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Alseady HH, Al-Dabbagh SMK, Marhash AD. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Giardia intestinalis isolated from children and calves in Babylon province, Iraq. Vet World 2023; 16:1781-1789. [PMID: 37859966 PMCID: PMC10583866 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1781-1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Giardia intestinalis is one of the most prevalent intestinal parasites in humans and animals, and children in close contact with livestock are particularly at risk of infection. This study aimed to detect assemblages of G. intestinalis and determine the origin of zoonotic transmission of Giardia in children and calves in different parts of Babylon province, Iraq. Materials and Methods One hundred stool samples from children (68 boys and 32 girls) and 100 fecal samples from calves (46 males and 54 females) of different ages were randomly collected. Molecular techniques were used to estimate the prevalence of G. intestinalis in children and calves. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by targeting the triose phosphate isomerase gene in the samples to detect G. intestinalis assemblages. Results The overall rates of infection with G. intestinalis in children and calves were 21% and 34%, respectively, using the conventional microscopic method. The results illustrated that 61.90% (13/21) and 38.09% (8/21) of positive samples from children were allocated to assemblages A and B, respectively (p > 0.05). In calves, assemblages A and B were detecte in 82.35% (28/34) and 17.64% (6/34) of positive samples from calves, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Ten PCR products were sequenced and submitted to the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis detected five human sequences each belonging to G. intestinalis assemblages A (OM850335-OM850339) and B (OM850340-OM850344). Similarly, five calf sequences each belonged to G. intestinalis assemblages A (ON75756-ON757660) and B (ON757661-ON757665). Conclusion The detection of large numbers of G. intestinalis assemblage A in both humans and cattle indicated that cattle could be a main source of zoonotic G. intestinalis infection in children in Babylon province, Iraq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider H. Alseady
- Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 51015, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Sahad M. K. Al-Dabbagh
- Institute of Medical Technology Al-Mansour, Middle Technical University, 10001, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali D. Marhash
- Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, 51015, Babylon, Iraq
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2
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Julien M, Todosi C, Fouyssac F, Lesesve JF, Gérard D, Perrin J. [ Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency: a rare erythrocyte enzymopathy with a poor prognosis]. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2023; 81:abc.2023.1789. [PMID: 36866814 DOI: 10.1684/abc.2023.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) is a crucial enzyme for glycolysis. TPI deficiency is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease described in 1965, which remains exceptional by its rarity (less than 100 cases described worldwide), but by its extreme severity. Indeed, it is characterized by a chronic hemolytic anemia, an increased susceptibility to infections and especially, a progressive neurological degeneration which leads to death in early childhood for the majority of cases. We report in our observation the history of diagnosis and clinical course of monozygotic twins born at 32 WA with triose phosphate isomerase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Julien
- Service d'hématologie biologique, CHRU Nancy, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
| | - Calina Todosi
- Service de médecine infantile, CHRU Nancy, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Fanny Fouyssac
- Service d'hématologie oncologique pédiatrique, CHRU Nancy, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Delphine Gérard
- Service d'hématologie biologique, CHRU Nancy, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
| | - Julien Perrin
- Service d'hématologie biologique, CHRU Nancy, F-54511 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy
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Noor E, Flamholz AI, Jayaraman V, Ross BL, Cohen Y, Patrick WM, Gruic‐Sovulj I, Tawfik DS. Uniform binding and negative catalysis at the origin of enzymes. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4381. [PMID: 35900021 PMCID: PMC9281367 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are well known for their catalytic abilities, some even reaching "catalytic perfection" in the sense that the reaction they catalyze has reached the physical bound of the diffusion rate. However, our growing understanding of enzyme superfamilies has revealed that only some share a catalytic chemistry while others share a substrate-handle binding motif, for example, for a particular phosphate group. This suggests that some families emerged through a "substrate-handle-binding-first" mechanism ("binding-first" for brevity) instead of "chemistry-first" and we are, therefore, left to wonder what the role of non-catalytic binders might have been during enzyme evolution. In the last of their eight seminal, back-to-back articles from 1976, John Albery and Jeremy Knowles addressed the question of enzyme evolution by arguing that the simplest mode of enzyme evolution is what they defined as "uniform binding" (parallel stabilization of all enzyme-bound states to the same degree). Indeed, we show that a uniform-binding proto-catalyst can accelerate a reaction, but only when catalysis is already present, that is, when the transition state is already stabilized to some degree. Thus, we sought an alternative explanation for the cases where substrate-handle-binding preceded any involvement of a catalyst. We find that evolutionary starting points that exhibit negative catalysis can redirect the reaction's course to a preferred product without need for rate acceleration or product release; that is, if they do not stabilize, or even destabilize, the transition state corresponding to an undesired product. Such a mechanism might explain the emergence of "binding-first" enzyme families like the aldolase superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Noor
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Avi I. Flamholz
- Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
- Resnick Sustainability InstituteCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Vijay Jayaraman
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Brian L. Ross
- Department of Biomolecular SciencesWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Yair Cohen
- Department of Caltech Environmental Science and EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Wayne M. Patrick
- School of Biological SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonWellingtonNew Zealand
| | - Ita Gruic‐Sovulj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Dan S. Tawfik
- Department of Molecular Cell BiologyWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
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Vázquez-Jiménez LK, Moreno-Herrera A, Juárez-Saldivar A, González-González A, Ortiz-Pérez E, Paz-González AD, Palos-Pizarro I, Ramírez-Moreno E, Rivera G. Recent Advances in the Development of Triose Phosphate Isomerase Inhibitors as Antiprotozoal Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2504-2529. [PMID: 34517794 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210913090928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic diseases caused by protozoa such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, malaria, African trypanosomiasis, amebiasis, trichomoniasis, and giardiasis are considered serious public health problems in developing countries. Drug-resistance among parasites justifies the search for new therapeutic drugs and the identification of new targets becomes a valuable approach. In this scenario, glycolysis pathway which consists of the conversion of glucose into pyruvate plays an important role in the protozoa energy supply and it is therefore considered as a promising target. In this pathway, triose phosphate isomerase (TIM) plays an essential role in efficient energy production. Furthermore, protozoa TIM show structural differences with human enzyme counterparts suggesting the possibility of obtaining selective inhibitors. Therefore, TIM is considered a valid approach to develop new antiprotozoal agents, inhibiting the glycolysis in the parasite. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss the drug design strategies, structure-activity relationship, and binding modes of outstanding TIM inhibitors against Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia lamblia, Leishmania mexicana, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Entamoeba histolytica. RESULTS TIM inhibitors showed mainly aromatic systems and symmetrical structure, where the size and type of heteroatom are important for enzyme inhibition. This inhibition is mainly based on the interaction with i) the interfacial region of TIM inducing changes on the quaternary and tertiary structure or ii) with the TIM catalytic region were the main pathways that disabled the catalytic activity of the enzyme. CONCLUSION Benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzimidazole, and sulfhydryl derivatives stand out as TIM inhibitors. In silico and in vitro studies demonstrate that the inhibitors bind mainly at the TIM dimer interface. In this review, the development of new TIM inhibitors as antiprotozoal drugs is demonstrated as an important pharmaceutical strategy that may lead to new therapies for these ancient parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenci K Vázquez-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Antonio Moreno-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Alfredo Juárez-Saldivar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Alonzo González-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Eyra Ortiz-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Alma D Paz-González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Isidro Palos-Pizarro
- Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Reynosa-Rodhe, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, 88779 Reynosa. Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07320 Ciudad de México. Mexico
| | - Gildardo Rivera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Farmacéutica, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 88710 Reynosa. Mexico
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Vogt A, Eicher SL, Myers TD, Hrizo SL, Vollmer LL, Meyer EM, Palladino MJ. A High-Content Screening Assay for Small Molecules That Stabilize Mutant Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TPI) as Treatments for TPI Deficiency. SLAS Discov 2021; 26:1029-1039. [PMID: 34167376 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211018198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Triose phosphate isomerase deficiency (TPI Df) is an untreatable, childhood-onset glycolytic enzymopathy. Patients typically present with frequent infections, anemia, and muscle weakness that quickly progresses with severe neuromusclar dysfunction requiring aided mobility and often respiratory support. Life expectancy after diagnosis is typically ~5 years. There are several described pathogenic mutations that encode functional proteins; however, these proteins, which include the protein resulting from the "common" TPIE105D mutation, are unstable due to active degradation by protein quality control (PQC) pathways. Previous work has shown that elevating mutant TPI levels by genetic or pharmacological intervention can ameliorate symptoms of TPI Df in fruit flies. To identify compounds that increase levels of mutant TPI, we have developed a human embryonic kidney (HEK) stable knock-in model expressing the common TPI Df protein fused with green fluorescent protein (HEK TPIE105D-GFP). To directly address the need for lead TPI Df therapeutics, these cells were developed into an optical drug discovery platform that was implemented for high-throughput screening (HTS) and validated in 3-day variability tests, meeting HTS standards. We initially used this assay to screen the 446-member National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Collection and validated two of the hits in dose-response, by limited structure-activity relationship studies with a small number of analogs, and in an orthogonal, non-optical assay in patient fibroblasts. The data form the basis for a large-scale phenotypic screening effort to discover compounds that stabilize TPI as treatments for this devastating childhood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vogt
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Samantha L Eicher
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tracey D Myers
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy L Hrizo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Biology, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA, USA
| | - Laura L Vollmer
- Department of Computational & Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Michael J Palladino
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Collett CF, Morphew RM, Timson D, Phillips HC, Brophy PM. Pilot Evaluation of Two Fasciola hepatica Biomarkers for Supporting Triclabendazole (TCBZ) Efficacy Diagnostics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153477. [PMID: 32751696 PMCID: PMC7435721 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica, the causative agent of fasciolosis, is a global threat to public health, animal welfare, agricultural productivity, and food security. In the ongoing absence of a commercial vaccine, independent emergences of anthelmintic-resistant parasite populations worldwide are threatening the sustainability of the few flukicides presently available, and particularly triclabendazole (TCBZ) as the drug of choice. Consequently, prognoses for future fasciolosis control and sustained TCBZ application necessitate improvements in diagnostic tools to identify anthelmintic efficacy. Previously, we have shown that proteomic fingerprinting of F. hepatica excretory/secretory (ES) products offered new biomarkers associated with in vitro TCBZ-sulfoxide (SO) recovery or death. In the current paper, two of these biomarkers (calreticulin (CRT) and triose phosphate isomerase (TPI)) were recombinantly expressed and evaluated to measure TCBZ efficacy via a novel approach to decipher fluke molecular phenotypes independently of molecular parasite resistance mechanism(s), which are still not fully characterised or understood. Our findings confirmed the immunoreactivity and diagnostic potential of the present target antigens by sera from TCBZ-susceptible (TCBZ-S) and TCBZ-resistant (TCBZ-R) F. hepatica experimentally infected sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Collett
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.C.P.); (P.M.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Russell M. Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.C.P.); (P.M.B.)
| | - David Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK;
| | - Helen C. Phillips
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.C.P.); (P.M.B.)
| | - Peter M. Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK; (R.M.M.); (H.C.P.); (P.M.B.)
