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Ikegami S, Ishiyama D, Oda Y, Niihara K, Yoshida M, Honda K, Inoue TA, Kuroda K. Morphological Observation of the Pupal Body of Trypoxylus dichotomus Using 9.4T MR Imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci 2024; 23:242-248. [PMID: 36754421 PMCID: PMC11024720 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.bc.2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metamorphosis in the pupae of the Trypoxylus dichotomus was continuously observed at 9.4T until their emergence. A large liquid-like mass occupied most of the volume in the trunk, while the surrounding tissue already existed at the beginning of the observation period. As the mass shrunk, tissues such as flight muscle formed, whereas the reservoir became prolonged to form the intestinal tract. This implies that the liquid-like mass worked as the raw material for creating adult tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoto Ikegami
- Course of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Dai Ishiyama
- Course of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Oda
- Technology Joint Management Office, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kinuko Niihara
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Yoshida
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Honda
- Saijo Ecology Institute, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi A. Inoue
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo City University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kagayaki Kuroda
- Course of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Human and Information Science, School of Information Science and Technology, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan
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Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Skuhrovec J. Description of immature stages of Rhinusa species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini) with a focus on diagnostic morphological characters at the species and genus levels. Zookeys 2024; 1195:1-94. [PMID: 38525350 PMCID: PMC10958164 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1195.112328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The mature larvae of the following fourteen Rhinusa species are described and illustrated: Rhinusaantirrhini (Paykull, 1800), R.asellus (Gravenhorst, 1807), R.collina (Gyllenhal, 1813), R.eversmanni (Rosenschoeld, 1838), R.florum (Rubsaamen, 1895), R.herbarum (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862), R.incana (Kirsch, 1881), R.linariae (Panzer, 1796), R.melas (Boheman, 1838), R.neta (Germar, 1821), R.pilosa (Gyllenhal, 1838), R.rara Toševski & Caldara, 2015, R.tetra (Fabricius, 1792), and R.vestita (Germar, 1821). The pupae of thirteen of them (except R.incana) were also described. The comparison of larval morphological characters and plant preferences provides evidence supporting the existence of different species groups previously established according to a phylogenetic analysis based on adult morphological characters. The following diagnostic attributes distinguishing the genus Rhinusa are highlighted. For the larvae: (1) pronotal shield indistinct; (2) thoracic prodorsal fold small or even vestigial; (3) abdominal postdorsal folds (especially of segments III-VII) high or even in the form of conical protuberances; (4) cuticle of abdominal segments densely covered with asperities; (5) cuticle without dark spots or dark pigmentation; (6) head suboval, rarely round; (7) labrum usually with 2 als; (8) des1 short or absent, rarely elongated; and (9) fs1-3 usually absent or minute. For the pupae: (1) body stout; (2) head protuberances always present; (3) pronotal protuberances (if present), separated at bases of the pronotum, always wider than higher; (4) abdominal protuberance usually present, wide or round; (5) femora usually with a single fes; and (6) urogomphi short or vestigial. Keys to the larvae and pupae described here are provided. All the characters used for identification are illustrated by photographs or drawings. Biological and distribution data, including new information, are provided for all the species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, PolandMaria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityLublinPoland
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Via Lorenteggio 37, 20146 Milan, ItalyUnaffiliatedMilanItaly
| | - Ivo Toševski
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, SwitzerlandCABIDelémontSwitzerland
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, SerbiaInstitute for Plant Protection and EnvironmentZemunSerbia
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6–Ruzyně, Czech RepublicCrop Research InstitutePragueCzech Republic
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Zhuang J, Huo L, Tang M, Xie X, Chen X. First report of Diomusguilavoguii Duverger, 1994 (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae, Diomini) predating on papaya mealybug Paracoccusmarginatus from China. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e113291. [PMID: 38028238 PMCID: PMC10680089 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diomusguilavoguii Duverger, 1994, an adventive species, is recorded from Guangzhou (Guangdong Province), China for the first time. Larvae of D.guilavoguii were collected in association with an invasive mealybug, Paracoccusmarginatus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992, infesting papayas, cassava and several ornamental plants. However, little has been known about the biology of D.guilavoguii, especially the morphology of their larvae since their original descriptions. New information Diomusguilavoguii Duverger, 1994, native to Conakry, Guinea (Africa), is recorded as established in Guangdong Province for the first time. However, it is unclear when and how D.guilavoguii spread from Africa to Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. Both the adult and larva feed on the invasive mealybug Paracoccusmarginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) that infests papaya and ornamental plants. In this paper, the external morphology and male genitalia of adults are re-described. The detailed descriptions of larva and pupa are also provided for the first time. The status of D.guilavoguii and D.hennessyi Fürsch, 1987 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Zhuang
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of EducationGuangzhou 510642China
| | - Lizhi Huo
- Guangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-Tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510419, ChinaGuangzhou Collaborative Innovation Center on Science-Tech of Ecology and Landscape, Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape ArchitectureGuangzhou 510419China
| | - Mingjie Tang
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of EducationGuangzhou 510642China
| | - Xiufeng Xie
- Guangdong Agriculture Industry Business Polytechnic College, Guangzhou 510507, ChinaGuangdong Agriculture Industry Business Polytechnic CollegeGuangzhou 510507China
| | - Xiaosheng Chen
- Department of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaDepartment of Forest Protection, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642China
- Engineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510642, ChinaEngineering Research Center of Biological Control, Ministry of EducationGuangzhou 510642China
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Huang X, Gan Y, Wang L, Xu Y, Wei Z, Shi A. The larval, pupal and mitogenomic characteristics of Agrilusadelphinus Kerremans, 1895 (Coleoptera, Buprestidae) from China. Zookeys 2023; 1174:15-33. [PMID: 38318285 PMCID: PMC10843335 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1174.105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, the larva and pupa of Agrilusadelphinus are described and illustrated. DNA barcoding (COI gene) was used to associate the larval and pupal stages with adults based on the maximum-likelihood method. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, species from the same species-group were found to be clustered on a branch with high support value. To better understand A.adelphinus, the complete mitochondrial genome of this species was also sequenced and annotated. Comparing this genome to the known mitogenomes of Agrilus species, the newly sequenced genome is shorter, with 15,732 bp. However, its whole mitogenome composition and gene orientation were consistent with that of most species of Buprestidae. In the mitogenome of A.adelphinus, the ATGATAG sequence was observed between ATP8 and ATP6, which is ATGATAA in other insect mitogenomes. Leu2, Phe, Ile, Gly, and Ser2 were the five most frequently encoded amino acids. The results further prove that DNA barcoding can remove the limitation of traditional taxonomy which cannot identify to species all developmental stages. This study also provides valuable molecular and morphological data for species identification and phylogenetic analyses of the genus Agrilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, ChinaChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Yujie Gan
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, ChinaChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, ChinaChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Yanying Xu
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, ChinaChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Zhonghua Wei
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, ChinaChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Aimin Shi
- College of Life Sciences, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, ChinaChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
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Kyaw KMM, Yagi S, Oku J, Hirowatari T. Taxonomic study of Palumbina Rondani (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae, Thiotrichinae) in Japan: biology, immature stages, and a new species. Zookeys 2023; 1165:61-99. [PMID: 37292577 PMCID: PMC10245291 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1165.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Palumbina Rondani, 1876 belongs to the family Gelechiidae, which was until recently believed to comprise 26 species worldwide and mainly occurring in the Oriental region. Previously, only P.pylartis (Meyrick, 1908) had been recorded from this genus in Japan. In this study, five other species were identified. Four species were recorded for the first time in Japan, and another was newly described: P.acerosa Lee & Li, 2018; P.grandiunca Lee & Li, 2018; P.macrodelta (Meyrick, 1918), P.operaria (Meyrick, 1918) and P.muraseae Kyaw & Yagi, sp. nov. The host plant and larval feeding habits of P.pylartis, P.acerosa, P.grandiunca, and P.muraseae Kyaw & Yagi, sp. nov. were revealed. The immature stages of P.grandiunca, P.pylartis, and P.muraseae Kyaw & Yagi, sp. nov., including larval and pupal morphology, were first documented for the genus in which the larval chaetotaxy of P.pylartis and P.grandiunca is well observed. In their larval chaetotaxy, the details of their interspecific variation in the relative position and length of some setae are described. The pupal morphology of the species examined in this study is almost identical to the genus Thiotricha except for different traits on the abdominal segments A7 and A10. The traits of larval chaetotaxy and pupal morphology are also discussed for the subfamily. Photographs of the adult, male and female genitalia, and information on their biology and immature stages are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khine Mon Mon Kyaw
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 JapanKyushu UniversityMotookaJapan
