1
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Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Jin J, Cline-Cole R, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Impact of Legislation on Brominated Flame Retardant Concentrations in UK Indoor and Outdoor Environments: Evidence for Declining Indoor Emissions of Some Legacy BFRs. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:4237-4246. [PMID: 38386008 PMCID: PMC10919073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were measured in indoor dust, indoor air, and outdoor air in Birmingham, UK. Concentrations of ΣBFRs ranged from 490 to 89,000 ng/g, 46-14,000 pg/m3, and 22-11,000 pg/m3, respectively, in UK indoor dust, indoor air, and outdoor air. BDE-209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were the main contributors. The maximum concentration of DBDPE (10,000 pg/m3) in outdoor air is the highest reported anywhere to date. In contrast with previous studies of outdoor air in Birmingham, we observed significant correlations between concentrations of tri- to hepta-BDEs and HBCDD and temperature. This may suggest that primary emissions from ongoing use of these BFRs have diminished and that secondary emissions (e.g., evaporation from soil) are now a potentially major source of these BFRs in outdoor air. Conversely, the lack of significant correlations between temperature and concentrations of BDE-209 and DBDPE may indicate that ongoing primary emissions from indoor sources remain important for these BFRs. Further research to clarify the relative importance of primary and secondary sources of BFRs to outdoor air is required. Comparison with earlier studies in Birmingham reveals significant (p < 0.05) declines in concentrations of legacy BFRs, but significant increases for NBFRs over the past decade. While there appear minimal health burdens from BFR exposure for UK adults, dust ingestion of BDE-209 may pose a significant risk for UK toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ma
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - William A. Stubbings
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Jingxi Jin
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Reginald Cline-Cole
- Department
of African Studies & Anthropology, School of History and Cultures, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School
of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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2
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Kandukuri TR, Prattis I, Oluwasanya P, Occhipinti LG. Pathogen Detection via Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Biosensor. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:856. [PMID: 38339574 PMCID: PMC10857222 DOI: 10.3390/s24030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a miniaturized sensor device for selective detection of pathogens, specifically Influenza A Influenza virus, as an enveloped virus is relatively vulnerable to damaging environmental impacts. In consideration of environmental factors such as humidity and temperature, this particular pathogen proves to be an ideal choice for our study. It falls into the category of pathogens that pose greater challenges due to their susceptibility. An impedance biosensor was integrated into an existing platform and effectively separated and detected high concentrations of airborne pathogens. Bio-functionalized hydrogel-based detectors were utilized to analyze virus-containing particles. The sensor device demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity when exposed to varying concentrations of Influenza A virus ranging from 0.5 to 50 μg/mL. The sensitivity of the device for a 0.5 μg/mL analyte concentration was measured to be 695 Ω· mL/μg. Integration of this pathogen detector into a compact-design air quality monitoring device could foster the advancement of personal exposure monitoring applications. The proposed sensor device offers a promising approach for real-time pathogen detection in complex environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pelumi Oluwasanya
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK; (T.R.K.); (I.P.)
| | - Luigi G. Occhipinti
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FA, UK; (T.R.K.); (I.P.)
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3
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Zhang T, Han X, Peng Y, Yu H, Pu J. Modified Wood Fibers Spontaneously Harvest Electricity from Moisture. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:260. [PMID: 38257058 PMCID: PMC10818770 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of modern society, our demand for energy is increasing. And the extensive use of fossil energy has triggered a series of problems such as an energy crisis and environmental pollution. A moisture-enabled electric generator (MEG) is a new type of energy conversion method, which can directly convert the ubiquitous moisture in the air into electrical energy equipment. It has attracted great interest for its renewable and environmentally friendly qualities. At present, most MEGs still have low power density, strong dependence on high humidity, and high cost. Herein, we report the development of a high-efficiency MEG based on a lignocellulosic fiber frame with high-power-density, all-weather, and low-cost characteristics using a simple strategy that optimizes the charge transport channel and ion concentration difference. The MEG devices we manufactured can generate the open-circuit voltage of 0.73 V and the short-circuit current of 360 μA, and the voltage can still reach 0.6 V at less than 30% humidity. It is possible to drive commercial electronic devices such as light-emitting diodes, electronic displays, and electronic calculators by simply connecting several electric generators in series. Biomass-based moisture-enabled electric generation has a low cost, is easy to integrate on a large scale, and is green and pollution-free, providing clean energy for low-humidity or high-electricity-cost areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junwen Pu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (T.Z.); (X.H.); (Y.P.); (H.Y.)
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4
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La Ferrara V, De Maria A, Rametta G. Green Anisole as Antisolvent in Planar Triple-Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with Varying Cesium Concentrations. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:136. [PMID: 38258255 PMCID: PMC10820325 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The feasibility of replacing toxic chlorobenzene antisolvents with environmentally friendly anisole in the fabrication of planar triple-cation perovskite solar cells was explored here. The successful integration of anisole not only ensures comparable device performance but also contributes to the development of more sustainable and green fabrication processes for next-generation photovoltaic technologies. Nevertheless, to ensure the possibility of achieving well-functioning unencapsulated devices whose working operation depends on outdoor atmospheric conditions, we found that adjusting the cesium concentrations in the perovskite layers enabled the electrical characterization of efficient devices even under high relative humidity conditions (more than 40%). We found that 10% of CsI in the precursor solution will make devices with low hysteresis indexes and sustained performance stability over a 90-day period both with cholorobenzene and anisole antisolvent. These results further confirm that green anisole can replace chlorobenzene as an antisolvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera La Ferrara
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Portici Research Center, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.D.M.); (G.R.)
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5
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Cha JH, Cho SH, Kim DH, Jeon D, Park S, Jung JW, Kim ID, Choi SY. Flash-Thermal Shock Synthesis of High-Entropy Alloys Toward High-Performance Water Splitting. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2305222. [PMID: 37607534 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) provide unprecedented physicochemical properties over unary nanoparticles (NPs). According to the conventional alloying guideline (Hume-Rothery rule), however, only size-and-structure similar elements can be mixed, limiting the possible combinations of alloying elements. Recently, it has been reported that based on carbon thermal shocks (CTS) in a vacuum atmosphere at high temperature, ultrafast heating/cooling rates and high-entropy environment play a critical role in the synthesis of HEAs, ruling out the possibility of phase separation. Since the CTS requires conducting supports, the Joule-heating efficiencies rely on the carbon qualities, featuring difficulties in uniform heating along the large area. This work proposes a photo-thermal approach as an alternative and innovative synthetic method that is compatible with ambient air, large-area, remote process, and free of materials selection. Single flash irradiation on carbon nanofibers induced momentary high-temperature annealing (>1800 °C within 20 ms duration, and ramping/cooling rates >104 K s-1 ) to successfully decorate HEA NPs up to nine elements with excellent compatibility for large-scale synthesis (6.0 × 6.0 cm2 of carbon nanofiber paper). To demonstrate their feasibility toward applications, senary HEA NPs (PtIrFeNiCoCe) are designed and screened, showing high activity (ηoverall = 777 mV) and excellent stability (>5000 cycles) at the water splitting, including hydrogen evolution reactions and oxygen evolution reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwe Cha
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yusenong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Ho Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nanosensor Research Center, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nanosensor Research Center, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dogyeong Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nanosensor Research Center, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seohak Park
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yusenong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Won Jung
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ulsan (UOU), 12, Technosaneop-ro 55 beon-gil, Nam-gu, Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Nanosensor Research Center, KI Nanocentury, KAIST, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yool Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yusenong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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6
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Mastin J, Saini A, Schuster JK, Harner T, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Celo V, Gaga EO. Trace Metals in Global Air: First Results from the GAPS and GAPS Megacities Networks. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:14661-14673. [PMID: 37732724 PMCID: PMC10552545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Trace metals, as constituents of ambient air, can have impacts on human and environmental health. The Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) and GAPS Megacities (GAPS-MC) networks investigated trace metals in the air at 51 global locations by deploying polyurethane foam disk passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) for periods of 3-12 months. Aluminum and iron exhibited the highest concentrations in air (x̅ = 3400 and 4630 ng/m3, respectively), with notably elevated values at a rural site in Argentina thought to be impacted by resuspended soil. Urban sites had the highest levels of toxic Pb and Cd, with enrichment factors suggesting primarily anthropogenic influences. High levels of As at rural sites were also observed. Elevated trace metal concentrations in cities are associated with local emissions and higher PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. Brake and tire wear-associated metals Sb, Cu, and Zn are significantly correlated and elevated at urban locations relative to those at background sites. These data demonstrate the versatility of PUF-PAS for measuring trace metals and other particle-associated pollutants in ambient air in a cost-effective and simple manner. The data presented here will serve as a global baseline for assessing future changes in ambient air associated with industrialization, urbanization, and population growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mastin
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Amandeep Saini
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Jasmin K. Schuster
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air
Quality Processes Research Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis
and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Valbona Celo
- Analysis
and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Eftade O. Gaga
- Faculty
of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Türkiye
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7
