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Sahyouni M, Casey B, Carpenter Z, Estrella F, Okafor C. Euphoric Presentation in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and Its Diagnostic Implications: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e57419. [PMID: 38694643 PMCID: PMC11062774 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) constitutes an aggressively advancing, terminal neurodegenerative condition classified within the spectrum of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis before death arises from the condition's rarity and the resulting limited level of suspicion attributed to it. The polymorphic nature of CJD symptoms contributes to the challenge of early diagnostic recognition. Emotional and behavioral changes have been well documented, but the initial presentation of euphoria has not been documented. Here, we present the case of a female patient who was experiencing an unusual state of euphoria followed by intermittently altered mental status. She was ultimately diagnosed with sporadic CJD, discharged home on hospice, and died within six months of discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Sahyouni
- Internal Medicine, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, USA
- Internal Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Bradley Casey
- Internal Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Zachary Carpenter
- Internal Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Frank Estrella
- Internal Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, USA
| | - Chika Okafor
- Internal Medicine, Cape Fear Valley Medical Center, Fayetteville, USA
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2
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Price JR, Kheirbek RE. Addressing the Unmet Needs of Patients With Rapidly Progressive Neurological Disease: A Case Report of Palliative Care in Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD). Cureus 2024; 16:e55228. [PMID: 38558630 PMCID: PMC10981389 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.55228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that typically progresses rapidly and unrelentingly. Providing comfort and support for patients with CJD presents significant challenges for clinicians and caregivers. In comparison to the more typical disease progression experienced in dementias, the trajectory of CJD differs significantly. This case report delves into these differences and emphasizes the need for the development of guidelines for healthcare professionals and families who care for individuals with CJD. Such guidelines would help facilitate better care and support for patients and their families throughout the course of this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Price
- Hospice and Palliative Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , USA
| | - Raya E Kheirbek
- Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore , USA
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3
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Iida T, Kodama Y, Kogina K. Use of Tumguide® in the Insertion of a Nasogastric Tube Into the Stomach of a Patient With Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease in a Nursing Home: A Case Report. Cureus 2024; 16:e52082. [PMID: 38222985 PMCID: PMC10784711 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
A 77-year-old woman exhibited a rapid progression of dementia and declining physical function and, over a period of about four months, reached a state of akinetic mutism. A final diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was made. A nasogastric tube was inserted into the stomach, and then it was confirmed on X-ray that the end of the tube was in the correct position. She was discharged to a nursing home, where she received home medical care after discharge. One month after the nasogastric tube insertion, Tumguide® was used to assist in replacing the tube at this home. In home care settings where an X-ray machine may not be available, Tumguide® may assist with nasogastric tube insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Iida
- General Practice, Sapporo Home Care Clinic Soyokaze, Heiikukai Medical Corporation, Sapporo, JPN
| | - Yumi Kodama
- Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, JPN
| | - Kazue Kogina
- General Practice, Sapporo Home Care Clinic Soyokaze, Heiikukai Medical Corporation, Sapporo, JPN
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Madineni KUC, S V NP, Bhuma V. A Study of Clinical Profile, Radiological and Electroencephalographic Characteristics of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease From a Tertiary Care Hospital. Cureus 2023; 15:e50008. [PMID: 38186537 PMCID: PMC10767236 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), the most common form of human prion disease, is the archetypal diagnosis in this category. However, the spectrum of possible diagnoses is wide, encompassing various treatable conditions. A lack of standardized diagnostic criteria and a tendency to opt for brain biopsies and clinical autopsies can be limiting factors in reaching a conclusive diagnosis. Objective This study aims to retrospectively analyze clinical and investigative findings in patients referred to a specialized neurology clinic exhibiting rapidly progressive dementia. These patients were ultimately diagnosed with Probable sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) based on the 2018 CDC criteria for sporadic CJD. Materials and Methods This study included cases of CJD diagnosed based on clinical, electrophysiological, and imaging parameters at a tertiary care hospital in India from 2016 to 2020. The diagnostic criteria proposed by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) were employed to categorize patients as definite, probable, or possible CJD cases. All patients underwent MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) imaging and EEG ( electroencephalography) recording, while diagnostic brain biopsies were not conducted due to a lack of consent from close relatives. Results This observational descriptive study comprised four patients diagnosed with Probable sporadic CJD (sCJD), all of whom were female. The patients exhibited an age range of 57 to 75 years at the onset of the disease, with a mean age of onset at 67.5 years. Unfortunately, all patients succumbed to the disease within 6 months of its onset. Rapidly progressive dementia was a common symptom in all cases. Additionally, patient one and patient four displayed myoclonus and dystonia, patient two exhibited myoclonus and akinetic mutism, and patient three had myoclonus, chorea, and ataxia. MR brain imaging, including T2 sequence, FLAIR sequence, and DWI/ADC mapping, was performed on all patients, revealing both cortical gray matter and deep gray matter (basal ganglia) T2/FLAIR hyperintensities with DWI restriction. A cortical ribboning pattern was observed in all cases. EEG results indicated generalized delta slow waves with triphasic complexes in three patients, while patient three alone displayed periodic sharp wave complexes at a frequency of 1 per 1 - 1.5 seconds. Conclusion MRI with DWI and ADC brain mapping emerges as the most valuable diagnostic tool for patients with clinical presentations suggesting sCJD. In this study, all patients displayed restricted diffusion, as confirmed by ADC mapping. Regrettably, the characteristic features of sCJD with restricted diffusion in the cortex, thalamus, and basal ganglia may often elude detection by radiologists outside specialized centers, resulting in diagnostic delays. Conversely, when basal ganglia or cortical signal abnormalities are detected in conjunction with parenchymal swelling, alternative diagnoses such as encephalitis or lymphoma should be considered, as parenchymal swelling is not a typical feature of sCJD as revealed by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naveen Prasad S V