| | - Sadahisa Yagi
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 JapanKyushu UniversityMotookaJapan
| | - Johei Oku
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 JapanKyushu UniversityMotookaJapan
| | - Toshiya Hirowatari
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395 JapanKyushu UniversityMotookaJapan
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Gosik R, Sprick P, Wrzesień M, Dzyr A, Krstić O, Toševski I. Developmental Biology and Identification of a Garden Pest, Otiorhynchus ( Podoropelmus) smreczynskii Cmoluch, 1968 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae), with Comments on Its Origin and Distribution. Insects 2023; 14:360. [PMID: 37103175 PMCID: PMC10147090 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The mature larva and pupa of Otiorhynchus smreczynskii are described and illustrated with complete chaetotaxy for the first time. Five larval instars and the factors for larval growth are determined, and the larval development of this species is comprehensively described. In order to confirm species affiliation, selected larvae were subjected to genetic analysis (mtCOI). Host plants and unique feeding signs of some Entiminae species are presented, and all available data on development are documented and interpreted. Additionally, the morphometry of 78 specimens (48 of O. smreczynskii and 30 of O. rotundus) was examined in order to verify the usefulness of morphological features in distinguishing both species. The female genitalia of both species are illustrated, described and compared with each other for the first time. Finally, the updated distribution of O. smreczynskii is given, and a possible origin of O. smreczynskii and O. rotundus is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Peter Sprick
- Curculio-Institute e.V. (CURCI), Weckenstraße 15, 30451 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Małgorzata Wrzesień
- Department of Botany, Mycology and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Dzyr
- Independent Researcher, Kołłątaja 11/2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Oliver Krstić
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivo Toševski
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, Switzerland
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Yang QC, Zhang B, Yang D, Liu X. Descriptions of a new species of genus Angarotipula and life history of Angarotipulalaetipennis (Alexander, 1935) (Diptera, Tipulidae). Biodivers Data J 2022; 10:e82427. [PMID: 36761663 PMCID: PMC9848525 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.10.e82427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angarotipula is a small genus of Tipulidae with only fourteen described species in the world and seven known species in China. New information Here, one new species is added to the fauna of Sichuan. The life history of Angarotipulalaetipennis (Alexander, 1935) is presented and the morphologies of all stages are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Cheng Yang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Bing Zhang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ding Yang
- China Agricultural University, Beijing, ChinaChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, ChinaHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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Zurita-García ML, Domínguez-León DE, Vega-Badillo V, González-Ramírez M, Gutiérrez-Carranza IG, Rodríguez-Mirón GM, López-Pérez S, Cifuentes-Ruiz P, Aquino-Romero M, Zaragoza-Caballero S. Life cycle and description of the immature stages of a terrestrial firefly endemic to Mexico: Photinusextensus Gorham (Coleoptera, Lampyridae). Zookeys 2022; 1104:29-54. [PMID: 36761932 PMCID: PMC9848833 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1104.80624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle, morphology, and bionomy of Photinusextensus Gorham, 1881, an endemic species of Mexico, are described. Redescriptions of adults (male and female) are also presented. Larvae were reared to the adult stage from eggs laid by females collected at the El Pedregal de San Ángel Ecological Reserve, south of Mexico City. The activity period of adults of P.extensus begins at the end of July and finishes by the end of August. Females lay between 3 and 198 eggs. Larvae hatch from the eggs after a period of 11 to 71 days, undergo 6 larval instars and a pupal stage in an annual cycle. Morphological characters of the sixth larval instar of P.extensus are compared with those of several other genera assigned to the tribe Photinini. Knowledge of the natural history of firefly larvae is relevant since most species do not feed as adults and therefore depend on resources acquired during the larval stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín L. Zurita-García
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Daniel Edwin Domínguez-León
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Viridiana Vega-Badillo
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Mireya González-Ramírez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Ishwari Giovanni Gutiérrez-Carranza
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Geovanni M. Rodríguez-Mirón
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Sara López-Pérez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Paulina Cifuentes-Ruiz
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Miriam Aquino-Romero
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | - Santiago Zaragoza-Caballero
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-153, 04510, Mexico City, MexicoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
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Zhang M, Xu P, Chen T. Hemolymph Ecdysteroid Titer Affects Maternal mRNAs during Bombyx mori Oogenesis. Insects 2021; 12:969. [PMID: 34821770 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Both maternal genes and ecdysteroids play important roles during embryonic development. In this study, we aimed to characterize the dynamic landscape of maternal mRNAs and the relationship between maternal genes and ecdysteroids during silkworm oogenesis. For the first time, we determined the start of the accumulation of maternal mRNAs in the ovary at the wandering stage during the larval period. We detected the developmental expression profiles of each gene in the ovary or ovariole. We finally confirmed the role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in regulating maternal gene expression. Taken together, our findings expand the understanding of insect oogenesis and provide a perspective on the embryonic development of the silkworm. Abstract Silkworm larval–pupal metamorphosis and the first half of pupal–adult development occur during oogenesis from previtellogenesis to vitellogenesis and include two peaks of the hemolymph ecdysteroid titer. Moreover, a rise in 20-hydroxyecdysone titer in early pupae can trigger the first major transition from previtellogenesis to vitellogenesis in silkworm oogenesis. In this study, we first investigated the expression patterns of 66 maternal genes in the ovary at the wandering stage. We then examined the developmental expression profiles in six time-series samples of ovaries or ovarioles by reverse transcription–quantitative PCR. We found that the transcripts of 22 maternal genes were regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone in the isolated abdomens of the pupae following a single injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone. This study is the first to determine the relationship between 20-hydroxyecdysone and maternal genes during silkworm oogenesis. These findings provide a basis for further research into the embryonic development of Bombyx mori.
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Gulzar S, Usman M, Wakil W, Wu S, Oliveira-Hofman C, Srinivasan R, Toews M, Shapiro-Ilan D. Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Pupae of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Econ Entomol 2021; 114:2018-2023. [PMID: 34240150 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) is an economically significant pest. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) have shown promise as biocontrol agents against certain thrips species, but they have not been explored for suppression of F. fusca. We investigated the potential of EPNs to manage F. fusca by conducting three different bioassays: 1) a small cup dose-response bioassay (25, 50, and 100 IJs cm-2) with four EPN species, 2) a broad virulence bioassay with eight EPN species at 100 IJs cm-2, and 3) a potted soil bioassay testing with four EPN species (100 IJs cm-2). In the dose-response bioassay, all treatments showed relatively lower adult emergence when compared with the control group, but the minimum adult emergence (30%) was observed at 7 d post-treatment when Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (FL1-1) was applied at the highest rate (100 IJs cm-2). In the broad virulence study, all EPN treatments caused significant reductions in F. fusca adult emergence (18.3-75.0%) in comparison with the control. H. bacteriophora (Fl1-1) was more virulent than other nematode treatments but statistically not different from Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema riobrave, while Steinernema rarum was the least virulent. In the potted soil bioassay, the lowest emergence (10.6%) was observed in H. bacteriophora (Fl1-1) treatment, followed by S. feltiae (SN), S. riobrave (355), and Heterorhabditis indica (HOM1) treatments. These results indicate that EPNs have the ability to suppress the soil dwelling stage of F. fusca and should be explored further under greenhouse and field conditions for biocontrol potential within an integrated pest management (IPM) context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Gulzar
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Waqas Wakil
- Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Shaohui Wu
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA,USA
| | | | | | - Michael Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA,USA
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Toh YP, Dion E, Monteiro A. Dissections of Larval, Pupal and Adult Butterfly Brains for Immunostaining and Molecular Analysis. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:53. [PMID: 34449688 PMCID: PMC8395752 DOI: 10.3390/mps4030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Butterflies possess impressive cognitive abilities, and investigations into the neural mechanisms underlying these abilities are increasingly being conducted. Exploring butterfly neurobiology may require the isolation of larval, pupal, and/or adult brains for further molecular and histological experiments. This procedure has been largely described in the fruit fly, but a detailed description of butterfly brain dissections is still lacking. Here, we provide a detailed written and video protocol for the removal of Bicyclus anynana adult, pupal, and larval brains. This species is gradually becoming a popular model because it uses a large set of sensory modalities, displays plastic and hormonally controlled courtship behaviour, and learns visual mate preference and olfactory preferences that can be passed on to its offspring. The extracted brain can be used for downstream analyses, such as immunostaining, DNA or RNA extraction, and the procedure can be easily adapted to other lepidopteran species and life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng Toh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (Y.P.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Emilie Dion
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (Y.P.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore; (Y.P.T.); (A.M.)
