1
|
Torres JD, Dueik V, Contardo I, Carré D, Bouchon P. Relationship between microstructure formation and in vitro starch digestibility in baked gluten-starch matrices. Food Chem X 2024; 22:101347. [PMID: 38623503 PMCID: PMC11016870 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Increased prevalence of diabetes prompts the development of foods with reduced starch digestibility. This study analyzed the impact of adding soluble dietary fiber (inulin-IN; polydextrose-PD) to baked gluten-starch matrices (7.5-13%) on microstructure formation and in vitro starch digestibility. IN and PD enhanced water-holding capacity, the hardness of baked matrices, and lowered water activity in the formulated matrices, potentially explaining the reduced starch gelatinization degree as IN or PD concentration increased. A maximum gelatinization decrease (26%) occurred in formulations with 13% IN. Micro-CT analysis showed a reduction in total and open porosity, which, along with the lower gelatinization degree, may account for the reduced in vitro starch digestibility. Samples with 13% IN exhibited a significantly lower rapidly available glucose fraction (8.56 g/100 g) and higher unavailable glucose fraction (87.76 g/100 g) compared to the control (34.85 g/100 g and 47.59 g/100 g, respectively). These findings suggest the potential for developing healthier, starch-rich baked foods with a reduced glycemic impact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José D. Torres
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, PO Box 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile
- School of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad del Sinú Cartagena, Sede Plaza Colón, Avenida El Bosque, Transversal 54 N° 30-729, Cartagena 130014, Colombia
| | - Verónica Dueik
- Comercial e Industrial SOLUTEC Ltda, Almirante Churruca 3130, Santiago 8370653, Chile
| | - Ingrid Contardo
- Biopolymer Research and Engineering Lab (BiopREL), School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Chile
- Centre for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Monseñor Álvaro del Portillo 12.455, Las Condes, Chile
| | - David Carré
- Comercial e Industrial SOLUTEC Ltda, Almirante Churruca 3130, Santiago 8370653, Chile
| | - Pedro Bouchon
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, PO Box 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados (CIEN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, PO Box 306, Santiago 6904411, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao K, Lv Y, Yu W, Yang J. Visualization of water transfer channel in sludge dewatering conditioned with skeleton builders by X-ray micro-computed tomography. Chemosphere 2024; 355:141818. [PMID: 38548085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Skeleton builders were normally deemed to improve the high porosity and newly-generated permeability of sludge cakes by building water transfer channel during high pressure filtration, thus enhancing sludge dewaterability. However, currently a direct visualization proof of water transfer channel was still lacking. This study provided the direct proof for visualizing water transfer channel in dewatered sludge cakes conditioned with a typical skeleton builder (i.e., phosphogypsum (PG)) by X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for the first time. After the addition of PG, the pixel value and image luminance increased significantly, indicating the presence of high density substances from both two-dimensional (2D) cross section and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction CT images. Moreover, the CT numbers showed strong and negative correlations with specific resistance to filtration (SRF) (R = - 0.99, p < 0.05), capillary suction time (CST) (regression coefficient (R) = - 0.87, probability (p) < 0.05), and water content of the dewatered sludge cake (R = - 0.99, p < 0.05), respectively. These results indicated that the X-ray micro-CT could be a potential technique for analyzing the water distribution in sludge samples conditioned with skeleton builders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Environmental Science and Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 241 Daxue Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Yang Lv
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, 8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing, Jiang Su, 210042, China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; Hubei Water Quality Safety and Water Pollution Control Engineering Center, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Friebel JM, Ditscherlein R, Ditscherlein L, Peuker UA. Three-Dimensional Characterization of Dry Particle Coating Structures Originating from the Mechano-fusion Process. Microsc Microanal 2024:ozae009. [PMID: 38457218 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Dry particle coating processes are of key importance for creating functionalized materials. By a change in surface structure, initiated during coating, a surface property change and thus functionalization can be achieved. This study introduces an innovative approach employing 3D X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to characterize coated particles, consisting of spherical alumina particles (d50 = 45.64 μm), called hosts, surrounded by spherical polystyrene particles (d50 = 3.5 μm), called guests. The formed structures, hetero-aggregates, are generated by dry particle coating using mechano-fusion (MF). A deeper understanding of the influence of MF process parameters on the coating structures is a crucial step toward tailoring of coating structure, resulting surface property and functionalization. Therefore, the influence of rotational speed, process time, and total mechanical energy input during MF is explored. Leveraging micro-CT data, acquired of coated particles, enables non-stereologically biased and quantitative coating structure analysis. The guest's coating thickness is analyzed using the maximum inscribed sphere and ray method, two different local thickness measurement approaches. Particle-discrete information of the coating structure are available after a proper image processing workflow is implemented. Coating efficiency and guest's neighboring relations (nearest neighbor distance and number of neighbors inside search radius) are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Friebel
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastraße 1, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Ralf Ditscherlein
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastraße 1, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Lisa Ditscherlein
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastraße 1, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| | - Urs A Peuker
- Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastraße 1, Freiberg 09599, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Parobková V, Kompaníková P, Lázňovský J, Kavková M, Hampl M, Buchtová M, Zikmund T, Kaiser J, Bryja V. Ch OP-CT: quantitative morphometrical analysis of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus by X-ray micro-computed tomography. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:9. [PMID: 38268040 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The Hindbrain Choroid Plexus is a complex, cerebrospinal fluid-secreting tissue that projects into the 4th vertebrate brain ventricle. Despite its irreplaceability in the development and homeostasis of the entire central nervous system, the research of Hindbrain Choroid Plexus and other Choroid Plexuses has been neglected by neuroscientists for decades. One of the obstacles is the lack of tools that describe the complex shape of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus in the context of brain ventricles. Here we introduce an effective tool, termed ChOP-CT, for the noninvasive, X-ray micro-computed tomography-based, three-dimensional visualization and subsequent quantitative spatial morphological analysis of developing mouse Hindbrain Choroid Plexus. ChOP-CT can reliably quantify Hindbrain Choroid Plexus volume, surface area, length, outgrowth angle, the proportion of the ventricular space occupied, asymmetries and general shape alterations in mouse embryos from embryonic day 13.5 onwards. We provide evidence that ChOP-CT is suitable for the unbiased evaluation and detection of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus alterations within various mutant embryos. We believe, that thanks to its versatility, quantitative nature and the possibility of automation, ChOP-CT will facilitate the analysis of the Hindbrain Choroid Plexus in the mouse models. This will ultimately accelerate the screening of the candidate genes and mechanisms involved in the onset of various Hindbrain Choroid Plexus-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktória Parobková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Kompaníková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Lázňovský
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kavková
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Hampl
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtová
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Morphogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Zikmund
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Bryja
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Van Doorselaer L, Verboven P, Nicolai B. Automatic 3D cell segmentation of fruit parenchyma tissue from X-ray micro CT images using deep learning. Plant Methods 2024; 20:12. [PMID: 38243306 PMCID: PMC10799452 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High quality 3D information of the microscopic plant tissue morphology-the spatial organization of cells and intercellular spaces in tissues-helps in understanding physiological processes in a wide variety of plants and tissues. X-ray micro-CT is a valuable tool that is becoming increasingly available in plant research to obtain 3D microstructural information of the intercellular pore space and individual pore sizes and shapes of tissues. However, individual cell morphology is difficult to retrieve from micro-CT as cells cannot be segmented properly due to negligible density differences at cell-to-cell interfaces. To address this, deep learning-based models were trained and tested to segment individual cells using X-ray micro-CT images of parenchyma tissue samples from apple and pear fruit with different cell and porosity characteristics. RESULTS The best segmentation model achieved an Aggregated Jaccard Index (AJI) of 0.86 and 0.73 for apple and pear tissue, respectively, which is an improvement over the current benchmark method that achieved AJIs of 0.73 and 0.67. Furthermore, the neural network was able to detect other plant tissue structures such as vascular bundles and stone cell clusters (brachysclereids), of which the latter were shown to strongly influence the spatial organization of pear cells. Based on the AJIs, apple tissue was found to be easier to segment, as the porosity and specific surface area of the pore space are higher and lower, respectively, compared to pear tissue. Moreover, samples with lower pore network connectivity, proved very difficult to segment. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method can be used to automatically quantify 3D cell morphology of plant tissue from micro-CT instead of opting for laborious manual annotations or less accurate segmentation approaches. In case fruit tissue porosity or pore network connectivity is too low or the specific surface area of the pore space too high, native X-ray micro-CT is unable to provide proper marker points of cell outlines, and one should rely on more elaborate contrast-enhancing scan protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leen Van Doorselaer
- Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Biosystems Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Biosystems Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart Nicolai
- Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Biosystems Department, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Verschuren L, De Mil T, De Frenne P, Haneca K, Van Acker J, Vandekerkhove K, Van den Bulcke J. Heading for a fall: The fate of old wind-thrown beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) is detectable in their growth pattern. Sci Total Environ 2023; 903:166148. [PMID: 37574075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Common beech (Fagus sylvatica) is one of the most important deciduous tree species in European forests. However, climate-change-induced drought may threaten its dominant position. The Sonian Forest close to Brussels (Belgium) is home to some of the largest beech trees in the world. This UNESCO world heritage site is famous for its high density of very large beech trees as a result of its climatic suitability, fertile soil conditions, and past management. Here we utilized tree-ring data from increment cores to investigate the growth of these old and monumental beech trees, evaluating their growth trends, response to past climate, and the effect of mast years on 39 living and 16 recently wind-thrown trees. Our analysis reveals that the sampled trees were generally sensitive to spring and summer droughts but recovered quickly after such an extreme climatic event. The growth trend of living trees has remained high and only shows a slight, statistically insignificant, decline over the past 50 years. Although the overall growth rate remains strong (BAI 50 cm2/year), the past five decades have shown strong inter-annual growth variations due to frequent and more intense droughts combined with an increased frequency of mast years. We also found notable differences in growth patterns between the living trees and those that had recently been wind-thrown. While there were no significant differences between living and wind-thrown trees in response to droughts, heatwaves, or mast years when examining year-to-year growth changes, the wind-thrown trees did exhibit considerably lower overall growth rates and a significant downward trend in growth (BAI -0.57 cm2/year). This difference in growth trends has been apparent since at least the 1980s. Overall, the findings of this study can provide valuable insights for understanding the long-term dynamics of lowland beech forests and their responses to climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Verschuren
- UGent-Woodlab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for X-ray Tomography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Tom De Mil
- Forest is life, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Pieter De Frenne
- Forest & Nature Lab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Geraardsbergsesteenweg 267, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Haneca
- Flanders Heritage Agency, Herman Teirlinckgebouw, Havenlaan 88 bus 5, 1000 Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Joris Van Acker
- UGent-Woodlab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for X-ray Tomography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kris Vandekerkhove
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 4 and 35, 9500 Geraardsbergen, Belgium.