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: The number of couples that meet the definition of infertility at reproductive ages is increasing worldwide. One of the most known conditions of infertility in males is azoospermia, defined as complete absence of spermatozoa in the semen. Azoospermia manifests in two forms, namely obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia. Although the presence of antisperm antibody (ASA) has been reported in 88% of the patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA), interestingly, there is no data regarding ASA targets in OA individuals. AIM: The present study aimed to identify sperm antibody targets in a group of OA men. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The present study was carried out on 27 OA infertile men and 27 healthy fertile age-matched males as cases and controls, respectively. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sperm proteome was separated using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique, transferred onto the polyvinylidene fluoride membrane, and blotted with the sera of a group of OA men. Then, it was compared with the membranes blotted with the sera of a group of healthy fertile men. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry was used to identify the different blotted spots and finally the results of the mass analysis were confirmed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: The results indicated that OA patients might produce antibody against two sperm proteins, Tektin-2 and triose phosphate isomerase. Moreover, the expressions of the two targeted proteins were confirmed at RNA level. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study revealed two functionally important sperm proteins as antibody targets in azoospermic men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Sadegh Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sara Keshtgar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Zolghadri
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behrouz Gharesi-Fard
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department Reproductive Biology, Proteomics Laboratory, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Keeney JTR, Förster S, Sultana R, Brewer LD, Latimer CS, Cai J, Klein JB, Porter NM, Butterfield DA. Dietary vitamin D deficiency in rats from middle to old age leads to elevated tyrosine nitration and proteomics changes in levels of key proteins in brain: implications for low vitamin D-dependent age-related cognitive decline. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:324-334. [PMID: 23872023 PMCID: PMC3859828 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the well-known effects of vitamin D (VitD) in maintaining bone health, there is increasing appreciation that this vitamin may serve important roles in other organs and tissues, including the brain. Given that VitD deficiency is especially widespread among the elderly, it is important to understand how the range of serum VitD levels that mimic those found in humans (from low to high) affects the brain during aging from middle age to old age. To address this issue, 27 male F344 rats were split into three groups and fed isocaloric diets containing low (100 IU/kg food), control (1000 IU/kg food), or high (10,000 IU/kg food) VitD beginning at middle age (12 months) and continued for a period of 4-5 months. We compared the effects of these dietary VitD manipulations on oxidative and nitrosative stress measures in posterior brain cortices. The low-VitD group showed global elevation of 3-nitrotyrosine compared to control and high-VitD-treated groups. Further investigation showed that this elevation may involve dysregulation of the nuclear factor κ-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway and NF-κB-mediated transcription of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as indicated by translocation of NF-κB to the nucleus and elevation of iNOS levels. Proteomics techniques were used to provide insight into potential mechanisms underlying these effects. Several brain proteins were found at significantly elevated levels in the low-VitD group compared to the control and high-VitD groups. Three of these proteins, 6-phosphofructokinase, triose phosphate isomerase, and pyruvate kinase, are involved directly in glycolysis. Two others, peroxiredoxin-3 and DJ-1/PARK7, have peroxidase activity and are found in mitochondria. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (cyclophilin A) has been shown to have multiple roles, including protein folding, regulation of protein kinases and phosphatases, immunoregulation, cell signaling, and redox status. Together, these results suggest that dietary VitD deficiency contributes to significant nitrosative stress in brain and may promote cognitive decline in middle-aged and elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeriel T R Keeney
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sarah Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rukhsana Sultana
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Lawrence D Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Caitlin S Latimer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jian Cai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jon B Klein
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Nada M Porter
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
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Zahid S, Khan R, Oellerich M, Ahmed N, Asif AR. Differential S-nitrosylation of proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2013; 256:126-36. [PMID: 24157928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have provided evidence regarding the involvement of protein S-nitrosylation in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and its implication in the formation and accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. The identification of S-nitrosylated proteins can be a major step toward the understanding of mechanisms leading to neuronal degeneration. The present study targeted S-nitrosylated proteins in AD hippocampus, substantia nigra and cortex using the following work-flow that combines S-nitrosothiol-specific antibody detection, classical biotin switch method labeled with fluorescence dye followed by electrospray ionization quadrupole time of flight tandem MS (ESI-QTOF MS/MS) identification. Endogenous nitrosocysteines were identified in 45 proteins, mainly involved in metabolism, signaling pathways, apoptosis and redox regulation as assigned by REACTOME and KEGG pathway database analysis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD2) [Mn], fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C (ALDOC) and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2 (VDAC2) showed differential S-nitrosylation signal, not previously reported in AD regions. Extensive neuronal atrophy with increased protein S-nitrosylation in AD regions is also evident from immunofluorescence studies using S-nitrosocysteine antibody. A number of plausible cysteine modification sites were predicted via Group-based Prediction System-S-nitrosothiols (GPS-SNO) 1.0 while STRING 8.3 analysis revealed functional annotations in the modified proteins. The findings are helpful in characterization of functional abnormalities and may facilitate the understanding of molecular mechanisms and biological function of S-nitrosylation in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zahid
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - R Khan
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Oellerich
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - N Ahmed
- Neurochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - A R Asif
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany.