- Yale-NUS College, 10 College Avenue West, Singapore 138609, Singapore
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Skuhrovec J, Caldara R, Gosik R, Trnka F, Stejskal R. On the Affinities and Systematic Position of Lachnaeus Schoenherr and Rhinocyllus Germar in the Tribe Lixini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae) Based on the Morphological Characters of the Immature Stages. Insects 2021; 12:insects12060489. [PMID: 34074022 PMCID: PMC8225078 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The detailed descriptions of immature stages of Lachnaeus crinitus Schoenherr, 1826, Rhinocyllus alpinus Gültekin, Diotti and Caldara, 2019 and R. conicus (Frölich, 1792), belonging to the Lixini (Curculionidae: Lixinae), are very important for an increased understanding of the relationship between the species and of the taxonomic and phylogenetic value of the tribes and genera in the Lixinae. The complex of these new data has allowed us to support that (1) Lachnaeus and Rhinocyllus are two valid genera that are different from Larinus, (2) Rhinocyllini is not a tribe different from Lixini, and (3) the separation of Rhinocyllus into two subgenera is rational. In the tribe Lixini, these new data may have an important role, because Rhinocyllus conicus and several other species of the genera Lixus and Larinus have a practical or at least potential use as biological control agents against invasive and noxious weeds. Abstract Mature larvae and pupae of Lachnaeus crinitus Schoenherr, 1826 and Rhinocyllus alpinus Gültekin, Diotti and Caldara, 2019 and pupae of R. conicus (Frölich, 1792), belonging to the Lixini (Curculionidae: Lixinae), are morphologically described for the first time. They possess all the characters considered distinctive in the immature stages of this tribe and are distinguishable from all the related genera by a combination of some characters (e.g., presence of endocarina, shape of premental sclerite; the number of pds on the abdominal segments; size and presence of urogomphi). It is emphasized that the controversial tribe Rhinocyllini is not supported by the characters of the larvae and pupae of Rhinocyllus and that the two subgenera of this genus, Rhinocyllus s. str. and Rhinolarinus, are separable from each other not only by characters of the adult but also distinctive characters of the larvae and pupae. These results confirm that the morphology of the immature stages, which is usually overlooked, can be very important for the purpose of identifying new characters that are useful for clarifying taxonomical and phylogenetic complex situations based only on the study of the imagoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 6 Ruzyně, CZ-161 06 Praha, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-702087694
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Filip Trnka
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Robert Stejskal
- Administration of Podyji National Park, Na Vyhlídce 5, CZ-669 02 Znojmo, Czech Republic;
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Abstract
Animals can be permanently attached to a substrate in terrestrial environments at certain stages of their development. Pupa adhesion has evolved multiple times in insects and is thought to maintain the animal in a place where it is not detectable by predators. Here, we investigate whether pupa adhesion in Drosophila can also protect the animal by preventing potential predators from detaching the pupa. We measured the adhesion of Drosophila species sampled from the same area and found that pupa adhesion varies among species, which can be explained by different glue production strategies. Then, we compared attached and manually detached pupae in both field and laboratory assays to investigate the role of pupa adhesion to prevent predation. First, we found that attached pupae remain onsite 30% more than detached pupae in the field after 3 days, probably because they are less predated. Second, we observed that attached pupae are less efficiently predated by ants in the laboratory: they are not carried back to the ant nest and more ants are needed to consume them onsite. Our results show that pupa adhesion can prevent the animal from being taken away by predators and is crucial for Drosophila fly survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Borne
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR7592, Université de Paris, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane R Prigent
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Molet
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), 75005 Paris, France
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Xie Y, Zhao P, Han Z, Li W, Shi D, Xu L, Yi Q. Supplement of High Protein-Enriched Diet Modulates the Diversity of Gut Microbiota in WT or PD-1H-Depleted Mice. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:207-216. [PMID: 33144548 PMCID: PMC9705843 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2008.08003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supplement of high-protein food plays an important role in improving the symptoms of malnutrition and the immune capacity of the body, but the association of high-protein diet and gut microbiota remained unaddressed. Here, we systematically analyzed the internal organs and gut microbiota in C57(WT) or PD-1H-depleted (KO) mice (T cells were activated) fed with pupae or feed for six weeks. We observed that the body weight gain in the mice fed with pupae increased less significantly than that of the feed group, while the villi and small intestine lengths in the pupa group were reduced compared with that of mice given feed. However, the average body weight of the KO mice increased compared with that of the WT mice fed with pupae or feed. Pupae increased the concentration of blood glucose in WT, but not in KO mice. Moreover, in the feed group, there was no difference in the weight of the internal organs between the WT and KO mice, but in the pupae-fed group, liver weight was decreased and spleen weight was increased compared with that of KO mice. The amounts/plural/amounts of Melainabacteria, Chloroflexi, and Armatimonadetes were specifically upregulated by pupae, and this upregulation was weakened or eliminated by PD-1H depletion. Some bacteria with high abundance in the feed-fed KO mice, such as Deferribacteres, Melainabacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes and Verrucomicrobia, were decreased in pupae-fed KO mice, and Proteobacteria and Deinococcus were specifically enriched in pupae-fed KO mice. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Akkermansia were associated with weight loss in the pupaefed group while Lachnospiraceae and Anaerobiospirillum were related glucose metabolism and energy consumption. Based on high-throughput sequencing, we discovered that some gut bacteria specifically regulated the metabolism of a high-protein diet, and PD-1H deficiency improved life quality and sustained blood glucose. Moreover, PD-1H responses to high-protein diet through modulating the type and quantity of gut bacteria. These findings provide evidence about the association among gut microbiota, T cell activation (for PD-1H depletion) and high-protein diet metabolism, have important theoretical significance for nutrition and health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Xie
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China,Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Han
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Dan Shi
- Fever Clinic, Dianjiang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Chongqing, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, The College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Qiying Yi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +8602363316775 Fax: +023-68486187 E-mail:
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Gosik R, Wanat M, Bidas M. Adult Postabdomen, Immature Stages and Biology of Euryommatus mariae Roger, 1856 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Conoderinae), a Legendary Weevil in Europe. Insects 2021; 12:151. [PMID: 33670089 PMCID: PMC7916903 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The larva and pupa of the saproxylic Euryommatus mariae Roger, 1857, the weevil species extremely rare in Europe, are described from Poland. It was reared from galleries in dead branches of a fallen spruce Picea abies. The larval morphology is compared with available larval descriptions of other genera of the supertribe Conoderitae, namely, the Palaearctic Coryssomerus, and the Nearctic Cylindrocopturus and Eulechriopus. The specific characters of the male and female postabdomen are described and illustrated, expressing the peculiar structure of endophallus and spermathecal duct, not seen in any other weevil species. A hypothesis regarding the mechanics of mating in this species is proposed. Euryommatus mariae is recorded for the first time to occur in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie–Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marek Wanat
- Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50–335 Wrocław, Poland;
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de Paula Junior DE, de Oliveira MT, Bruscadin JJ, Pinheiro DG, Bomtorin AD, Coelho Júnior VG, Moda LMR, Simões ZLP, Barchuk AR. Caste-specific gene expression underlying the differential adult brain development in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Insect Mol Biol 2021; 30:42-56. [PMID: 33044766 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Apis mellifera adult workers feature more developed key brain regions than queens, which allows them to cope with the broad range of duties they need to perform in a colony. However, at the end of larval development, the brain of queens is largely more developed than that of workers. Major morphogenetic changes take place after metamorphosis that shift caste-specific brain development. Here, we tested the hypothesis that this phenomenon is hormonally governed and involves differential gene expression. Our molecular screening approach revealed a set of differentially expressed genes in Pp (first pharate-adult phase) brains between castes mainly coding for tissue remodelling and energy-converting proteins (e.g. hex 70a and ATPsynβ). An in-depth qPCR analysis of the transcriptional behaviour during pupal and pharate-adult developmental stage in both castes and in response to artificially augmented hormone titres of 18 genes/variants revealed that: i. subtle differences in hormone titres between castes might be responsible for the differential expression of the EcR and insulin/insulin-like signalling (IIS) pathway genes; ii. the morphogenetic activity of the IIS in brain development must be mediated by ILP-2, iii. which together with the tum, mnb and caspase system, can constitute the molecular effectors of the caste-specific opposing brain developmental trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E de Paula Junior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - M T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - J J Bruscadin
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - D G Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A D Bomtorin
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V G Coelho Júnior
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - L M R Moda
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Z L P Simões
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Barchuk
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, UNIFAL-MG, Alfenas, Brazil
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17
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Gielen R, Meister H, Tammaru T, Põldmaa K. Fungi Recorded on Folivorous Lepidoptera: High Diversity Despite Moderate Prevalence. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7010025. [PMID: 33466243 PMCID: PMC7824780 DOI: 10.3390/jof7010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about the diversity and ecological role of entomopathogenic fungi is primarily based on agroecosystems whereas information derived from natural insect populations is much more limited. To contribute to filling this gap, we recorded the prevalence of fungal infections in laboratory rearing experiments with five species of Lepidoptera, and in a field rearing experiment including one of these moths. The diversity of detected fungi was found to be high; we isolated 25 species of fungi from insects that had died in the course of these experiments. Six species belonged to the family Cordycipitaceae known to include unambiguous insect pathogens. The trophic niche of the representatives of other taxa is less clear and requires further studies. Regarding the most abundant species, Cordyceps farinosa, in which this question could be addressed, there was no indication of specialization on particular insect hosts, whereas several of the less common species may have been recorded from lepidopteran hosts for the first time. Across the subsets of the data, the prevalence of fungal infections generally remained below 5%. Our results are thus consistent with the idea that entomopathogenic fungi are always present in insect populations but rarely reach epizootic levels. The detected species richness shows that much is to be gained from mapping the diversity of fungal species associated with folivorous insects in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Gielen
- Entomology Unit, Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014, Estonia; (H.M.); (T.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hendrik Meister
- Entomology Unit, Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014, Estonia; (H.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Entomology Unit, Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014, Estonia; (H.M.); (T.T.)