| | - Jan Van den Bulcke
- UGent-Woodlab, Department of Environment, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for X-ray Tomography, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dumbryte I, Narbutis D, Androulidaki M, Vailionis A, Juodkazis S, Malinauskas M. Teeth Microcracks Research: Towards Multi-Modal Imaging. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1354. [PMID: 38135945 PMCID: PMC10740647 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This perspective is an overview of the recent advances in teeth microcrack (MC) research, where there is a clear tendency towards a shift from two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) examination techniques, enhanced with artificial intelligence models for data processing and image acquisition. X-ray micro-computed tomography combined with machine learning allows 3D characterization of all spatially resolved cracks, despite the locations within the tooth in which they begin and extend, and the arrangement of MCs and their structural properties. With photoluminescence and micro-/nano-Raman spectroscopy, optical properties and chemical and elemental composition of the material can be evaluated, thus helping to assess the structural integrity of the tooth at the MC site. Approaching tooth samples having cracks from different perspectives and using complementary laboratory techniques, there is a natural progression from 3D to multi-modal imaging, where the volumetric (passive: dimensions) information of the tooth sample can be supplemented by dynamic (active: composition, interaction) image data. Revelation of tooth cracks clearly shows the need to re-assess the role of these MCs and their effect on the structural integrity and longevity of the tooth. This provides insight into the nature of cracks in natural hard materials and contributes to a better understanding of how bio-inspired structures could be designed to foresee crack propagation in biosolids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Dumbryte
- Institute of Odontology, Vilnius University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Donatas Narbutis
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astronomy, Vilnius University, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maria Androulidaki
- Microelectronics Research Group, Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology FORTH-Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Arturas Vailionis
- Stanford Nano Shared Facilities, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Centre and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
- WRH Program International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Landauer AK, Tsinas Z, Kafka OL, Moser NH, Glover JL, Forster AM. Unintended consequences: Assessing thermo-mechanical changes in vinyl nitrile foam due to micro-computed X-ray tomographic imaging. Mater Des 2023; 235:10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112381. [PMID: 38037589 PMCID: PMC10688219 DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2023.112381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Micro-computed X-ray tomography (μCT) is a volumetric imaging tool used to quantify the internal structure of materials. μCT imaging with mechanical testing (in situ μCT) helps visualize strain-induced structural changes and develop structure-property relationships. However, the effects on thermophysical properties of radiation exposure during in situ μCT imaging are seldom addressed, despite potential radiation sensitivity in elastomers. This work quantifies the radiation dosage effect on thermo-, chemical-, and mechanical-properties for a vinyl nitrile-based foam. Material properties were measured after (0, 1, 2, and 3) days at (8.1 ± 0.9) kGy/d. Morphological characteristics were investigated via scanning electron microscopy. Thermal transitions were assessed using differential scanning calorimetry. Viscoelasticity was measured with dynamic mechanical analysis over a range from -30 °C to 60 °C. Higher dose lead to stiffening and increased dissipation. Chemical structure was assessed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Soxhlet extraction was used to measure gel content. In summary, substantial changes occur in thermophysical properties, which may confound structure-property measurements. However, this also provides a modification pathway. Quantitation and calibration of the properties changes informed a finite element user material for material designers to explore tunablity and design optimization for impact protection engineers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K. Landauer
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA
| | - Zois Tsinas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, 92037, CA, USA
| | - Orion L. Kafka
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, 80305, CO, USA
| | - Newell H. Moser
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, 80305, CO, USA
| | - Jack L. Glover
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA
| | - Aaron M. Forster
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, 20899, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lima MG, Jussiani EI, Andrello AC, Zequi JAC, Kawabata EK. Potentialities of iodine-enhanced micro-CT imaging in the morphological study of adult Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) mosquitoes. Micron 2023; 173:103518. [PMID: 37531794 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT) produces three-dimensional images of samples on a micrometer scale. This technique has several advantages, such as its nondestructive character and low measurement time, compared with other techniques. However, when applied to biological samples of soft tissue, the low attenuation and low effective contrast between structures pose difficulties in creating appropriate images for morphological studies. Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced CT (DICE-CT), which uses iodine solutions to enhance contrast, is a viable alternative for addressing the aforementioned challenges. Given the variety of biological samples, an appropriate methodology must be adapted depending on the dimensions and morphological characteristics of the investigated object. A specimen that has not been morphologically studied by micro-CT and is of high sanitary importance is the adult Aedes aegypti mosquito. This study investigated the stage of iodine staining in the treatment of the A. aegypti mosquito to determine the most suitable staining time for the morphological study of this mosquito in adulthood. After determining the appropriate staining time, we discuss the potential of applying DICE-CT and methodology to mosquito studies. Seven A. aegypti females were treated using fixation steps with Bouin's solution, dehydration in a graded ethanol series, staining with iodine solution (1%), and washing in absolute ethanol. Only the staining step was different between samples. Each mosquito spent a varying amount of time (6-72 h) in the iodine solution (1%). For comparison, one of the mosquitoes was not stained. After treatment, the samples were scanned using the Bruker SkyScan 1172 micro-CT scanner. The reconstructed volumes and histograms were compared to determine the most suitable time. In addition, a quantitative analysis was performed based on a comparison of the attenuation profiles of the mosquito brains. Thereafter, the most suitable treatment process was selected, and two other samples were scanned after applying the selected process. Although fewer than 18 h was insufficient for an effective increase in attenuation and effective contrast, surpassing 24 h proved unnecessary and resulted in saturating the gray tones visualized through the histograms, leading to information loss. Therefore, a time of approximately 24 h was the most suitable staining time for studying adult A. aegypti. It was possible to isolate the organs of the digestive and reproductive systems of the mosquito stained for 24 h. Thus, micro-CT was confirmed to be an excellent technique in studies of individual structures of adult A. aegypti mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Gruener Lima
- Applied Nuclear Physics Research Group, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid/PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Inocente Jussiani
- Applied Nuclear Physics Research Group, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid/PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Avacir Casanova Andrello
- Applied Nuclear Physics Research Group, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid/PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Antonio Cyrino Zequi
- Laboratory of Medical and General Entomology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid/PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edson Kenji Kawabata
- Laboratory of Medical and General Entomology, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid/PR 445 Km 380, 86057-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maayan E, Ariel P, Waseem H, Andrey G, Daniel R, Rachel S. Investigating the etiology of non-carious cervical lesions: Novel µCT analysis. J Dent 2023; 136:104615. [PMID: 37454790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The etiology of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) is not fully understood, limiting treatment and prevention. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of mechanical loading and acid exposure on the cervical tooth region using a random spectrum loading model that simulates the nature of oral mastication. METHODS Thirty extracted human premolars were divided into three experimental groups: 1) unloaded teeth immersed in acid (erosion group: Er), 2) loaded teeth immersed in acid (erosion with spectrum loading group: Er-SL), and 3) loaded teeth immersed in distilled water (spectrum loading group: SL). Random spectrum loading with loads ranging from 100 to 500 N was performed. All teeth were scanned using micro-CT. A novel 3D analysis was developed to evaluate the circumferential cervical tissue loss and regions under tension and compression. For parametric and non-parametric comparisons, one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc tests and Kruskal-Wallis with Bonferroni post-hoc tests were used. RESULTS A significant difference was observed in the circumferential volumetric loss, with the Er-SL exhibiting the greatest volume loss (p < 0.001). Moreover, in the loaded groups (Er-SL and SL), regions subjected to tension showed significantly greater loss (p < 0.001, p = 0.007) compared with regions subjected to compression. CONCLUSIONS The novel high-resolution micro-CT analysis provided new insights into the etiology of NCCLs. The results suggested that the cumulative effect of mechanical loading and acid exposure may play a major role in NCCL formation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study investigates the etiology of NCCLs by examining the combined effects of occlusal loads and acid exposure on cervical tissue loss. Understanding the pathogenesis of NCCLs paves the way for the development of improved preventative measures and treatment strategies to prevent tooth structure degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elnatan Maayan
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Pokhojaev Ariel
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Habashi Waseem
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| | - Garkun Andrey
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
| | - Rittel Daniel
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
| | - Sarig Rachel
- Department of Oral Biology, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Dan David Center for Human Evolution and Biohistory Research, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, POB 39040, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fokin MI, Nikitin VV, Duchkov AA. A hybrid machine-learning approach for analysis of methane hydrate formation dynamics in porous media with synchrotron CT imaging. J Synchrotron Radiat 2023; 30:978-988. [PMID: 37466970 PMCID: PMC10481264 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523005635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Fast multi-phase processes in methane hydrate bearing samples pose a challenge for quantitative micro-computed tomography study and experiment steering due to complex tomographic data analysis involving time-consuming segmentation procedures. This is because of the sample's multi-scale structure, which changes over time, low contrast between solid and fluid materials, and the large amount of data acquired during dynamic processes. Here, a hybrid approach is proposed for the automatic segmentation of tomographic data from time-resolved imaging of methane gas-hydrate formation in sandy granular media, which includes a deep-learning 3D U-Net model. To prepare a training dataset for the 3D U-Net, a technique to automate data labeling based on sample-specific information about the mineral matrix immobility and occasional fluid movement in pores is proposed. Automatic segmentation allowed for studying properties of the hydrate growth in pores, as well as dynamic processes such as incremental flow and redistribution of pore brine. Results of the quantitative analysis showed that for typical gas-hydrate stability parameters (100 bar methane pressure, 7°C temperature) the rate of formation is slow (less than 1% per hour), after which the surface area of contact between brine and gas increases, resulting in faster formation (2.5% per hour). Hydrate growth reaches the saturation point after 11 h of the experiment. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed segmentation scheme in on-the-fly automatic data analysis and experiment steering with zooming to regions of interest is demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail I. Fokin
- Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V. Nikitin
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Anton A. Duchkov
- Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Moraes SS, Söderholm MS, Aguiar TM, Freitas AV, Sihvonen P. Micro-CT imaging in species description: exploring beyond sclerotized structures in lichen moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini). PeerJ 2023; 11:e15505. [PMID: 37465151 PMCID: PMC10351509 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging (micro-CT) is valuable for systematic research since it permits the non-destructive scanning and imaging of internal structures of very rare species and/or type specimens. Additionally, micro-CT allows to view the morphology and the functional anatomy of structures in their natural anatomical position, without deformations that typically occur using classical dissection protocols. In this study we provide the description of two new species of lichen moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Lithosiini) from the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil: Nodozana heliae Moraes sp. nov. from Rio de Janeiro state and Epeiromulona pataxo Moraes & Aguiar sp. nov. from Bahia state. The male and female genitalia as well as the wing morphology were examined by means of non-destructive micro-CT, subsequent 3D model reconstruction, 360 degree spinning animations, 2D images from different angles, and those were compared against classical genitalia dissections from the same specimens. We conclude that techniques complement each other, micro-CT being particularly useful to study wing venation, sclerotized internal structures and muscles, while classical dissection is useful to study membranous structures, particularly in the female genitalia, abdominal skin and specialised scales on the male 8th sternite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeão S. Moraes
- Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Max S. Söderholm
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Pasi Sihvonen
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Patiño JE, Johnson WP, Morales VL. Relating mechanistic fate with spatial positioning for colloid transport in surface heterogeneous porous media. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 641:666-674. [PMID: 36963259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESES The transport behavior of colloids in subsurface porous media is altered by surface chemical and physical heterogeneities. Understanding the mechanisms involved and distribution outcomes is crucial to assess and control groundwater contamination. The multi-scale processes that broaden residence time distribution for particles in the medium are here succinctly described with an upscaling model. Experiments/model: The spatial distribution of silver particles along glass bead-packed columns obtained from X-ray micro-computed tomography and a mechanistic upscaling model were used to study colloid retention across interface-, collector-, pore-, and Darcy-scales. Simulated energy profiles considering variable colloid-grain interactions were used to determine collector efficiencies from particle trajectories via full force-torque balance. Rate coefficients were determined from collector efficiencies to parameterize the advective-dispersive-reactive model that reports breakthrough curves and depth profiles. FINDINGS Our results indicate that: (i) with surface heterogeneity, individual colloid-grain interactions are non-unique and span from repulsive to attractive extremes; (ii) experimentally observed spatial positioning of retention at grain-water interfaces and grain-to-grain contacts is governed respectively by mechanistic attachment to the grain surface and retention without contact at rear-flow stagnation zones, and (iii) experimentally observed non-monotonic retention profiles and heavy-tailed breakthrough curves can be modeled with explicit implementation of heterogeneity at smaller scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis E Patiño
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave 2001, Davis 95616, CA, United States.