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Yao C, Lei X, Ma C, Zhang Q, Liu X, Ding Y. High Areal Capacity, Long Cycle Life Li-Air Batteries Enabled by Nano/Micro Hierarchical Porous Cathode. Small 2023; 19:e2301846. [PMID: 37150862 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The limited cycle life of Li-air batteries (LABs) with high areal capacity remains the chief challenge that hinders their practical applications. Here, the study proposes a hierarchical porous electrode (HPE) design strategy, in which porous MnO nanoflowers are built into mesopore/macropore electrodes through a combination of chemical dealloying and physical de-templating procedures. The MnO nanoflowers with 10-30 nm pore provides active sites to catalyze the O2 reduction and decomposition of discharged products. The 5-10 µm macroscopic pores in the cathode serve as channels of O2 transportation and facilitate the electrolyte permeation. The proposed HPE exhibits a full discharge capacity of 17.49 mAh cm-2 and stable cycle life >2000 h with a limited capacity of 6 mAh cm-2 . These results suggest that the HPE design strategy for LABs can simultaneously provide large capacity and robust cycle life, which is promising for advanced metal-air batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyan Yao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui Xidao 391, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui Xidao 391, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui Xidao 391, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Qingxu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui Xidao 391, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xizheng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui Xidao 391, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Porous Materials, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Binshui Xidao 391, Xiqing District, Tianjin, 300384, China
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8
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Meng Y, Zhang W, Zhang X, Deng Y, Zhang H, Zeng G, Liu G, Li X. Self-Assembled 1D/3D Perovskite Heterostructure for Stable All-Air-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Open-Circuit Voltage. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202300257. [PMID: 37293844 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental instability and photovoltage loss induced by defects are inevitable obstacles in the development of all-air-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([EMIM]I) is introduced into the hole transport layer/three-dimensional (3D) perovskite interface to form a self-assembled 1D/3D perovskite heterostructure, which significantly reduces iodine vacancy defects and modulates band energy alignment, resulting in pronouncedly improved open-circuit voltage (Voc ). As a result, the corresponding device exhibits a high power conversion efficiency with negligible hysteresis and a high Voc of 1.14 V. Most importantly, together with the high stability of the 1D perovskite, remarkable high environmental and thermal stabilities of the 1D/3D PSC devices are achieved, which maintain 89 % of unencapsulated device initial efficiency after 1320 h in air and retain 85 % of the initial efficiency when heated at 85 °C for 22 h. This study affords an effective strategy to fabricate high-performance all-air-processed PSCs with outstanding stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Meng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Yaxin Deng
- BYD CO LTD, 3009 BYD Road, Pingshan New District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518118, P. R. China
| | - Haolin Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Gangyi Zeng
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
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9
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Ruiz P, Lacomba I, López A, Yusà V, Coscollà C. Exposure and Risk Assessment to Airborne dl-PCBs and Dioxins in the Population Living in the Neighborhood of a Cement Plant: A Pilot Study in the Valencian Region of Spain. Toxics 2023; 11:389. [PMID: 37112616 PMCID: PMC10143573 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from cement manufacturing facilities may increase health risks in nearby populations. For this reason, dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) concentrations in PM10 samples were assessed in the vicinity of a cement manufacturing plant located in the Valencian Region (eastern Spain). The total concentrations of the sum of dl-PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs ranged between 1.85 and 42.53 fg TEQ/m3 at the assessed stations. The average daily inhalation dose (DID) for the sum in adults ranged from 8.93 · 10-4 to 3.75 · 10-3 pg WHO TEQ kg-1 b.w. d-1, and, for children, the DID ranged from 2.01 · 10-3 to 8.44 · 10-3 pg WHO TEQ kg-1 b.w. d-1. Risk assessment for adults and children was performed using both daily and chronic exposure. The hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated considering 0.025 pg WHO TEQ kg-1 b.w. d-1 to be the acceptable maximum permitted inhalation exposure. The HQ obtained was slightly higher than 1 for PCDD/Fs at one of the stations (Chiva), indicating a possible health risk for the population under study due to inhalation exposure. In the case of chronic exposure, cancer risk (>10-6) was observed for some samples in one of the assessed sampling sites (Chiva).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ruiz
- Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Iñaki Lacomba
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO—Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (I.L.); (V.Y.); (C.C.)
| | - Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO—Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (I.L.); (V.Y.); (C.C.)
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO—Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (I.L.); (V.Y.); (C.C.)
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO—Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; (I.L.); (V.Y.); (C.C.)
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10
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Weber R, Kaeslin J, Moeller S, Perkins N, Micic S, Moeller A. Effects of a Volatile Organic Compound Filter on Breath Profiles Measured by Secondary Electrospray High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010045. [PMID: 36615240 PMCID: PMC9822030 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the ambient air potentially influence on-line breath analysis measurements by secondary electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (SESI-HRMS). The aim of this study was to investigate how inhaling through a VOC filter affects the detected breath profiles and whether it is feasible to integrate such filters into routine measurements. A total of 24 adult participants performed paired breath analysis measurements with and without the use of an activated carbon filter for inspiration. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCCs) and the Bland−Altman analysis were used to assess the agreement between the two methods. Additionally, the effect on a selection of known metabolites and contaminants was analyzed. Out of all the detected features, 78.3% showed at least a moderate agreement before and after filter usage (CCC > 0.9). The decrease in agreement of the remaining m/z features was mostly associated with reduced signal intensities after filter usage. Although a moderate-to-substantial concordance was found for almost 80% of the m/z features, the filter still had an effect by decreasing signal intensities, not only for contaminants, but also for some of the studied metabolites. Operationally, the use of the filter complicated and slowed down the conductance of measurements, limiting its applicability in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Weber
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Kaeslin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Moeller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Perkins
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Srdjan Micic
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Childhood Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Raemistrasse 71, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (A.M.)
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11
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Moura PC, Vassilenko V. Gas Chromatography - Ion Mobility Spectrometry as a tool for quick detection of hazardous volatile organic compounds in indoor and ambient air: A university campus case study. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2022; 28:113-126. [PMID: 36200142 PMCID: PMC9647320 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221130170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Society's concerns about the citizens' exposure to possibly dangerous environments have recently risen; nevertheless, the assessment of indoor air quality still represents a major contemporary challenge. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the main factors responsible for deteriorating air quality conditions. These analytes are very common in daily-use environments and they can be extremely hazardous to human health, even at trace concentrations levels. For these reasons, their quick detection, identification, and quantification are crucial tasks, especially for indoor and heavily-populated scenarios, where the exposure time is usually quite long. In this work, a Gas Chromatography - Ion Mobility Spectrometry (GC-IMS) device was used for continuous monitoring indoor and ambient air environments at a large-scale, due to its outstanding levels of sensibility, selectivity, analytical flexibility, and almost real-time monitoring capability. A total of 496 spectra were collected from 15 locations of a university campus and posteriorly analysed. Overall, 23 compounds were identified among the 31 detected. Some of them, like Ethanol and 2-Propanol, were reported as being very hazardous to the human organism, especially in indoor environments. The achieved results confirmed the suitability of GC-IMS technology for air quality assessment and monitoring of VOCs and, more importantly, proved how dangerous indoor environments can be in scenarios of continuous exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Catalão Moura
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation
Physics (LibPhys-UNL), NOVA School of Science and
Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Valentina Vassilenko
- Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation
Physics (LibPhys-UNL), NOVA School of Science and
Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal
- NMT, S. A., Caparica, Portugal
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12
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Zheng H, Zhang T, Wang Y, Li C, Su Z, Wang Z, Chen H, Yuan S, Gu Y, Ji L, Li J, Li S. Zwitterion-Assisted Crystal Growth of 2D Perovskites with Unfavorable Phase Suppression for High-Performance Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:814-825. [PMID: 34963289 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper-phase layered perovskites (RPLPs) exhibiting excellent environmental stability, most solar cells based on 2D RPLP films are fabricated in a controlled inert atmosphere. Meanwhile, the poor charge transport of 2D RPLP films owing to the unfavorable phase arrangement and defects limits the efficiency of 2D RPLP solar cells. Here, we fabricate high-efficiency 2D RPLP solar cells in ambient air assisted by a zwitterion (ZW) additive. We show that the ZW additive suppresses the formation of the bottom 2D phases (n ≤ 2) and the top 3D-like phases in 2D RPLP films. These 2D phases usually grow parallel to the substrate and act as trap sites that inhibit charge transport in the vertical direction. The 3D-like phases, on the other hand, aggravate the long-term stability due to the intrinsic instability of MA+ cations. With improved phase distribution, crystal orientation, and reduced trap states in 2D RPLP films, efficient charge transport is obtained. Finally, a record-high open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.19 V and a power conversion efficiency of 17.04% with an enhanced stability are achieved for (BA0.9PEA0.1)2MA3Pb4I13-based (n = 4) solar cells fabricated under high humidity (∼65% RH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Canzhou Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenhuang Su
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF), Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 239 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Shihao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Yiding Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Long Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Shibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, and School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
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13
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Newton. R. Matandirotya. Research trends in the field of ambient air quality monitoring and management in South Africa: A bibliometric review. Environmental Challenges 2021; 5. [PMID: 37519332 PMCID: PMC9767470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a leading environmental-health challenge facing the world today. Besides, the emergency of the COVID-19 pandemic has also put some spotlight on issues related to air pollution as both attack the same human respiratory organs. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of research performance, trends and evolution in the field of ambient air quality monitoring and management in South Africa over the last decade (2010-2021) through the application of a bibliometric approach and a data mining software VOSViewer. Findings were that there has been a steady increase in the number of ambient air quality monitoring and management publications per year. Over the period under review, 2014 contributed 14 % while 2020 contributed 27 % of the total publications. Also, the study established that throughout the period South African scientist collaborated extensively with scientists from Finland, the United States of America, France, and Switzerland. Besides raising awareness levels in the field, the increase in studies can also assist policy formulation and development. In the meantime, the South African National government has also put in place several mitigation strategies to reduce emissions for example the enactment of ambient air quality guidelines.