| | - Kadri Põldmaa
- Mycology Unit, Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia;
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Martín-Vega D, Clark B, Ferrer LM, López-Tamayo S, Colwell DD, Hall MJR. Internal morphological changes during metamorphosis in the sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis. Med Vet Entomol 2020; 34:476-487. [PMID: 32767606 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the larval stage, oestrid flies (Diptera: Oestridae) are obligate parasites, whereas during the adult stage they are free-living and do not feed. Like other cyclorrhaphous flies, oestrids undergo metamorphosis inside an opaque puparium, formed by the contracted and hardened cuticle of the third-instar larva. The present study documents the internal morphological changes taking place during metamorphosis of the sheep nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis L., using non-invasive, micro-CT-based virtual histology and provides quantitative data of volumetric changes in specific organs. Virtual histological sections allowed visualisation of the progression and completion of the apolyses, which delimit the different intra-puparial stages, and the connection to the tracheal system of a large gas bubble, which plays an essential role during early metamorphosis. Overall, our results show that the sequence of morphological and volumetric changes in tissues and organs is similar to those found in other cyclorrhaphous flies, but they also reveal developmental differences that result in an adult vestigial digestive tract. Future studies could develop non-invasive, reliable methods for aging the intra-puparial forms of different oestrid species of veterinary importance, based on both qualitative and quantitative markers, thus improving our knowledge of their development and the efficiency of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martín-Vega
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, U.K
| | - B Clark
- Imaging and Analysis Centre, Natural History Museum, London, U.K
| | - L M Ferrer
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - S López-Tamayo
- Department of Animal Pathology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - D D Colwell
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - M J R Hall
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, U.K
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Li-Byarlay H, Boncristiani H, Howell G, Herman J, Clark L, Strand MK, Tarpy D, Rueppell O. Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Dynamics of Honey Bees in Response to Lethal Viral Infection. Front Genet 2020; 11:566320. [PMID: 33101388 PMCID: PMC7546774 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.566320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) suffer from many brood pathogens, including viruses. Despite considerable research, the molecular responses and dynamics of honey bee pupae to viral pathogens remain poorly understood. Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus (IAPV) is emerging as a model virus since its association with severe colony losses. Using worker pupae, we studied the transcriptomic and methylomic consequences of IAPV infection over three distinct time points after inoculation. Contrasts of gene expression and 5 mC DNA methylation profiles between IAPV-infected and control individuals at these time points - corresponding to the pre-replicative (5 h), replicative (20 h), and terminal (48 h) phase of infection - indicate that profound immune responses and distinct manipulation of host molecular processes accompany the lethal progression of this virus. We identify the temporal dynamics of the transcriptomic response to with more genes differentially expressed in the replicative and terminal phases than in the pre-replicative phase. However, the number of differentially methylated regions decreased dramatically from the pre-replicative to the replicative and terminal phase. Several cellular pathways experienced hyper- and hypo-methylation in the pre-replicative phase and later dramatically increased in gene expression at the terminal phase, including the MAPK, Jak-STAT, Hippo, mTOR, TGF-beta signaling pathways, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, and spliceosome. These affected biological functions suggest that adaptive host responses to combat the virus are mixed with viral manipulations of the host to increase its own reproduction, all of which are involved in anti-viral immune response, cell growth, and proliferation. Comparative genomic analyses with other studies of viral infections of honey bees and fruit flies indicated that similar immune pathways are shared. Our results further suggest that dynamic DNA methylation responds to viral infections quickly, regulating subsequent gene activities. Our study provides new insights of molecular mechanisms involved in epigenetic that can serve as foundation for the long-term goal to develop anti-viral strategies for honey bees, the most important commercial pollinator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Li-Byarlay
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Humberto Boncristiani
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Gary Howell
- High Performance Cluster, Office of Information Technology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jake Herman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Lindsay Clark
- High Performance Computing in Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Micheline K. Strand
- Army Research Office, Army Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - David Tarpy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
- W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Olav Rueppell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
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Campoy A, Pérez-Bañón C, Rojo S. Intra- puparial development in the hoverflies Eristalinus aeneus and Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae). J Morphol 2020; 281:1436-1445. [PMID: 32926457 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intra-puparial development of 150 pupae of Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) and Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus, 1758) was analyzed. Individuals were obtained from the sixth laboratory generation kept under artificial rearing conditions at the facilities of the University of Alicante (Spain). The experiment was conducted at 25 ± 1°C temperature, 50 ± 5% relative humidity, and 12:12 hr (L:D) of photoperiod. Groups of 10 pupae were collected every 6 hr over 48 hr, after that period, pupae were collected daily until the adult emergence. They were fixed in 5% formic acid and preserved in 70% ethanol. Fixed pupae were dissected and photographed. The chronology and morphological changes that take place during the intra-puparial development in both species were analyzed and compared. Five phases were observed: prepupa, before 6 hr; cryptocephalic pupa, between 6 and 24 hr; phanerocephalic pupa, between 24 and 30 hr; pharate adult, after 30 hr; and the adult imago, restricted to the very end of the development process just before adult emergence. In total, the intra-puparial development lasted 189 ± 4 hr in E. aeneus and 192 ± 3 hr in E. tenax, with the pharate adult the longest phase (some 81% of the total developmental time). These data can be used to develop accurate cold storage protocols during artificial rearing of both pollinator species, avoiding critical events during the development and increasing survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Campoy
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Celeste Pérez-Bañón
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Santos Rojo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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Gosik R, Skuhrovec J, Caldara R, Toševski I. Immature stages of Palearctic Mecinus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae): morphological characters diagnostic at genus and species levels. Zookeys 2020; 939:87-165. [PMID: 32577083 PMCID: PMC7297811 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.939.50612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immature stages of ten Mecinus species are described for the first time and those of two other species are redescribed, adding important chaetotaxy characters that were missing from previous descriptions. These species belong to six of the nine assemblages of Mecinus species previously established according to a phylogenetic analysis. All these groupings are confirmed on the basis of several characters of mature larvae and pupae. Moreover, all the species show several characters that are useful for distinguishing them from each other, including cryptic species that previously had few differential characters. Some characters that may be useful for separating Mecinus from other genera in the tribe are suggested. To confirm the taxonomic identification of some larvae, the mtCOII gene was obtained and compared with sequences from identified adult specimens. The most important characters for separating the immature stages of the genera and species groups in Mecinus are the number of palpomeres of the labial palpi (1 or 2), the number of air tubes of the thoracic and abdominal spiracles (unicameral or bicameral), and the number of epipharyngeal setae. The species studied herein were compared with those known from other genera in the tribe Mecinini. Two keys, one to the described larvae and the other to the pupae, are provided. Detailed biological data, several of which are new, on some species are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology and Nature Protection, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, PolandMaria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityLublinPoland
