO and IPO, was orally administered to rats to further confirm the biotransformation of PO to P or IPO to IP under gastrointestinal conditions. An in vitro incubation study elucidated that PO and IPO were metabolized to P and IP by intestinal microflora through de-glucosylation. CONCLUSIONS This paper developed a rapid, sensitive and selective UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of PO, IPO, P and IP from PCE in biological samples, and investigated on their comprehensive in vivo and in vitro pharmacokinetic studies. These obtained results showed that the metabolism by intestinal bacteria plays an important role in pharmacological effects of orally administered PCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Fei Wang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tjianjin 300457, China
| | - Ya-Nan Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tjianjin 300457, China
| | - Wen Xiong
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tjianjin 300457, China
| | - Dong-Mei Yan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tjianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Yan-Tong Xu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China; Research and Development Center of TCM, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology & Medicine, 220 Dongting Road, TEDA, Tjianjin 300457, China
| | - Ai-Di Qi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Tianjin 300193, China
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15
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Zuccarello D, Bazzato MF, Ferlin A, Pengo M, Frigo AC, Favero G, Foresta C, Stellini E. Role of familiarity versus interleukin-1 genes cluster polymorphisms in chronic periodontitis. Gene 2013; 535:286-9. [PMID: 24275344 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis (PO) is a multifactorial disease affecting about 10% to 20% of the general population. Several studies have suggested that part of the clinical variability in PO might be explained by genetic factors. Among the candidate genes for PO, IL1 gene polymorphisms have been broadly investigated, with variable results, for their relationship with the disease. We studied three IL1 polymorphisms, IL1A C[-889]T (rs1800587), IL1B C[3953/4]T (rs1143634), and IL1RN VNTR [+2018] (rs419598) in relation to different life styles and familiarities. We did not find correlation between these IL1 polymorphisms and chronic PO, as well as between chronic PO and life styles (smoking, alcohol, coffee, fizzy drink and fish). We found a strong correlation, also after adjustment for age, between familiarity and PO onset (P=0.0062; OR 5.754, 95% CI 1.644-20.145). In conclusion, we did confirm the previously suggested association between PO and IL1 gene cluster polymorphisms, and between PO and four common risk factors (coffee, smoking, alcohol and fizzy drinks) and one common protective factor (fish). On the contrary, we found a strong role of familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Zuccarello
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - M Federica Bazzato
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatology Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuel Pengo
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Favero
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatology Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Human Reproduction Pathology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Stellini
- Department of Neurosciences, Odontostomatology Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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16
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Goel S, Evans-Johnson JA, Georgieva NI, Boysen G. Ex posure profiling of reactive compounds in complex mixtures. Toxicology 2013; 313:145-150. [PMID: 23219592 PMCID: PMC4868061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans are constantly exposed to mixtures, such as tobacco smoke, exhaust from diesel, gasoline or new bio-fuels, containing several 1000 compounds, including many known human carcinogens. Covalent binding of reactive compounds or their metabolites to DNA and formation of stable adducts is believed to be the causal link between exposure and carcinogenesis. DNA and protein adducts are well established biomarkers for the internal dose of reactive compounds or their metabolites and are an integral part of science-based risk assessment. However, technical limitations have prevented comprehensive detection of a broad spectrum of adducts simultaneously. Therefore, most studies have focused on measurement of abundant individual adducts. These studies have produced valuable insight into the metabolism of individual carcinogens, but they are insufficient for risk assessment of exposure to complex mixtures. To overcome this limitation, we present herein proof-of-principle for comprehensive exposure assessment, using N-terminal valine adduct profiles as a biomarker. The reported method is based on our previously established immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with modification to enrich all N-terminal valine alkylated peptides. The method was evaluated using alkylated peptide standards and globin reacted in vitro with alkylating agents (1,2-epoxy-3-butene, 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane, propylene oxide, styrene oxide, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and methyl methanesulfonate), known to form N-terminal valine adducts. To demonstrate proof-of-principle, the method was successfully applied to globin from mice treated with four model compounds. The results suggest that this novel approach might be suitable for in vivo biomonitoring.