| | - William P Johnson
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, 201 Presidents' Cir, Salt Lake City, 84112, UT, United States.
| | - Verónica L Morales
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis, 1 Shields Ave 2001, Davis 95616, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hlobil M, Kumpová I. A collection of three-dimensional datasets of hydrating cement paste. Data Brief 2023; 46:108903. [PMID: 36710915 PMCID: PMC9876826 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.108903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This dataset contains a collection of digitized three-dimensional hardened cement paste microstructures obtained from X-ray micro-computed tomography. Four sets of ordinary Portland cement-based pastes were produced and X-ray screened, varying in the initial water-to-cement ratio (wcr=0.35 and 0.50) and fineness of cement used (391 and 273 m2/kg Blaine). Individual paste samples from each set were screened after 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days of elapsed hydration at 20˚C in saturated conditions. Each digitized paste specimen captures a realistic spatial configuration of the principal microstructural phases (anhydrous cement, hydration products, and large capillary porosity). The dataset may be further used for assessing changes in the mix design on the resultant spatial configuration of the paste microstructure or aid the development of microstructure-inspired micromechanical models based on realistic material configuration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hlobil
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Switzerland,Corresponding author.
| | - Ivana Kumpová
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liao S, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhao C, Ruan YL, Guo X. Exploring the Developmental Progression of Endosperm Cavity Formation in Maize Grain and the Underlying Molecular Basis Using X-Ray Tomography and Genome Wide Association Study. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:847884. [PMID: 35463403 PMCID: PMC9021861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.847884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm cavity (EC) in maize grain reduces yield and causes grain breakage during mechanical harvesting, hence representing a major problem in the maize industry. Despite this, little is known regarding the biological processes governing EC formation. Here, we attempted to address this issue by (i) determining the spatial and temporal progression of EC in a non-invasive manner and (ii) identifying candidate genes that may be linked to the formation of EC by using a genome wide association study (GWAS). Visualization and measurement using X-ray micro-computed tomography established that EC first appeared at the central starch endosperm at about 12 days after pollination (DAP) and became enlarged thereafter. GWAS-based screening of a panel of 299 inbred lines with a wide range of EC size identified nine candidate genes that showed significant association with EC formation. Most of the candidate genes exhibited a decrease at 12 DAP, coinciding with the timing of EC appearance. Among them, ZmMrp11 was annotated as a member encoding a multidrug resistance-associated protein that has been shown in other studies to sequestrate toxic metabolites from the cytosol to the vacuole, thereby detoxifying the cellular environment. This, together with the reduced expression of ZmMrp11 in maize grains from 12 DAP, prompted us to propose that the low expression of ZmMrp11 may block cellular detoxification in the maize endosperm cells, leading to cell death and ultimately the formation of EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengjin Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Plant, Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Watermelon and Melon Improvement Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Improvement, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Plant, Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Plant, Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Plant, Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Plant, Research Center of Information Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lescure V, Gelin M, François M, Arab Pour Yazdi M, Briois P, Demoisson F, Combemale L, Valton S, Caboche G. X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography: A Powerful Device to Analyze the 3D Microstructure of Anode-Electrolyte in BaZr 0.8Y 0.2O 3 Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells and the Reduction Behavior. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12010068. [PMID: 35054594 PMCID: PMC8779603 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New advanced fuel cell technologies are moving towards high-temperature proton conductors (HTPCs) to meet environmental issues. Their elaboration remains a challenge and micro-computed tomography (µCT) is an innovative way to control their quality. NiO-BZY anodic supports of a protonic ceramic electrochemical cell (PCEC), elaborated by co-tape casting and co-sintered at 1350 °C, were coated with a BZY20 electrolyte layer by DC magnetron sputtering. The µCT allowed to observe defects inside the volume of these PCEC half-cells and to show their evolution after an annealing treatment at 1000 °C and reduction under hydrogen. This technique consists in obtaining a 3D reconstruction of all the cross-sectional images of the whole sample, slice by slice. This allows seeing inside the sample at any desired depth. The resolution of 0.35 µm is perfectly adapted to this type of problem considering the thickness of the different layers of the sample and the size of the defects. Defects were detected, and their interpretation was possible thanks to the 3D view, such as the phenomenon of NiO grain enlargement explaining defects in the electrolyte, the effect of NiO reduction, and finally, some anomalies due to the shaping process. Ways to anticipate these defects were then proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoire Lescure
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, FCLAB, ICB-UMR6303, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Savary, BP47870, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France; (V.L.); (M.F.); (F.D.); (L.C.)
- Institut FEMTO-ST, FCLAB, UMR 6174, CNRS, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besançon, France; (M.A.P.Y.); (P.B.)
| | - Morgane Gelin
- RX Solutions SAS, 24 Bis Rue Uranus, ZAC Altaïs, 74650 Chavanod, France; (M.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Mélanie François
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, FCLAB, ICB-UMR6303, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Savary, BP47870, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France; (V.L.); (M.F.); (F.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Mohammad Arab Pour Yazdi
- Institut FEMTO-ST, FCLAB, UMR 6174, CNRS, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besançon, France; (M.A.P.Y.); (P.B.)
| | - Pascal Briois
- Institut FEMTO-ST, FCLAB, UMR 6174, CNRS, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 15B Avenue des Montboucons, 25030 Besançon, France; (M.A.P.Y.); (P.B.)
| | - Frédéric Demoisson
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, FCLAB, ICB-UMR6303, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Savary, BP47870, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France; (V.L.); (M.F.); (F.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Lionel Combemale
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, FCLAB, ICB-UMR6303, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Savary, BP47870, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France; (V.L.); (M.F.); (F.D.); (L.C.)
| | - Solène Valton
- RX Solutions SAS, 24 Bis Rue Uranus, ZAC Altaïs, 74650 Chavanod, France; (M.G.); (S.V.)
| | - Gilles Caboche
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, FCLAB, ICB-UMR6303, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue Savary, BP47870, CEDEX, 21078 Dijon, France; (V.L.); (M.F.); (F.D.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bollmann S, Kleinebudde P. Predictive selection rule of favourable image processing methods for X-ray micro-computed tomography images of tablets. Int J Pharm 2021; 610:121207. [PMID: 34743999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adequately processed X-ray micro-computed tomography images of real pharmaceutical formulations provide the possibility to validate in silico tools for the prediction of disintegration and/or dissolution. However, the evaluation of suitable image processing pathways is time consuming. The objective of this study was to prove the transferability of image processing methods and to develop an approach to select probable favourable image processing approaches for data sets with similar properties to accelerate the evaluation process. Therefore, data from a previously performed evaluation of image processing approaches and parameters were used to analyse the robustness of the image processing by statistical resampling and to develop a predictive rule set. The rule set was verified by both one new ratio of API and excipient within and outside of the ratios used to develop the rule. The rule was applied to images of a binary mixture with new compounds with similar determined image properties to prove the transferability of the rule set. It was possible to identify robust image processing pathways with narrow ranges of input parameters. The prediction of the image processing pathways led to high desirabilities which were confirmed by visual verification for ratios within the calibrated range. The transfer to the new binary mixture was successful and confirmed as well.
Collapse
|
18
|
Okere EE, Arendse E, Nieuwoudt H, Fawole OA, Perold WJ, Opara UL. Non-Invasive Methods for Predicting the Quality of Processed Horticultural Food Products, with Emphasis on Dried Powders, Juices and Oils: A Review. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123061. [PMID: 34945612 PMCID: PMC8701083 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review covers recent developments in the field of non-invasive techniques for the quality assessment of processed horticultural products over the past decade. The concept of quality and various quality characteristics related to evaluating processed horticultural products are detailed. A brief overview of non-invasive methods, including spectroscopic techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance, and hyperspectral imaging techniques, is presented. This review highlights their application to predict quality attributes of different processed horticultural products (e.g., powders, juices, and oils). A concise summary of their potential commercial application for quality assessment, control, and monitoring of processed agricultural products is provided. Finally, we discuss their limitations and highlight other emerging non-invasive techniques applicable for monitoring and evaluating the quality attributes of processed horticultural products. Our findings suggest that infrared spectroscopy (both near and mid) has been the preferred choice for the non-invasive assessment of processed horticultural products, such as juices, oils, and powders, and can be adapted for on-line quality control. Raman spectroscopy has shown potential in the analysis of powdered products. However, imaging techniques, such as hyperspectral imaging and X-ray computed tomography, require improvement on data acquisition, processing times, and reduction in the cost and size of the devices so that they can be adopted for on-line measurements at processing facilities. Overall, this review suggests that non-invasive techniques have the potential for industrial application and can be used for quality assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ekene Okere
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (E.E.O.); (E.A.)