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6–Ruzyně, Czech RepublicCrop Research InstitutePragueCzech Republic
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, ItalyUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Ivo Toševski
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, SwitzerlandInstitute for Plant Protection and EnvironmentZemunSerbia
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080, Zemun, SerbiaCABIDelémontSwitzerland
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Kyaw KMM, Yagi S, Oku J, Sakamaki Y, Hirowatari T. Taxonomic study of Thiotricha Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) in Japan, with the description of two new species. Zookeys 2019; 897:67-99. [PMID: 31857788 PMCID: PMC6914723 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.897.38529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A part of Japanese species of the genus Thiotricha Meyrick, 1886 are reviewed. Three species described by Omelko (1984) in the genus Cnaphostola Meyrick, 1918 are placed in combination with Thiotricha; Thiotricha biformis, T. angustella comb. nov. and T. venustalis comb. nov. These species are redescribed, and two new species, T. elaeocarpiella Kyaw, Yagi & Hirowatari, sp. nov. and T. flavitermina Kyaw, Yagi & Hirowatari, sp. nov. are described based on external morphological characters of adults and genitalia of males and females. Thiotricha chujaensis (Park, 2016), comb. nov. described in Cnaphostola from Korea, is newly recorded in Japan feeding on Mallotus japonica (Euphorbiaceae). One of the new species, T. elaeocarpiella sp. nov. has been associated with two different plants, Elaeocarpus zollingeri (Elaeocarpaceae) and Rhaphiolepis indica (Rosaceae). This paper presents the first comprehensive description of the morphology, pupal morphology and biology of species previously treated in the genus Cnaphostola and their relatives in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khine Mon Mon Kyaw
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sadahisa Yagi
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jouhei Oku
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yositaka Sakamaki
- Entomological Laboratory, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Toshiya Hirowatari
- Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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da Silva SM, Moura MO. Intra puparial Development of Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Its Use in Forensic Entomology. J Med Entomol 2019; 56:1623-1635. [PMID: 31290542 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In forensic entomology, the minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) estimative is usually based on the oldest immature recovered from a local of death. The time spent by fly immatures in the intrapuparial period comprises more than 50% of their complete life cycles. An accurate estimate of the duration of this period will improve PMImin estimates. The blow fly Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Rondani 1850) was found in six criminal cases in the city of Curitiba. Even though there is data on the morphology of the larval instars and developmental rate of H. semidiaphana, the intrapuparial period has not been investigated. Here, we provide a detailed description of the intrapuparial morphological changes of H. semidiaphana, which might be useful to estimate minimum PMI. Samples of H. semidiaphana in the intrapuparial period were obtained from immatures reared on an artificial diet in incubators adjusted to 25°C or 20°C temperature regimes. Blow fly puparia of H. semidiaphana were fixed at intervals of 3 and 6 h until emergence of the adult. The external morphological traits of sampled immatures were analyzed using light microscopy. Our analysis of the intrapuparial period of H. semidiaphana provided 21 traits from which nine were age informative. These nine characteristics divide the developmental time (144 h at 25°C and 192 h at 20°C) into smaller sections. The developmental data provided, together with the time line allows a practical way to make interspecific comparisons as well as to estimate the age of H. semidiaphana based on the intrapuparial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Machado da Silva
- Laboratório de Dinâmicas Ecológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
| | - Mauricio Osvaldo Moura
- Laboratório de Dinâmicas Ecológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil
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Skuhrovec J, Volovnik S, Gosik R, Stejskal R, Trnka F. Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Lixinae): Morphological Re-Description of the Immature Stages, Keys, Tribal Comparisons and Biology. Insects 2019; 10:insects10100325. [PMID: 31574984 PMCID: PMC6836170 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mature larvae and pupae of Cleonis pigra (Scopoli, 1763) (Curculionidae: Lixinae: Cleonini) are morphologically described in detail for the first time and compared with known larvae and pupae of other Cleonini species. The results of measurements and characteristics most typical for larvae and pupae of Cleonini are newly extracted and critically discussed, along with some records given previously. Keys for the determination of selected Cleonini species based on their larval and pupal characteristics are attached. Dyar’s law was used for the estimation of a number of larval instars of C. pigra. Descriptions of habitats, adult behavior, host plants, life cycle, and biotic interactions are reported here. Adults and larvae feed on plants from the Asteraceae family only (genera Carduus, Cirsium, Centaurea, and Onopordum). Oviposition occurs on the base of the plant stem or the root neck. In the process of larval development, a fusiform gall forms. C. pigra and Cyphocleonus achates can coexist in the same locality. In open habitats, the weevils become the prey of carnivorous animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Praha 6 Ruzyně, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology and Plant Protection, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Robert Stejskal
- Administration of Podyji National Park, Na Vyhlídce 5, CZ-669 02 Znojmo, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Trnka
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Wei Z, Ren G. Description of larva and pupa of Laenahaigouica (Tenebrionidae, Laenini) from China based on morphology and four DNA makers. Zookeys 2019; 852:101-109. [PMID: 31210745 PMCID: PMC6561995 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.852.32095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae, pupae, and adults of Laenahaigouica Schawaller, 2001 were collected during recent fieldwork in the Sichuan Province (China). Since the pupal morphology of Laena has never been investigated this created an opportunity to provide the first description. Moreover, prior to this study larval characters of only one species, Laenastarcki Reitter, 1887, were known. Therefore, description of the larva of L.haigouica enabled the first verification of the intrageneric stability of larval characters revealed for other Laena species. Association of the studied immature stages with the adults was confirmed by analysing COI sequences. Additionally, three other loci (16S, Cytb, 28S) were sequenced for L.haigouica during this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Guodong Ren
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, Hebei University Baoding China
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Gosik R, Mazur MA, Sawka-Gądek N. First Descriptions of Larva and Pupa of Bagous claudicans Boheman, 1845 (Curculionidae, Bagoinae) and Systematic Position of the Species Based on Molecular and Morphological Data. Insects 2019; 10:E166. [PMID: 31185674 PMCID: PMC6628035 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the mature larva and pupa of Bagous claudicans are described and illustrated for the first time. Measurements of younger larval instars are also given. The biology of the species is discussed in association with larval morphology and feeding habits. Overall larval and pupal morphological characters of the genus Bagous are presented. Confirmation of the larva identification as Bagous claudicans species was conducted by cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequencing. DNA barcoding was useful for specimen identification of larval stages. The systematic position of the species within the Bagous collignensis-group, based on morphological and molecular results, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Miłosz A Mazur
- Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Oleska 22, 45-052 Opole, Poland.
| | - Natalia Sawka-Gądek
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland.