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Lebreil AL, Greux V, Glenet M, Huguenin A, N'Guyen Y, Berri F, Bajolet O, Mourvillier B, Andreoletti L. Surfaces and Air contamination by SARS-CoV-2 using High-flow Nasal Oxygenation or Assisted Mechanical Ventilation System in ICU rooms of COVID-19 Patients. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:385-391. [PMID: 34788831 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding patterns of environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 is essential for infection prevention policies. METHODS We screened surfaces and air samples from single bed ICU rooms of COVID-19 adult patients for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and viable viruses. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We evidenced viral RNA environmental contamination in 76% of 100 surfaces samples and in 30% of 40 air samples without any viable virus detection by cell culture assays. No significant differences of viral RNA levels on surfaces and in ambient air were observed between rooms of patients with assisted mechanical ventilation and those of patients with high-flow nasal cannula system. Using an original experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection model of surfaces, we assessed that infectious viruses might have been present on benches within 15 hours before the time of sampling in patient rooms. CONCLUSIONS We observed that SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination around COVID-19 patients hospitalized in single ICU rooms was extensive and that a high-flow nasal cannula system did not generate more viral aerosolization than a mechanical ventilation system in COVID-19 patients. Despite an absence of SARS-CoV-2 viable particles in study samples, our experimental model confirmed the need to apply strict environmental disinfection procedures and classical standard and droplet precautions in ICU wards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Greux
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Intensive Care Unit (UMIRP), Reims, France
| | - Marie Glenet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Cardiovir EA-4684, Reims, France
| | - Antoine Huguenin
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Parasitology Department, Reims, France.,Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, ESCAPE EA7510, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Yohan N'Guyen
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Cardiovir EA-4684, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Infectious diseases and internal medicine Department, Reims, France
| | - Fatma Berri
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Cardiovir EA-4684, Reims, France
| | - Odile Bajolet
- CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Hygiene Department, Reims, France
| | - Bruno Mourvillier
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Cardiovir EA-4684, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Intensive Care Unit (UMIRP), Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Cardiovir EA-4684, Reims, France.,CHU Reims, Hôpital Robert Debré, Virology Department, Reims, France
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15
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Zhang J, Zheng X, Tan L, Liu J, Yu H. [Determination of atmospheric organochlorine pesticides using isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2021; 39:541-51. [PMID: 34227339 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2021.01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
建立了测定大气中25种有机氯农药(OCPs)的同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(ID-HRGC/HRMS)。样品用正己烷/二氯甲烷(1:1, v/v)进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE)。通过柱洗脱实验、单柱和组合柱净化实验,最终确定样品的净化方案为弗罗里硅土固相萃取柱和石墨化炭黑固相萃取柱组合净化。样品萃取液净化后进行HRGC/HRMS分析。采用平均相对响应因子(RRF)法对样品中目标物进行定量,6点校准溶液RRF的相对标准偏差(RSD)均≤20%。线性范围为0.4~800 μg/L,相关系数R2均>0.992。对空白样品依次进行100 pg、400 pg和15 ng水平下的加标试验,各添加水平下OCPs测定值的RSD为0.64%~16%,加标回收率为67.2%~135%。穿透试验表明,滤膜+聚氨酯泡沫/聚氨酯泡沫作为吸附介质的大体积主动大气采样器(AAS)在采集环境空气时,五氯苯极易发生穿透,有效采样模式待进一步研究。在上述采样模式下,六氯苯的有效采样体积较小,标准状态(101.325 kPa, 273 K)采样体积应≤30 m3,其他OCPs应≤1200 m3。以上述体积计算,25种目标化合物的检出限为0.002~0.7 pg/m3。对北京环境空气样品分析测定,结果显示除反式-环氧七氯、异狄氏剂、顺式-九氯和4,4'-滴滴滴在部分样品中未检出外,其他OCPs均为100%检出;六氯苯浓度在514~563 pg/m3之间,其他OCPs的浓度在0.01~18.9 pg/m3之间;替代标回收率为33.9%~155%。由于现有相关监测标准的仪器灵敏度较低、方法检出限较高,已无法满足目前空气中痕量OCPs的测定需求,因此亟待修订新的高灵敏度监测方法标准。该方法适用于目前大气中OCPs的超痕量水平分析,为新标准的制订奠定基础,也为国家履行相关国际公约提供有力技术指导。
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16
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Azaglo GSK, Khogali M, Hann K, Pwamang JA, Appoh E, Appah-Sampong E, Agyarkwa MAK, Fiati C, Kudjawu J, Hedidor GK, Akumwena A, Timire C, Tweya H, Opintan JA, Harries AD. Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Ambient Air in Accra, Ghana, February 2020: A Cross-Sectional Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030110. [PMID: 34201909 PMCID: PMC8293412 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inappropriate use of antibiotics has led to the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in ambient air. There is no published information about the presence and resistance profiles of bacteria in ambient air in Ghana. We evaluated the presence and antibiotic resistance profiles of selected bacterial, environmental and meteorological characteristics and airborne bacterial counts in 12 active air quality monitoring sites (seven roadside, two industrial and three residential) in Accra in February 2020. Roadside sites had the highest median temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and PM10 concentrations, and median airborne bacterial counts in roadside sites (115,000 CFU/m3) were higher compared with industrial (35,150 CFU/m3) and residential sites (1210 CFU/m3). Bacillus species were isolated in all samples and none were antibiotic resistant. There were, however, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, non-hemolytic Streptococci, Coliforms and Staphylococci species, of which six (50%) showed mono-resistance or multidrug resistance to four antibiotics (penicillin, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone). There was a positive correlation between PM10 concentrations and airborne bacterial counts (rs = 0.72), but no correlations were found between PM10 concentrations and the pathogenic bacteria nor their antibiotic resistance. We call for the expansion of surveillance of ambient air to other cities of Ghana to obtain nationally representative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Saviour Kudjo Azaglo
- Environmental Protection Agency, Ministries Post Office, P.O. Box MB 326, Accra, Ghana; (J.A.P.); (E.A.); (E.A.-S.); (M.A.-K.A.); (C.F.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +233-244057607
| | - Mohammed Khogali
- Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization (WHO), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Katrina Hann
- Sustainable Health Systems, Lumley Road, Freetown, Sierra Leone;
| | - John Alexis Pwamang
- Environmental Protection Agency, Ministries Post Office, P.O. Box MB 326, Accra, Ghana; (J.A.P.); (E.A.); (E.A.-S.); (M.A.-K.A.); (C.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Emmanuel Appoh
- Environmental Protection Agency, Ministries Post Office, P.O. Box MB 326, Accra, Ghana; (J.A.P.); (E.A.); (E.A.-S.); (M.A.-K.A.); (C.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Ebenezer Appah-Sampong
- Environmental Protection Agency, Ministries Post Office, P.O. Box MB 326, Accra, Ghana; (J.A.P.); (E.A.); (E.A.-S.); (M.A.-K.A.); (C.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Meldon Ansah-Koi Agyarkwa
- Environmental Protection Agency, Ministries Post Office, P.O. Box MB 326, Accra, Ghana; (J.A.P.); (E.A.); (E.A.-S.); (M.A.-K.A.); (C.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Carl Fiati
- Environmental Protection Agency, Ministries Post Office, P.O. Box MB 326, Accra, Ghana; (J.A.P.); (E.A.); (E.A.-S.); (M.A.-K.A.); (C.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Jewel Kudjawu
- Environmental Protection Agency, Ministries Post Office, P.O. Box MB 326, Accra, Ghana; (J.A.P.); (E.A.); (E.A.-S.); (M.A.-K.A.); (C.F.); (J.K.)
| | - George Kwesi Hedidor
- World Health Organization Country Office, P.O. Box MB 142, Roman Ridge, Accra, Ghana;
| | - Amos Akumwena
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; (A.A.); (J.A.O.)
| | - Collins Timire
- Ministry of Health, P.O. Box CY 1122, Harare, Zimbabwe;
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 75006 Paris, France;
| | - Hannock Tweya
- The Lighthouse Trust, P.O. Box 106, Lilongwe, Malawi;
| | - Japheth A. Opintan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; (A.A.); (J.A.O.)