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Key Words
- 1,2 epoxy-3-butene
- 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane
- 1,3-butadiene
- 1-hydroxy (or 2-hydroxy)-propyl-valine
- 1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl-valine or 2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl-valine
- 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl-valine
- 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol
- BD
- Biomarkers
- Biomonitoring
- DEB
- EB
- EB-diol
- ENU
- ENU-Val
- Et-Val
- FA
- H(2)N-Val
- HB-Val
- HP-Val
- Hb
- IA
- LC–MS/MS
- MMS
- Me-Val
- Mixtures
- Multiple exposure detection
- N,N-(2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-butadiyl)-valine
- N-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-valine
- N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea
- N-terminal valine adducts
- PO
- SO
- SO-Val
- THB-Val
- carbamoylated-valine
- ethyl-valine
- formic acid
- hemoglobin
- immunoaffinity
- liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
- methyl-methanesulfonate
- methyl-valine
- non-alkylated-valine
- propylene oxide
- pyr-Val
- styrene oxide
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Goel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute at The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Julie A Evans-Johnson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute at The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Nadia I Georgieva
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute at The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute at The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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17
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Xu SL, Qiu CG, Zhou W, Wang DL, Jia CY, Wang CL. Pathological analysis of hemolymphs of Charybdis ja ponica infected with Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 35:1577-1584. [PMID: 24036334 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We explored the pathogenic mechanism of Vibrio alginolyticus in the stone crab Charybdis japonica by studying the hemolymph of C. japonica artificially infected by V. alginolyticus. To this end, Wright-Geimsa staining and electron microscopy were used, and phenoloxidase (PO) activity and the immune protection rate of C. japonica injected with immune polysaccharide during infection were analyzed. The results indicated that the total hemocyte and hyaline hemocyte (HH) counts in diseased crabs were significantly lower than those in healthy crabs (P < 0.05), whereas the large granule hemocytes (LGHs) were significantly higher in diseased crabs than in healthy crabs (P < 0.05). The cellular sizes of HHs and LGHs showed an increasing trend after V. alginolyticus infection, while the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio (NP) of these cells showed a sharp decline after V. alginolyticus infection (P < 0.05). Micro-pathological analysis of hemocytes revealed fewer hemocytes in the hemolymph of diseased crabs and the presence of disintegrated cells. Ultrastructural and micro-pathological analyses showed damage in all types of hemocytes. The mitochondria were damaged and incomplete in structure, parts of the nuclear membrane were anamorphic and parts of the nuclei had shrunk, hematocyte nuclei exhibited heterochromatinization, hemocyte granules were increased in the polysaccharide-treated group infected with V. alginolyticus, and the numbers of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were also increased. PO activity in the two Vibrio-infected groups peaked at 6 h and 24 h after infection, respectively, and PO activity increased in the hemolymph of infected crabs but sharply decreased with prolonged infection. Finally, the PO activities in the two Vibrio-infected groups were significantly lower than controls at 120 h post-infection (P < 0.05). Interestingly, PO activity was higher in polysaccharide-treated crabs than non-polysaccharide-challenged infected crabs, resulting in an immunoprotective rate of 69.64% at 7 days post-infection. This phenomenon suggests that polysaccharides could enhance the organism's antibacterial defenses by improving immune-related enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Liang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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18
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Pergola M, D'Amico M, Celano G, Palese AM, Scuderi A, Di Vita G, Pappalardo G, Inglese P. Sustainability evaluation of Sicily's lemon and orange production: an energy, economic and environmental analysis. J Environ Manage 2013; 128:674-682. [PMID: 23850762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The island of Sicily has a long standing tradition in citrus growing. We evaluated the sustainability of orange and lemon orchards, under organic and conventional farming, using an energy, environmental and economic analysis of the whole production cycle by using a life cycle assessment approach. These orchard systems differ only in terms of a few of the inputs used and the duration of the various agricultural operations. The quantity of energy consumption in the production cycle was calculated by multiplying the quantity of inputs used by the energy conversion factors drawn from the literature. The production costs were calculated considering all internal costs, including equipment, materials, wages, and costs of working capital. The performance of the two systems (organic and conventional), was compared over a period of fifty years. The results, based on unit surface area (ha) production, prove the stronger sustainability of the organic over the conventional system, both in terms of energy consumption and environmental impact, especially for lemons. The sustainability of organic systems is mainly due to the use of environmentally friendly crop inputs (fertilizers, not use of synthetic products, etc.). In terms of production costs, the conventional management systems were more expensive, and both systems were heavily influenced by wages. In terms of kg of final product, the organic production system showed better environmental and energy performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pergola