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Ścibior R, Łętowski J. The morphology of the preimaginal stages of Rhinusaneta (Germar, 1821) and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Mecinini). Zookeys 2019:29-46. [PMID: 30595652 PMCID: PMC6305354 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.807.28365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed description of the mature larva and pupa of Rhinusaneta (Germar, 1821) and new diagnostic features of this species are presented. The development cycle of R.neta in the standard conditions lasts almost 60 days: an 11-day egg period, a 29-day larval period, and an 18-day pupal period, on average. The larvae are parasitised by hymenopterans of the superfamily Chalcidoidea. Similarities and differences with Rhinusabipustulata and other species of this genus are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Ścibior
- Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
| | - Jacek Łętowski
- Department of Zoology, Animal Ecology and Wildlife Management, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland
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Skuhrovec J, Gosik R, Caldara R, Toševski I, Łętowski J, Szwaj E. Morphological characters of immature stages of Palaearctic species of Cleopomiarus and Miarus and their systematic value in Mecinini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Curculioninae). Zookeys 2018; 808:23-92. [PMID: 30598607 PMCID: PMC6305772 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.808.28172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the genera Cleopomiarus and Miarus of Mecinini (Curculionidae, Curculioninae) was tested on the basis of morphological characters from the immature stages. The mature larvae of five Cleopomiarus species (C.distinctus (Boheman, 1845), C.graminis (Gyllenhal, 1813), C.longirostris (Gyllenhal, 1838), C.medius (Desbrochers des Loges, 1893), and C.meridionalis (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1863)), three Miarus species (M.abnormis Solari, 1947, M.ajugae (Herbst, 1795), and M.campanulae (Linnaeus, 1767)), and the pupae of four Cleopomiarus species (C.distinctus, C.graminis, C.longirostris, and C.medius) and two Miarus species (M.abnormis and M.ajugae) are described in detail for the first time. To confirm the taxonomic identification of some larvae, DNA COI barcode was obtained and compared with those of adults. The immature stages of the species herein studied were compared with those known from other genera in tribe Mecinini. It is suggested that Miarus and Cleopomiarus may be monophyletic based on several shared distinctive characters. Larvae of Miarus have a characteristic maxillary mala with six finger-like dms of two sizes (one or two dms very long and the rest of medium length), this feature being apparently unique among weevils. Other genus-specific character states are observed in the pupae, such as the length of setae on the head, rostrum and pronotum, including the number of rs on the rostrum, ds on pronotum, and finally the shape of the urogomphi. A key to the described larvae and pupae were respectively presented. New biological and distributional data on some species are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6–Ruzyně, Czech RepublicCrop Research InstitutePragueCzech Republic
| | - Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, PolandMaria Curie-Skłodowska UniversityLublinPoland
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, ItalyUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Ivo Toševski
- CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, 2800 Delémont, SwitzerlandCABIDelémontSwitzerland
- Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Banatska 33, 11080 Zemun, SerbiaInstitute for Plant Protection and EnvironmentZemunSerbia
| | - Jacek Łętowski
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, PolandUniversity of Life Sciences in LublinLublinPoland
| | - Ewelina Szwaj
- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, PolandUniversity of Life Sciences in LublinLublinPoland
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Queiroz-Santos L, Casagrande MM, Specht A. Morphological Characterization of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Heliothinae). Neotrop Entomol 2018; 47:517-542. [PMID: 29450860 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-017-0581-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is a widespread lepidopteran pest found in various crops worldwide. This highly polyphagous species, commonly found both in the Old and New World, has caused significant economic damage as an invasive agricultural pest in Brazil since 2013. The goal of the present study is to provide a detailed morphological assessment of adults and immature stages of H. armigera, as this species is often confused with H. zea (Boddie), a congeneric species that is native to the New World. The biology data were acquired during four full life cycles, and observations on general behavior, nocturnal habits of larvae and adults, and sensitivity of larvae to humidity were recorded. Larval chaetotaxy differs between the first and the remaining instars, which bear L2 on the meso- and metathorax and L3 on A3 through A6, along with conspicuous chalazae and longitudinal bands. Important morphological characters of this species include the following: eggs with four micropylar openings, lined with 12 cells arranged in the shape of a rosette; pupa adecticous and obtect, with prominent spiracles; adults with the distal antennomere striate. Adults exhibit sexual dimorphism in the number of setae on the frenulum and spines on the prothoracic leg. Illustrations of the critical morphological features of this species are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Queiroz-Santos
- Lab de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Depto de Zoologia, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, P.O. Box 19020, Brasil.
| | - M M Casagrande
- Lab de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Depto de Zoologia, Univ Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, P.O. Box 19020, Brasil
| | - A Specht
- Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina, Brasil
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Kadej M. Larva and pupa of Ctesias (s. str.) serra (Fabricius, 1792) with remarks on biology and economic importance, and larval comparison of co-occurring genera (Coleoptera, Dermestidae). Zookeys 2018:115-135. [PMID: 29844714 PMCID: PMC5964089 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.758.24477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Updated descriptions of the last larval instar (based on the larvae and exuviae) and first detailed description of the pupa of Ctesias(s. str.)serra (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) are presented. Several morphological characters of C.serra larvae are documented: antenna, epipharynx, mandible, maxilla, ligula, labial palpi, spicisetae, hastisetae, terga, frons, foreleg, and condition of the antecostal suture. The paper is fully illustrated and includes some important additions to extend notes for this species available in the references. Summarised data about biology, economic importance, and distribution of C.serra are also provided. The comparison of larval characteristics for some of the genera of Dermestidae co-occurring with Ctesias is presented. A key for identification of these genera is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kadej
- Department of Invertebrate Biology, Evolution and Conservation, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 65, PL-51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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Skuhrovec J, Volovnik S, Gosik R. Description of the immature stages of Larinus vulpes and notes on its biology (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixinae). Zookeys 2017:107-137. [PMID: 28769711 PMCID: PMC5523399 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.679.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature larva and pupa of Larinusvulpes (Olivier, 1807) (Curculionidae: Lixinae: Lixini) are morphologically described for the first time and compared with known larvae and pupae of other Larinus species. Very high counts of larval body setae (pronotum with more than 25 setae and postdorsum on meso- and metathorax and also on abdominal segments I–VII with more than 12 setae) are characteristic features of the nominotypical subgenusLarinus. The biology of the species was studied in Ukraine. Echinopsruthenicus and E.sphaerocephalus were identified as host plants of both larvae and adults of this weevil based on the present research in Ukraine, which shows probably oligophagous. Overwintering beetles emerged at the end of May or earlier, then feeding and mating on the host plants. The highest level of adult activity was observed at the end of June. Larvae were endophagous within the flower heads. In July and August, the larvae pupated within inflorescences in a pupation cell. Adults exited the cells at the end of August and did not hibernate on the host plants. Sometimes, larvae and imagines of a new generation were found outside the flower heads in chambers constructed on the stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Praha 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | | | - Rafał Gosik
- Department of Zoology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Saur T, Peng IF, Jiang P, Gong N, Yao WD, Xu TL, Wu CF. K + channel reorganization and homeostatic plasticity during postembryonic development: biophysical and genetic analyses in acutely dissociated Drosophila central neurons. J Neurogenet 2016; 30:259-275. [PMID: 27868467 PMCID: PMC5918286 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2016.1255212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic electric activities of neurons play important roles in establishing and refining neural circuits during development. However, how the underlying ionic currents undergo postembryonic reorganizations remains largely unknown. Using acutely dissociated neurons from larval, pupal, and adult Drosophila brains, we show drastic re-assemblies and compensatory regulations of voltage-gated (IKv) and Ca2+-activated (IK(Ca)) K+ currents during postembryonic development. Larval and adult neurons displayed prominent fast-inactivating IKv, mediated by the Shaker (Sh) channel to a large extent, while in the same neurons IK(Ca) was far smaller in amplitude. In contrast, pupal neurons were characterized by large sustained IKv and prominent IK(Ca), encoded predominantly by the slowpoke (slo) gene. Surprisingly, deletion of Sh in the ShM null mutant removed inactivating, transient IKv from large portions of neurons at all stages. Interestingly, elimination of Sh currents was accompanied by upregulation of non-Sh transient IKv. In comparison, the slo1 mutation abolished the vast majority of IK(Ca), particularly at the pupal stage. Strikingly, the deficiency of IK(Ca) in slo pupae was compensated by the transient component of IKv mediated by Sh channels. Thus, IK(Ca) appears to play critical roles in pupal development and its absence induces functional compensations from a specific transient IKv current. While mutants lacking either Sh or slo currents survived normally, Sh;;slo double mutants deficient in both failed to survive through pupal metamorphosis. Together, our data highlight significant reorganizations and homeostatic compensations of K+ currents during postembryonic development and uncover previously unrecognized roles for Sh and slo in this plastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taixiang Saur
- a Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics , School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
- b Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
- c New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School , Southborough , MA , USA
| | - I-Feng Peng
- d Department of Biology , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- a Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics , School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