| | - Anthony D. Harries
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 75006 Paris, France;
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Li H, Bu T, Li J, Lin Z, Pan J, Li Q, Zhang XL, Ku Z, Cheng YB, Huang F. Ink Engineering for Blade Coating FA-Dominated Perovskites in Ambient Air for Efficient Solar Cells and Modules. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:18724-18732. [PMID: 33861571 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To accelerate the commercial application of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs), it is necessary to develop simple and low-cost methods to prepare pinhole-free large-area perovskite films with high quality. A one-step blade coating method is regarded as a scalable technique. It is demonstrated that with the addition of N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU) in an FA-dominated perovskite precursor, a large-area high-quality perovskite film can be obtained by blade coating, achieving improved photovoltaic performance, thermal stability, and storage stability. It is found that the strong interaction between DMPU and Pb2+ ions is beneficial to delay the nucleation crystallization process, increase the size of crystal grains, and improve the crystallinity of the perovskite film. Planar n-i-p solar cells introducing DMPU exhibit power conversion efficiencies of 20.20% for 0.16 cm2 devices and 17.71% for 5 × 5 cm2 modules with an aperture area of 10 cm2. In addition, the devices without encapsulation placed at 50 °C for 500 h and with a relative humidity of 20 ± 5% for 1000 h still maintain efficiencies above 80 and 90%, respectively, showing outstanding stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Li
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Tongle Bu
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Junye Pan
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qianhui Li
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiliang Ku
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Bing Cheng
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Fuzhi Huang
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Foshan 528216, Guangdong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
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Liu L, Guo H, Fu L, Chou S, Thiele S, Wu Y, Wang J. Critical Advances in Ambient Air Operation of Nonaqueous Rechargeable Li-Air Batteries. Small 2021; 17:e1903854. [PMID: 31532893 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, great attention has been given to nonaqueous lithium-air batteries owing to their ultrahigh theoretical energy density when compared with other energy storage systems. Most of the research interest, however, is dedicated to batteries operating in pure or dry oxygen atmospheres, while Li-air batteries that operate in ambient air still face big challenges. The biggest challenges are H2 O and CO2 that exist in ambient air, which can not only form byproducts with discharge products (Li2 O2 ), but also react with the electrolyte and the Li anode. To this end, recent progress in understanding the chemical and electrochemical reactions of Li-air batteries in ambient air is critical for the development and application of true Li-air batteries. Oxygen-selective membranes, multifunctional catalysts, and electrolyte alternatives for ambient air operational Li-air batteries are presented and discussed comprehensively. In addition, separator modification and Li anode protection are covered. Furthermore, the challenges and directions for the future development of Li-air batteries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liu
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Haipeng Guo
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Lijun Fu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Shulei Chou
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Simon Thiele
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuping Wu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jiazhao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
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Eze VO, Seike Y, Mori T. Synergistic Effect of Additive and Solvent Vapor Annealing on the Enhancement of MAPbI 3 Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated in Ambient Air. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:46837-46845. [PMID: 32936610 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, most high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated in an inert or vacuum condition to circumvent the moisture effect, which is one of the leading causes of sparse crystal nucleation and nonuniform morphology. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a simple approach to deposit a uniform and homogeneous perovskite on a planar substrate in ambient air for the mass production of PSCs. Herein, we investigated the synergistic effect of additive 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) and solvent vapor annealing (SVA) treatments on the performance of PSCs fabricated in ambient air. It was found that the addition of 1 vol % DIO together with SVA treatment results in the enhancement of the perovskite film's crystallinity, grain size, and photophysical properties. PSCs containing 1 vol % DIO additive and SVA treatment exhibited a power conversion of efficiency (PCE) of 17.04%, which is markedly higher than the control device with a PCE of 10.61%. The results indicate that the additive DIO and SVA can work together to significantly improve the performance of PSCs fabricated in ambient air. This work provides a promising route for developing high-performance PSCs in the ambient environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Obiozo Eze
- Department of Electricity and Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-Cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
- High-Performance Materials Institute, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Yoshiyuki Seike
- Department of Electricity and Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-Cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Mori
- Department of Electricity and Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-Cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
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Senerat AM, Manemann SM, Clements NS, Brook RD, Hassett LC, Roger VL. Biomarkers and indoor air quality: A translational research review. J Clin Transl Sci 2020; 5:e39. [PMID: 33948261 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2020.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Air pollution is linked to mortality and morbidity. Since humans spend nearly all their time indoors, improving indoor air quality (IAQ) is a compelling approach to mitigate air pollutant exposure. To assess interventions, relying on clinical outcomes may require prolonged follow-up, which hinders feasibility. Thus, identifying biomarkers that respond to changes in IAQ may be useful to assess the effectiveness of interventions. Methods: We conducted a narrative review by searching several databases to identify studies published over the last decade that measured the response of blood, urine, and/or salivary biomarkers to variations (natural and intervention-induced) of changes in indoor air pollutant exposure. Results: Numerous studies reported on associations between IAQ exposures and biomarkers with heterogeneity across study designs and methods. This review summarizes the responses of 113 biomarkers described in 30 articles. The biomarkers which most frequently responded to variations in indoor air pollutant exposures were high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). Conclusions: This review will guide the selection of biomarkers for translational studies evaluating the impact of indoor air pollutants on human health.
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Abstract
Li-air batteries operated in ambient air are imperative toward real practical applications. However, the passivation of lithium metal anodes induced by attacking air hinders their long-term running, accelerating the degradation of Li-air batteries. Herein, a hydrogel-derived hierarchical porous carbon (HDHPC) layer with superhydrophobicity is proved as an effective Li-protective layer for a Li-air battery that suppresses the H2O attack and lithium dendrite formation during cycling. Accordingly, the HDHPC protective layer-based Li-air cell exhibits eminent cycling stability in ambient air [relative humidity (RH) of ∼40%], which is far better than that of the Li-air cell without the HDHPC protective layer. It is also demonstrated that the conversion of O2/Li2O2 in Li-air batteries adversely affects the decomposition of the byproduct and electrolyte. The usage of the HDHPC protective layer pioneers a new avenue of developing high-performance Li-air batteries in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jishi Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ke Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Institute of New Energy, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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22
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Licen S, Di Gilio A, Palmisani J, Petraccone S, de Gennaro G, Barbieri P. Pattern Recognition and Anomaly Detection by Self-Organizing Maps in a Multi Month E-nose Survey at an Industrial Site. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20071887. [PMID: 32235302 PMCID: PMC7180849 DOI: 10.3390/s20071887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Currently people are aware of the risk related to pollution exposure. Thus odor annoyances are considered a warning about the possible presence of toxic volatile compounds. Malodor often generates immediate alarm among citizens, and electronic noses are convenient instruments to detect mixture of odorant compounds with high monitoring frequency. In this paper we present a study on pattern recognition on ambient air composition in proximity of a gas and oil pretreatment plant by elaboration of data from an electronic nose implementing 10 metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) sensors and positioned outdoor continuously during three months. A total of 80,017 e-nose vectors have been elaborated applying the self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm and then k-means clustering on SOM outputs on the whole data set evidencing an anomalous data cluster. Retaining data characterized by dynamic responses of the multisensory system, a SOM with 264 recurrent sensor responses to air mixture sampled at the site and four main air type profiles (clusters) have been identified. One of this sensor profiles has been related to the odor fugitive emissions of the plant, by using ancillary data from a total volatile organic compound (VOC) detector and wind speed and direction data. The overall and daily cluster frequencies have been evaluated, allowing us to identify the daily duration of presence at the monitoring site of air related to industrial emissions. The refined model allowed us to confirm the anomaly detection of the sensor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Licen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Alessia Di Gilio
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (J.P.); (S.P.); (G.d.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (P.B.)
| | - Jolanda Palmisani
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (J.P.); (S.P.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Stefania Petraccone
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (J.P.); (S.P.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Gianluigi de Gennaro
- Department of Biology, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (J.P.); (S.P.); (G.d.G.)
| | - Pierluigi Barbieri
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.D.G.); (P.B.)
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23
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Genner A, Martín-Mateos P, Moser H, Lendl B. A Quantum Cascade Laser-Based Multi-Gas Sensor for Ambient Air Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E1850. [PMID: 32225096 DOI: 10.3390/s20071850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A quantum cascade laser-based sensor for ambient air monitoring is presented and five gases, affecting the air quality, can be quantified. The light sources are selected to measure CO, NO, NO2, N2O and SO2. The footprint of the measurement setup is designed to fit in two standard 19” rack (48 cm × 65 cm) with 4 height units (18 cm) whereas one is holding the optical components and the other one contains the electronics and data processing unit. The concentrations of the individual analytes are measured using 2f-Wavelength Modulation Spectroscopy (2f-WMS) and a commercially available multipass gas cell defines the optical path. In addition, CO can also be measured with a dispersion-based technique, which allows one to cover a wider concentration range than 2f-WMS. The performance of this prototype has been evaluated in the lab and detection limits in the range of 1ppbv have been achieved. Finally, the applicability of this prototype for ambient air monitoring is shown in a five-week measurement campaign in cooperation with the Municipal Department for Environmental Protection (MA 22) of Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Nunome Y, Kodama K, Wagatsuma K. Glow Discharge Plasma Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Direct Detection of Oxygenated Organic Compounds in the Gas-phase. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:269-273. [PMID: 31611472 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a direct analysis of oxygenated organic compounds, such as ketones, esters and ethers, rapidly and easily using a soft plasma ionization (SPI) source combined with a Q-mass spectrometer. A related molecular ion, [2M+H]+, in which a sample molecule (M) can undergo protonation via water clusters, such as [(H2O)n+H]+ and [N2(H2O)n+H]+, in an ambient air glow discharge plasma, can be dominantly detected as a base peak with little or no fragmentation at a pressure of several kPa. Oxygenated organic compounds with high proton affinity were found to generate their dimers through the hydrogen bonding interaction at higher pressures. A deuterated solvent was used to examine whether or not the adduct ion of analyte was derived from the solvent. The formation of [2M+H]+ strongly depended on the time. A two-dimensional spectrometer was used to obtain the distribution of several excited species and then to confirm the ionization reactions of the analyte in the SPI source. The sample molecule would be readily ionized through Penning-type collisions with excited N2, which causes fragmentation for oxygenated compounds due to the lower pressures (approx. 1.0 kPa) while it is ionized by an attachment with protons from water clusters at higher pressures (several kPa). The SPI source can be a new and powerful tool for soft ionization in direct analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nunome
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University
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25
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Zhu X, Ma H, Zhu X, Chen J. [Determination of 67 volatile organic compounds in ambient air using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Se Pu 2019; 37:1228-34. [PMID: 31642277 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2019.04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method based on thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 67 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air. In this study, the adsorption effects of five kinds of stainless steel sorbent tubes for 78 VOCs were compared. The results revealed that a multisorbent bed with Carbograph 1TD and Tenax TA shows good adsorption effect for the 67 target compounds. The breakthrough rates of all the target compounds were less than 10% when high-purity helium gas was continuously purged for 45 min at 30 mL/min. The analytes included aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, and oxygen-containing volatile organic compounds. The thermal desorption conditions for the determination of the target substances were optimized. In the range 5-100 ng, the chromatographic response of the target compounds had a good linear relationship with their corresponding amounts, and the correlation coefficient (r) was between 1.0000 and 0.9977. The method detection limits (MDLs) were 0.3-2.4 ng or 0.3-2.4 μg/m3, as calculated by a 1 L sampling volume. The method was validated by means of recovery experiments (n=7) with the addition of 20 ng standard samples. The recoveries of all the target compounds were in the range of 81.6%-114.9%, and their relative standard deviations (RSDs) were in the range of 1.2%-10.2%. The VOCs present in the air in a carriage were detected using this method. The 19 target compounds included esters, halogenated alkanes, halogenated olefins, and aromatic substances, whose concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 84.1 μg/m3. These results indicated that our method is accurate, reliable, and sensitive, and can allow for accurate quantification of the 67 target pollutants in ambient air.