- Neurology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, IND
| | - Vengamma Bhuma
- Neurology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, IND
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5
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Singh H, Yura T, Kak V. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease With COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e45757. [PMID: 37872927 PMCID: PMC10590495 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rare and rapidly fatal neurological disease. Diagnosis is made through clinical features, imaging, electroencephalography, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Sporadic CJD accounts for the majority of cases and occurs due to somatic mutation in the gene or random structural change in the prion protein. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause neurodegeneration, and CJD acceleration is hypothesized due to systemic inflammatory response and prion misfolding. We present a 70-year-old lady with rapidly progressing dementia diagnosed as CJD, with the onset coinciding with COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjinder Singh
- Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Jackson Hospital, Jackson, USA
| | - Thomas Yura
- Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Vivek Kak
- Infectious Disease, Henry Ford Jackson Hospital, Jackson, USA
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Al Taie H, Vasandani N, Nasehi A, O'Malley T. An Atypical Presentation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease as a Stroke Mimic: Experience From an Irish Tertiary Center. Cureus 2023; 15:e43066. [PMID: 37680437 PMCID: PMC10481629 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (sCJD) is a rare neurodegenerative prion disease that presents with symptoms of rapid neuropsychiatric decline including dementia, behavioural abnormalities, and loss of higher cortical function. Patients commonly present with rapidly progressive neuromotor symptoms such as ataxia and myoclonus. Very few cases of CJD have been reported in which the patient initially presents with stroke symptoms such as hemiparesis as their primary presenting symptom. We present a case of a 56-year-old male who initially presented to the stroke unit with waxing and waning left-sided weakness and a non-corresponding ipsilateral left-sided acute parietal infarct on diffusion-weighted MRI. Over four weeks, his condition progressively worsened with declining cognitive function, motor dysfunction, sphincter dysfunction, and eventual death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Al Taie
- Internal Medicine, Mayo University Hospital, Castlebar, IRL
| | | | - Armon Nasehi
- Internal Medicine, Mayo University Hospital, Castlebar, IRL
| | - Tom O'Malley
- Internal Medicine, Mayo University Hospital, Castlebar, IRL
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De Pedro-Cuesta J, Almazán-Isla J, Tejedor-Romero L, Ruiz-Tovar M, Avellanal F, Rábano A, Calero M, García López FJ. Human prion disease surveillance in Spain, 1993-2018: an overview. Prion 2021; 15:94-106. [PMID: 34120571 PMCID: PMC8205053 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2021.1933873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In Spain, human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) have been undergoing continuous surveillance for over 25 years. In 1995, the system was launched as an EU Concerted Action, with EU surveillance network procedures being incorporated from 2002 onwards. The aim of this report was to describe performance and outcomes of this surveillance system across the period 1993–2018. Neurology and public health specialists from every region reported cases to a central hub at the Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid. In all, eight accidentally transmitted cases and five definite variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) patients were reported. All vCJD cases were diagnosed between 2005 and 2008. Two of these were family/dietary-related and spatially linked to a third. Yearly incidence of sporadic CJD per million was 1.25 across the period 1998–2018, and displayed a north-south gradient with the highest incidence in La Rioja, Navarre and the Basque Country. Genetic TSEs were observed to be clustered in the Basque Country, with a 4-fold incidence over the national rate. A total of 120 (5.6%) non-TSE sporadic, conformational, rapidly progressing neurodegenerative and vascular brain disorders were reported as suspect CJD. We conclude that TSEs in Spain displayed geographically uneven, stable medium incidences for the sporadic and genetic forms, a temporal and spatial family cluster for vCJD, and decreasing numbers for dura-mater-associated forms. The vCJD surveillance, framed within the EU network, might require continuing to cover all prion disorders. There is need for further strategic surveillance research focusing on case definition of rapid-course, conformational encephalopathies and surgical risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús De Pedro-Cuesta
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Almazán-Isla
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Tejedor-Romero
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ruiz-Tovar
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Avellanal
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Rábano
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neuropathology and Brain Tissue Bank, Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Calero
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neuropathology and Brain Tissue Bank, Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Queen Sofia Foundation Alzheimer Centre, Madrid, Spain.,Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC) , Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando J García López
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Ageing and Mental Health, National Epidemiology Centre, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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Ciepierski WM, Adamczyk-Sowa M, Męcik Kronenberg T, Wierzcbicki K. Diagnostics of sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease – literature review. Wiad Lek 2019; 72:1995-2004. [PMID: 31982612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is the most common spongiform encephalopathy caused by protein infectious agents called prions. Despite the lack of known treatment which would cure or at least slow down the progression of the disease, its proper diagnosis is extremely important, because of the large group of diseases that may imitate its course and for which a causal / symptomatic treatment has already been developed. The main problem that prevents the differential diagnosis is the lack of a commonly available and non-invasive procedure for antemortem finding the pathological PrPSc protein in a patient’s nervous system. In addition, the current WHO criteria are outdated and need to be updated due to the emergence of new diagnostic methods since their publication. The aim of this study is to collect the latest trends in the diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, to draw attention to the need for careful differential diagnosis in patients with suspected sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and to verify the current criteria for its diagnosis and update.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Maciej Ciepierski
- Koło Naukowe Przy Katedrze i Zakładzie Patomorfologii, Wydział Lekarski z Oddziałem Lekarsko Dentystycznym w Zabrzu, Śląski, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Zabrze, Polska