- b Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Neng Gong
- a Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics , School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
- b Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Wei-Dong Yao
- c New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School , Southborough , MA , USA
| | - Tian-Le Xu
- a Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics , School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
- b Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Chun-Fang Wu
- a Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics , School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , China
- b Institute of Neuroscience and Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
- d Department of Biology , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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Trnka F, Stejskal R, Skuhrovec J. The morphology of the immature stages of two rare Lixus species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Lixinae) and notes on their biology. Zookeys 2016:87-116. [PMID: 27551208 PMCID: PMC4978021 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.604.9018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mature larvae and pupae of Lixus (Ortholixus) bituberculatus Smreczyński, 1968 and Lixus (Dilixellus) neglectus Fremuth, 1983 (Curculionidae: Lixinae: Lixini) are described and compared with known larvae of 21 other Lixus and 2 Hypolixus taxa. The mature larva and pupa of Lixusbituberculatus are the first immature stages described representing the subgenus Ortholixus. The larva of Lixusneglectus, in the subgenus Dilixellus, is distinguished from the known larvae of four species in this subgenus by having more pigmented sclerites on the larval body. All descriptions of mature larvae from the tribe Lixini, as do all known species from the tribe Cleonini, fit the diagnosis of the mature larva of the Lixinae subfamily. Furthermore, new biological information of these species in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Romania is provided. For Lixusbituberculatus, a chicory, Cichoriumintybus L. (Asteraceae), is identified as a host plant, and Lixusneglectus is found on dock Rumexthyrsiflorus Fingerh. (Polygonaceae). Both species are probably monophagous or oligophagous. Adults of Lixusbituberculatus often inhabit host plants growing in active, dry and sunny pastures with sparse patches without vegetation, being mostly active during the night in April/May and then again in September, when the highest activity levels are observed. Adults of Lixusneglectus inhabit dry grasslands on sandy soils with host plants, being active during the day from May to September, with the highest level of activity in May/June and September. The larvae of both species are borers in the stem and root of the host plant, and they pupate in root or root neck. Adults leave the pupation cells at the end of summer and do not hibernate in the host plants. Finally, Romania is a new geographic record for Lixusbituberculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Trnka
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Stejskal
- Administration of Podyji National Park, Na Vyhlídce 5, CZ-669 02 Znojmo, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agrosystems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, CZ-161 06 Praha 6 - Ruzyně, Czech Republic
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Skuhrovec J, Bogusch P. The morphology of the immature stages of Metadonus vuillefroyanus (Capiomont, 1868) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Hyperini) and notes on its biology. Zookeys 2016:123-42. [PMID: 27408538 PMCID: PMC4926666 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.589.7847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Last instar larva and pupa of Metadonusvuillefroyanus (Capiomont, 1868) (Curculionidae: Hyperini) are described and compared with known larvae of the other 43 hyperine taxa. The thorn-like setae located on distinct black protuberances on the larval body are characteristic features of the genus Metadonus and the subgenus Eririnomorphus of the genus Hypera. The biological singularity of this species was studied and described. The variable colouration of larvae has been confirmed in association with the variability of the host plant’s colouration at the studied localities. This species’ reported inability to spin cocoons has been disproven. A different type of cocoon with two layers, where the inner layer consists of proteins from Malpighian tubules while the outer layer contains soil particles, is described. This type of cocoon is unique compared with those known from other hyperines, which usually pupate on or above the ground and do not use substrate particles in building their cocoons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Skuhrovec
- Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agrosystems, Crop Research Institute, Prague 6-Ruzyně, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bogusch
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanského 62, CZ-500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Insects that are small or exhibit low metabolic rates are considered to not require active ventilation to augment diffusive gas exchange. Some pupae with low metabolic rates exhibit abdominal pumping, a behaviour that is known to drive tracheal ventilation in the adults of many species. However, previous work on pupae suggests that abdominal pumping may serve a non-respiratory role. To study the role of abdominal pumping in pupa of the beetle Zophobas morio, we visualized tracheal dynamics with X-rays while simultaneously measuring haemolymph pressure, abdominal movement, and CO2 emission. Pupae exhibited frequent tracheal compressions that were coincident with both abdominal pumping and pulsation of pressure in the haemolymph. However, more than 63% of abdominal pumping events occurred without any tracheal collapse and hence ventilation, suggesting that the major function of the abdominal pump is not respiratory. In addition, this study shows that the kinematics of abdominal pumping can be used to infer the status of the spiracles and internal behaviour of the tracheal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodjat Pendar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Melissa C Kenny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John J Socha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Jiang C, Zhang R. The genus Gymnetron from China with description of pre-imaginal stages of G. miyoshii, G. auliense and G. vittipenne (Coleoptera,Curculionidae). Zookeys 2015:61-84. [PMID: 26668548 PMCID: PMC4669937 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.534.5967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There are four species of Gymnetron in China recorded to date including Gymnetron miyoshii Miyoshi, 1922, Gymnetron villosipenne Roelofs, 1875, Gymnetron auliense Reitter, 1907 and Gymnetron vittipenne Marseul, 1876, of which the last two are new country records. The pre-imaginal stages including eggs, mature larvae and pupae of Gymnetron miyoshii, Gymnetron auliense and Gymnetron vittipenne are described and illustrated. In addition, their diagnostic characters (larvae and pupae) are discussed and differentiated, and notes on some of their biological parameters are provided. Potential ecological impacts between Gymnetron weevils and their host Veronica spp. also are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China ; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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37
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Pogue MG. A new species of Gadirtha Walker (Nolidae, Eligminae): a proposed biological control agent of Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small) (Euphorbiaceae) in the United States. Zookeys 2014; 382:13-25. [PMID: 24624017 PMCID: PMC3950419 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.382.6600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadirtha fusca sp. n., is described from Guangxi Province, China. Gadirtha fusca differs in forewing color and pattern, male and female genitalia, and in larval pattern from all other species of Gadirtha. Gadirtha fusca has been evaluated as a potential biological control agent for Chinese tallow (Triadica sebifera (L.) Small, Euphorbiaceae) in the southeastern United States. Adult, male and female genitalia, larva, and pupa are described, illustrated, and compared with Gadirtha impingens Walker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Pogue
- Systematic Entomology Laboratory, PSI, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, c/o Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, NMNH, MRC-168, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
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38
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Przybyłowicz Ł. Polyommatus ripartii: the biological basis for the conservation and the morphology of the developmental stages of a critically endangered, relict population in central Europe. J Insect Sci 2014; 14:ieu109. [PMID: 25525109 PMCID: PMC5633943 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ripart's Anomalous Blue Polyommatus ripartii (Freyer, 1830) is one of the most seriously endangered butterfly species in central Europe, a small, relict population of which has survived in two localities in Poland. This isolated population is undoubtedly the last and northernmost remnant of a once much wider range in central Europe. P. ripartii is associated with highly xerophilous vegetation on gypsum and calcareous soils. Only active conservation measures can ensure its survival. For these to be successful, however, precise information on the butterfly's biology, behavior and also its morphology is crucial. The first to do so, this article describes the butterfly's egg-laying preferences, and specifies the numbers of eggs on a single shoot and their placement on it. A unique behavioral trait of the female--the secretion of oviposition-deterring pheromones--is reported. The preferred plant associations and nectar sources have been investigated, and information on overnight roosts is given. In addition, an exhaustive description of the morphologies of the egg, final instar and pupa, as well as new details of adult behavior are provided. The main conclusion of the this study is that the existence of a stable population in the Nida Region is determined by the presence of large patches of sainfoin, which is both the larval host plant and a source of nectar for the imago. Moreover, stress is laid on the importance of Inula ensifolia L. as the secondary nectaring plant, which may facilitate dispersion among patches of suitable habitat. Finally, the study shows that searching for the easily detected eggs may be the best method for proving the existence of the species in a given locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Przybyłowicz
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
The pupal stage of eleven Opatrini species occuring in the northern China are described and a key for their identifiaction is provided. The species are Scleropatrum horridum horridum Reitter, Gonocephalum reticulatum Motschulsky, Opatrum (Opatrum) subaratum Faldermann, Eumylada potanini (Reitter), Eumylada punctifera (Reitter), Penthicus (Myladion) alashanicus (Reichardt), Penthicus (Myladion) nojonicus (Kaszab), Myladina unguiculina Reitter, Melanesthes (Opatronesthes) rugipennis Reitter, Melanesthes (Melanesthes) maxima maxima Ménétriès and Melanesthes (Melanesthes) jintaiensis Ren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Long
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, P. R. China ; School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
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40