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26
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Li YH, Yan YL, Li ZS, Hao AS, Li RM, Yang F, Peng L. [Stable Carbon Isotope Compositions and Source Apportionments of Volatile Aromatic Compounds in the Urban Atmosphere of Taiyuan, China]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2019; 40:3001-3007. [PMID: 31854697 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201812174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study used Tenax TA absorption tubes to sample volatile aromatic compounds from different emission sources and functional zones in Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province, China. Thermal desorption-gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TD-GC-IRMS) was subsequently employed to analyze the stable carbon isotope characteristics of the volatile aromatic compounds. The results revealed that the stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) of the volatile aromatic compounds emitted through diesel, gasoline, and solvent volatilization, vehicle exhaust, and domestic coal combustion ranged from (-30.79±0.98)‰ to (-29.10±0.14)‰, (-30.96±0.88)‰ to (-28.02±1.77)‰, (-32.13±0.59)‰ to (-27.67±0.49)‰, (-27.58±0.16)‰ to (-25.50±0.75)‰, and (-25.14±0.93)‰ to (-23.44±1.32)‰, respectively. The δ13C value of styrene was (-23.44±1.32)‰, which was only detected in the fumes emitted through domestic coal combustion. Additionally, the sample analysis based on data collected from four different functional zones of Taiyuan City revealed the following:① the δ13C values of the atmospheric volatile aromatic compounds in the mixed residential and traffic zone ranged from (-25.61±2.20)‰ to (-23.91±0.78)‰. Compared with other functional zones, the emissions in this zone were enriched with13C; and ② the δ13C values measured in the industrial zone ranged from (-29.15±1.06)‰ to (-24.53±1.07)‰; the emissions in this functional zone were relatively low in 13C compared with other zones. A comparison of the δ13C values of the atmospheric volatile aromatic compounds and emission sources indicated that the main sources of volatile aromatic compounds at the four sampling points in Taiyuan were vehicle exhausts and domestic coal combustion, while the air sampled in the industrial functional zone was heavily affected by the volatilization of solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
- School of Renewable Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu-Long Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Li
- Department of Gas Geology Petrochina RIPED, Langfang 065007, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Hao
- Department of Gas Geology Petrochina RIPED, Langfang 065007, China
| | - Ru-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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Onyango S, Parks B, Anguma S, Meng Q. Spatio-Temporal Variation in the Concentration of Inhalable Particulate Matter (PM 10) in Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16101752. [PMID: 31108886 PMCID: PMC6571861 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term particulate matter (PM10) measurements were conducted during the period January 2016 to September 2017 at three sites in Uganda (Mbarara, Kyebando, and Rubindi) representing a wide range of urbanization. Spatial, temporal and diurnal variations are assessed in this paper. Particulate matter (PM10) samples were collected for 24-h periods on PTFE filters using a calibrated pump and analyzed gravimetrically to determine the average density. Particulate levels were monitored simultaneously using a light scattering instrument to acquire real time data from which diurnal variations were assessed. The PM10 levels averaged over the sampling period at Mbarara, Kyebando, and Rubindi were 5.8, 8.4, and 6.5 times higher than the WHO annual air quality guideline of 20 µg·m-3, and values exceeded the 24-h mean PM10 guideline of 50 µg·m-3 on 83, 100, and 86% of the sampling days. Higher concentrations were observed during dry seasons at all sites. Seasonal differences were statistically significant at Rubindi and Kyebando. Bimodal peaks were observed in the diurnal analysis with higher morning peaks at Mbarara and Kyebando, which points to the impact of traffic sources, while the higher evening peak at Rubindi points to the influence of dust suspension, roadside cooking and open-air waste burning. Long-term measurement showed unhealthy ambient air in all three locations tested in Uganda, with significant spatial and seasonal differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silver Onyango
- Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Beth Parks
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA.
| | - Simon Anguma
- Department of Physics, Muni University, Arua, Uganda.
| | - Qingyu Meng
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Zhang T, Zhang Y, Du Z, Dao X, Zhang X, Cao G, Jia Y, Du S, Tang K, Shan D, Zhou H, Zhou R. [Determination of 104 volatile organic compounds in air by double column gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector coupled with electronically controlled cryo-focusing unit]. Se Pu 2019; 37:418-425. [PMID: 30977345 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2018.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the determination of 104 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient air based on double column multi dean switching gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID) coupled with sorbent assisted electronically controlled cryo-focusing unit was developed and evaluated. The sorbent assisted electronically controlled cryo-focusing unit was used for trapping, dehydration and focusing of VOCs sampled in summa canisters. The VOCs were split into two parts by the multi dean switching unit in GC-MS/FID. The C2-C3 components were determined in a PLOT capillary column with an FID detector, while the C4-C12 components were determined in an Intercap-624 capillary column with a MS detector. The C2-C3 components were qualitatively confirmed from the retention time and quantified by the calibration curves, while the C4-C12 components were qualitatively confirmed from the retention time and the relative abundance ratio of characteristic ions, and quantified by the internal standard calibration curves. The major factors influencing the cryo-focusing performance including the type of sorbent tube, the pressure employed in assisted pressure control unit (APC), and the split point in multi dean switching unit were investigated. The chromatographic and MS parameters were optimized. Under optimum conditions, a linear relationship was observed with the content of VOCs ranging from 0.0446 to 0.892 μmol/m3, and correlation coefficients (r) no less than 0.9984. The average spiked recoveries of the six VOCs at two levels of 0.0446 μmol/m3 and 0.223 μmol/m3 were 86.4%-116.1%, with relative standard deviations in the range of 0.9%-11.3% The method detection limits (MDLs) and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.145-1.90 μg/m3 and 0.435-5.70 μg/m3, respectively. The method is accurate, sensitive and simple, and is suitable for the determination of the 104 VOCs in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yixiang Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenyu Du
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu Dao
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center(CNEMC), Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guan Cao
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yueqing Jia
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shijuan Du
- Beijing Branch, Shimadzu(China) Co. Ltd, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ka Tang
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Danying Shan
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurements(CNEAC), Beijing 100029, China
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29
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Engel L, Tarantik KR, Pannek C, Wöllenstein J. Screen-Printed Sensors for Colorimetric Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide in Ambient Air. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E1182. [PMID: 30857132 DOI: 10.3390/s19051182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A fast and sensitive method to monitor hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in ambient air based on a visible color change of a printed disposable sensor has been developed. As gas-sensitive material, an immobilized copper(II) complex of the azo dye 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphtol (H-PAN) was synthesized and prepared in an ethyl cellulose matrix for screen printing. If H2S is present in ambient air, the gas sensitive layer changes its color from purple to yellow. A pre-primed polyethylene (PE) foil and a coated offset paper served as the printing substrate. The colorimetric response to the target gas was measured by UV/Vis spectroscopy in reflection at H2S concentrations between 1 to 20 ppm. Possible cross-sensitivities of the printed sensors towards methane (CH4), formaldehyde (CH2O), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), as well as the long-term stability was investigated. Furthermore, reflection measurements of the Cu-PAN complex on an amorphous silica powder under gas admission served as preliminary test for the subsequent paste development.