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Ebrahiema Arendse
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (E.E.O.); (E.A.)
| | - Helene Nieuwoudt
- Department Viticulture and Oenology, Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Olaniyi Amos Fawole
- Postharvest Research Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa;
| | - Willem Jacobus Perold
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa;
| | - Umezuruike Linus Opara
- SARChI Postharvest Technology Research Laboratory, Africa Institute for Postharvest Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; (E.E.O.); (E.A.)
- UNESCO International Centre for Biotechnology, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xiao H, Piovesan A, Pols S, Verboven P, Nicolaï B. Microstructural changes enhance oxygen transport in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit during maturation and ripening. New Phytol 2021; 232:2043-2056. [PMID: 34480758 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climacteric ripening of tomato fruit is initiated by a characteristic surge of the production rate of ethylene, accompanied by an increase in respiration rate. As both activities consume O2 and produce CO2 , gas concentration gradients develop in the fruit that cause diffusive transport. This may, in turn, affect respiration and ethylene biosynthesis. Gas diffusion in fruit depends on the amount and connectivity of cells and intercellular spaces in 3D. We investigated micromorphological changes in different tomato tissues during development and ripening by visualizing cells and pores based on high-resolution micro-computed tomography, and computed effective O2 diffusivity coefficients based on microstructural features of the tissues. We demonstrated that mesocarp and septa tissues have larger cells but small and more disconnected pores than the placenta and columella, resulting in relatively lower effective O2 diffusivity coefficients. Cell disintegration occurred in the mesocarp and septa during ripening, indicating lysigenous air pore formation and resulting in a gradual increase of the effective O2 diffusivity. The results suggest that hypoxic conditions caused by the increasing size and, hence, diffusion resistance of the growing fruit may induce an increase of tissue porosity that results in a greatly enhanced O2 diffusivity and, thus, helps to alleviate them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xiao
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Agnese Piovesan
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Suzane Pols
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bart Nicolaï
- BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hindhaugh R, Bosch M, Donnison IS. Mechanical stimulation in wheat triggers age- and dose-dependent alterations in growth, development and grain characteristics. Ann Bot 2021; 128:589-603. [PMID: 34091667 PMCID: PMC8422892 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Wheat crops are exposed to a range of mechanical stimulations in their natural environment, yet we know very little about their response to such conditions. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of mechanical stimulation on wheat growth and development, stem mechanical properties and grain measures. We focused on the following questions: (1) Does plant age affect the response to mechanical stimulation? (2) Is there a minimum threshold for the perception of mechanical stimuli? (3) Is the effect of manual brushing different to natural wind stimulation? METHODS For age- and dose-response experiments, wheat plants were grown under controlled glasshouse conditions with brushing treatments applied using a purpose-built rig. The results of the controlled experiments are compared with those from an outside experiment where wheat plants were exposed to natural wind, with or without additional brushing. Detailed phenotypic measurements were conducted and treatment effects on grain characteristics were determined using micro-computed tomography imaging. KEY RESULTS Two-week-old wheat plants were particularly sensitive to mechanical stimulation by controlled brushing treatments. Amongst others, plants exhibited a large reduction in height and grain yield, and an increase in tillers, above-ground biomass and stiffness of stem segments. Plants responded significantly to doses as small as one daily brushstroke. Outdoor experiments by and large confirmed results from controlled environment experiments. CONCLUSIONS The morphological and developmental response to mechanical brushing treatment, in relation to vegetative above-ground biomass and grain yield, is dependent on plant age as well as the dose of the treatments. This study shows that mechanical stimulation of wheat impacts on a multitude of agriculturally relevant traits and provides a much needed advancement of our understanding of wheat thigmomorphogenesis and the potential applications of mechanical conditioning to control relevant traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Hindhaugh
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| | - Iain S Donnison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, UK
- For correspondence. E-mail or
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meyer V, Cairns T, Barthel L, King R, Kunz P, Schmideder S, Müller H, Briesen H, Dinius A, Krull R. Understanding and controlling filamentous growth of fungal cell factories: novel tools and opportunities for targeted morphology engineering. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2021; 8:8. [PMID: 34425914 PMCID: PMC8383395 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-021-00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungal cell factories are efficient producers of platform chemicals, proteins, enzymes and natural products. Stirred-tank bioreactors up to a scale of several hundred m³ are commonly used for their cultivation. Fungal hyphae self-assemble into various cellular macromorphologies ranging from dispersed mycelia, loose clumps, to compact pellets. Development of these macromorphologies is so far unpredictable but strongly impacts productivities of fungal bioprocesses. Depending on the strain and the desired product, the morphological forms vary, but no strain- or product-related correlations currently exist to improve
process understanding of fungal production systems. However, novel genomic, genetic, metabolic, imaging and modelling tools have recently been established that will provide fundamental new insights into filamentous fungal growth and how it is balanced with product formation. In this primer, these tools will be highlighted and their revolutionary impact on rational morphology engineering and bioprocess control will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Timothy Cairns
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Barthel
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudibert King
- Chair of Measurement and Control, Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Kunz
- Chair of Measurement and Control, Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmideder
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor- Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Henri Müller
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor- Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Heiko Briesen
- Chair of Process Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor- Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Anna Dinius
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Rainer Krull
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Brunswick, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Str. 35a, 38106, Brunswick, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tse Ve Koon K, Grenier D, Taborik F, Perrier AL, Mahieu-Williame L, Magnier L, Chuzel T, Contamin H, Chereul E, Beuf O. Comparison of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and micro-computed tomography arthrography for in-vivo assessment of cartilage in non-human primate models. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2021; 11:3431-3447. [PMID: 34341721 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Non-human primate (NHP) could be an interesting model for osteoarthritis (OA) longitudinal studies but standard medical imaging protocols are not able to acquire sufficiently high-resolution images to depict the thinner cartilage (compared to human) in an in vivo context. The aim of this study was thus to develop and validate the acquisition protocols for knee joint examination of NHP using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 1.5 T and X-ray micro-computed tomography arthrography (µCTA). Methods The first phase of the study focused on developing dedicated in vivo HR-MRI and µCTA protocols for simultaneous acquisitions of both knee joints on NHP. For MR, a dedicated two-channel receiver array coil and acquisition sequence were developed on a 1.5 T Siemens Sonata system and tuned to respect safety issues and reasonable examination time. For µCTA, an experimental setup was devised so as to fulfill similar requirements. The two imaging protocols were used during a longitudinal study so as to confirm that repeated injections of loxaglic acid (contrast agent used for µCTA) didn't induce any bias in cartilage assessment and to compare segmentation results from the two modalities. Lateral and medial cartilage tibial plateaus were assessed using a common image processing protocol leading to a 3D estimation of the cartilage thickness. Results From HR-MRI and µCTA images, thickness distributions were extracted allowing for proper evaluation of knee cartilage thickness of the primates. Results obtained in vivo indicated that the µCTA protocol did not induce any bias in the measured cartilage parameters and moreover, segmentation results obtained from the two imaging modalities were consistent. Conclusions MR and µCTA are valuable imaging tools for the morphological evaluation of cartilage in NHP models which in turn can be used for OA studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tse Ve Koon
- Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1294, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Grenier
- Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1294, Lyon, France
| | | | - Anne-Laure Perrier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LOCIE, Chambéry, France
| | - Laurent Mahieu-Williame
- Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1294, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Beuf
- Univ. Lyon, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UJM-Saint Etienne, CNRS, Inserm, CREATIS UMR 5220, U1294, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yamamoto E, Takeda Y, Ando D, Koide T, Amano Y, Miyazaki S, Miyazaki T, Izutsu KI, Kanazawa H, Goda Y. Discrimination of ranitidine hydrochloride crystals using X-ray micro-computed tomography for the evaluation of three-dimensional spatial distribution in solid dosage forms. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120834. [PMID: 34192587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A non-destructive discrimination method for crystals in solid dosage drug forms was first developed using a combination of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-ray CT). Identification of the crystal form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at the appropriate pharmaceutical dosage is crucial, as the crystal form is a determinant of the quality and performance of the final formulation. To develop a non-destructive analytical methodology for the discrimination of solid API crystals in a solid dosage form, we utilized a combination of Raman spectroscopy and X-ray CT to differentiate between ranitidine crystal polymorphs (forms 1 and 2) in tablet formulations containing three excipients. The difference in electron density correlated with the true density between ranitidine polymorphs, thereby enabling the discrimination of crystal forms and visualization of their three-dimensional spatial localization inside the tablets through X-ray CT imaging. Furthermore, X-ray CT imaging revealed that the crystal particles were of varying densities, sizes, and shapes within the same batch. These findings suggest that X-ray CT is not only an imaging tool but also a unique method for quantitative physicochemical characterization to study crystal polymorphs and solid dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Yamamoto
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Takeda
- Core Technology Research Department, X-ray Research Laboratory, Rigaku Corporation, 3-9-12, Matsubara-cho, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8666, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ando
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Koide
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yuta Amano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Tamaki Miyazaki
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Izutsu
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Courtois P, Rorat A, Lemiere S, Levard C, Chaurand P, Grobelak A, Lors C, Vandenbulcke F. Accumulation, speciation and localization of silver nanoparticles in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:3756-3765. [PMID: 32270459 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in agriculture and many consumer products has led to a significant release of Ag in the environment. Although Ag toxicity in terrestrial organisms has been studied extensively, very little is known about the accumulation capacity and coping mechanisms of organisms in Ag-contaminated soil. In this context, we exposed Eisenia fetida earthworms to artificial OECD soil spiked with a range of concentrations of Ag (AgNPs or AgNO3). The main aims were to (1) identify the location and form of accumulation of Ag in the exposed earthworms and (2) better understand the physiological mechanisms involved in Ag detoxification. The results showed that similar doses of AgNPs or AgNO3 did not have the same effect on E. fetida survival. The two forms of Ag added to soil exhibited substantial differences in speciation at the end of exposure, but the Ag speciation and content of Ag in earthworms were similar, suggesting that biotransformation of Ag occurred. Finally, 3D images of intact earthworms obtained by X-ray micro-computed tomography revealed that Ag accumulated preferentially in the chloragogen tissue, coelomocytes, and nephridial epithelium. Thus, E. fetida bioaccumulates Ag, but a regulation mechanism limits its impact in a very efficient manner. The location of Ag in the organism, the competition between Ag and Cu, and the speciation of internal Ag suggest a link between Ag and the thiol-rich proteins that are widely present in these tissues, most probably metallothioneins, which are key proteins in the sequestration and detoxification of metals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Courtois
- Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Agnieszka Rorat
- Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Lemiere
- Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Clément Levard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Perrine Chaurand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, Czestochowa, Poland
| | - Christine Lors
- Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Franck Vandenbulcke
- Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, ULR 4515, - LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fang L, Yan Y, Agarwal O, Yao S, Seppala JE, Kang SH. Effects of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on the Geometry and Strength of Polycarbonate Specimens Prepared by Fused Filament Fabrication. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13194414. [PMID: 33022988 PMCID: PMC7579282 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is widely known that the printing quality of fused filament fabrication (FFF) is heavily affected by environmental temperature and humidity, taking the form of warping and porosity. However, there is little understanding about the quantitative relations between environmental conditions, geometry, and the mechanical properties of printed parts. In this study, we systematically investigated those relations using bisphenol A polycarbonate as a model material system. For the environmental temperature, an in-situ infrared imaging analysis revealed the presence of an up to 5.4 °C/mm thermal gradient when printing using an open-chamber printer and a heated build plate. For the environmental humidity, an analysis of X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans showed an up to 11.7% porosity that was brought by polymer water content absorbed from environmental moisture. Meanwhile, tensile tests showed a mechanical performance loss associated with those defects, but, surprisingly, the transverse direction ductility had the potential to increase at a higher porosity. Furthermore, the experimental results were combined with analytical and parametrical studies to elucidate quantitative relations between environmental conditions and printing quality. Based on the results, quantitative guidelines for the estimation of printing quality based on environmental conditions are provided that would also help users to obtain desired printing results with a better understanding of the effects of environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (L.F.); (Y.Y.); (O.A.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yishu Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (L.F.); (Y.Y.); (O.A.); (S.Y.)