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Korenko S, Schmidt S, Schwarz M, Gibson GAP, Pekár S. Hymenopteran parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae). Zookeys 2013:1-15. [PMID: 23653512 PMCID: PMC3591778 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.262.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calymmochilus dispar Bouček & Andriescu (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) and Gelis apterus (Pontoppidan) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) are newly recorded as parasitoids of the ant-eating spider Zodarion styliferum (Simon) (Araneae, Zodariidae). The larvae of both parasitoid species fed on juvenile spiders. The final instar larva and pupa of Calymmochilus dispar and the male of Gelis apterus are described for the first time. Both species represent new distribution records for Portugal. The biology and host associations of the parasitoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Korenko
- Department of Agroecology and Biometeorology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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41
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Wang Z, Alonso-Zarazaga MA, Zhou D, Zhang R. A description of preimaginal stages of Pseudaspidapion botanicum Alonso-Zarazaga & Wang, 2011 (Apionidae, Curculionoidea). Zookeys 2013; 260:49-59. [PMID: 23653504 PMCID: PMC3591775 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.260.4450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The preimaginal stages including egg, mature larva and pupa of Pseudaspidapion botanicum Alonso-Zarazaga & Wang, 2011 were described and figured, diagnostic characters of larva and pupa were discussed, and corresponding biological information was supplied. The nomenclature of frontal setae in the larva compared with curculionid weevils, the absence of the hypopharyngeal bracon in the larva, and the metafemoral setae in the pupa were discussed. Common and different characters among the larvae of Pseudaspidapion botanicum, Aspidapion radiolus (Marsham, 1802) and Aspidapion aeneum (Fabricius, 1775) were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China
| | - M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China
- Depto. de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, E-28006Madrid, Spain
| | - Dakang Zhou
- Beijing Botanical Garden, (BBG), Beijing, China
| | - Runzhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IZCAS), Beijing, China
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42
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Walla TR, Greeney HF. Under cover of darkness, caterpillars take flight: the immature stages and feeding ecology of the glasswinged butterfly, Oleria baizana in eastern Ecuador. J Insect Sci 2012; 12:106. [PMID: 23438050 PMCID: PMC3605027 DOI: 10.1673/031.012.10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the morphology and behavior of the immature stages of Oleria baizana (Haensch) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from northeastern Ecuador. Brugmansia aurea Lagerh. (Solanales: Solanaceae) is the larval food plant. Eggs are laid singly, off of the host plant in the leaf litter. During the night, larvae climb a food plant seedling and sever a leaf petiole, parachuting with the leaf to the ground where they remain while feeding. Oleria baizana has five larval stadia, and individuals take 77 days to mature from oviposition to adult stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Walla
- Colorado Mesa University, Department of Biology, Western Colorado Center for Tropical Research, 1100 North Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501
| | - Harold F. Greeney
- Yanayacu Biological Station and Center for Creative Studies, Cosanga, Ecuador, c/o 721 Foch y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador
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43
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Takashima S, Younossi-Hartenstein A, Ortiz PA, Hartenstein V. A novel tissue in an established model system: the Drosophila pupal midgut. Dev Genes Evol 2011; 221:69-81. [PMID: 21556856 PMCID: PMC3950650 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-011-0360-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila larval and adult midguts are derived from two populations of endodermal progenitors that separate from each other in the early embryo. As larval midgut cells differentiate into an epithelial layer, adult midgut progenitors (AMPs) remain as small clusters of proliferating, undifferentiated cells attached to the basal surface of the larval gut epithelium. During the first few hours of metamorphosis, AMPs merge into a continuous epithelial tube that overgrows the larval layer and differentiates into the adult midgut; at the same time, the larval midgut degenerates. As shown in this paper, there is a second, transient pupal midgut that develops from the AMPs at the beginning of metamorphosis and that intercalates between the adult and larval midgut epithelia. Cells of the transient pupal midgut form a multilayered tube that exhibits signs of differentiation, in the form of septate junctions and rudimentary apical microvilli. Some cells of the pupal midgut develop as endocrine cells. The pupal midgut remains closely attached to the degenerating larval midgut cells. Along with these cells, pupal midgut cells are sequestered into the lumen where they form the compact "yellow body." The formation of a pupal midgut has been reported from several other species and may represent a general feature of intestinal metamorphosis in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takashima
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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44
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Greeney HF, Dyer LA, Pyrcz TW. First description of the early stage biology of the genus Mygona: the natural history of the satyrine butterfly, Mygona irmina in eastern Ecuador. J Insect Sci 2011; 11:5. [PMID: 21521141 PMCID: PMC3391937 DOI: 10.1673/031.011.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The immature stages and natural history of Mygona irmina Doubleday (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina) from northeastern Ecuadorian cloud forests are described based on 17 rearings. The dwarf bamboo, Chusquea c.f. scandens Kunth (Poaceae, Bambusoidea) is the larval food plant. Eggs are laid singly on the bottom side of mature host plant leaves. Larvae take 102-109 days to mature from egg to adult. Adults are encountered most frequently on sunny days, flying rapidly over areas dominated by their food plant or feeding on the ground at mammal feces. Males are often encountered inside large forest gaps near patches of bamboo guarding perches in the mid-canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold F. Greeney
- Yanayacu Biological Station and Center for Creative Studies, Cosanga, Ecuador, c/o 721 Foch y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- Biology 0314, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, Nevada 89557
| | - Tomasz W. Pyrcz
- Zoological Museum of the Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6, 30–060 Kraków, Poland
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45
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Greeney HF, Hill RI, Rosendo Simbaña W, Gentry G. The immature stages and natural history of Veladyris pardalis (Salvin, 1869) in Eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Lthomiinae). J Insect Sci 2009; 9:35. [PMID: 19619012 PMCID: PMC3011897 DOI: 10.1673/031.009.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract We describe the immature stages and oviposition behavior of Veladyris pardalis (Salvin, 1869) from northeastern Ecuador. An unidentified species of Solanum (Solanaceae) is the larval food plant. Eggs are laid singly on leaves, stems or epiphytes growing on the host. Veladyris pardalis has four larval stadia, and takes 64-70 days to mature from oviposition to adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold F. Greeney
- Yanayacu Biological Station & Center for Creative Studies, Cosanga, Ecuador c/o 721 Foch y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ryan I. Hill
- 3060 Valley Life Sciences Building, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Wilmer Rosendo Simbaña
- Yanayacu Biological Station & Center for Creative Studies, Cosanga, Ecuador c/o 721 Foch y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Grant Gentry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
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46
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Greeney HF, Warren AD. The life history and shelter building behavior of Vettius coryna coryna Hewitson, 1866 in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae). J Insect Sci 2009; 9:32. [PMID: 19613868 PMCID: PMC3011883 DOI: 10.1673/031.009.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Abstract We describe all life-stages of Vettius coryna coryna Hewitson, 1866 in eastern Ecuador. The details of larval shelter structure and associated shelter building behavior are described and illustrated, as observed on two grass species (Poaceae). We provide brief observations on V. coryna adult behavior and a review of known life history information for other species of Vettius Godman, 1901.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold F. Greeney
- Yanayacu Biological Station & Center for Creative Studies, Cosanga, Ecuador c/o 721 Foch y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrew D. Warren
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, P.O. Box 112710, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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47
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Greeney HF, Pyrcz TW, DeVries PJ, Dyer LA. The early stages of Pedaliodes poesia ( Hewitson, 1862 ) in eastern Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae: Pronophilina). J Insect Sci 2009; 9:38. [PMID: 19619029 PMCID: PMC3011831 DOI: 10.1673/031.009.3801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We describe the immature stages Pedaliodes poesia Hewitson, 1862 from northeastern Ecuador. Chusquea scandens (Poaceae, Bambusoidea) is the larval food plant. Eggs are laid singly or in pairs on the bottom side of host plant leaves. The duration of the egg, larval, and pupal stages, combined, is 99-107 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold F. Greeney
- Yanayacu Biological Station & Center for Creative Studies, Cosanga, Ecuador c/o 721 Foch y Amazonas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Tomasz W. Pyrcz
- Zoological Museum of the Jagiellonian University, lngardena 6, 30–060 Kraków, Poland
| | - Philip J. DeVries
- University of New Orleans, Department of Biological Sciences, New Orleans, LA 70148
| | - Lee A. Dyer
- Biology Department, University of Nevada; Reno, Nevada
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48
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Whitmore D, Whitmore E, Gilbert LI. Juvenile hormone induction of esterases: a mechanism for the regulation of juvenile hormone titer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:1592-5. [PMID: 4504374 PMCID: PMC426755 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.6.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Within a few hours after injection of juvenile hormone into Hyalophora gloveri pupae, several fast-migrating carboxylesterases (EC 3.1.1.1) that are sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate appear in the hemolymph. Treatment of the pupae with puromycin or actinomycin D prevents the appearance of these hemolymph enzymes, suggesting de novo synthesis of the carboxylesterases. Of the several other compounds investigated, only a potent mimic of the juvenile hormone is able to induce these enzymes. When the induced enzymes are incubated in vitro with (14)C-labeled juvenile hormone, the hormone is rapidly and efficiently degraded. It is suggested that these induced carboxylesterases play an important role in the regulation of juvenile hormone titer.
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