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30
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Wang G, Li F, Liu D, Zheng D, Luo Y, Qu D, Ding T, Qu D. Chemical Prelithiation of Negative Electrodes in Ambient Air for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:8699-8703. [PMID: 30777747 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study reports an ambient-air-tolerant approach for negative electrode prelithiation by using 1 M lithium-biphenyl (Li-Bp)/tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution as the prelithiation reagent. Key to this strategy are the relatively stable nature of 1 M Li-Bp/THF in ambient air and the unique electrochemical behavior of Bp in ether and carbonate solvents. With its low redox potential of 0.41 V vs Li/Li+, Li-Bp can prelithiate various active materials with high efficacy. The successful prelithiation of a phosphrous/carbon composite electrode and the notable improvement in its initial Coulombic efficiency (CE) demonstrates the practicality of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongwei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Feifei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences , Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Deyu Qu
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences , Wuhan University of Technology , 122 Luoshi Road , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Tianyao Ding
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
| | - Deyang Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin Milwaukee , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53211 , United States
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31
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Yang Z, Tian Y, Zhao Y, Yang C. Study on the Fabrication of Super-Hydrophobic Surface on Inconel Alloy via Nanosecond Laser Ablation. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:E278. [PMID: 30654480 PMCID: PMC6356191 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanosecond laser ablated metallic surfaces showed initial super-hydrophilicity, and then experienced gradual wettability conversion to super-hydrophobicity with the increase of exposing time to ambient air. Due to the presence of hierarchical structures and change of surface chemistry, the laser-induced Inconel alloy surfaces showed a stable apparent contact angle beyond 150° over 30-day air exposure. The wetting states were proposed to elucidate the initial super-hydrophilicity and the final super-hydrophobicity. The basic fundaments behind the wettability conversion was explored by analyzing surface chemistry using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the origins of super-hydrophobicity were identified as the increase of carbon content and the dominance of C⁻C(H) functional group. The C⁻C(H) bond with excellent nonpolarity derived from the chemisorbed airborne hydrocarbons, which resulted in dramatic reduction of surface-free-energy. This study confirmed that the surface chemistry is not the only factor to determine surface super-hydrophobicity. The laser-induced super-hydrophobicity was attributed to the synergistic effect of surface topography and surface chemical compositions. In this work, the corresponding chemical reaction was particularly described to discuss how the airborne hydrocarbons were attached onto the laser ablated surfaces, which reveals the generation mechanism of air-exposed super-hydrophobic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory & Equipment Design, Ministry of education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Yanling Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory & Equipment Design, Ministry of education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory & Equipment Design, Ministry of education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Chengjuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory & Equipment Design, Ministry of education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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32
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Huang Y, Ye XP, Doona CJ, Feeherry FE, Radosevich M, Wang S. An investigation of inactivation mechanisms of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores in non-thermal plasma of ambient air. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:368-378. [PMID: 29888388 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To utilize the potential of non-thermal plasma technologies for food safety control and sanitation, the inactivation mechanisms of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores by non-thermal plasma of ambient air (NTP-AA) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with chemometric analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, aiming to probe both the morphological and biochemical changes occurring in spores during the kinetic inactivation process. RESULTS Kinetic analysis indicates that there is no intrinsic D-value (i.e. time required to inactivate 90% of the spores) in spore inactivation by NTP-AA because we observed non-linear (biphasic) inactivation kinetics and, in addition, the inactivation rate depended on the initial spore concentration and how the spores were exposed to the reactive species in the NTP-AA. The presence of suitable amount of water in the NTP-AA field accelerates spore inactivation. CONCLUSION Progressive erosion of spore surface by NTP-AA with ensuing or concomitant biochemical damage, which includes the alteration of structural proteins, internal lipids and the loss of dipicolinic acid content from the spore core, represent the main mechanisms of inactivation, and there is evidence that reactive NTP-AA species could penetrate the cortex and reach the core of spores to cause damage. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Huang
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Xiaofei P Ye
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Mark Radosevich
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Yang Z, Pan J, Liang Y, Li Q, Xu D. Ambient Air Condition for Room-Temperature Deposition of MAPbI 3 Films in Highly Efficient Solar Cells. Small 2018; 14:e1802240. [PMID: 30294860 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been boosted rapidly, it has so far exceeded that of commercial polycrystalline silicon solar cells. This has prompted great interest in large-scale production and deployment of perovskite solar cells. However, state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells are fabricated inside gloveboxes and further annealing at high temperatures (typically at >100 °C for 30 min) is needed. These two required conditions are not compatible with, either in the respect to high-throughput or thermal budget, a feasible industrial production process. By eliminating the two requirements, the deposition of perovskite films both at room temperature and under ambient air condition will make the scalable roll-to-roll fabrication scheme feasible. Here, the anti-solvent (chloroform) washing is introduced to the previously developed hydrochloride-assisted method and demonstrate that the room-temperature method can be carried out under ambient air condition for MAPbI3 film deposition. Through this new procedure, a power conversion efficiency as high as 17.72% is achieved for MAPbI3 planar devices fabricated under a relative humidity of 30% at room temperature. Further, it is revealed that the room-temperature process MAPbI3 films show a near monoexponential decay pathway with a long photoluminescence lifetime of >400 ns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinlong Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongqi Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dongsheng Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Fu JP, Zhao B, Li YQ, Liu SS, Yin WH, Huang JQ, Zhou CF, Zhang SK, He DC, Han JL. [Discussion of Emissions and Health Risk of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the Retreading Process of Waste Tires]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2018; 39:2963-2970. [PMID: 29965656 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201710025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emissions characteristics of 16 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air during the waste tire retreading process (open-air storage, mixing, vulcanization, and grinding processes) and in workers' dormitory were analyzed. In addition, the occupational health risk of the workers was evaluated. Results showed that PAHs were detected in all retreading processes and in the workers' dormitory. The highest concentration site was the mixing process, followed by open-air storage and vulcanization process. The lowest concentration point was in the grinding process. The average concentration of PAHs in the workers' dormitory was 11.1 ng·m-3. The PAHs at all sampling points were largely phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene (Flu), anthracene (Ant), and pyrene (Pry), which also had a stronger linear correlation with the total PAH concentration. An analysis of the benzene rings showed that three ring and four ring were the majority, while two ring, five ring, and six ring components accounted for less than 10%. Results of the possible influencing factors of the PAHs revealed that the open-air storage and dormitory might be affected by a combustion source, but the mixing, vulcanization, and grinding processes might be affected by rubber oil. The principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis showed that the spatial location of all sites would significantly influence the distribution of PAHs during the tire retreading process. The health risk assessment showed that occupational workers had a lower risk of lifelong cancer, and there was little influence on life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Fu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yu-Qing Li
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Sha-Sha Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wen-Hua Yin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing-Qiong Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chang-Feng Zhou
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Su-Kun Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - De-Chun He
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing-Lei Han
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
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Kiselev I, Sysoev V, Kaikov I, Koronczi I, Adil Akai Tegin R, Smanalieva J, Sommer M, Ilicali C, Hauptmannl M. On the Temporal Stability of Analyte Recognition with an E-Nose Based on a Metal Oxide Sensor Array in Practical Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18020550. [PMID: 29439468 PMCID: PMC5856101 DOI: 10.3390/s18020550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The paper deals with a functional instability of electronic nose (e-nose) units which significantly limits their real-life applications. Here we demonstrate how to approach this issue with example of an e-nose based on a metal oxide sensor array developed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany). We consider the instability of e-nose operation at different time scales ranging from minutes to many years. To test the e-nose we employ open-air and headspace sampling of analyte odors. The multivariate recognition algorithm to process the multisensor array signals is based on the linear discriminant analysis method. Accounting for the received results, we argue that the stability of device operation is mostly affected by accidental changes in the ambient air composition. To overcome instabilities, we introduce the add-training procedure which is found to successfully manage both the temporal changes of ambient and the drift of multisensor array properties, even long-term. The method can be easily implemented in practical applications of e-noses and improve prospects for device marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Kiselev
- Breitmeier Messtechnik GmbH, Englerstr. 27, 76275 Ettlingen, Germany.
| | - Victor Sysoev
- Laboratory of Sensors and Microsystems, Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, 77 Polytechnicheskaya str., 410054 Saratov, Russia.