- Università degli Studi della Basilicata, Via Nazario Sauro, 85, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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19
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Böhm T, Berger H, Nejabat M, Riegler T, Kellner F, Kuttke M, Sagmeister S, Bazanella M, Stolze K, Daryabeigi A, Bintner N, Murkovic M, Wagner KH, Schulte-Hermann R, Rohr-Udilova N, Huber W, Grasl-Kraupp B. Food-derived peroxidized fatty acids may trigger hepatic inflammation: a novel hy pothesis to explain steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:563-70. [PMID: 23665282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Obesity and hepatic steatosis are frequently associated with the development of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The mechanisms driving progression of a non-inflamed steatosis to NASH are largely unknown. Here, we investigated whether ingestion of peroxidized lipids, as being present in Western style diet, triggers the development of hepatic inflammation. METHODS Corn oil containing peroxidized fatty acids was administered to rats by gavage for 6 days. In a separate approach, hepatocytes (HC), endothelial (EC) and Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated from untreated livers, cultured, and incubated with peroxidized linoleic acid (LOOH; linoleic acid (LH) being the main fatty acid in corn oil). Samples obtained from in vivo and in vitro studies were mainly investigated by qRT-PCR and biochemical determinations of lipid peroxidation products. RESULTS Rat treatment with peroxidized corn oil resulted in increased hepatic lipid peroxidation, upregulation of nitric oxide synthetase-2 (NOS-2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), elevation of total nitric oxides, and increase in cd68-, cd163-, TNFα-, and/or COX-2 positive immune cells in the liver. When investigating liver cell types, LOOH elevated the secretion of TNFα, p38MAPK phosphorylation, and mRNA levels of NOS-2, COX-2, and TNFα, mainly in KC. The elevation of gene expression could be abrogated by inhibiting p38MAPK, which indicates that p38MAPK activation is involved in the pro-inflammatory effects of LOOH. CONCLUSIONS These data show for the first time that ingestion of peroxidized fatty acids carries a considerable pro-inflammatory stimulus into the body which reaches the liver and may trigger the development of hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Böhm
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Stemmler EA, Barton EE, Esonu OK, Polasky DA, Onderko LL, Bergeron AB, Christie AE, Dickinson PS. C-terminal methylation of truncated neuropeptides: an enzyme-assisted extraction artifact involving methanol. Peptides 2013; 46:108-25. [PMID: 23714174 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are the largest class of signaling molecules used by nervous systems. Today, neuropeptide discovery commonly involves chemical extraction from a tissue source followed by mass spectrometric characterization. Ideally, the extraction procedure accurately preserves the sequence and any inherent modifications of the native peptides. Here, we present data showing that this is not always true. Specifically, we present evidence showing that, in the lobster Homarus americanus, the orcokinin family members, NFDEIDRSGFG-OMe and SSEDMDRLGFG-OMe, are non-native peptides generated from full-length orcokinin precursors as the result of a highly selective peptide modification (peptide truncation with C-terminal methylation) that occurs during extraction. These peptides were observed by MALDI-FTMS and LC-Q-TOFMS analyses when eyestalk ganglia were extracted in a methanolic solvent, but not when tissues were dissected, co-crystallized with matrix, and analyzed directly with methanol excluded from the sample preparation. The identity of NFDEIDRSGFG-OMe was established using MALDI-FTMS/SORI-CID, LC-Q-TOFMS/MS, and comparison with a peptide standard. Extraction substituting deuterated methanol for methanol confirmed that the latter is the source of the C-terminal methyl group, and MS/MS confirmed the C-terminal localization of the added CD3. Surprisingly, NFDEIDRSGFG-OMe is not produced via a chemical acid-catalyzed esterification. Instead, the methylated peptide appears to result from proteolytic truncation in the presence of methanol, as evidenced by a reduction in conversion with the addition of a protease-inhibitor cocktail; heat effectively eliminated the conversion. This unusual and highly specific extraction-derived peptide conversion exemplifies the need to consider both chemical and biochemical processes that may modify the structure of endogenous neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Stemmler
- Department of Chemistry, Bowdoin College, 6600 College Station, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA.