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10
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Yamamoto K, Wilson DK. Identification, characterization, and crystal structure of an aldo-keto reductase (AKR2E4) from the silkworm Bombyx mori. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 538:156-63. [PMID: 24012638 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily with 3-dehydroecdysone reductase activity was found in the silkworm Bombyx mori upon induction by the insecticide diazinon. The amino acid sequence showed that this enzyme belongs to the AKR2 family, and the protein was assigned the systematic name AKR2E4. In this study, recombinant AKR2E4 was expressed, purified to near homogeneity, and kinetically characterized. Additionally, its ternary structure in complex with NADP(+) and citrate was refined at 1.3Å resolution to elucidate substrate binding and catalysis. The enzyme is a 33-kDa monomer and reduces dicarbonyl compounds such as isatin and 17α-hydroxy progesterone using NADPH as a cosubstrate. No NADH-dependent activity was detected. Robust activity toward the substrate inhibitor 3-dehydroecdysone was observed, which suggests that this enzyme plays a role in regulation of the important molting hormone ecdysone. This structure constitutes the first insect AKR structure determined. Bound NADPH is located at the center of the TIM- or (β/α)8-barrel, and residues involved in catalysis are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamamoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Rajpal A, Dube S, Carvalho F, Simoes AR, Figueiredo A, Basu A, Jones J, Basu R. Effects of transaldolase exchange on estimates of gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E465-74. [PMID: 23736541 PMCID: PMC3891223 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00245.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transaldolase (TA) exchange overestimates gluconeogenesis measured with deuterated water (²H₂O). However, it is unknown whether TA differs in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). ²H₂O was ingested, and [1-¹³C]acetate and [3-³H]glucose were infused in T2DM (n = 10) and healthy nondiabetic (ND; n = 8) subjects. TA was assessed from the ratio of ¹³C3 to ¹³C4 glucose enrichment (¹³C3/¹³C4) measured by ¹³C NMR. Glucose turnover was measured before (~16-h fast) and during hyperglycemic (~10 mM) moderate-dose insulin (~0.35 mU·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) clamp. ¹³C3/¹³C4 in T2DM vs. ND was <1.0 and not different at baseline and clamp, indicating equivalent TA. To determine whether incomplete triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) exchange contributed to asymmetric ¹³C3/¹³C4, [U-¹³C]glycerol was infused in lieu of [1-¹³C]acetate during a separate visit in a subset of ND (n = 7) subjects. Ratio of ¹³C3/¹³C4 obtained following either tracer was <1.0 at baseline and during clamp, indicating that TPI exchange was essentially complete and did not contribute to asymmetric glucose enrichment. Uncorrected and corrected rates of gluconeogenesis were no different (P = not significant) in T2DM vs. ND both at baseline and during clamp. TA correction resulted in equivalent estimates of corrected gluconeogenesis in T2DM and ND that were ~25-35% lower than uncorrected gluconeogenesis both at baseline and during the clamp. The asymmetric enrichment of glucose from ¹³C-gluconeogenic tracers is attributable to TA exchange and can be utilized to correct for TA exchange. In conclusion, TA exchange does not differ between T2DM and ND under fasting or hyperglycemic clamp conditions, and the ²H₂O method continues to provide an accurate estimation of gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Rajpal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
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Sharma S, Mustafiz A, Singla-Pareek SL, Shankar Srivastava P, Sopory SK. Characterization of stress and methylglyoxal inducible triose phosphate isomerase (OscTPI) from rice. Plant Signal Behav 2012; 7:1337-45. [PMID: 22902706 PMCID: PMC3493422 DOI: 10.4161/psb.