| | - Ojaswi Agarwal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (L.F.); (Y.Y.); (O.A.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shengyu Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (L.F.); (Y.Y.); (O.A.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jonathan E. Seppala
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Correspondence: (J.E.S.); (S.H.K.)
| | - Sung Hoon Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; (L.F.); (Y.Y.); (O.A.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (J.E.S.); (S.H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marr N, Hopkinson M, Hibbert AP, Pitsillides AA, Thorpe CT. Bimodal Whole-Mount Imaging of Tendon Using Confocal Microscopy and X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography. Biol Proced Online 2020; 22:13. [PMID: 32624710 PMCID: PMC7329428 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional imaging modalities for optically dense connective tissues such as tendons are limited and typically have a single imaging methodological endpoint. Here, we have developed a bimodal procedure utilising fluorescence-based confocal microscopy and x-ray micro-computed tomography for the imaging of adult tendons to visualise and analyse extracellular sub-structure and cellular composition in small and large animal species. Results Using fluorescent immunolabelling and optical clearing, we visualised the expression of the novel cross-species marker of tendon basement membrane, laminin-α4 in 3D throughout whole rat Achilles tendons and equine superficial digital flexor tendon 5 mm segments. This revealed a complex network of laminin-α4 within the tendon core that predominantly localises to the interfascicular matrix compartment. Furthermore, we implemented a chemical drying process capable of creating contrast densities enabling visualisation and quantification of both fascicular and interfascicular matrix volume and thickness by x-ray micro-computed tomography. We also demonstrated that both modalities can be combined using reverse clarification of fluorescently labelled tissues prior to chemical drying to enable bimodal imaging of a single sample. Conclusions Whole-mount imaging of tendon allowed us to identify the presence of an extensive network of laminin-α4 within tendon, the complexity of which cannot be appreciated using traditional 2D imaging techniques. Creating contrast for x-ray micro-computed tomography imaging of tendon using chemical drying is not only simple and rapid, but also markedly improves on previously published methods. Combining these methods provides the ability to gain spatio-temporal information and quantify tendon substructures to elucidate the relationship between morphology and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Marr
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Mark Hopkinson
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Andrew P Hibbert
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Robson Brown K, Bacheva D, Trask RS. The structural efficiency of the sea sponge Euplectella aspergillum skeleton: bio-inspiration for 3D printed architectures. J R Soc Interface 2020; 16:20180965. [PMID: 31064257 PMCID: PMC6544886 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In Nature, despite the diversity of materials, patterns and structural designs, the majority of biomineralized systems share a common feature: the incorporation of multiple sets of discrete elements across different length scales. This paper is the first to assess whether the design features observed in the hexactinellid sea sponge Euplectella aspergillum can be transferred and implemented for the development of new structurally efficient engineering architectures manufactured by three-dimensional (3D) additive manufacturing (AM). We present an investigation into the design and survival strategies found in the biological system and evaluate their translation into a scaled engineering analogue assessed experimentally and through finite-element (FE) simulations. Discrete sections of the skeletal lattice were evaluated and tested in an in situ compression fixture using micro-computed tomography (μCT). This methodology permitted the characterization of the hierarchical organization of the siliceous skeleton; a multi-layered arrangement with a fusion between struts to improve the local energy-absorbing capabilities. It was observed that the irregular overlapping architecture of spicule–nodal point sub-structure offers unique improvements in the global strength and stiffness of the structure. The 3D data arising from the μCT of the skeleton were used to create accurate FE models and replication through 3D AM. The printed struts in the engineering analogue were homogeneous, comprising bonded ceramic granular particles (10–100 µm) with an outer epoxy infused shell. In these specimens, the compressive response of the sample was expected to be dynamic and catastrophic, but while the specimens showed a similar initiation and propagation failure pattern to E. aspergillum, the macroscopic deformation behaviour was altered from the expected predominantly brittle behaviour to a more damage tolerant quasi-brittle failure mode. In addition, the FE simulation of the printed construct predicted the same global failure response (initiation location and propagation directionality) as observed in E. aspergillum. The ability to mimic directly the complex material construction and design features in E. aspergillum is currently beyond the latest advances in AM. However, while acknowledging the material-dominated limitations, the results presented here highlight the considerable potential of direct mimicry of biomineralized lattice architectures as future light-weight damage tolerant composite structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Robson Brown
- 1 CT Imaging Laboratory, University of Bristol , 43 Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UU , UK.,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol , University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR , UK
| | - D Bacheva
- 4 Hieta Technologies , Bristol and Bath Science Park, Bristol BS16 7FR , UK
| | - R S Trask
- 3 Department of Aerospace Engineering, Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science, University of Bristol , University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TR , UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Koddenberg T, Zauner M, Militz H. Three-Dimensional Exploration of Soft-Rot Decayed Conifer and Angiosperm Wood by X-Ray Micro-Computed Tomography. Micron 2020; 134:102875. [PMID: 32362582 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2020.102875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
X-ray micro-computed tomography (XμCT) was used to explore the decomposed structure of conifer and angiosperm wood after colonization by soft-rot fungi. The visualization of degradation features of soft-rot decay was challenging to achieve through XμCT. Difficulties in visualization emerged due to a decreased grayscale contrast (i.e. X-ray density) of the degraded wood. Nevertheless, we were able to image fungal-induced cell deformations in earlywood and cavities in the thick wall of latewood cells in three-dimensions (3D). Unlike the organic wood material, the higher X-ray density of inorganic deposits, identified as mainly calcium-based particles by energy-dispersive spectroscopy, allowed a facilitated 3D survey. The visualization of inorganic particles in 3D revealed a localized distribution in certain cells in conifer and angiosperm found mostly in earlywood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Koddenberg
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michaela Zauner
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Holger Militz
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mohd Ariffin S, Dalzell O, Hardiman R, Manton DJ, Parashos P, Rajan S. Root canal morphology of primary maxillary second molars: a micro-computed tomography analysis. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2020; 21:519-25. [PMID: 32100200 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-020-00515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Successful endodontic treatment of primary teeth requires comprehensive knowledge and understanding of root canal morphology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the root canal configurations of primary maxillary second molars using micro-computed tomography. METHODS Extracted human primary maxillary second molars (n = 57) were scanned using micro-computed tomography and reconstructed to produce three-dimensional models. Each root canal system was analysed qualitatively according to Vertucci's classification. RESULTS 22.8% (n = 13) of the sample presented with the fusion of the disto-buccal and palatal roots; of these, Type V was the most prevalent classification. For teeth with three separate roots (n = 44), the most common root canal type was Type 1 for the palatal canal (100%) and disto-buccal canal (77.3%) and Type V for the mesio-buccal canal (36.4%). Overall, 7% (n = 4) of mesio-buccal canals were 'unclassifiable'. CONCLUSION The root canal systems of primary maxillary second molars were not only complex but had a range of configurations that may contribute to unfavourable clinical outcomes after endodontic treatment.
Collapse
|
30
|
Izutsu KI, Abe Y, Yomota C, Yoshida H. Morphological Analysis of Spherical Adsorptive Carbon Granules Using Three-Dimensional X-Ray Micro-computed Tomography. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2020; 68:179-180. [PMID: 32009086 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c19-00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to clarify applicability of three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography (3D X-ray micro-CT) to elucidate interior morphology of spherical adsorptive carbon fine granules. Scanning of small single spherical granule hold on the rotating sample stage provided the structural information without particular preparation (e.g., slicing) that can affect the definite morphology. The three model formulations with similar appearance showed different internal structure in the 3D images, including large hollow in one of them. Other formulations showed some small empty or higher density area in the filled granules, suggesting uneven distribution of carbon. The results indicated relevance of the X-ray micro-CT analysis on the physical characterization of the spherical adsorptive carbon granule formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Abe
- Division of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tongpob Y, Xia S, Wyrwoll C, Mehnert A. Quantitative characterization of rodent feto-placental vasculature morphology in micro-computed tomography images. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2019; 179:104984. [PMID: 31443859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.104984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Optimal development of placental vasculature is critical for fetal growth and health outcomes. Many studies characterizing the vascular structure of the fetal side of the placenta have utilized a range of two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) imaging techniques including X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) following perfusion of the vasculature with a radio-opaque compound. The CT approach has been used to study feto-placental vasculature in rodents and humans. Its inherent advantage is that it reveals the 3D structure in high resolution without destroying the sample. This permits both multiple scanning of the sample and follow-up histological investigations in the same sample. Nevertheless, the applicability of the approach is hampered both by the challenging segmentation of the vasculature and a lack of straightforward methodology to quantitate the feto-placental vascular network. This paper addresses these challenges. METHODS An end-to-end methodology is presented for automatically segmenting the vasculature; obtaining a Strahler-ordered rooted-tree representation and extracting quantitative features from its nodes, segments and branches (including volume, length, tortuosity and branching angles). The methodology is demonstrated for rat and mouse placentas at the end of gestation (day 22 and day 18, respectively), perfused with Microfil® and imaged using two different micro-CT scanners. RESULTS The 3D visualizations of the resulting vascular trees clearly demonstrate differences between the branching complexity, tree span and tree depth of the mouse and rat placentas. The quantitative characterizations of these trees include not only the fundamental features that have been utilized in other studies of feto-placental vasculature but also several additional features. Boxplots of several of these-tortuosity, number of side branches, number of offspring per branch and branch volume-computed at each Strahler order are presented and interpreted. Differences and similarities between the mouse and rat casts are readily detected. CONCLUSION The proposed end-to-end methodology, and the implementation presented using a combination of Amira and Matlab, offers researchers in the field of placental vasculature characterization a straightforward and objective approach for quantifying micro-CT vascular datasets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutthapong Tongpob
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, 99 Moo 9, Tapo, Muang, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand.