| | - Monika Adamczyk-Sowa
- Katedra i Klinika Neurologii, SPSK nr 1 im. prof. S. Szyszko, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Zabrze, Polska
| | - Tomasz Męcik Kronenberg
- Katedra i Klinika Neurologii, SPSK nr 1 im. prof. S. Szyszko, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Zabrze, Polska
| | - Krzysztof Wierzcbicki
- Katedra i Klinika Neurologii, SPSK nr 1 im. prof. S. Szyszko, Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach, Zabrze, Polska
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9
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Blennow K, Diaz-Lucena D, Zetterberg H, Villar-Pique A, Karch A, Vidal E, Hermann P, Schmitz M, Ferrer Abizanda I, Zerr I, Llorens F. CSF neurogranin as a neuronal damage marker in CJD: a comparative study with AD. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:846-853. [PMID: 31097472 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-320155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neurogranin concentrations are altered in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), comparatively with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and associated with neuronal degeneration in brain tissue. METHODS CSF neurogranin, total tau, neurofilament light (NFL) and 14-3-3 protein were measured in neurological controls (NCs, n=64), AD (n=46) and CJD (n=81). The accuracy of neurogranin discriminating the three diagnostic groups was evaluated. Correlations between neurogranin and neurodegeneration biomarkers, demographic, genetic and clinical data were assessed. Additionally, neurogranin expression in postmortem brain tissue was studied. RESULTS Compared with NC, CSF neurogranin concentrations were increased in CJD (4.75 times of NC; p<0.001, area under curve (AUC), 0.96 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.99) and AD (1.94 times of NC; p<0.01, AUC 0.73, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.82), and were able to differentiate CJD from AD (p<0.001, AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.92). CSF tau was increased in CJD (41 times of NC) and in AD (3.1 times of NC), both at p<0.001. In CJD, neurogranin positively correlated with tau (r=0.55, p<0.001) and was higher in 14-3-3-positivity (p<0.05), but showed no association with NFL (r=0.08, p=0.46). CJD-MM1/MV1 cases displayed higher neurogranin levels than VV2 cases. Neurogranin was increased at early CJD disease stages and was a good prognostic marker of survival time in CJD. In brain tissue, neurogranin was detected in the cytoplasm, membrane and postsynaptic density fractions of neurons, with reduced levels in AD, and more significantly in CJD, where they correlated with synaptic and axonal markers. CONCLUSIONS Neurogranin is a new biomarker of prion pathogenesis with diagnostic and prognostic abilities, which reflects the degree of neuronal damage in brain tissue in a CJD subtype manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniela Diaz-Lucena
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, L'Hospilatet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Villar-Pique
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Karch
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Peter Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isidro Ferrer Abizanda
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, L'Hospilatet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institutue (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Llorens
- Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Institute Carlos III, Ministry of Health, L'Hospilatet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain .,Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institutue (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Baiardi S, Redaelli V, Ripellino P, Rossi M, Franceschini A, Moggio M, Sola P, Ladogana A, Fociani P, Magherini A, Capellari S, Giese A, Caughey B, Caroppo P, Parchi P. Prion-related peripheral neuropathy in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019; 90:424-427. [PMID: 30355606 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the involvement of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) belongs to the phenotypic spectrum of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). METHODS We examined medical records of 117 sCJDVV2 (ataxic type), 65 sCJDMV2K (kuru-plaque type) and 121 sCJDMM(V)1 (myoclonic type) subjects for clinical symptoms, objective signs and neurophysiological data. We reviewed two diagnostic nerve biopsies and looked for abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) by western blotting and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) in postmortem PNS samples from 14 subjects. RESULTS Seventy-five (41.2%) VV2-MV2K patients, but only 11 (9.1%) MM(V)1, had symptoms or signs suggestive of PNS involvement occurring at onset in 18 cases (17 VV2-MV2K, 9.3%; and 1 MM(V)1, 0.8%) and isolated in 6. Nerve biopsy showed a mixed predominantly axonal and demyelinating neuropathy in two sCJDMV2K. Electromyography showed signs of neuropathy in half of the examined VV2-MV2K patients. Prion RT-QuIC was positive in all CJD PNS samples, whereas western blotting detected PrPSc in the sciatic nerve in one VV2 and one MV2K. CONCLUSIONS Peripheral neuropathy, likely related to PrPSc deposition, belongs to the phenotypic spectrum of sCJDMV2K and VV2 and may mark the clinical onset. The significantly lower prevalence of PNS involvement in typical sCJDMM(V)1 suggests that the PNS tropism of sCJD prions is strain dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Baiardi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Veronica Redaelli
- Neurology and Neuropathology Unit, IRCCS, Foundation, Neurological Institute Carlo Besta of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Ripellino
- Department of Neurology, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Marcello Rossi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Disease Unit, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sola
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Ladogana
- Department of Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Fociani
- Department of Pathology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sabina Capellari
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Armin Giese
- Institut für Neuropathologie und Prion Forschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Byron Caughey
- LPVD, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA
| | - Paola Caroppo
- Neurology and Neuropathology Unit, IRCCS, Foundation, Neurological Institute Carlo Besta of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy .,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Abstract
The diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) can be difficult, but the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) assays have made a considerable impact on its clinical diagnosis. This technique exploits the ability of the misfolded pathological form of prion protein (PrPSc) found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to induce conversion of normal PrP to the misfolded form, which subsequently aggregates. The formation of these aggregates of misfolded PrP is monitored in real time using fluorescent dyes. The current sensitivity of CSF RT-QuIC undertaken at the UK National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit is 92% and the specificity is 100%. The interpretation of the RT-QuIC traces is affected by the presence of raised CSF red and white cells counts and elevated total protein concentrations. We recommend that CSF samples for RT-QuIC analysis are clear and colourless with a white cell count of <10 x10^6/L and have a total protein concentration of <1 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J E Green