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As compared with plant system, triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), a crucial enzyme of glycolysis, has been well studied in animals. In order to characterize TPI in plants, a full-length cDNA encoding OscTPI was cloned from rice and expressed in E. coli. The recombinant OscTPI was purified to homogeneity and it showed Km value of 0.1281 ± 0.025 µM, and the Vmax value of 138.7 ± 16 µmol min (-1) mg (-1) which is comparable to the kinetic values studied in other plants. The OscTPI was found to be exclusively present in the cytoplasm when checked with the various methods. Functional assay showed that OscTPI could complement a TPI mutation in yeast. Real time PCR analysis revealed that OscTPI transcript level was regulated in response to various abiotic stresses. Interestingly, it was highly induced under different concentration of methylglyoxal (MG) stress in a concentration dependent manner. There was also a corresponding increase in the protein and the enzyme activity of OscTPI both in shoot and root tissues under MG stress. Our result shows that increases in MG leads to the increase in TPI which results in decrease of DHAP and consequently decrease in the level of toxic MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sharma
- Plant Molecular Biology; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi, India
| | - Ananda Mustafiz
- Plant Molecular Biology; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi, India
| | - Sneh L. Singla-Pareek
- Plant Molecular Biology; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sudhir Kumar Sopory
- Plant Molecular Biology; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi, India
- Correspondence to: Sudhir Kumar Sopory,
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Tungtrongchitr A, Sookrung N, Indrawattana N, Kwangsi S, Ongrotchanakun J, Chaicumpa W. Giardia intestinalis in Thailand: identification of genotypes. J Health Popul Nutr 2010; 28:42-52. [PMID: 20214085 PMCID: PMC2975845 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v28i1.4522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the genetic diversities of Giardia intestinalis isolated in Thailand. G. intestinalis cysts were collected from stool samples of 61 subjects residing in Bangkok or in rural communities of Thailand with and without gastrointestinal symptoms. All the cyst samples gave positive tpi amplicons (100% sensitivity), either of the 148- or the 81-bp tpi segments. Cyst assemblage identification of the 148- and 81-bp tpi gene segments by polymerase chain reaction showed that 8% of the cysts were assemblage A, 41% assemblage A and B combined, and 51% assemblage B. The prevalence of assemblage A was significantly lower than that of assemblage B and the mixed types. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 384-bp beta-giardin gene segment revealed that 12% and 88% of the assemblage A cysts were AI and AII respectively. RFLP, based on the 432-bp gdh gene segment, showed 45.5% of the assemblage B cysts to be BIII and 54.5% to be BIV. The AI sub-assemblage was less prevalent than the others. All subjects with AI and 50% of the subjects with BIII sub-assemblage cysts were symptomatic; 80% of symptomatic Bangkok residents were adults/elderly while 85% of the rural cases were children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Tungtrongchitr
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Schmidt ES, Forlemu NY, Njabon EN, Thomasson KA. BD SIMULATIONS OF THE IONIC STRENGTH DEPENDENCE OF THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TRIOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE AND F-ACTIN. J Undergrad Chem Res 2010; 9:87-96. [PMID: 24639622 PMCID: PMC3955172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Functional protein-protein interactions are essential for many physiological processes. For example, the association of glycolytic enzymes to F-actin is proposed to be one mechanism through which glycolytic enzymes are compartmentalized, and as a result, play essential roles such as regulation of the glycolytic pathway and increasing glycolytic flux. Many glycolytic enzymes including fructose-1,6-bisphophate aldolase, glyceraldedhye-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase bind F-actin strongly. Other glycolytic enzymes including triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) do not interact with F-actin significantly. Herein, Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations determine the energetics of the association of F-actin with the glycolytic enzyme triose phosphate isomerase as a function of ionic strength. This is the first thorough control study examining how well BD reproduces the experimental observations that the binding of TPI to F-actin is very weak and falls off rapidly as ionic strength increases. The BD results confirm experimental observations that the degree of association diminishes as ionic strength increases and that the interaction of TPI with F-actin is weakly nonspecific to nonexistent.
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