| | - Shushan Xia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 306, N Wright St, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Caitlin Wyrwoll
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Andrew Mehnert
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; National Imaging Facility, Western Australian Node, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Radtke J, Wiedey R, Kleinebudde P. Effect of coating time on inter- and intra-tablet coating uniformity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104970. [PMID: 31247297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Film tablets are a common oral dosage from. For many of the functions film layers can have on pharmaceutical tablets, a high degree of coating uniformity is required. In studies on coating uniformity the coefficient of variation is commonly used as a marker. Previous studies regarding the trend were mostly extrapolations from simulations of short coating times. Based on these it was stated that the inter tablet coefficient of variation decreases proportionally to one over the square root of coating time and hence diverge asymptotically towards zero. Extrapolations of experimental data suggested however a decrease converging to a residual value. Based on these results it can be hypothesized that the coefficient of variation decreases proportionally to one over time towards a residual value. Regarding intra-tablet coating homogeneity, no data on time dependency has been published so far. In this study, three long time coating experiments were performed to test the described hypotheses. The inter-tablet uniformity was derived gravimetrically, while the intra-tablet data was derived using micro-computed tomography and confocal chromatic thickness determination. Towards the end of the coating experiments, a non-zero plateau of inter-tablet uniformity was reached. Furthermore, the data showed non-random deviations from the hypothesized one-over-square-root-of-time-model. The data for intra-tablet uniformity showed a non-linear decrease as well, but did not allow falsification of either hypothesis. It was additionally found that the cap-to-band ratio was below one at short coating times and increased to values above 1 during the process, which implies that existing declarations from literature might be limited to certain process durations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Radtke
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Raphael Wiedey
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Drol CJ, Kennedy EB, Hsiung BK, Swift NB, Tan KT. Bioinspirational understanding of flexural performance in hedgehog spines. Acta Biomater 2019; 94:553-564. [PMID: 31129360 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this research, the flexural performance of hedgehog spines is investigated in four ways. First, X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) is employed to analyze the complex internal architecture of hedgehog spines. μCT images reveal distinct structural morphology, characterized by longitudinal stringers and transverse central plates, which enhance flexural performance. Second, computer-aided design (CAD) is utilized to create and produce different three-dimensional (3D) computational models that gradually approach resemblance to hedgehog spines. Various levels of models are constructed by including and excluding key internal features of hedgehog spines, resulting in the formation of model levels from the simplest to the most realistic form. Third, finite element analysis (FEA) is exploited to simulate flexural behavior of hedgehog spines undergoing three-point bending. FEA results aim to identify and elucidate how internal structural features affect flexural stiffness and bending stress contours. Fourth, flexural analytical modeling is performed to calculate flexural shear flow and twist angle during transverse loading. The effects of the number of hedgehog outer cells, the spine wall thickness ratio and radius ratio are theoretically investigated to predict the shear stress and twist angle of the hedgehog spine structure. Results demonstrate that longitudinal stringers of the hedgehog spine significantly increase the overall flexural stiffness, while the transverse central plates provide support and rigidity to prevent spines from buckling and collapsing. Interestingly, the 3D model level that most realistically resembles the actual hedgehog spine is evidenced to have the highest specific bending stiffness, demonstrating nature's most efficient design. The findings of this study may be useful for developing hedgehog-inspired lightweight, high-stiffness, impact-tolerant structures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This research has given much needed insight on the inner morphology of hedgehog spines and the structure-property relationship to the spine's flexural performance. X-ray μCT images reveal inner structural morphology, characterized by longitudinal stringers and transverse plates. Finite element analysis shows that longitudinal stringers significantly increase flexural stiffness, while the transverse plates provide support and rigidity to prevent buckling. The model that resembles the actual hedgehog spine is evidenced to have the highest specific bending stiffness, demonstrating nature's most efficient design. Analytical model studies influence on cell number, spine geometrical ratios, and further confirms nature's perfect design with lowest flexural shear flow and twist angle during transverse loading. This work paths future design for hedgehog-inspired lightweight, high-stiffness, impact-tolerant structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Drol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Emily B Kennedy
- Department of Biology, Integrated Bioscience PhD Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Bor-Kai Hsiung
- Department of Biology, Integrated Bioscience PhD Program, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Nathan B Swift
- Department of Physics, Science Technology Entrepreneurship Master's Program, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kwek-Tze Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Koddenberg T, Wentzel M, Militz H. Volumetric estimate of bordered pits in Pinus sylvestris based on X-ray tomography and light microscopy imaging. Micron 2019; 124:102704. [PMID: 31344654 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bordered pits are a major determinant for the hydraulic function of wood tissues. Unlike microscopic imaging (e.g. light and electron microscopy) that is constrained to two-dimensional (2D) information, X-ray micro-computed tomography (XμCT) contributes to three-dimensional (3D) analysis. This advantage was used to estimate the volume of bordered pits in Pinus sylvestris. The 3D data obtained by XμCT were compared with two mathematical models (ellipsoid model and spherical cap model) using 2D data obtained by transmission light microscopy and XμCT. The findings of this study showed that the volume approximation using the ellipsoid model revealed values close to the volumes, which were three-dimensionally obtained by XμCT. This trend, however, is more pronounced for pits in earlywood than in latewood. Nevertheless, this study demonstrated that microscopic images can also be used for the approximation of pit volumes to some extent. Researchers should be aware of limitations that come with the 3D method (e.g. resolution, image analysis) and 2D method (unknown location of the section in the pit) as well as the natural variation of the pit morphology.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cloete KJ, Šmit Ž, Minnis-Ndimba R, Vavpetič P, du Plessis A, le Roux SG, Pelicon P. Physico-elemental analysis of roasted organic coffee beans from Ethiopia, Colombia, Honduras, and Mexico using X-ray micro-computed tomography and external beam particle induced X-ray emission. Food Chem X 2019; 2:100032. [PMID: 31432016 PMCID: PMC6694858 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2019.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The physico-elemental profiles of commercially attained and roasted organic coffee beans from Ethiopia, Colombia, Honduras, and Mexico were compared using light microscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography, and external beam particle induced X-ray emission. External beam PIXE analysis detected P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, and Sr in samples. Linear discriminant analysis showed that there was no strong association between elemental data and production region, whilst a heatmap combined with hierarchical clustering showed that soil-plant physico-chemical properties may influence regional elemental signatures. Physical trait data showed that Mexican coffee beans weighed significantly more than beans from other regions, whilst Honduras beans had the highest width. X-ray micro-computed tomography qualitative data showed heterogeneous microstructural features within and between beans representing different regions. In conclusion, such multi-dimensional analysis may present a promising tool in assessing the nutritional content and qualitative characteristics of food products such as coffee.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Cloete
- iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences, National Research Foundation, PO Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa
| | - Žiga Šmit
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska ulica, 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Roya Minnis-Ndimba
- iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences, National Research Foundation, PO Box 722, Somerset West 7129, South Africa
| | - Primož Vavpetič
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anton du Plessis
- CT Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Stephan G. le Roux
- CT Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Primož Pelicon
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nowak T, Karolak A, Sobótka M, Wyjadłowski M. Assessment of the Condition of Wharf Timber Sheet Wall Material by Means of Selected Non-Destructive Methods. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E1532. [PMID: 31083319 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the condition of wood coming from a wharf timber sheet wall after 70 years of service in a (sea) water environment. Samples taken from the structure’s different zones, i.e., the zone impacted by waves and characterised by variable water-air conditions, the zone immersed in water and the zone embedded in the ground, were subjected to non-destructive or semi-destructive tests. Also, the basic parameters of the material, such as its density and moisture content, were determined. Moreover, the ultrasonic, stress wave and drilling resistance methods were used. Then, an X-ray microtomographic analysis was carried out. The results provided information about the structure of the material on the micro and macroscale, and the condition of the material was assessed on their basis. Also, correlations between the particular parameters were determined. Moreover, the methods themselves were evaluated with regard to their usefulness for the in situ testing of timber and to estimate, on this basis, the mechanical parameters needed for the static load analysis of the whole structure.