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, The National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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12
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Eisen A. Central nervous system in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2018; 89:901-902. [PMID: 29680791 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-318186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Waliszewska-Prosół M, Obara K, Szewczyk P, Śniatowska M, Budrewicz S. Cerebellar ataxia as a first manifestation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in two cousins. Postgrad Med J 2018; 94:360. [PMID: 29434023 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krystian Obara
- Department of Neurology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Szewczyk
- Department of General Radiology, Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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14
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Unkel S, Röver C, Stallard N, Benda N, Posch M, Zohar S, Friede T. Systematic reviews in paediatric multiple sclerosis and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease exemplify shortcomings in methods used to evaluate therapies in rare conditions. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:16. [PMID: 26897367 PMCID: PMC4761188 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard design of clinical research to assess interventions. However, RCTs cannot always be applied for practical or ethical reasons. To investigate the current practices in rare diseases, we review evaluations of therapeutic interventions in paediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). In particular, we shed light on the endpoints used, the study designs implemented and the statistical methodologies applied. METHODS We conducted literature searches to identify relevant primary studies. Data on study design, objectives, endpoints, patient characteristics, randomization and masking, type of intervention, control, withdrawals and statistical methodology were extracted from the selected studies. The risk of bias and the quality of the studies were assessed. RESULTS Twelve (seven) primary studies on paediatric MS (CJD) were included in the qualitative synthesis. No double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial for evaluating interventions in paediatric MS has been published yet. Evidence from one open-label RCT is available. The observational studies are before-after studies or controlled studies. Three of the seven selected studies on CJD are RCTs, of which two received the maximum mark on the Oxford Quality Scale. Four trials are controlled observational studies. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from double-blind RCTs on the efficacy of treatments appears to be variable between rare diseases. With regard to paediatric conditions it remains to be seen what impact regulators will have through e.g., paediatric investigation plans. Overall, there is space for improvement by using innovative trial designs and data analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Unkel
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Röver
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nigel Stallard
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Norbert Benda
- Biostatistics and Special Pharmacokinetics Unit, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Posch
- Section of Medical Statistics, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Zohar
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Unité Mixte de Service 1138, Team 22, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris 5 et Université Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 32, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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Kobayashi A, Matsuura Y, Mohri S, Kitamoto T. Distinct origins of dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: past and future problems. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:32. [PMID: 24685293 PMCID: PMC3976164 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-2-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dura mater graft-associated Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (dCJD) can be divided into two subgroups that exhibit distinct clinical and neuropathological features, with the majority represented by a non-plaque-type of dCJD (np-dCJD) and the minority by a plaque-type of dCJD (p-dCJD). The two distinct phenotypes of dCJD had been considered to be unrelated to the genotype (methionine, M or valine, V) at polymorphic codon 129 of the PRNP gene or type (type 1 or type 2) of abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrPSc) in the brain, while these are major determinants of clinicopathological phenotypes of sporadic CJD (sCJD). The reason for the existence of two distinct subgroups in dCJD had remained elusive. Recent progress in research of the pathogenesis of dCJD has revealed that two distinct subgroups of dCJD are caused by infection with different PrPSc strains from sCJD, i.e., np-dCJD caused by infection with sCJD-MM1/MV1, and p-dCJD caused by infection with sCJD-VV2 or -MV2. These studies have also revealed previously unrecognized problems as follows: (i) the numbers of p-dCJD patients may increase in the future, (ii) the potential risks of secondary infection from dCJD, particularly from p-dCJD, may be considerable, and (iii) the effectiveness of the current PrPSc decontamination procedures against the PrPSc from p-dCJD is uncertain. To prevent secondary infection from p-dCJD, the establishment of effective decontamination procedures is an urgent issue. In this review, we summarize the past and future problems surrounding dCJD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuura
- Influenza and Prion Disease Research Center, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Shirou Mohri
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Reiniger L, Mirabile I, Lukic A, Wadsworth JDF, Linehan JM, Groves M, Lowe J, Druyeh R, Rudge P, Collinge J, Mead S, Brandner S. Filamentous white matter prion protein deposition is a distinctive feature of multiple inherited prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2013; 1:8. [PMID: 24252267 PMCID: PMC4046834 DOI: 10.1186/2051-5960-1-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic, inherited and acquired prion diseases show distinct histological patterns of abnormal prion protein (PrP) deposits. Many of the inherited prion diseases show striking histological patterns, which often associate with specific mutations. Most reports have focused on the pattern of PrP deposition in the cortical or cerebellar grey matter. RESULTS We observed that the subcortical white matter in inherited prion diseases frequently contained filamentous depositions of abnormal PrP, and we have analysed by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy 35 cases of inherited prion disease seen at the UK National Prion Clinic. We report here that filamentous PrP is abundantly deposited in myelinated fibres in inherited prion diseases, in particular in those with N-terminal mutations. CONCLUSIONS It is possible that the presence of filamentous PrP is related to the pathogenesis of inherited forms, which is different from those sporadic and acquired forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Reiniger
- />Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
| | - Ilaria Mirabile
- />Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
| | - Ana Lukic