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 4 Leninskiy pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Igor Kaikov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Ilona Koronczi
- Science and Technology of Nanosystems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Ruslan Adil Akai Tegin
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Mira Avenue 56, 720044 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
| | - Jamila Smanalieva
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Mira Avenue 56, 720044 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
| | - Martin Sommer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Coskan Ilicali
- Faculty of Engineering, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Mira Avenue 56, 720044 Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
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Fathi Fathabadi MK, Abdolahnejad A, Teiri H, Hajizadeh Y. Spatio-seasonal variation of airborne asbestos concentration in urban areas of Shiraz, Iran. Int J Occup Environ Health 2018; 23:143-150. [PMID: 29421994 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2018.1436016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Asbestos fiber is mainly released from friction product in brakes and clutch linings and from reinforcing agent in the asbestos-cement industry. It leads to serious health problem such as mesothelioma and lung cancer. The objectives of this study were to monitor the levels of asbestos fibers in ambient air of Shiraz, Iran during 2014, and to draw its GIS distribution map for the city. Methods Samples were collected by mixed cellulose ester filters mounted on an open-faced filter holder using a SKC sampling pump. Fiber counting was conducted using both phase contrast microscopy (PCM) method to determine total fibers, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) method to identify non-asbestos from asbestos fibers. Results The average concentrations of asbestos fibers in ambient air of the city were 1.11 ± 0.25 PCM f/l and 12.21 ± 2.52 SEM f/l. The highest concentration of asbestos fibers was measured in Valiasr square amounting 1.96 ± 0.34 PCM f/l and 16.87 ± 2.14 SEM f/l. Conclusions The average of asbestos fibers in all sampling points was higher than the WHO guideline (0.05 PCM f/l, 2.2 SEM f/l). This may be attributed to the frequently occurrence of heavy traffic, the existence of relevant industries in and around the city, and the topographic characteristics of the city. Thus, product substitution, traffic smoothing and industrial sites relocating are suggested to eliminate the asbestos fibers emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazem Fathi Fathabadi
- a Faculty of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environmental Research Center and Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
| | - Ali Abdolahnejad
- b Environmental Science and Technology Research Center , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd , Iran
| | - Hakimeh Teiri
- c Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Yaghoub Hajizadeh
- a Faculty of Health, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Environmental Research Center and Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases , Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan , Iran
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Wang L, Pan J, Zhang Y, Cheng X, Liu L, Peng H. A Li-Air Battery with Ultralong Cycle Life in Ambient Air. Adv Mater 2018; 30:1704378. [PMID: 29194803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The Li-air battery represents a promising power candidate for future electronics due to its extremely high energy density. However, the use of Li-air batteries is largely limited by their poor cyclability in ambient air. Herein, Li-air batteries with ultralong 610 cycles in ambient air are created by combination of low-density polyethylene film that prevents water erosion and gel electrolyte that contains a redox mediator of LiI. The low-density polyethylene film can restrain the side reactions of the discharge product of Li2 O2 to Li2 CO3 in ambient air, while the LiI can facilitate the electrochemical decomposition of Li2 O2 during charging, which improves the reversibility of the Li-air battery. All the components of the Li-air battery are flexible, which is particularly desirable for portable and wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xunliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lianmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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38
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Zhu H, Su C, Tang H, Ruan Z, Wang H, Liu D, Qian Y. [Rapid determination of trace volatile organic compounds in ambient air by portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2017; 46:981-985. [PMID: 29903211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Direct determination of 35 trace volatile organic compounds in air by portable gas chromatography mass spectrometry( GC-MS). METHODS The mixed standard gas of different concentration levels was prepared with high purity nitrogen as diluent gas. The samples were injected into the GC-MS by a hand-held probe. Retention time and characteristic ion were used for qualitative analysis, and the internal standard method was usd for quantitation. RESULTS Under the established experimental conditions, the 35 poisonous substances were separated and determined well. The relative standard deviation was 3. 2%-15. 1%. The average recovery was 75. 1%-121. 4%( n = 6). CONCLUSION The portable GC-MS method can be used for qualitative and quantitative detection of volatile organic compounds in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibao Zhu
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Chengjun Su
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Hongfang Tang
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Han Wang
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Danhua Liu
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yaling Qian
- Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
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Woodall GM, Hoover MD, Williams R, Benedict K, Harper M, Soo JC, Jarabek AM, Stewart MJ, Brown JS, Hulla JE, Caudill M, Clements AL, Kaufman A, Parker AJ, Keating M, Balshaw D, Garrahan K, Burton L, Batka S, Limaye VS, Hakkinen PJ, Thompson B. Interpreting Mobile and Handheld Air Sensor Readings in Relation to Air Quality Standards and Health Effect Reference Values: Tackling the Challenges. Atmosphere (Basel) 2017; 8:182. [PMID: 29093969 PMCID: PMC5662140 DOI: 10.3390/atmos8100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal agencies face a number of challenges in interpreting and reconciling short-duration (seconds to minutes) readings from mobile and handheld air sensors with the longer duration averages (hours to days) associated with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the criteria pollutants-particulate matter (PM), ozone, carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides. Similar issues are equally relevant to the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) where chemical-specific health effect reference values are the best indicators of exposure limits; values which are often based on a lifetime of continuous exposure. A multi-agency, staff-level Air Sensors Health Group (ASHG) was convened in 2013. ASHG represents a multi-institutional collaboration of Federal agencies devoted to discovery and discussion of sensor technologies, interpretation of sensor data, defining the state of sensor-related science across each institution, and provides consultation on how sensors might effectively be used to meet a wide range of research and decision support needs. ASHG focuses on several fronts: improving the understanding of what hand-held sensor technologies may be able to deliver; communicating what hand-held sensor readings can provide to a number of audiences; the challenges of how to integrate data generated by multiple entities using new and unproven technologies; and defining best practices in communicating health-related messages to various audiences. This review summarizes the challenges, successes, and promising tools of those initial ASHG efforts and Federal agency progress on crafting similar products for use with other NAAQS pollutants and the HAPs. NOTE: The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessary represent the opinions of their Federal Agencies or the US Government. Mention of product names does not constitute endorsement.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Woodall
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mark D. Hoover
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ronald Williams
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Kristen Benedict
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Martin Harper
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jhy-Charm Soo
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Annie M. Jarabek
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | | | - James S. Brown
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | | | - Motria Caudill
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | | | - Amanda Kaufman
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Alison J. Parker
- ORISE Fellow hosted by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Martha Keating
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - David Balshaw
- National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kevin Garrahan
- Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Laureen Burton
- Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Sheila Batka
- Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | | | | | - Bob Thompson
- Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
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Qi L, Ren Y, Liu AM, Huang YR, Zhao Z, Wang J, Li H. [Pollution Characteristics of PCDD/Fs in Ambient Air and Exposure Risk Assessment Around a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator in Beijing]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2017; 38:1317-1326. [PMID: 29965132 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201608147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ambient air was sampled and analyzed around a municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) in Beijing from April 2014 to January 2015 to investigate the concentrations, profiles and seasonal variations of PCDD/Fs in the region using HRGC-HRMS technique. The mass concentrations and TEQ of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs in the air samples ranged from 8.9 to 140 pg·m-3 and from 0.11 to 1.8 pg·m-3, respectively. The concentration values at 4 sampling sites in haze day in autumn and all 7 sampling sites in winter were higher than the ambient air standard of 0.6 pg·m-3 for dioxins regulated in Japan. 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and OCDD dominated PCDD/Fs in all the samples for all four seasons with average contribution fractions of 20.5% and 14.0%, respectively, while 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was the dominant congener contributing to TEQ (43.3%). The spatial distribution basically exhibited a trend that the concentrations at all sites were comparable and not related to the distances from the source. Seasonal variation showed obviously higher concentration in winter than the other three seasons, which may attribute to the high concentration of ambient particulate matter due to domestic heating and worse atmospheric dispersion that occurred in winter. The homologue and congener profiles of PCDD/Fs in the air samples differed from those of the flue gas emission from the MSWI, consistent with the principle component analysis results. Dioxin inhalation exposure dose estimation showed that the dioxin inhalation exposure risk of residents living in the studied area was at a relatively safe level[0.060-0.224 pg·(kg·d)-1]. However, the dioxin inhalation exposure risk in heavily polluted seasons still needs great concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yue Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ai-Min Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ye-Ru Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Beijing Chaoyang District Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang District Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing Chaoyang District Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Beijing 100125, China
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41
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He MZ, Zeng X, Zhang K, Kinney PL. Fine Particulate Matter Concentrations in Urban Chinese Cities, 2005-2016: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017; 14:ijerph14020191. [PMID: 28216601 PMCID: PMC5334745 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Particulate matter pollution has become a growing health concern over the past few decades globally. The problem is especially evident in China, where particulate matter levels prior to 2013 are publically unavailable. We conducted a systematic review of scientific literature that reported fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in different regions of China from 2005 to 2016. Methods: We searched for English articles in PubMed and Embase and for Chinese articles in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). We evaluated the studies overall and categorized the collected data into six geographical regions and three economic regions. Results: The mean (SD) PM2.5 concentration, weighted by the number of sampling days, was 60.64 (33.27) μg/m³ for all geographic regions and 71.99 (30.20) μg/m³ for all economic regions. A one-way ANOVA shows statistically significant differences in PM2.5 concentrations between the various geographic regions (F = 14.91, p < 0.0001) and the three economic regions (F = 4.55, p = 0.01). Conclusions: This review identifies quantifiable differences in fine particulate matter concentrations across regions of China. The highest levels of fine particulate matter were found in the northern and northwestern regions and especially Beijing. The high percentage of data points exceeding current federal regulation standards suggests that fine particulate matter pollution remains a huge problem for China. As pre-2013 emissions data remain largely unavailable, we hope that the data aggregated from this systematic review can be incorporated into current and future models for more accurate historical PM2.5 estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Z He
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Xiange Zeng
- Program in Public Health Studies, Johns Hopkins University Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu, China.
- Yangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yangzhou 225000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Patrick L Kinney
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MD 02118, USA.