Collapse
|
37
|
Gomila R, Arancibia G, Mery D, Nehler M, Bracke R, Morata D. Palaeopermeability anisotropy and geometrical properties of sealed-microfractures from micro-CT analyses: An open-source implementation. Micron 2018; 117:29-39. [PMID: 30458300 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fault zone permeability and the real 3D-spatial distribution of the fault-related fracture networks are critical in the assessment of fault zones behavior for fluids. The study of the real 3D-spatial distribution of the microfracture network, using X-ray micro-computed tomography, is a crucial factor to unravel the real structural permeability conditions of a fault-zone. Despite the availability of several commercial software for rock properties estimation from X-ray micro-computed tomography scanning, their high cost and lack of programmability encourage the use of open-source data treatment. This work presents the implementation of a methodology flow for the quantification of both structural and geometrical parameters (fractures density, fractures aperture, fractures porosity, and fractures surface area), and the modeling of palaeopermeability of fault-related fractured samples, with focus in the proper spatial orientation of both the sample and the results. This is performed with an easy to follow step-by-step implementation, by a combination of open-source software, newly implemented codes, and numerical methods. This approach keeps track of the sample's spatial orientation from the physical to the virtual world, thus assessing any fault-related palaeopermeability anisotropy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gomila
- Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotécnica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA, FONDAP-CONICYT), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Gloria Arancibia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Estructural y Geotécnica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA, FONDAP-CONICYT), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados (CIEN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Domingo Mery
- Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA, FONDAP-CONICYT), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias de la Computación, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rolf Bracke
- International Geothermal Centre (GZB), Bochum, Germany
| | - Diego Morata
- Andean Geothermal Center of Excellence (CEGA, FONDAP-CONICYT), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Koddenberg T, Krause KC, Krause A. Tomographic analysis of siliceous particulates in Australian turpentine wood (Syncarpia glomulifera) through X-ray micro-computed tomography. Micron 2018; 117:22-28. [PMID: 30447491 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
X-ray micro-computed tomography (XμCT) allows a non-destructive and three-dimensional (3D) study of otherwise complex and opaque wood tissues. In wood research, XμCT datasets are highly useful for the qualitative and quantitative examination of wood structures. In this study, XμCT was introduced and tested for examining X-ray dense silica particles in the Australian turpentine wood (Syncarpia glomulifera). It was possible to three-dimensionally visualize and numerically quantify silica particles. Numerical analysis was performed to scrutinize the size and content of silica particles. In comparative studies of silica size through scanning electron microscopy and silica content through thermo-gravimetric analysis after acid digestion of ash, our findings pointed out that XμCT is indeed a powerful tool for examining silica particles in wood; because XμCT enables a simultaneous visualization and quantification of the silica particles in 3D without being destructive. Despite these benefits, comparative examination through scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is necessary to verify silica particles in tomographic images. XμCT technology might further aid in probing the biological and ecological function of silica in silica-bearing wood species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Koddenberg
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kim Christian Krause
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Krause
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; Centre of Wood Science and Technology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wiedey R, Šibanc R, Wilms A, Kleinebudde P. How relevant is ribbon homogeneity in roll compaction/dry granulation and can it be influenced? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 133:232-239. [PMID: 30385418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A homogeneous distribution of solid fraction in ribbons is generally assumed to be beneficial during roll compaction/dry granulation. Numerous attempts have been made to increase this homogeneity by modification of the machine, i.e. the roll design and the design of the feeding unit. It has however not been critically tested how relevant this homogeneity really is during subsequent processing. This study investigated two resulting questions: How can process parameters used to increase homogeneity in ribbons and how relevant is this homogeneity for properties of resulting tablets? For that, a statistically designed experiment were performed and ribbon homogeneity analyzed using X-ray micro-computed tomography. Independent from the sealing system used during manufacturing, larger gap widths led to higher homogeneity. The effect of specific compaction force was strongly dependent on the sealing system. When using the cheek plate system, higher specific compaction forces decreased the ribbon homogeneity, while it had no influence when rim rolls were used. In a subsequent study, ribbons of different homogeneity were milled and the resulting granules compressed to tablets. Tablets from homogeneous and inhomogeneous ribbons showed comparable strength and tablet mass variability. Reduced tabletability from highly densified regions of inhomogeneous ribbons was compensated by higher amounts of fines which originate from the more porous regions of ribbons. It was concluded that the relevance of ribbon homogeneity in roll compaction might generally be overestimated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Wiedey
- Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rok Šibanc
- Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Annika Wilms
- Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; INVITE GmbH, Otto-Bayer-Straße 32, 51061 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Kleinebudde
- Heinrich Heine University, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Koddenberg T, Militz H. Morphological imaging and quantification of axial xylem tissue in Fraxinus excelsior L. through X-ray micro-computed tomography. Micron 2018; 111:28-35. [PMID: 29857175 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The popularity of X-ray based imaging methods has continued to increase in research domains. In wood research, X-ray micro-computed tomography (XμCT) is useful for structural studies examining the three-dimensional and complex xylem tissue of trees qualitatively and quantitatively. In this study, XμCT made it possible to visualize and quantify the spatial xylem organization of the angiosperm species Fraxinus excelsior L. on the microscopic level. Through image analysis, it was possible to determine morphological characteristics of the cellular axial tissue (vessel elements, fibers, and axial parenchyma cells) three-dimensionally. X-ray imaging at high resolutions provides very distinct visual insight into the xylem structure. Numerical analyses performed through semi-automatic procedures made it possible to quickly quantify cell characteristics (length, diameter, and volume of cells). Use of various spatial resolutions (0.87-5 μm) revealed boundaries users should be aware of. Nevertheless, our findings, both qualitative and quantitative, demonstrate XμCT to be a valuable tool for studying the spatial cell morphology of F. excelsior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Koddenberg
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Holger Militz
- Wood Biology and Wood Products, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Physical, chemical and mechanical pore-scale (i.e. micrometer-scale) mechanisms in rock are of key importance in many, if not all, subsurface processes. These processes are highly relevant in various applications, e.g. hydrocarbon recovery, CO2 geo-sequestration, geophysical exploration, water production, geothermal energy production, or the prediction of the location of valuable hydrothermal deposits. Typical examples are multi-phase flow (e.g. oil and water) displacements driven by buoyancy, viscous or capillary forces, mineral-fluid interactions (e.g. mineral dissolution and/or precipitation over geological times), geo-mechanical rock behaviour (e.g. rock compaction during diagenesis) or fines migration during water production, which can dramatically reduce reservoir permeability (and thus reservoir performance). All above examples are 3D processes, and 2D experiments (as traditionally done for micro-scale investigations) will thus only provide qualitative information; for instance the percolation threshold is much lower in 3D than in 2D. However, with the advent of x-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) - which is now routinely used - this limitation has been overcome, and such pore-scale processes can be observed in 3D at micrometer-scale. A serious complication is, however, the fact that in the subsurface high pressures and elevated temperatures (HPET) prevail, due to the hydrostatic and geothermal gradients imposed upon it. Such HPET-reservoir conditions significantly change the above mentioned physical and chemical processes, e.g. gas density is much higher at high pressure, which strongly affects buoyancy and wettability and thus gas distributions in the subsurface; or chemical reactions are significantly accelerated at increased temperature, strongly affecting fluid-rock interactions and thus diagenesis and deposition of valuable minerals. It is thus necessary to apply HPET conditions to the aforementioned μCT experiments, to be able to mimic subsurface conditions in a realistic way, and thus to obtain reliable results, which are vital input parameters required for building accurate larger-scale reservoir models which can predict the overall reservoir-scale (hectometer-scale) processes (e.g. oil production or diagenesis of a formation). We thus describe here the basic workflow of such HPET-μCT experiments, equipment requirements and apparatus design; and review the literature where such HPET-μCT experiments were used and which phenomena were investigated (these include: CO2 geo-sequestration, oil recovery, gas hydrate formation, hydrothermal deposition/reactive flow). One aim of this paper is to give a guideline to users how to set-up a HPET-μCT experiment, and to provide a quick overview in terms of what is possible and what not, at least up to date. As a conclusion, HPET-μCT is a valuable tool when it comes to the investigation of subsurface micrometer-scaled processes, and we expect a rapidly expanding usage of HPET-μCT in subsurface engineering and the subsurface sciences.
Collapse
|
42
|
Jung JY, Pissarenko A, Yaraghi NA, Naleway SE, Kisailus D, Meyers MA, McKittrick J. A comparative analysis of the avian skull: Woodpeckers and chickens. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 84:273-280. [PMID: 29852315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Woodpeckers peck at trees without any reported brain injury despite undergoing high impact loads. Amongst the adaptations allowing this is a highly functionalized impact-absorption system consisting of the head, beak, tongue and hyoid bone. This study aims to examine the anatomical structure, composition, and mechanical properties of the skull to determine its potential role in energy absorption and dissipation. An acorn woodpecker and a domestic chicken are compared through micro-computed tomography to analyze and compare two- and three-dimensional bone morphometry. Optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are used to identify the structural and chemical components. Nanoindentation reveals mechanical properties along the transverse cross-section, normal to the direction of impact. Results show two different strategies: the skull bone of the woodpecker shows a relatively small but uniform level of closed porosity, a higher degree of mineralization, and a higher cortical to skull bone ratio. Conversely, the chicken skull bone shows a wide range of both open and closed porosity (volume fraction), a lower degree of mineralization, and a lower cortical to skull bone ratio. This structural difference affects the mechanical properties: the skull bones of woodpeckers are slightly stiffer than those of chickens. Furthermore, the Young's modulus of the woodpecker frontal bone is significantly higher than that of the parietal bone. These new findings may be useful to potential engineered design applications, as well as future work to understand how woodpeckers avoid brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Andrei Pissarenko
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas A Yaraghi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Steven E Naleway
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Meganck JA, Liu B. Dosimetry in Micro-computed Tomography: a Review of the Measurement Methods, Impacts, and Characterization of the Quantum GX Imaging System. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:499-511. [PMID: 27957647 PMCID: PMC5498628 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-016-1026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) is a widely used imaging modality in preclinical research with applications in many areas including orthopedics, pulmonology, oncology, cardiology, and infectious disease. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation and, therefore, can potentially induce damage and cause detrimental effects. Previous reviews have touched on these effects but have not comprehensively covered the possible implications on study results. Furthermore, interpreting data across these studies is difficult because there is no widely accepted dose characterization methodology for preclinical μCT. The purpose of this paper is to ensure in vivo μCT studies can be properly designed and the data can be appropriately interpreted. Procedures Studies from the scientific literature that investigate the biological effects of radiation doses relevant to μCT were reviewed. The different dose measurement methodologies used in the peer-reviewed literature were also reviewed. The CT dose index 100 (CTDI100) was then measured on the Quantum GX μCT instrument. A low contrast phantom, a hydroxyapatite phantom, and a mouse were also imaged to provide examples of how the dose can affect image quality. Results Data in the scientific literature indicate that scenarios exist where radiation doses used in μCT imaging are high enough to potentially bias experimental results. The significance of this effect may relate to the study outcome and tissue being imaged. CTDI100 is a reasonable metric to use for dose characterization in μCT. Dose rates in the Quantum GX vary based on the amount of material in the beam path and are a function of X-ray tube voltage. The CTDI100 in air for a Quantum GX can be as low as 5.1 mGy for a 50 kVp scan and 9.9 mGy for a 90 kVp scan. This dose is low enough to visualize bone both in a mouse image and in a hydroxyapatite phantom, but applications requiring higher resolution in a mouse or less noise in a low-contrast phantom benefit from longer scan times with increased dose. Conclusions Dose management should be considered when designing μCT studies. Dose rates in the Quantum GX are compatible with longitudinal μCT imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Meganck
- Research and Development, Life Sciences Technology, PerkinElmer, 68 Elm Street, Hopkinton, MA, 01748, USA.