- />Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London UK
- />National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
| | | | | | - Michael Groves
- />Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
| | - Jessica Lowe
- />MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Ronald Druyeh
- />MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- />National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
- />MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- />Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London UK
- />National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
- />MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- />National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
- />MRC Prion Unit, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- />Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London UK
- />Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London UK
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17
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Carswell C, Thompson A, Lukic A, Stevens J, Rudge P, Mead S, Collinge J, Hyare H. MRI findings are often missed in the diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. BMC Neurol 2012; 12:153. [PMID: 23216655 PMCID: PMC3604954 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-12-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Establishing a confident clinical diagnosis before an advanced stage of illness can be difficult in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) but unlike common causes of dementia, prion diseases can often be diagnosed by identifying characteristic MRI signal changes. However, it is not known how often CJD-associated MRI changes are identified at the initial imaging report, whether the most sensitive sequences are used, and what impact MRI-diagnosis has on prompt referral to clinical trial-like studies. METHODS We reviewed the MRI scans of 103 patients with CJD referred to the National Prion Clinic since 2007 and reviewed the presence of CJD-associated changes, compared these findings with the formal report from the referring centre and reviewed the types of sequence performed. RESULTS In sCJD we found CJD-associated MRI changes in 83 of 91 cases (91% sensitivity). However, the referring centres documented CJD-associated MRI changes in 43 of the sCJD cases (47% sensitivity). The most common region not documented by referring centres was the cortex (23 of 68 sCJD cases), but there was a statistically significant discrepancy in all regions (p<0.0001). Patients in whom MRI abnormalities were missed by the referring hospital were more advanced at the time of recruitment to a clinical trial-like study (p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS CJD-associated MRI changes are often not documented on the formal investigation report at the referring centre. This is important as delay makes enrolment to clinical trials futile because of highly advanced disease. If a diagnosis of CJD is suspected, even if the initial imaging is reported as normal, a specialist MRI review either by an experienced neuroradiologist or by a prion disease specialist unit could facilitate earlier diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carswell
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Andrew Thompson
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Ana Lukic
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - John Stevens
- Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Harpreet Hyare
- MRC Prion Unit and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, and National Prion Clinic, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
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18
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Abstract
Prion disease research has opened up the "black-box" of neurodegeneration, defining a key role for protein misfolding wherein a predominantly alpha-helical precursor protein, PrP (C), is converted to a disease-associated, β-sheet enriched isoform called PrP (Sc). In Alzheimer disease (AD) the Aβ peptide derived from the β-amyloid precuror protein APP folds in β-sheet amyloid. Early thoughts along the lines of overlap may have been on target, (1) but were eclipsed by a simultaneous (but now anachronistic) controversy over the role of PrP (Sc) in prion diseases. (2) (,) (3) Nonetheless, as prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) are themselves rare and can include an overt infectious mode of transmission, and as familial prion diseases and familial AD involve different genes, an observer might reasonably have concluded that prion research could occasionally catalyze ideas in AD, but could never provide concrete overlaps at the mechanistic level. Surprisingly, albeit a decade or three down the road, several prion/AD commonalities can be found within the contemporary literature. One important prion/AD overlap concerns seeded spread of Aβ aggregates by intracerebral inoculation much like prions, (4) and, with a neuron-to-neuron 'spreading' also reported for pathologic forms of other misfolded proteins, Tau (5) (,) (6) and α-synuclein in the case of Parkinson Disease. (7) (,) (8) The concept of seeded spread has been discussed extensively elsewhere, sometimes under the rubric of "prionoids" (9), and lies outside the scope of this particular review where we will focus upon PrP (C). From this point the story can now be subdivided into four strands of investigation: (1) pathologic effects of Aβ can be mediated by binding to PrP (C), (10) (2) the positioning of endoproteolytic processing events of APP by pathologic (β-cleavage + γ-cleavage) and non-pathologic (α-cleavage + γ-cleavage) secretase pathways is paralleled by seemingly analogous α- and β-like cleavage of PrP (C) (Fig. 1) (3) similar lipid raft environments for PrP (C) and APP processing machinery, (11) (-) (13) and perhaps in consequence, overlaps in repertoire of the PrP (C) and APP protein interactors ("interactomes"), (14) (,) (15) and (4) rare kindreds with mixed AD and prion pathologies. (16) Here we discuss confounds, consensus and conflict associated with parameters that apply to these experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Westaway
- Department of Medicine (Neurology); University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Jack H. Jhamandas
- Department of Medicine (Neurology); University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
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Piccardo P, Cervenakova L, Vasilyeva I, Yakovleva O, Bacik I, Cervenak J, McKenzie C, Kurillova L, Gregori L, Pomeroy K, Asher DM. Candidate cell substrates, vaccine production, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:2262-9. [PMID: 22172513 PMCID: PMC3311205 DOI: 10.3201/eid1712.110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have contaminated human tissue-derived medical products, human blood components, and animal vaccines. The objective of this study was to determine the potential susceptibility to infection of 5 cell lines used or proposed for manufacture of biological products, as well as other lines. Cell lines were exposed to the infectious agents of sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Exposed cultures were tested for TSE-associated prion protein (PrP(TSE)) and TSE infectivity by assay in rodents and nonhuman primates. No PrP(TSE) or infectivity has been detected in any exposed cell line under study so far. Animals inoculated with BSE brain homogenate developed typical spongiform encephalopathy. In contrast, animals inoculated with cells exposed to the BSE agent remained asymptomatic. All cell lines we studied resisted infection with 3 TSE agents, including the BSE agent.