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Fu JP, Han JL, Yu XW, Yang YY, Yin WH, Feng GX, Zhang SK, Huang JQ, Ren MZ. [Possible Sources of PCDD/Fs in Atmosphere of a Certain District in Guangdong]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2017; 38:502-509. [PMID: 29964505 DOI: 10.13227/j.hjkx.201606178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyzed 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans(PCDD/Fs) by HRGC/HRMS in the flue gas of a certain municipal solid waste incinerator(MSWI) and its surrounding air and other possible sources in Guangdong. It discussed the feature of homologs and main toxic monomers in all samples. It also investigated the relationship among surrounding area, MSWI and possible sources using principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. The results showed that the concentration of PCDD/Fs was higher in the flue gas than the ambient air, moreover non-effect suffered by prevailing wind direction. The possible sources might be tyre factory and open burning based on spot survey. The concentration of PCDD/Fs was lower in tyre factory than upwind station, but higher at open burning spot than outdrop monitoring station. The analysis of homologs showed that OCDD, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF were the main materials in the flue gas and air, meanwhile OCDF was also found in atmosphere. There was similar feature of 17 PCDD/Fs between surrounding monitoring station and tyre factory, and the same between flue gas and open burning. The further analysis showed that the linearly dependent coefficients of 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF were 0.95 and 0.75, respectively. It showed the strong correlation of two monomers in all ambient air samples. The PCA and cluster analysis showed that MSWI influenced the surrounding air, tyre factory had an impact on upwind station, and open burning had a lower effect on outdrop monitoring station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Fu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jing-Lei Han
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wen-Hua Yin
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Gui-Xian Feng
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Su-Kun Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jin-Qiong Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Ren
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
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Baek SO, Suvarapu LN, Seo YK. Occurrence and Concentrations of Toxic VOCs in the Ambient Air of Gumi, an Electronics-Industrial City in Korea. Sensors (Basel) 2015; 15:19102-23. [PMID: 26251905 DOI: 10.3390/s150819102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to characterize the occurrence and concentrations of a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including aliphatic, aromatic, halogenated, nitrogenous, and carbonyl compounds, in the ambient air of Gumi City, where a large number of electronics industries are found. Two field monitoring campaigns were conducted for a one year period in 2003/2004 and 2010/2011 at several sampling sites in the city, representing industrial, residential and commercial areas. More than 80 individual compounds were determined in this study, and important compounds were then identified according to their abundance, ubiquity and toxicity. The monitoring data revealed toluene, trichloroethylene and acetaldehyde to be the most significant air toxics in the city, and their major sources were mainly industrial activities. On the other hand, there was no clear evidence of an industrial impact on the concentrations of benzene and formaldehyde in the ambient air of the city. Overall, seasonal variations were not as distinct as locational variations in the VOCs concentrations, whereas the within-day variations showed a typical pattern of urban air pollution, i.e., increase in the morning, decrease in the afternoon, and an increase again in the evening. Considerable decreases in the concentrations of VOCs from 2003 to 2011 were observed. The reductions in the ambient concentrations were confirmed further by the Korean PRTR data in industrial emissions within the city. Significant decreases in the concentrations of benzene and acetaldehyde were also noted, whereas formaldehyde appeared to be almost constant between the both campaigns. The decreased trends in the ambient levels were attributed not only to the stricter regulations for VOCs in Korea, but also to the voluntary agreement of major companies to reduce the use of organic solvents. In addition, a site planning project for an eco-friendly industrial complex is believed to play a contributory role in improving the air quality of the city.
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Olszowski T, Kłos A. The impact of candle burning during All Saints' Day ceremonies on ambient alkyl-substituted benzene concentrations. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2013; 91:588-594. [PMID: 24052143 PMCID: PMC3824304 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-013-1104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Research findings concerning benzene, toluene, ethylobenzene, meta-, para- and ortho-xylene as well as styrene (BTEXS) emission at public cemeteries during All Saints' Day are presented here. Tests were carried out at town-located cemeteries in Opole and Grodków (southern Poland) and, as a benchmark, at the centres of those same towns. The purpose of the study was to estimate BTEXS emissions caused by the candle burning and, equally important to examine, whether emissions generated by the tested sources were similar to the BTEXS emissions generated by road transport. During the festive period, significant increases in benzene concentrations, by 200 % and 144 %, were noted at the cemeteries in Opole and Grodków, as well as in toluene, by 366 % and 342 %, respectively. Styrene concentrations also increased. It was demonstrated that the ratio of toluene to benzene concentrations from emissions caused by the burning candles are comparable to the ratio established for transportation emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Olszowski
- Department of Thermal Engineering and Industrial Facilities, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kłos
- Chair of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Opole University, kard. B. Kominka 4, 45-032 Opole, Poland
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Zhang W, Huang JK, Chen CH, Chang YH, Cheng YJ, Li LJ. High-gain phototransistors based on a CVD MoS₂ monolayer. Adv Mater 2013; 25:3456-61. [PMID: 23703933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A phototransistor based on a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) MoS2 monolayer exhibits a high photoresponsivity (2200 A W(-1) ) and an excellent photogain (5000). The presence of shallow traps contributes to the persistent photoconductivity. Ambient adsorbates act as p-dopants to MoS2 , decreasing the carrier mobility, photoresponsivity, and photogain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Zhang W, Huang JK, Chen CH, Chang YH, Cheng YJ, Li LJ. High-gain phototransistors based on a CVD MoS₂ monolayer. Adv Mater 2013. [PMID: 23703933 DOI: 10.1002/adma.v25.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A phototransistor based on a chemical vapor deposited (CVD) MoS2 monolayer exhibits a high photoresponsivity (2200 A W(-1) ) and an excellent photogain (5000). The presence of shallow traps contributes to the persistent photoconductivity. Ambient adsorbates act as p-dopants to MoS2 , decreasing the carrier mobility, photoresponsivity, and photogain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Abstract
The degree to which aeroallergens are contributing to the global increase in pediatric allergic disease is incompletely understood. We review the evidence that links climate change to changes in aeroallergens such as pollen and outdoor mold concentrations and, subsequently, aeroallergen association with pediatric allergic disease. We specifically explore the evidence on both the exacerbation and the development of allergic disease in children related to outdoor pollen and mold concentrations. Pediatric allergic diseases include atopic dermatitis or eczema, allergic rhinitis or hay fever, and some types of asthma in children, typically defined as < 18 years of age. We discuss how the timing of aeroallergen exposure both in utero and in childhood could be associated with allergies. We conclude that the magnitude and type of health impacts due to climate change will depend on improved understanding of the relationship between climatic variables, multiple allergen factors, and allergic disease. Improved public-health strategies such as adequate humidity control, optimum air filtration and ventilation, and improved anticipatory public-health messaging will be critical to adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry E Sheffield
- Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Jia C, Batterman S. A critical review of naphthalene sources and exposures relevant to indoor and outdoor air. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2010; 7:2903-39. [PMID: 20717549 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7072903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both the recent classification of naphthalene as a possible human carcinogen and its ubiquitous presence motivate this critical review of naphthalene's sources and exposures. We evaluate the environmental literature on naphthalene published since 1990, drawing on nearly 150 studies that report emissions and concentrations in indoor, outdoor and personal air. While naphthalene is both a volatile organic compound and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, concentrations and exposures are poorly characterized relative to many other pollutants. Most airborne emissions result from combustion, and key sources include industry, open burning, tailpipe emissions, and cigarettes. The second largest source is off-gassing, specifically from naphthalene's use as a deodorizer, repellent and fumigant. In the U.S., naphthalene's use as a moth repellant has been reduced in favor of para-dichlorobenzene, but extensive use continues in mothballs, which appears responsible for some of the highest indoor exposures, along with off-label uses. Among the studies judged to be representative, average concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 1.7 microg m(-3) in non-smoker's homes, and from 0.02 to 0.31 microg m(-3) outdoors in urban areas. Personal exposures have been reported in only three European studies. Indoor sources are the major contributor to (non-occupational) exposure. While its central tendencies fall well below guideline levels relevant to acute health impacts, several studies have reported maximum concentrations exceeding 100 microg m(-3), far above guideline levels. Using current but draft estimates of cancer risks, naphthalene is a major environmental risk driver, with typical individual risk levels in the 10(-4) range, which is high and notable given that millions of individuals are exposed. Several factors influence indoor and outdoor concentrations, but the literature is inconsistent on their effects. Further investigation is needed to better characterize naphthalene's sources and exposures, especially for indoor and personal measurements.
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Salem AA, Soliman AA, El-Haty IA. Determination of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and ammonia in ambient air using the passive sampling method associated with ion chromatographic and potentiometric analyses. Air Qual Atmos Health 2009; 2:133-145. [PMID: 19890464 PMCID: PMC2770132 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-009-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), ozone (O(3)), and ammonia (NH(3)) were determined in the ambient air of Al-Ain city over a year using the passive sampling method associated with ion chromatographic and potentiometric detections. IVL samplers were used for collecting nitrogen and sulfur dioxides whereas Ogawa samplers were used for collecting ozone and ammonia. Five sites representing the industrial, traffic, commercial, residential, and background regions of the city were monitored in the course of this investigation. Year average concentrations of =59.26, 15.15, 17.03, and 11.88 mug/m(3) were obtained for NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and NH(3), respectively. These values are lower than the maxima recommended for ambient air quality standards by the local environmental agency and the world health organization. Results obtained were correlated with the three meteorological parameters: humidity, wind speed, and temperature recorded during the same period of time using the paired t test, probability p values, and correlation coefficients. Humidity and wind speed showed insignificant effects on NO(2), SO(2), O(3), and NH(3) concentrations at 95% confidence level. Temperature showed insignificant effects on the concentrations of NO(2) and NH(3) while significant effects on SO(2) and O(3) were observed. Nonlinear correlations (R(2) = 0.722) were obtained for the changes in measured concentrations with changes in the three meteorological parameters. Passive samplers were shown to be not only precise (RSD = 13.57) but also of low cost, low technical demand, and expediency in monitoring different locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Salem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17551, UAE
| | - Ahmed A. Soliman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17551, UAE
| | - Ismail A. El-Haty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, P.O. Box 17551, UAE
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