| | - Bob Liu
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Park HJ, Seo MS, Moon YM. Root canal volume change and transportation by Vortex Blue, ProTaper Next, and ProTaper Universal in curved root canals. Restor Dent Endod 2018; 43:e3. [PMID: 29487834 PMCID: PMC5816992 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2018.43.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to compare root canal volume change and canal transportation by Vortex Blue (VB; Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), ProTaper Next (PTN; Dentsply Maillefer), and ProTaper Universal (PTU; Dentsply Maillefer) nickel-titanium rotary files in curved root canals. Materials and Methods Thirty canals with 20°-45° of curvature from extracted human molars were used. Root canal instrumentation was performed with VB, PTN, and PTU files up to #30.06, X3, and F3, respectively. Changes in root canal volume before and after the instrumentation, and the amount and direction of canal transportation at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the root apex were measured by using micro-computed tomography. Data of canal volume change were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey test, while data of amount and direction of transportation were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test. Results There were no significant differences among 3 groups in terms of canal volume change (p > 0.05). For the amount of transportation, PTN showed significantly less transportation than PTU at 3 mm level (p = 0.005). VB files showed no significant difference in canal transportation at all 3 levels with either PTN or PTU files. Also, VB files showed unique inward transportation tendency in the apical area. Conclusions Other than PTN produced less amount of transportation than PTU at 3 mm level, all 3 file systems showed similar level of canal volume change and transportation, and VB file system could prepare the curved canals without significant shaping errors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Min-Seock Seo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Moon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Wonkwang University Daejeon Dental Hospital, Wonkwang University, Daejeon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rovaris K, Ferreira LM, Sousa TO, Peroni LV, Freitas DQ, Wenzel A, Haiter-Neto F. Feasibility of micro-computed tomography to detect and classify proximal caries lesions in vitro. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2018; 15:123-129. [PMID: 29576776 PMCID: PMC5858071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) has been widely described as a nondestructive in vitro imaging method although its accuracy for caries detection is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of micro-CT to detect and classify proximal caries lesions in posterior teeth, using different protocols. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, crowns of 122 human teeth were scanned with Skyscan 1174 (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) using the full-scan mode (360°). Reconstruction of 900 basis images was performed using NRecon Software (Bruker, Kontich, Belgium) for the protocol 1 (full-scan mode 360°), and 450 basis images were used to reconstruct the protocol 2 (half-scan mode 180°). Three observers analyzed the reconstructed images concerning the presence and depth of proximal caries lesions (244 surfaces). To determine the presence/absence and depth of caries lesions, histological examination was conducted as reference standard level of significance McNemar and McNemar-Bowker tests compared the methods studied and the gold standard (P < 0.05). RESULTS The intra- and inter-observer agreement for both methods ranged from moderate to excellent. There was no difference between both micro-CT methods and histology for the presence of lesions (P > 0.05). However, both methods differed with the reference standard for depth (P < 0.05). The disagreement occurred mostly in cases of enamel lesions. The highest diagnostic values were found for 180° rotation. Micro-CT performed well in detecting caries lesions compared to histology, meanwhile the classification of their depth presented lower values. Scan mode did not influence the detection. CONCLUSION Both protocols of micro-CT tested presented an overall satisfactory performance in detecting proximal caries lesions; however, for the depth classification, the method was not accurate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rovaris
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liana Matos Ferreira
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago Oliveira Sousa
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil,Address for correspondence: Dr. Thiago Oliveira Sousa, Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, P.O. Box 52, Zip Code 13414-903 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Leonardo Vieira Peroni
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Queiroz Freitas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ann Wenzel
- Department of Dentistry, Section of Oral Radiology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Francisco Haiter-Neto
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Division of Oral Radiology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Viani A, Sotiriadis K, Kumpová I, Mancini L, Appavou MS. Microstructural characterization of dental zinc phosphate cements using combined small angle neutron scattering and microfocus X-ray computed tomography. Dent Mater 2017; 33:402-417. [PMID: 28222906 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the microstructure of two zinc phosphate cement formulations in order to investigate the role of liquid/solid ratio and composition of powder component, on the developed porosity and, consequently, on compressive strength. METHODS X-ray powder diffraction with the Rietveld method was used to study the phase composition of zinc oxide powder and cements. Powder component and cement microstructure were investigated with scanning electron microscopy. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and microfocus X-ray computed tomography (XmCT) were together employed to characterize porosity and microstructure of dental cements. Compressive strength tests were performed to evaluate their mechanical performance. RESULTS The beneficial effects obtained by the addition of Al, Mg and B to modulate powder reactivity were mitigated by the crystallization of a Zn aluminate phase not involved in the cement setting reaction. Both cements showed spherical pores with a bimodal distribution at the micro/nano-scale. Pores, containing a low density gel-like phase, developed through segregation of liquid during setting. Increasing liquid/solid ratio from 0.378 to 0.571, increased both SANS and XmCT-derived specific surface area (by 56% and 22%, respectively), porosity (XmCT-derived porosity increased from 3.8% to 5.2%), the relative fraction of large pores ≥50μm, decreased compressive strength from 50±3MPa to 39±3MPa, and favored microstructural and compositional inhomogeneities. SIGNIFICANCE Explain aspects of powder design affecting the setting reaction and, in turn, cement performance, to help in optimizing cement formulation. The mechanism behind development of porosity and specific surface area explains mechanical performance, and processes such as erosion and fluoride release/uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Viani
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics AS CR, Centre of Excellence Telč, Batelovská 485, CZ-58856 Telč, Czechia.
| | - Konstantinos Sotiriadis
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics AS CR, Centre of Excellence Telč, Batelovská 485, CZ-58856 Telč, Czechia
| | - Ivana Kumpová
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics AS CR, Centre of Excellence Telč, Batelovská 485, CZ-58856 Telč, Czechia
| | - Lucia Mancini
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., S.S. 14-km 163.5 Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Basovizza, Italy
| | - Marie-Sousai Appavou
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science JCNS, Aussenstelle am MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hochberg U, Herrera JC, Cochard H, Badel E. Short-time xylem relaxation results in reliable quantification of embolism in grapevine petioles and sheds new light on their hydraulic strategy. Tree Physiol 2016; 36:748-55. [PMID: 26843208 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpv145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the validity of embolism quantification methods has been questioned, especially for long-vesseled plants. Some studies have suggested that cutting xylem while under tension, even under water, might generate artificial cavitation. Accordingly, a rehydration procedure prior to hydraulic measurements has been recommended to avoid this artefact. On the other hand, concerns have been raised that xylem refilling might occur when samples are rehydrated. Here, we explore the potential biases affecting embolism quantification for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) petioles harvested under tension or after xylem relaxation. We employ direct visualization of embolism through X-ray micro-computed tomography (microCT) to test for the occurrence of fast refilling (artifactually low per cent loss of conductivity (PLC) due to rehydration prior to sample harvest) as well as excision-induced embolism (artifactually high embolism due to air introduction during harvest). Additionally, we compared the response functions of both stomatal regulation and xylem embolism to xylem pressure (Ψx). Short-time (20 min) xylem tension relaxation prior to the hydraulic measurement resulted in a lower degree of embolism than found in samples harvested under native tensions, and yielded xylem vulnerability curves similar to the ones obtained using direct microCT visualization. Much longer periods of hydration (overnight) were required before xylem refilling was observed to occur. In field-grown vines, over 85% of stomatal closure occurred at less negative Ψx than that required to induce 12% PLC. Our results demonstrate that relaxation of xylem tension prior to hydraulic measurement allows for the reliable quantification of native embolism in grapevine petioles. Furthermore, we find that stomatal regulation is sufficiently conservative to avoid transpiration-induced cavitation. These results suggest that grapevines have evolved a strategy of cavitation resistance, rather than one of cavitation tolerance (diurnal cycles of embolism and repair).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uri Hochberg
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jose Carlos Herrera
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, Via delle Scienze 206, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France Clermont Université, Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Jung JY, Naleway SE, Yaraghi NA, Herrera S, Sherman VR, Bushong EA, Ellisman MH, Kisailus D, McKittrick J. Structural analysis of the tongue and hyoid apparatus in a woodpecker. Acta Biomater 2016; 37:1-13. [PMID: 27000554 PMCID: PMC5063634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Woodpeckers avoid brain injury while they peck at trees up to 20Hz with speeds up to 7m/s, undergoing decelerations up to 1200g. Along with the head, beak and neck, the hyoid apparatus (tongue bone and associated soft tissues) is subjected to these high impact forces. The shape of the hyoid apparatus is unusual in woodpeckers and its structure and mechanical properties have not been reported in detail. High-resolution X-ray micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were performed and correlated with nanoindentation mapping. The hyoid apparatus has four distinct bone sections, with three joints between these sections. Nanoindentation results on cross-sectional regions of each bone reveal a previously unreported structure consisting of a stiff core and outer, more compliant shell with moduli of up to 27.4GPa and 8.5GPa, respectively. The bending resistance is low at the posterior section of the hyoid bones, indicating that this region has a high degree of flexibility to absorb impact. These new structural findings can be applied to further studies on the energy dissipation of the woodpecker during its drumming behavior, and may have implications for the design of engineered impact-absorbing structures. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Woodpeckers avoid brain injury while they peck at trees, which results in extreme impact conditions. One common adaptation in woodpeckers is the unusual shape of the elongated tongue, also called the hyoid apparatus. The relationship between the structure and mechanical properties of the bony part of the hyoid apparatus has not been previously reported. A three dimensional model of the bony tongue was developed, and the hardness and stiffness were evaluated. A new type of bone structure, which is opposite of typical skeletal bone structure was found. The combined microstructural and mechanical property analysis indicate possible energy absorption routes for the hyoid apparatus and are applicable to the design of engineered structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Jung
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Steven E Naleway
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicholas A Yaraghi
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Steven Herrera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Vincent R Sherman
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research and Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Joanna McKittrick
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant disease and the severe nature of cases in men and women who develop colorectal cancer makes this an important socio-economic health issue. Major challenges such as understanding and modeling colorectal cancer pathways rely on our understanding of simple models such as outlined in this paper. We discuss that the development of novel standardized approaches of multidimensional (correlative) biomolecular microscopy methods facilitates the collection of (sub) cellular tissue information in the early onset of colorectal liver metastasis and that this approach will be crucial in designing new effective strategies for CRC treatment. The application of X-ray micro-computed tomography and its potential in correlative imaging of the liver vasculature will be discussed.
Collapse
|