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20
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Klingeborn M, Race B, Meade-White KD, Chesebro B. Lower specific infectivity of protease-resistant prion protein generated in cell-free reactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:E1244-53. [PMID: 22065744 PMCID: PMC3228482 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111255108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Prions are unconventional infectious agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases, or prion diseases. The biochemical nature of the prion infectious agent remains unclear. Previously, using a protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) reaction, infectivity and disease-associated protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) were both generated under cell-free conditions, which supported a nonviral hypothesis for the agent. However, these studies lacked comparative quantitation of both infectivity titers and PrPres, which is important both for biological comparison with in vivo-derived infectivity and for excluding contamination to explain the results. Here during four to eight rounds of PMCA, end-point dilution titrations detected a >320-fold increase in infectivity versus that in controls. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that the agent of prion infectivity is not a virus. PMCA-generated samples caused the same clinical disease and neuropathology with the same rapid incubation period as the input brain-derived scrapie samples, providing no evidence for generation of a new strain in PMCA. However, the ratio of the infectivity titer to the amount of PrPres (specific infectivity) was much lower in PMCA versus brain-derived samples, suggesting the possibility that a substantial portion of PrPres generated in PMCA might be noninfectious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Kimberly D. Meade-White
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT 59840
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21
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Gambetti P, Cali I, Notari S, Kong Q, Zou WQ, Surewicz WK. Molecular biology and pathology of prion strains in sporadic human prion diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:79-90. [PMID: 21058033 PMCID: PMC3077936 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are believed to propagate by the mechanism involving self-perpetuating conformational conversion of the normal form of the prion protein, PrP(C), to the misfolded, pathogenic state, PrP(Sc). One of the most intriguing aspects of these disorders is the phenomenon of prion strains. It is believed that strain properties are fully encoded in distinct conformations of PrP(Sc). Strains are of practical relevance to human prion diseases as their diversity may explain the unusual heterogeneity of these disorders. The first insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying heterogeneity of human prion diseases was provided by the observation that two distinct disease phenotypes and their associated PrP(Sc) conformers co-distribute with distinct PrP genotypes as determined by the methionine/valine polymorphism at codon 129 of the PrP gene. Subsequent studies identified six possible combinations of the three genotypes (determined by the polymorphic codon 129) and two common PrP(Sc) conformers (named types 1 and 2) as the major determinants of the phenotype in sporadic human prion diseases. This scenario implies that each 129 genotype-PrP(Sc) type combination would be associated with a distinct disease phenotype and prion strain. However, notable exceptions have been found. For example, two genotype-PrP(Sc) type combinations are linked to the same phenotype, and conversely, the same combination was found to be associated with two distinct phenotypes. Furthermore, in some cases, PrP(Sc) conformers naturally associated with distinct phenotypes appear, upon transmission, to lose their phenotype-determining strain characteristics. Currently it seems safe to assume that typical sporadic prion diseases are associated with at least six distinct prion strains. However, the intrinsic characteristics that distinguish at least four of these strains remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Gambetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2085 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cancer causing deaths in the USA, with more than 30,000 deaths per year. The overall median survival for all pancreatic cancer is 6 months and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. This dismal outcome reflects the inefficacy of the chemotherapeutic agents, as well as the lack of an early diagnostic marker. A protein known as prion (PrP) is expressed in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. However, in these cell lines, the PrP is incompletely processed and exists as pro-PrP. The pro-PrP binds to a molecule inside the cell, filamin A (FLNa), which is an integrator of cell signaling and mechanics. The binding of pro-PrP to FLNa disrupts the normal functions of FLNa, altering the cell's cytoskeleton and signal transduction machineries. As a result, the tumor cells grow more aggressively. Approximately 40% of patients with pancreatic cancer express PrP in their cancer. These patients have significantly shorter survival compared with patients whose pancreatic cancers lack PrP. Therefore, expression of pro-PrP and its binding to FLNa provide a growth advantage to pancreatic cancers. In this article, we discuss the following points: the biology of PrP, the consequences of binding of pro-PrP to FLNa in pancreatic cancer, the detection of pro-PrP in other cancers, the potential of using pro-PrP as a diagnostic marker, and prevention of the binding between pro-PrP and FLNa as a target for therapeutic intervention in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Sun Sy
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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23
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Mutsukura K, Satoh K, Shirabe S, Tomita I, Fukutome T, Morikawa M, Iseki M, Sasaki K, Shiaga Y, Kitamoto T, Eguchi K. Familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease with a V180I mutation: comparative analysis with pathological findings and diffusion-weighted images. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2010; 28:550-7. [PMID: 20051687 PMCID: PMC2837892 DOI: 10.1159/000254842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has been reported to be a useful technique for diagnosing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). The present study reported DWI results in cases of familial CJD with a V180I mutation (CJD180) in the prion protein gene as well as neurological findings. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 3 patients with V180I was performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, brain MRI, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) were included. CSF was analyzed for biochemical markers, and each patient underwent brain MRI, SPECT, and MRS analysis. A brain biopsy from the frontal cortex, which corresponded to the area of increased DWI signals, was utilized for neuropathological analysis. RESULTS CSF analysis results revealed elevated total tau protein and the absence of 14-3-3 protein, as well as decreased concentrations of neuron-specific enolase, S100 protein, and prostaglandin E(2). All patients presented with unique MRI features. Brain biopsy showed severe spongiform morphology, but comparatively preserved neurons and mild astrocytic gliosis. Accumulations of PrP(Sc) were not detected using the 3F4 antibody, and microglial activation was subtle. SPECT revealed hypoperfusion throughout both hemispheres. MRS revealed a reduced N-acetyl aspartate/creatine ratio. CONCLUSION Results from this study suggested that increased DWI signals could reflect severe spongiform changes in CJD180 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Mutsukura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan,*Katsuya Satoh, First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501 (Japan), Tel. +81 95 819 7269, Fax +81 95 819 7270, E-Mail