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Zhang L, Li S, Hao C, Hong G, Zou J, Zhang Y, Li P, Guo Z. Extracting a few functionally reproducible biomarkers to build robust subnetwork-based classifiers for the diagnosis of cancer. Gene 2013; 526:232-8. [PMID: 23707927 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In microarray-based case-control studies of a disease, people often attempt to identify a few diagnostic or prognostic markers amongst the most significant differentially expressed (DE) genes. However, the reproducibility of DE genes identified in different studies for a disease is typically very low. To tackle the problem, we could evaluate the reproducibility of DE genes across studies and define robust markers for disease diagnosis using disease-associated protein-protein interaction (PPI) subnetwork. Using datasets for four cancer types, we found that the most significant DE genes in cancer exhibit consistent up- or down-regulation in different datasets. For each cancer type, the 5 (or 10) most significant DE genes separately extracted from different datasets tend to be significantly coexpressed and closely connected in the PPI subnetwork, thereby indicating that they are highly reproducible at the PPI level. Consequently, we were able to build robust subnetwork-based classifiers for cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Bioinformatics Centre, Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education and School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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Liang J, Tsui V, Van Abbema A, Bao L, Barrett K, Beresini M, Berezhkovskiy L, Blair WS, Chang C, Driscoll J, Eigenbrot C, Ghilardi N, Gibbons P, Halladay J, Johnson A, Kohli PB, Lai Y, Liimatta M, Mantik P, Menghrajani K, Murray J, Sambrone A, Xiao Y, Shia S, Shin Y, Smith J, Sohn S, Stanley M, Ultsch M, Zhang B, Wu LC, Magnuson S. Lead identification of novel and selective TYK2 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:175-87. [PMID: 23867602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A therapeutic rationale is proposed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), by selective targeting of TYK2. Hit triage, following a high-throughput screen for TYK2 inhibitors, revealed pyridine 1 as a promising starting point for lead identification. Initial expansion of 3 separate regions of the molecule led to eventual identification of cyclopropyl amide 46, a potent lead analog with good kinase selectivity, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetic profile. Analysis of the binding modes of the series in TYK2 and JAK2 crystal structures revealed key interactions leading to good TYK2 potency and design options for future optimization of selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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Paulson TA, Bishop NC, Eston RG, Goosey-Tolfrey VL. Differentiated perceived exertion and self-regulated wheelchair exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2013; 94:2269-76. [PMID: 23562415 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the utility of the differentiated rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for the self-regulation of submaximal wheelchair propulsion in novice users. DESIGN Each participant completed a submaximal incremental test and a graded test to exhaustion to determine peak oxygen consumption (Vo(2)peak) on a wheelchair ergometer. On a separate day, two 12-minute intermittent bouts consisting of three 4-minute stages were completed at individualized imposed power outputs equating to light (40% Vo(2)peak) and moderate (60% Vo(2)peak) intensity exercise. On a third occasion, participants were assigned to either the overall group or the peripheral group and were required to self-regulate 12-minute intermittent exercise according to either overall RPE or peripheral RPE reported during the corresponding imposed intensity trial. SETTING Laboratory facilities at a university. PARTICIPANTS Preliminary population of able-bodied participants with no prior experience of wheelchair propulsion (N=18). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Differences in oxygen consumption (Vo(2)), heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and power output between the imposed and self-regulated exercise trials. RESULTS No difference was found in physiological responses between the moderate-intensity imposed and RPE-regulated trials in the peripheral group, whereas a significant (P<.05) underproduction in Vo(2) (1.76±.31 vs 1.59±.25L/min) and blood lactate concentration (2.8±0.90 vs 2.21±.83mmol/L) was seen in the overall group. In contrast, a significant (P<.05) overproduction was seen in the peripheral group at a light exercise intensity, whereas no difference was found between all variables during the light-intensity imposed and RPE-regulated trials in the overall group. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral RPE enabled a more precise self-regulation during moderate-intensity wheelchair exercise in novice users. In contrast, overall RPE provided a more accurate stimulus when performing light-intensity propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Paulson
- The Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Kölsch A, Hörnemann J, Wengenroth C, Hellmann N. Differential regulation of hexameric and dodecameric hemocyanin from A. leptodactylus. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1834:1853-9. [PMID: 23473954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen binding properties of hemocyanins are regulated on a short time scale by effectors such as l-lactate, urate and protons, and on longer time scales by expression of the different types of subunits. For Astacus leptodactylus it was shown previously that acclimation to higher temperatures leads to increased levels of a 6-meric hemocyanin species, whereas at lower temperatures the 12-meric form prevails. Here we show that the temperature dependence of the two forms supports the idea, that the maintenance of high affinity towards oxygen is the driving force for the differential expression of these hemocyanins. Furthermore, the two different types of hemocyanin differ not only in the affinity to oxygen, but also with respect to their interaction with l-lactate: while the 12-meric form displays a normal shift in oxygen affinity upon the addition of l-lactate this allosteric regulation is absent in the 6-meric form. Exclusive binding of l-lactate to the 12-meric form was supported by isothermal titration calorimetry. These results indicate that l-lactate binds either at the interface between the two hexamers or at subunit α' which is responsible for the formation of the 12-mers and is not present in the 6-meric form. Urate has a comparable effect on the oxygen affinity of 6-meric and 12-meric forms and also binds to a similar extent to the oxygenated state as determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Thus, urate and l-lactate do not seem to share the same binding sites. Interestingly, urate binding sites with no allosteric effect seem to exist, which is unusual. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxygen Binding and Sensing Proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kölsch
- Institute for Molecular Biophysics, University of Mainz, Jakob-Welder-Weg 26, Mainz, Germany
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