| | - Susumu Shirabe
- Organization of Rural Medicine and Residency Education, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Minoru Morikawa
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusei Shiaga
- Aoba Neurosurgery, Graduate Medical School of Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Department of Neurological Science, Graduate Medical School of Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsumi Eguchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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24
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Choi EM, Geschwind MD, Deering C, Pomeroy K, Kuo A, Miller BL, Safar JG, Prusiner SB. Prion proteins in subpopulations of white blood cells from patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Transl Med 2009; 89:624-35. [PMID: 19434060 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent cases of prion transmission in humans following transfusions using blood donated by patients with asymptomatic variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) implicate the presence of prion infectivity in peripheral blood. In this study, we examined the levels of the normal, cellular prion protein (PrPC), and the disease-causing isoform (PrPSc) in subpopulations of circulating white blood cells (WBCs) from patients with sporadic (s) CJD, age-matched neurological controls and healthy donors. Though widely distributed, the highest levels of PrPC were found in a subpopulation of T lymphocytes: approximately 12,000 PrPC molecules were found per CD4+CD45RA-CD62L- effector memory T helper cell. Although platelets expressed low levels of PrPC on their surface, their high abundance in circulation resulted in the majority of PrPC being platelet associated. Using quantitative fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, we found that neither WBC composition nor the amount of cell-surface PrPC molecules was altered in patients with sCJD. Eight different WBC fraction types from the peripheral blood of patients with sCJD were assessed for PrPSc. We were unable to find any evidence for PrPSc in purified granulocytes, monocytes, B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, nonclassical gamma delta T cells, or platelets. If human WBCs harbor prion infectivity in patients with sCJD, then the levels are likely to be low.
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Abstract
Two-dimensional protein electrophoresis (2-DE) has undergone many technical improvements in the past 30 years, resulting in an analytical method that is unparalleled in the resolution of complex protein mixtures and capable of quantifying changes in protein expression from a wide variety of tissues and samples. The technique has been applied in many studies of neurologic disease to identify changes in spot patterns that correlate with disease. The true power of the technique emerges when it is coupled to state-of-the-art methods in mass spectrometry, which enable identification of the protein or proteins contained within a spot of interest on a 2-DE map. Investigators have successfully applied the technique to gain improved understanding of neurologic disease mechanisms in humans and in animal models and to discover biomarkers that are useful in the clinical setting. An important extension to these efforts that has not been realized thus far is the desire to profile changes in protein expression that result from therapy to help relate disease-modifying effects at the molecular level with clinical outcomes. Here we review the major advances in 2-DE methods and discuss specific examples of its application in the study of neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila H. Choe
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, 14853-5201 Ithaca, NY
| | - Brenda G. Werner
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, 14853-5201 Ithaca, NY
| | - Kelvin H. Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, 120 Olin Hall, 14853-5201 Ithaca, NY
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Head MW, Peden AH, Yull HM, Ritchie DL, Bonshek RE, Tullo AB, Ironside JW. Abnormal prion protein in the retina of the most commonly occurring subtype of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:1131-3. [PMID: 16113366 PMCID: PMC1772846 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.063495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involvement of the eye has been reported in patients with variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), but there is disagreement on whether retinal involvement occurs in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). METHODS Western blotting, paraffin embedded tissue blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to test whether the abnormal form of the prion protein (PrPSc) accumulates to detectable levels in the eye in a case of the most common subtype of sCJD (MM1). RESULTS Low levels of PrPSc were detectable in the retina, localised to the plexiform layers of the central retina. PrPSc was not detectable in other ocular tissues. CONCLUSIONS The abnormal form of the prion protein is present in the retina in the most common sCJD subtype (MM1), albeit at levels lower than those found previously in vCJD and in sCJD of the VV2 subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Head
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, Bryan Matthews Building, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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27
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Lim R, Dhillon B, Kurian KM, Aspinall PA, Fernie K, Ironside JW. Retention of corneal epithelial cells following Goldmann tonometry: implications for CJD risk. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:583-6. [PMID: 12714400 PMCID: PMC1771634 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.5.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess the adequacy of current decontamination methods for the Goldmann tonometer in the context of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). METHODS Reusable Goldmann tonometer prisms were used to perform applanation tonometry on different groups of patients. Following tonometry, retained materials were collected from the tonometer prism head and examined using cytological methods. The used tonometers were subjected to a series of conditions to evaluate their effect on the residual cell numbers found on the tonometer heads. These included wiping alone and wiping or washing followed by disinfection of the tonometer prism. The effect on cell counts of drying the prism overnight was studied, as well as drying overnight and then wiping and disinfecting. All disinfections were performed with sodium hypochlorite (0.05% w/v). RESULTS The cytology specimens of 69 patients were studied. Patients using eye drops regularly desquamated significantly more corneal epithelial cells with Goldmann tonometry than patients not using regular eye drops. The mean number of cells was 156 (range 0-470) for patients using eye drops and 14 (4-57) for patients not using eye drops (p = 0.004). Wiping or washing the tonometer head reduced the cell number significantly but neither method completely eliminated cells. The two methods were not significantly different (p=0.3). Drying left a large number of cells (23-320 cells). CONCLUSIONS Retained corneal epithelial cells, following the standard decontamination routine of tonometer prisms, may represent potential prion infectivity. Manual cleaning was the most important step in reducing epithelial cell retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lim
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, UK
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28
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Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a rapidly progressive, neurodegenerative disorder causing dramatic neuromuscular symptoms, profound dementia, and death. In this article, the epidemiology, etiology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, determination of possible/probable CJD diagnosis in life, and the postmortem neuropathology of definite CJD are discussed in depth. Case studies of two individuals, each affected by different subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), are presented, along with a discussion of the many challenging nursing and psychosocial issues surrounding the supportive care of these individuals and families in life and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa A Rentz
- Greater Cincinnati Chapter, Alzheimer's Association, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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29
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Abstract
The current clinical views regarding variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and in particular transmission via endoscopy, of those representing both gastroenterology and the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee are presented in an attempt to guide clinicians as to "best practice" given the current state of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Bramble
- Endoscopy Centre, James Cook University Hospital, Marton Road, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK.
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30
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Cass K, Thompson CM, Tromans C, Wood ICJ. Evaluation of the validity and reliability of A-scan ultrasound biometry with a single use disposable cover. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86:344-9. [PMID: 11864896 PMCID: PMC1771057 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.3.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UK Medical Devices Agency has suggested that ophthalmic practitioners should, where practicable and not compromising clinical outcome, restrict corneal contact devices to single patient use to minimise a remote theoretical risk of transmission of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). This study reports on a modified technique of ultrasound A-scan biometry that complies with the MDA recommendations. METHODS The right eyes of 37 consecutive hospital patients had a series of biometry readings taken with a Humphrey 820 A-scan instrument with a plane wave transducer use d conventionally and with the addition of a disposable latex cover. RESULTS Intrasessional repeatability of axial length measurements was similar for conventional readings--mean difference 0.027 mm, 95% confidence intervals (CI) +/- 0.44 mm and those taken with a disposable cover (0.028 mm, CI +/- 0.38). Intersessional repeatability was equivalent with (0.002 mm, CI +.- 0.51) and without a cover (0.03 mm, CI +/- 0.51). Readings with a cover were not significantly different from those without (paired t test; p >0.05), but tended to be greater (mean difference 0.085 mm, CI +/- 0.60). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that corneal contact biometry with a disposable cover is a viable and theoretically safer alternative to the conventional technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cass
- Department of Optometry and Neuroscience, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK.
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31
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Jackson GS, Collinge J. The molecular pathology of CJD: old and new variants. Mol Pathol 2001; 54:393-9. [PMID: 11724914 PMCID: PMC1187129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2001] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The study of prion disease has become an area of intense interest since experimental evidence emerged for the transmission of phenotypic variation without the involvement of a nucleic acid component. Additional impetus has come from the widespread concern that exposure to bovine spongiform encephalopathy contaminated material poses a distinct and, conceivably, a severe threat to public health in the UK and other countries. The occurrence of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has dramatically highlighted the need for a precise understanding of the molecular basis of prion propagation. The molecular basis of prion strain diversity, previously a major challenge to the "protein only" model, can now be reconciled with propagation of infectious protein topologies. The conformational change known to be central to prion propagation, from a predominantly alpha-helical fold to one predominantly comprising beta-structure, can now be reproduced in vitro, and the ability of beta-PrP to form fibrillar aggregates provides a plausible molecular mechanism for prion propagation. Concomitantly, advances in the fundamental biology of prion disease have done much to reinforce the protein only hypothesis of prion replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Jackson
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK.
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32
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare conventional and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in terms of their depiction of the abnormalities occurring in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the findings of conventional (T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) and diffusion-weighted MR imaging in four patients with biopsy-proven Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. The signal intensity of the lesion was classified by visual assessment as markedly high, slightly high, or isointense, relative to normal brain parenchyma. RESULTS Both conventional and diffusion-weighted MR images demonstrated bilateral high signal intensity in the basal ganglia in all four patients. Cortical lesions were observed on diffusion-weighted MR images in all four, and on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR images in one, but in no patient on T2-weighted images. Conventional MR images showed slightly high signal intensity in all lesions, while diffusion-weighted images showed markedly high signal intensity in most. CONCLUSION Diffusion-weighted MR imaging is more sensitive than its conventional counterpart in the depiction of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and permits better detection of the lesion in both the cerebral cortices and basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Cheol Kim
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Hyun Chang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Chan Song
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bae Ju Kwon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Hee Han
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, SNUMRC, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Yun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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